Browse Topic: Aircraft

Items (10,843)
This standard is intended for use by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), regulators, operators, training organizations, and any others who wish to develop curricula for pilot, instructor, and evaluator training courses for new aircraft - VCA. Continuous updates to this standard will be necessary to incorporate advancements in VTOL technologies and training methods. This standard describes the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to safely operate VCA for commercial purposes. A Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) may, at their discretion, use this standard to aid the development of existing or future regulations. OEMs and operators may use this standard to develop a curriculum for acceptance or approval by civil regulators. This standard includes a Pilot Training Program developed to address the theoretical and practical training and assessment for VTOL-capable pilot licensing/certification. Additionally, this standard contains the requirements for pilot training and licensing for
G-35A Pilot Training and Certification Committee
This report lists documents that aid and govern the design of aircraft and missile fuel systems. The report lists the military and industry specifications and standards and the most notable design handbooks that are commonly used in fuel system design. Note that only the principle fuel specifications for the U.S. and Europe (Military Specifications, ASTM, and Def Stan) have been included within this report. The specifications and standards section has been divided into two parts: a master list arranged numerically of all industry and military specifications and standards, and a component list that provides a functional breakdown and a cross-reference of these documents. It is intended that this report be a supplement to specifications ARP8615, MIL-F-17874, and JSSG 2009. Revisions and amendments which are correct for the specifications and standards are not listed. The fuel system design handbooks are listed for fuels and for system and component design.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
This standard is intended to apply to portable compressed gaseous oxygen equipment. When properly configured, this equipment is used either for the administration of supplemental oxygen, first aid oxygen or smoke protection to one or more occupants of either private or commercial transport aircraft. This standard is applicable to the following types of portable oxygen equipment: a Continuous flow 1 Pre-set 2 Adjustable 3 Automatic b Demand flow 1 Straight-demand 2 Diluter-demand 3 Pressure-demand c Combination continuous flow and demand flow.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
The video systems include a camera, display, and lights. Video is the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images as illustrated in Figure 1. A camera video imaging system is a system composed of a camera and a monitor, as well as other components, in which the monitor provides a real-time or near real-time visual image of the scene captured by the camera. Such systems are capable of providing remote views to the pilot and can therefore be used to provide improved visibility (for example, coverage of blind spots). In general, camera video systems may be used in the pilot’s work position for purposes of improving airplane and corresponding environmental visibility. Examples of aircraft video system applications include: Ground maneuver or taxi camera system Flight deck entry video surveillance system Cargo loading and unloading Cargo compartment livestock monitoring Monitoring systems that are used to track the external, internal, and security functions of an
A-20B Exterior Lighting Committee
This specification establishes the requirements for a waterborne, corrosion-inhibiting, chemical- and solvent-resistant, anodic electrodeposition epoxy primer capable of curing at 200 to 210 °F (93 to 99 °C).
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers a brief discussion of the icing problem in aircraft fuel systems and the different means that have been used to test for icing. Fuel preparation and icing test procedures for aircraft fuel systems and components are proposed herein as a recommended practice to be used for fixed wing and rotary-wing aircraft within their operational environment. This ARP mostly addresses aircraft fuel system level testing and provides a means to address the requirements of FAR 14 CFR § 23.951(c), § 25.951(c), § 27.951(c), and § 29.951(c). In the context of this ARP, the engine and the auxiliary power unit (APU) are not considered to be components of the aircraft fuel system. However, some of the methods described in this document can be applied to the engine, APU, and other aircraft (system or component level) icing tests. This revision does not completely address new developments in ice accretion and release resulting from internal flow in tubing
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the nature of landing gear stability, describes many common landing gear stability problems, and suggests approaches and methods for solving or avoiding them.
A-5 Aerospace Landing Gear Systems Committee
This AIR provides means of developing a composite training program, as stipulated by FAA AC 20-107B, FAA AC 65-33A, EASA AMC 20-29, and other similar regulatory guidance. Its approach is a comprehensive, sequential training curriculum build-up, customized to the specific needs of the organization (see Figure 2). It contains recommendations for the skill-building, training, and qualification of persons involved in the design, fabrication, maintenance, and repair of aircraft composite structures or other aviation composite components. It further addresses the qualification of administrative personnel and instructors. Flight operations are usually not in the scope of an SAE CACRC Standard; however, the recommendations of this report may be used also for this target audience. This report addresses persons responsible for the definition of training, qualification and authorization, or the supervision of aviation personnel. Its content intends to facilitate the development of a formal
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes general criteria for the installation (e.g., type, location, accessibility, stowage) and crew member training needed for portable fire extinguishers.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes terminology specific to unmanned systems (UMSs) and definitions for those terms. It focuses only on terms used exclusively for the development, testing, and other activities regarding UMSs. It further focuses on the autonomy and performance measures aspects of UMSs and is based on the participants’ earlier work, the Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS) Framework, published as NIST Special Publication 1011-I-2.0 and NIST Special Publication 1011-II-1.0. This Practice also reflects the collaboration results with AIR5665. Terms that are used in the community but can be understood with common dictionary definitions are not included in this document. Further efforts to expand the scope of the terminology are being planned.
AS-4JAUS Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems Committee
The development of drones has raised questions about their safety in case of high-speed impacts with the head. This has been recently studied with dummies, postmortem human surrogates and numerical models but questions are still open regarding the transfer of skull fracture tolerance and procedures from road safety to drone impacts. This study aimed to assess the performance of an existing head FE model (GHBMC M50-O v6.0) in terms of response and fracture prediction using a wide range of impact conditions from the literature (low and high-speed, rigid and deformable impactors, drones). The fracture prediction capability was assessed using 156 load cases, including 18 high speed tests and 19 tests for which subject specific models were built. The GHBMC model was found to overpredict peak forces, especially for rigid impactors and fracture cases. However, the model captured the head accelerations tendencies for drone impacts. The formulation of bone elements, the failure representation
Pozzi, ClémentGardegaront, MarcAllegre, LucilleBeillas, Philippe
Researchers have created a 98-milligram sensor system — about one tenth the weight of a jellybean or less than one-hundredth of an ounce — that can ride aboard a small drone or an insect, such as a moth, until it gets to its destination. Then, when a researcher sends a Bluetooth command, the sensor is released from its perch and can fall up to 72 feet — from about the sixth floor of a building — and land without breaking. Once on the ground, the sensor can collect data, such as temperature or humidity, for almost three years.
This ARP provides two methods for measuring the aircraft noise level reduction of building façades. Airports and their consultants can use either of the methods presented in this ARP to determine the eligibility of structures exposed to aircraft noise to participate in an FAA-funded Airport Noise Mitigation Project, to determine the treatments required to meet project objectives, and to verify that such objectives are satisfied.
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the sources of copper in aviation jet fuels, the impact of copper on thermal stability of jet fuels and the resultant impact on aircraft turbine engine performance, and potential methods for measurement of copper contamination and reduction of the catalytic activity of copper contamination in jet fuels. This document is an information report and does not provide recommendations or stipulate limits for copper concentrations in jet fuels.
AE-5B Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant Sys Components
Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) previously conducted a full-scale crash test of a Fokker F28 MK1000 aircraft to study occupant injury risks. The goal of the current study was to investigate the injury predictions of the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) and Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) occupant models in the tested aircraft crash condition and explore possible utilization of both human body models (HBMs) in this context. Eight crash conditions were simulated utilizing each of the models. The HBMs were positioned in two postures, a neutral upright posture with hands resting on the legs and feet contacting the floor and a braced posture with head and hand contact with the forward seat back. Head and neck injury metrics and lumbar vertebra axial force were calculated and compared for all simulations. Both HBMs reported similar kinematic responses in the simulated impact conditions. However, the GHBMC
Jones, NathanielPutnam, JacobUntaroiu, Costin Daniel
To comply with the Paris Agreement targets set in 2015, significant reductions in aircraft emissions are required. This demands a fundamental shift in aircraft design. Therefore, it is essential to study how future aircraft designs will affect the integration and design of landing systems. This research project examines the landing gear issues that arise from adopting specific future aircraft configurations. The study focuses on two primary configurations: the high-aspect-ratio wing and the ultra-high-aspect-ratio wing, with selected aircraft concepts from Cranfield University as baselines. It investigates the design and integration of conventional landing systems into these new aircraft concepts, highlighting the limitations posed by the modified airframes. The selected concepts include either telescopic or trailing arm arrangements, with attachment points on the wings or fuselage. A methodology for preliminary sizing of landing systems is presented, emphasizing automation and
Martin, RaphaëlStockford, JackSmith, Howard
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides requirements for design and installation of aircraft jacking pad adapters and the mating jack socket interface to permit use of standard jacking equipment to be used in civil and military transport aircraft. The adapter defined herein shall be the key interface between the aircraft and the aircraft jack(s).
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Centralization of electrically driven hydraulic power packs into the body of aircraft has increased attention on the noise and vibration characteristics of the system. A hydraulic power pack consists of a pump coupled to an electrical motor, accumulator, reservoir, and associated filter manifolds. In previous studies, the characteristics of radiated acoustic noise and fluid borne noise were studied. In this paper, we focus on the structure-borne forces generated by the hydraulic pump characterized through blocked force measurements. The blocked force of the pump was determined experimentally using an indirect measurement method. The indirect method required operation with part under test fixed to an instrumented receiver structure. Measured operational accelerations on the receiver plate were used in conjunction with transfer function measurements to predict the blocked forces. Blocked forces were validated by comparing directly measured accelerations to predicted accelerations at
Smither, MatthewTuyls, ZacharyPatel, PratikYan, XinHerrin, David
To address the issue of intermittent engine intervention during the charging and discharging processes of hybrid vehicles, which results in roaring noise within the cabin, this paper proposes a semi-coupled cluster control strategy that offers superior overall performance. This strategy is based on the traditional multi-channel Active Noise Control (ANC) system and integrates the advantages of both centralized and decentralized control approaches. The proposed clustered control strategy reduces computational load by approximately 50% compared to the centralized control strategy, while maintaining comparable noise attenuation performance. Moreover, it demonstrates significantly improved stability over the decentralized control strategy, with outstanding noise reduction results. Using the MATLAB simulation platform, the performance of the proposed in-vehicle clustered control strategy is compared with that of traditional control strategies. Additionally, road test experiments are
Deng, HuipingLu, ChihuaChen, WanLiu, ZhienChen, PianDou, SiruiSun, Menglei
The advancement of civil supersonic aircraft is significantly constrained due to the intense noise generated by the shock waves that form during cruise, commonly referred to as the sonic boom. Due to these excessive noise levels, regulatory authorities currently ban supersonic flights over land. This study presents a comprehensive methodology to evaluate sonic booms in mid- and far-field regions, starting with a precise estimation of the near-field pressure signature produced by the shock wave system. While high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques typically provide near-field sonic boom predictions, specific propagation models must be used at greater distances, as CFD becomes prohibitively expensive beyond approximately 10 km. The focus of this research is a comparative analysis of a low-fidelity propagation approach, such as Whitham’s equation, and a high-fidelity CFD-based approach for assessing sonic boom propagation over medium range distances. The low-fidelity
Glorioso, AntimoFasulo, GiovanniPetrosino, FrancescoBarbarino, Mattia
During the last decades there has been a renewed interest in the development of a new generation of supersonic aircraft for civil purposes with limited implications to the environment. However, the noise generated by supersonic aircraft during supersonic flight, commonly referred to as "sonic boom", still creates annoyance to community on the ground that prohibits supersonic overland flight. To prepare for the advent of a new generation of supersonic aircraft and to define new regulations for them, an increasing number of sonic boom studies is being published. This paper presents numerical simulations of the sonic boom of a hypersonic (Mach 5) aircraft concept during the full flight envelope, including a sensitivity analysis of the two parameters velocity and altitude. The extensive simulations characterize the sonic boom distribution on ground, which is usually referred to as “sonic boom carpet”, caused by the aircraft for different speeds between Mach 1.2 and Mach 5.0, and for two
Graziani, SamueleJäschke, Jacob JensViola, NicoleGollnick, Volker
Aircraft cabin management is characterized by operational and business processes. Both are defined as a logical sequence of activities that occur during the flight. While the operational process includes activities to ensure flight safety, such as take-off, cruise and landing, the business process activities are related to adding value to the customer, i.e. the passenger. They are to be certified by the authority as a part of the aircraft type certification. These processes are defined by the airline and are described as part of the airline’s business model. While the scope of operational processes for passenger safety within the aircraft cabin should remain as unchanged as possible, the increasing competitive pressure on airlines is leading to a constantly rising number of services in the cabin. To prevent compromising cabin safety from increased cabin crew workload during the cruise phase, there is a growing trend toward digitizing operational and business processes. The digitized
Hintze, HartmutBlecken, MarvinGod, RalfPereira, Daniel
This paper presents a comparative analysis of various short-time current rating formulas, focusing on applications in aircraft wiring. Examining historical formulas developed by pioneers such as W.H. Preece and I.M. Onderdonk alongside modern experimental data provide a comprehensive understanding of short-time current rating formulas. Also, exploring key challenges, such as environmental conditions and material variability in aviation with particular attention to adiabatic methods for current-carrying calculations. The findings of this paper offer practical insights into improving the safety and reliability of an aircraft electrical system with improving the accuracy of short-time current rating predictions.
Fifield, Jon
In the domain of aircraft certification, Development Assurance is what some would call a useful tool to gain confidence in the development of complex systems, and what others would call a necessary evil. But what does it actually do? Why is it necessary for certification of modern aircraft? What, epistemologically, does it bring to the table? This paper aims to show how Development Assurance (DA) activities, at all levels from aircraft to item, close the epistemological holes created when complex systems are chosen for implementation. It will map the different sources and types of uncertainty encountered in system and aircraft verification and explain how each type is dealt with within a certification context, working from simple mechanical systems up to complex and highly integrated systems using software and airborne electronic hardware and beyond. It will show that Development Assurance, far from being an arbitrary set of activities, systematically brings personal and corporate
Laflin, Cory R.
Improvement and evolution of all aircraft technologies and the commercialization of new technologies are essential to the carbon-net-zero goal of air mobility. Passenger aircraft are required to provide the ultimate in comfort, economy, and safety, and gas turbine engines will not disappear, while promoting the conversion to SAF and hydrogen fuels. The More Electric Engine (or MEE) concept, which has been proposed since the late 2000s, is one alternative. This paper focuses on the electrification of engine accessories. When the concept of electrification of engine accessories was first presented at Aerotech 10 years ago, the discussion at Aerotech seemed to be negative. Attaching a motor to conventional engine accessories would obviously increase the weight. Next, the conventional engine accessories are centrally controlled and only FADEC is in command, but electrification of engine accessories will increase the cost by adding intelligence to all the accessories. On a more academic
Umeki, YasuyoshiOyori, HitoshiMuraoka, MikioSuzuki, TsunehisaOgami, YasuhiroYamamoto, Yasuhiko
The authors have witnessed a notable surge in the number of designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper [7] was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). Recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. Despite the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, engineering work still needs to be done to properly integrate the EHPS architecture to achieve safety objectives. The burden is still on systems engineering to propose their own
Hanna, MichaelWalker, Cherizar
Performing highly representative tests of aircraft equipment is a critical feature for gaining utmost confidence on their ability to perform flawlessly in flight under the entire spectrum of operating conditions. This can also contribute to accelerate the certification process of a new equipment. A research project (E-LISA) was performed in recent years, as part of the European funded Clean Sky 2 framework, with the objective of building an innovative facility for testing an electrically actuated landing gear and brake for a small air transport. The project eventually led to the development and construction of an Iron Bird able to reproduce in a realistic and comprehensive way a full variety of landing test cases consistent with certification specifications and landing histories available in the repository of the airframer. The Iron Bird that was eventually developed is a multi-functional intelligent and easy reconfigurable facility integrating hardware and software allowing to perform
De Martin, AndreaBertolino, AntonioJacazio, Giovanni
In the context of aviation sector decarbonization, fuel cell hybrid electric aircrafts are a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presenting opportunities for more sustainable and efficient flight. Hence, the present work is focused on an alternative powertrain architecture, wherein a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system cooperates with a lithium-ion battery to fulfil the electrical power demand of a turboprop-based aircraft. Particularly, a mathematical tool is proposed to evaluate both the components size and performance, while a degradation aware rule-based control strategy guarantees an effective power split between the hybridizing components. Such an energy management approach introduces an idling level and a rate limiter to mitigate degradation associated with start-up/shut-down and transient phases, respectively. Moreover, to have a reliable estimation of the vehicle’s fuel economy, while also guaranteeing the correct components dimensioning, the fuel cell system
De Donato, AngeloAliberti, PaoloSorrentino, MarcoCuomo, FabrizioMusto, Carmine
Helicopter vibrations, primarily generated by the main rotor-gearbox assembly, are a major source of concern due to their impact on structural integrity, cockpit instrument durability, and crew comfort. These vibrations are mainly transmitted through the gearbox’s rigid support struts to the fuselage, leading to increased cabin noise and potential damage to critical components. This paper presents a solution for vibration mitigation which involves replacing traditional gearbox support struts with low-weight, high-performance active dampers. Developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., these active dampers are designed as electro-hydraulic actuators embedded within a compliant structure. The parallel nested configuration of the system enables high power densities and effective vibration control, significantly reducing the transmission of harmful vibrations to the fuselage. The comprehensive model-based design process is detailed, describing the development and use of a high-fidelity physics
Bertolino, Antonio CarloSorli, MassimoPorro, Paolo GiovanniGalli, Claudio
The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting cables have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this
Oyori, HitoshiSakurai, ShoKusase, ShinYoshida, YukihiroYoshinaga, SeiichiroNose, HiroyukiAmemiya, Naoyuki
The growing demand for air transport requires efficient and sustainable power systems to meet the pressing need for decarbonizing the sector. A hybrid unit, consisting of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system and a lithium-ion battery, is a suitable option due to the advantages of reduced gravimetric and volumetric impacts, along with the flexibility of energy management strategies. This work addresses, using a model-based approach, the issue of integrating these electrochemical devices into the aircraft’s electrical architecture considering both design and energy management aspects. A literature derived DC-DC converter bi-dimensional power map is exploited to investigate scenarios differentiated by the fuel cell system power rating and number of stacks working in parallel such that the DC bus line voltage requirements can be respected. These maps relate the converter’s maximum deliverable power to the input and desired output voltage. The combined design and energy management
Aliberti, PaoloSorrentino, MarcoCuomo, FabrizioNapolitano, Ciro
In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, it often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items. Such disruptions contribute to delays in the boarding process and reduce operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigate this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning, reduce uncertainty, and improve the overall boarding process. In this work, the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into predefined categories, such as handbags, backpacks, and suitcases. This classified data is then linked to passenger information stored in a NoSQL database MongoDB, which includes seat assignments and the number of carry-on items
Bergmann, JacquelineHub, Maximilian
In November 2024, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) National Urban Security Technology Laboratory (NUSTL) teamed up with Mississippi State University’s (MSU) Raspet Flight Research Laboratory, and DAGER Technology LLC, to conduct an assessment on selected models of cybersecure “Blue UAS.” The drones, including models from Ascent AeroSystems, Freefly Systems, Parrot Drones, Skydio, and Teal Drones, are cybersecure and commercially available to assist emergency responders with their public safety operations.
The Science and Technology Directorate's (S&T) National Urban Security Technology Laboratory (NUSTL) recently brought together emergency responders from across the nation to test unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) from the Blue UAS Cleared List. By providing an aerial vantage point, and creating standoff distance between responders and potential threats, UAS can significantly mitigate safety risks to responders by allowing them to assess and monitor incidents remotely. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C. In November 2024, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) National Urban Security Technology Laboratory (NUSTL) teamed up with Mississippi State University's (MSU) Raspet Flight Research Laboratory, and DAGER Technology LLC, to conduct an assessment on selected models of cybersecure “Blue UAS.” The drones, including models from Ascent AeroSystems, Freefly Systems, Parrot Drones, Skydio, and Teal Drones, are cybersecure and commercially available to assist
With the exponential rise in drone activity, safely managing low-flying airspace has become challenging — especially in highly populated areas. Just last month an unauthorized drone collided with a ‘Super Scooper’ aircraft above the Los Angeles wildfires, grounding the aircraft for several days and hampering the firefighting efforts.
As the capabilities of unmanned aerial systems continue to evolve rapidly in response to the tactical and strategic necessities of the modern battlefield, the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory is exploring a unique approach to improving their operational effectiveness – by focusing on the protection and performance of UAS operators.
In February, the Joint Interagency Field Experimentation (JIFX) team at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) executed another highly collaborative week of rapid prototyping and defense demonstrations with dozens of emerging technology companies. Conducted alongside NPS’ operationally experienced warfighter-students, the event is a win-win providing insight to accelerate potential dual-use applications.
Da Jiang Innovations (DJI)’s AeroScope drone detection platform has proven to be an effective security tool for military and law enforcement. It identifies and tracks drones in real time, providing AeroScope users with information like flight status, path and pilot location for drones up to 50 kilometers away. This data stream enables users to make fast and informed responses as soon as possible, mitigating the potentially harmful effects of consumer drones in and around public spaces, government facilities, infrastructure and other no-fly zones.
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