Browse Topic: Aircraft

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The Why of Development Assurance2025-01-0154To be published on 05/02/2025
In the domain of aircraft certification, Development Assurance is what some would call a useful tool to gain confidence in the development of complex systems, and what others would call a necessary evil. But what does it actually do? Why is it necessary for certification of modern aircraft? What, epistemologically, does it bring to the table? This paper aims to show why development assurance activities, at all levels from aircraft to item, close the epistemological holes created when complex systems are chosen for implementation. It will map the different sources and types of uncertainty encountered in system verification and explain how each type is dealt with within a certification context, working from simple mechanical systems up to complex and highly integrated systems using software and airborne electronic hardware and beyond. It will show that Development Assurance, far from being an arbitrary set of activities, systematically brings personal and corporate expertise to bear to
Laflin, Cory R.
Technical Paper
A New Test Rig for Electrically Actuated Landing Gear and Brake of a Small Transport Aircraft2025-01-0161To be published on 05/02/2025
Performing highly representative tests of aircraft equipments is a critical feature for gaining utmost confidence on their ability to perform flawlessly in flight under the entire spectrum of operating conditions. This can also contribute to accelerate the certification process of a new equipment. A research project (E-LISA) was performed in recent years, as part of the european funded Clean Sky 2 framework, with the objective of building an innovative facility for testing an electrically actuated landing gear and brake for a small air transport. The project eventually led to the development and construction of an Iron Bird able to reproduce in a realistic and comprehensive way a full variety of landing test cases consistent with certification specifications and landing histories available in the repository of the airframer. The Iron Bird that was eventually developed is a multi-functional intelligent and easy reconfigurable facility integrating hardware and software allowing to
De Martin, Andrea, Bertolino, Antonio, Jacazio, Giovanni
Technical Paper
Innovative High-Performance Active Dampers for Effective Mitigation of Helicopter Main Rotor Vibrations2025-01-0163To be published on 05/02/2025
Helicopter vibrations, primarily generated by the main rotor-gearbox assembly, are a major source of concern due to their impact on structural integrity, cockpit instrument durability, and crew comfort. These vibrations are mainly transmitted through the gearbox’s rigid support struts to the fuselage, leading to increased cabin noise and potential damage to critical components. This paper presents a solution for vibration mitigation which involves replacing traditional gearbox support struts with low-weight, high-performance active dampers. Developed by Elettronica Aster S.p.A., these active dampers are designed as electro-hydraulic actuators embedded within a compliant structure. The parallel nested configuration of the system enables high power densities and effective vibration control, significantly reducing the transmission of harmful vibrations to the fuselage. The comprehensive model-based design process is detailed, describing the development and use of a high-fidelity physics
Bertolino, Antonio Carlo, Sorli, Massimo, Porro, Paolo Giovanni, Galli, Claudio
Technical Paper
Integrating for Safety – A Proposed Approach to the Integration of Propulsion Battery Systems in Hybrid Electric Aviation2025-01-0148To be published on 05/02/2025
In the last year we have witnessed a notable surge in the designs and in the guidance material for electric and hybrid aircraft. FAA and EASA have continued to evaluate the safety of Propulsion Battery Systems (PBS), with a focus on thermal runaway containment testing. As a result, a harmonization white paper was issued to provide a certification path for Thermal Runaway (TR) Hazards, followed by an EASA certification memorandum on the acceptable approaches for the certification of Electric/Hybrid Propulsion Systems (EHPS). And just recently, an FAA Advisory Circular (draft) was issued for the “powered-lift” aircraft that feature these propulsion battery systems. In spite of the advances made by electric/hybrid aircraft manufacturers and the aviation authorities, there is still a missing piece of the puzzle. Mainly, we are still not confident in our ability to properly integrate the PBS into the EHPS architecture, in such a way where safety is never compromised, no matter the hazard
Hanna, Michael, Walker, Cherizar
Technical Paper
Designing and Controlling a Hybrid Fuel Cell System for Propelling a Turboprop Aircraft2025-01-0151To be published on 05/02/2025
In the context of aviation sector decarbonization, fuel cell hybrid electric aircrafts are a promising alternative to conventional fuels, presenting opportunities for more sustainable and efficient flight. Hence, the present work is focused on an alternative powertrain architecture, wherein a proton exchange membrane fuel cell system cooperates with a lithium-ion battery to fulfill the electrical power demand of a turboprop-based aircraft. Particularly, a mathematical tool is proposed to evaluate both the components size and performance, while a degradation aware rule-based control strategy guarantees an effective power split between the hybridizing components. Such an energy management approach introduces an idling level and a rate limiter to mitigate degradation associated with start-up/shut-down and transient phases, respectively. Moreover, to have a reliable estimation of the vehicle’s fuel economy, while also guaranteeing the correct components dimensioning, the fuel cell system
De Donato, Angelo, Aliberti, Paolo, Sorrentino, Marco, Cuomo, Fabrizio, Musto, Carmine
Technical Paper
Short-Time Current Rating of Aircraft Wire2025-01-0145To be published on 05/02/2025
This paper presents a comparative analysis of various short-time current rating formulas, focusing on applications in aircraft wiring. Examining historical formulas developed by pioneers such as W.H. Preece and I.M. Onderdonk alongside modern experimental data provide a comprehensive understanding of short-time current rating formulas. Also, exploring key challenges, such as environmental conditions and material variability in aviation with particular attention to adiabatic methods for current-carrying calculations. The findings of this paper offer practical insights into improving the safety and reliability of an aircraft electrical system with improving the accuracy of short-time current rating predictions.
Fifield, Jon
Technical Paper
Conceptual Design of a Superconducting Aero Electric Engine System2025-01-0146To be published on 05/02/2025
The goal of the development of an electric aircraft engine is to create an aircraft system that achieves ultimate efficiency using hydrogen fuel instead of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on reducing weight as much as possible, and this paper describes the approach to such fuel cell-powered aircraft. The authors have adopted a superconducting coreless rotating electric machine with an integrated hydrogen tank and are pursuing a target of 70kg or less for the main components of a 2MW rotating electric machine. High-temperature superconducting wires have zero electrical resistance and can carry a very high current density, but the alternating current (AC) loss generated when used in AC has been an issue in their application to rotating electric machines. In 2023, The SCSC cable was developed to be a low-AC-loss, robust, and high current cable concept, in which copper-plated multifilament coated conductors are wound spirally on a core. In addition to using this
Oyori, Hitoshi, Sakurai, Sho, Kusase, Shin, Yoshida, Yukihiro, Yoshinaga, Seiichiro, Nose, Hiroyuki, Amemiya, Naoyuki
Technical Paper
MBSE Framework for Developing Data-Driven Passenger Services in Aircraft Cabins2025-01-0171To be published on 05/02/2025
The aircraft cabin plays a crucial role in airline differentiation strategies, particularly when introducing novel, data-driven services. These services aim to enhance the passenger experience during the flight and to improve cabin crew efficiency in order to reduce workload and ensure continued growth of airline revenue. Digitalization and extensive exchange of information across the entire aircraft transport system have emerged as key enablers for these services. The development of aircraft and aircraft systems that realize these services is characterized by a multi-level development process. Various development levels are considered to initially identify the functions of an aircraft in the air transport system, refine its systems and break them down into their components until a level of detail is reached that allows the implementation of the component functions. In addition to the high complexity, a major challenge in this development is to ensure traceability and consistency
Blecken, Marvin, Giertzsch, Fabian, God, Ralf
Technical Paper
Approach to Optimize the Airplane Boarding Process by using Image Recognition and Stochastic Simulation to Predict Overhead Bin Fill Levels2025-01-0164To be published on 05/02/2025
In single-aisle aircraft, the available storage space for carry-on baggage is inherently limited. When the aircraft is fully booked, this often results in insufficient overhead bin space, necessitating last-minute gate-checking of carry-on items, which delays the boarding process and reduces operational efficiency. A promising approach to mitigating this issue involves the integration of computer vision technologies with an appropriate data storage system and stochastic simulation to enable accurate and supportive predictions that enhance planning. In this work the YOLOv8 image recognition algorithm is used to identify and classify each passenger’s carry-on baggage into categories such as handbags, backpacks and suitcases. This data is then linked to passenger information stored in the NoSQL database MongoDB, which included seat assignments and the number of carry-on items per passenger. Stochastic simulation is applied to predict the occupancy levels of overhead storage bins across
Bergmann, Jacqueline, Hub, Maximilian
Technical Paper
A Comparison of UAV LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanner Accuracies2025-01-869404/01/2025
The accident reconstruction community frequently uses Terrestrial LiDAR (TLS) to capture accurate 3D images of vehicle accident sites. This paper compares the accuracy, workflow, benefits, and challenges of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) LiDAR, or Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), to TLS. Two roadways with features relevant to accident reconstruction were selected for testing. ALS missions were conducted at an altitude of 175 feet and a velocity of 4 miles per hour at both sites, followed by 3D scanning using TLS. Survey control points were established to minimize error during cloud-to- cloud TLS registration and to ensure accurate alignment of ALS and TLS point clouds. After data capture, the ALS point cloud was analyzed against the TLS point cloud. Approximately 80% of ALS points were within 1.8 inches of the nearest TLS point, with 64.8% at the rural site and 59.7% at the suburban site within 1.2 inches. These findings indicate that UAV-based LiDAR can achieve comparable accuracy to TLS
Foltz, Steven, Terpstra, Toby, Clarson, Julia
Technical Paper
COOLING DATA FOR TURBINE ENGINES IN HELICOPTERSARP996A (Current)03/27/2025
A tested method of data presentation and use is described herein. The method shown is a useful guide, to be used with care and to be improved with use.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Recommended Practice
Minimum Standard for Portable Gaseous, Oxygen EquipmentAS1046C (Current)03/27/2025
This standard is intended to apply to portable compressed gaseous oxygen equipment. When properly configured, this equipment is used either for the administration of supplemental oxygen, first aid oxygen or smoke protection to one or more occupants of either private or commercial transport aircraft. This standard is applicable to the following types of portable oxygen equipment: a Continuous flow 1 Pre-set 2 Adjustable 3 Automatic b Demand flow 1 Straight-demand 2 Diluter-demand 3 Pressure-demand c Combination continuous flow and demand flow.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Technical Standard
Aircraft Lightning Test MethodsARP5416B (Current)03/25/2025
This document is intended to describe how to conduct lightning direct effects tests and indirect system upset effects tests. Indirect effects upset and damage tolerance tests for individual equipment items are addressed in RTCA DO-160/ED-14. Documents relating to other aspects of the certification process, including definition of the lightning environment, zoning, and indirect effects certification, are listed in Section 2. This document presents test techniques for simulated lightning testing of aircraft and the associated systems. This document does not include design criteria, nor does it specify which items should or should not be tested. Acceptable levels of damage and/or pass/fail criteria for the qualification tests must be approved by the appropriate airworthiness authority for each particular case. When lightning tests are a part of a certification plan, the test methods described herein are an acceptable means, but not the only means, of meeting the test requirements of the
AE-2 Lightning Committee
Recommended Practice
Aerospace & Defense Technology: March 202525AERP0303/06/2025
Advancing Embedded Systems with VITA 93: A New Era in Modular I/O for Aerospace and Defense Centralized Computing in Next Generation Army Vehicles Affordable Mass: Embracing a New Strategy for Advancing Defense Capabilities Next Level Rugged Fiber Optic Interconnects: A New Era of High-Speed Data Transmission in Defense 5 Startups Developing AI for Defense Applications How Will TSN Ethernet Impact the Future of Embedded Computing for Aerospace and Defense Applications? A Supercomputer for Aerospace and Defense Systems Modeling and Simulation The Unusual Machines Approach to Low-Cost Drones and Drone Components Fully Rugged Mobile PCs Provide an Edge on the Battlefield and Beyond
Magazine Issue
Fault-Tolerant Control of a Quadcopter Using Reinforcement Learning01-18-01-000603/03/2025
This study presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL)-based control framework aimed at enhancing the safety and robustness of the quadcopter, with a specific focus on resilience to in-flight one propeller failure. This study addresses the critical need of a robust control strategy for maintaining a desired altitude for the quadcopter to save the hardware and the payload in physical applications. The proposed framework investigates two RL methodologies, dynamic programming (DP) and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), to overcome the challenges posed by the rotor failure mechanism of the quadcopter. DP, a model-based approach, is leveraged for its convergence guarantees, despite high computational demands, whereas DDPG, a model-free technique, facilitates rapid computation but with constraints on solution duration. The research challenge arises from training RL algorithms on large dimension and action domains. With modifications to the existing DP and DDPG algorithms, the
Qureshi, Muzaffar Habib, Maqsood, Adnan, Fayyaz ud Din, Adnan
Journal Article
The Unusual Machines Approach to Low-Cost Drones and Drone Components25AERP03_0803/01/2025
Headquartered in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Unusual Machines describes itself as a “classic American technology company born from garage tinkerers and hobbyists, focused on serving the emerging drone industry with unique and innovative products.” The company recently launched a new low-cost flight controller for drones, the Riot Brave F7, that achieved “Blue UAS” certification from the Department of Defense's (DoD) Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) in August. The Riot Brave F7 - just $58 - features a STMF722RET6 processor equipped with Bosch accelerometer and barometer, and has 16Mb of built in Blackbox Memory. While the company developed Riot Brave F7 primarily as a low cost flight controller option for FPV drones, there are broader possibilities for it, including military applications.
Magazine Article
Next Level Rugged Fiber Optic Interconnects: A New Era of High-Speed Data Transmission in Defense25AERP03_0403/01/2025
State-of-the-art fighter aircraft have a large number of support systems that operate in multiple areas. These systems are continuously optimized to achieve maximum efficiency and performance. Countless sensors monitor the environment and generate important data that helps to understand the areas overflown. But even in life-threatening combat situations, target acquisition systems support pilots and provide additional information that can be decisive with the help of augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI). Military aviation is an arena with great potential for the use of technical aids that have transformed the original fighter aircraft into a technological masterpiece. In addition to the high level of complexity, the upcoming generation change from fifth- to sixth-generation fighter jets poses major challenges for component suppliers and accelerates the pace of technological competition. A military fighter jet is already an extremely demanding environment for
Magazine Article
Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.80Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 4340). Aircraft QualityAMS6359M (Current)02/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock, Corrosion Resistant 14Cr - 2.1Mo - 0.30Cb (Nb) - 1.0V (1.05 - 1.15C) Premium Aircraft Quality for Bearing Applications, Double Vacuum Melted, AnnealedAMS5900D (Current)02/25/2025
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Material Specification
Study on the Minimum Diversion Decision Distance of Autonomous Vehicle on Freeway Based on Lane-Changing Trajectory Modelling2025-01-717002/21/2025
Most autonomous vehicles employ a relatively conservative lane-changing strategy in freeway system. In the diversion areas, autonomous vehicles typically initiate lane-changing to curb lanes at lower speeds at a considerable distance from the diversion point, resulting in a decrease in the overall traffic efficiency within the diversion areas. However, lane-changing decision points excessively close to exit ramps can exacerbate the urgency of the lane-changing process, prompting irrationally forced lane-changing and increasing the collision risk. To provide decision-making references for the safe and rapid diverging of autonomous vehicles in freeway diversion areas, this study proposes a minimum diversion decision distance (MDDD) model for autonomous vehicles through microscopic lane-changing trajectory data. Specifically, the lane-changing process was divided into waiting for the acceptable gap stage and executing the lane-changing stage in this model. Subsequently, UAV aerial
Li, ZhenFa, Luo, BaoGuo, Yang, Qi, Chen, Xu, Pan, BingHong
Technical Paper
Regulatory and Policy Framework for Urban Drone Logistics Systems2025-01-714402/21/2025
The swift and relentless progression of drone technology has ushered in novel opportunities within the realm of urban logistics, especially for the potential of drones to modify last-mile delivery and improve customer fulfillment through mobile application integration, offering the potential for delivery systems that are both efficient and environmentally sustainable. This development is not just a technological leap but a transformative shift in how goods are moved within urban spaces, potentially reducing traffic congestion and emissions from traditional vehicles. Nevertheless, the safety issues of drone flights in cities are becoming increasingly serious, and the accountability related to drone accidents is not clear, raising concerns in society regarding the use and safety of drones. Therefore, to fully utilize the potential of drones in urban logistics, the incorporation of drones into the urban airspace environment necessitates the establishment of a strong regulatory and policy
Ma, Jie, Yang, Junjie, Diao, Weile, Du, Yiling, Chen, Weiqi
Technical Paper
Research on Taxiing Path Planning of Hub Airport Based on Dijkstra Algorithm2025-01-719802/21/2025
Aiming at the problem of insufficient capacity of taxiways in hub airports, which combine the safety interval, conflict resolution and fair principles, a taxiway planning model is established by taking the shortest taxiway as the optimisation goal, considering fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Dijkstra algorithm is used to transform the taxiing path into an adjacency matrix, and conflict resolution is carried out in a weighted way. Under the premise of ensuring zero conflict of taxiways, the total taxiing distance is reduced. Based on actual operational data from a hub airport in China, the results show that the proposed taxiing path planning method is feasible, shortening the aircraft taxiing distance and improving the surface taxiing efficiency.
Feng, Bocheng, Qi, Xinyue, Zhang, Hongbin
Technical Paper
Innovative Design and Comprehensive Aerodynamic Performance Investigations on Propeller Positions of the Advanced Multirotor Hexacopter2025-28-018202/07/2025
This work deals with computational investigations of the component performances of Advanced Hexacopters under various maneuverings of the focused mission profiles. The Advanced Hexacopter is a kind of multirotor vehicle that contains more propellers and flexible arms, which makes this multirotor very maneuverable and aerodynamically efficient. This Hexacopter was designed specifically to execute multi-perspective applications along with enhanced payload-carrying capability. This Advanced Hexacopter contains a frame composed of modified arms equipped with coaxial rotors, which servo motors control. By providing specific and simple inputs to the microcontroller, the Hexacopter can autonomously undergo forward and backward maneuverings. The primary objective of this study is to analyze and compare different propeller configurational clearance sets that improve the maneuvering capability of this unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), specifically emphasizing forward/backward and side maneuvering
Raja, Vijayanandh, Narayanan, Sidharth, Elangovan, Logesh, Arumugam, Lokesh, Sourirajan, Laxana, Raji, Arul Prakash, Kulandaiyappan, Naveen Kumar, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar, Madasamy, Senthil Kumar
Technical Paper
Operation of Advanced Flying Wing UAV: Examination of Structural Performance under Aberrant Pressure and Thermal Loading Conditions with Integrated Computational Study2025-28-006002/07/2025
The objective of this research is to present a novel variant of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with an advanced flying wing configuration capable of detecting and rescuing individuals affected by avalanches. This leads to testing of the UAV, to identify if it can operate efficiently at the intended temperature and atmospheric conditions. Typically, UAVs can operate in a broad spectrum of temperatures. Regions prone to avalanches would experience near-cryogenic temperatures. The notion is investigated and tested in this specific scenario. The chosen location is Siachen, where temperatures can become as low as -25 degree Celsius (°C). It has been proven that a thermal camera aids the UAV to detect the distinct body heat signatures of individuals who are trapped under snow. The selection of wing, propeller, and vertical stabilizer airfoils is guided by standard analytical calculations, while the overall model is developed using 3D EXPERIENCE. The computational tests are conducted using
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Pisharam, Akhila Ajith, Sourirajan, Laxana, Baskar, Sundhar, Vinayagam, Gopinath, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Sakthivel, Pradesh, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Autonomous Drone Solution for Human-Wildlife Conflict Management2025-28-019802/07/2025
Human-wildlife conflicts pose significant challenges to both conservation efforts and community well-being. As these conflicts escalate globally, innovative technologies become imperative for effective and humane management strategies. This paper presents an integrated autonomous drone solution designed to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts by leveraging technologies in drone surveillance and artificial intelligence. The proposed system consists of stationary IR cameras that are setup within the conflict prone areas, which utilizes machine learning to identify the presence of wild animals and to send the corresponding location to a drone docking station. An autonomous drone equipped with high-resolution IR cameras and sensors is deployed from the docking station to the provided location. The drone camera utilizes object detection technology to scan the specified zone to detect the animal and emit animal repelling ultrasonic sound from a device integrated to the drone to achieve non
Sadanandan, Vaishnav, Sadique, Anwar, George, Angeo Pradeep, Vinod, Vishal, Raveendran, Darshan Unni
Technical Paper
Material Augmentation for Coaxial Propellers of Titan’s Unmanned Airship: Implementation of Advanced Composites for the Propulsive System under Unconventional Loading Conditions with Incorporation of Structural Integrity Examinations2025-28-016702/07/2025
Exploration vehicles on Titan are to be developed with considerations on the atmosphere present, especially the abundance of Nitrogen. This study focuses on identification of optimum materials for the propellers supporting an airship specifically created for Titan exploration. The base airship is designed to accommodate the coaxial propeller. The base of this airship is to be developed with four weather stations for collection of data samples. The stations are installed on inflatable platforms and have storage devices for recording and transmitting data collected by the aerobot. The airship will operate in Titan's atmosphere and atmospheric conditions, focusing on its design and computational analysis of structural effects and fluid dynamics. The Titan aerobot is built with a co-axial 4-blade propeller, horizontal and vertical fins, and a reaction wheel for yaw maneuvers. The co-axial propulsive system is capable of overcoming drag during steady level flight in the Titan atmosphere
Baskar, Sundhar, Vinayagam, Gopinath, Pisharam, Akhila Ajith, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar, Raji, Arul Prakash, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Ganesan, Balaji, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Innovative Design and Multi-Parametric Computational Investigations on the Propulsive System of a Pentacopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle2025-28-018102/07/2025
This work focuses on the design and multi-parametric analysis of a designed propeller for a Pentacopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The basic and secondary design inputs, along with performance data like propeller diameter, pitch angle, chord length, and lift coefficient, are established using a standard analytical method. Approximately ten distinct airfoils, specifically NACA 2412, NACA 4109, NACA 4312, NACA 4409, NACA 4415, NACA 5317, NACA 6409, NACA 6412, NACA 23024, and NACA 25012, are evaluated over 13 Reynolds Numbers with the angle of attacks (AOA) of 20, varying from -5 to 15 degrees, for the purpose of detailed propeller design. The lift and drag coefficient values for ten distinct airfoils, utilizing a Reynolds number of 13 and 20 angles of attack, are obtained from the XFOIL software. Three sophisticated airfoils are selected from a pool of ten based on their high Lift-to-Drag (L/D) ratio performance. The selected airfoils with a high L/D ratio are NACA 6409, NACA 4109
Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Arumugam, Manikandan, Rajendran, Mahendran, Solaiappan, Senthil Kumar, Kulandaiyappan, Naveen Kumar, Madasamy, Senthil Kumar, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Raja, Vijayanandh
Technical Paper
Aerospace & Defense Technology: February 202525AERP0202/06/2025
The Art of Reverse Engineering Yesteryear for Aerospace and Defense Data Storage Drives Manufacturing Spotlight: Machining Complex Parts and Materials for Space Flight and Exploration Notre Dame's New Boundary Breaking Mach 10 Quiet Wind Tunnel Shape-Shifting Antenna Poised to Transform Communications British Army Completes First Test of Drone Killing Radio Frequency Weapon A Swarm of Sensors, Rovers and Astronauts Explore the 'Moon' Researchers at the German Aerospace Center have developed a new approach to networked communications that could theoretically occur on the Moon or in environments on Earth where conventional communications are unavailable. Army Researchers Examine Nanotechnology for Climate Solutions Army scientists are joining forces with experts from across the nation to tackle the climate crisis using the power of nanotechnology Airman Brings Fuel Sampling Innovation to Eglin, Possibly Air Force The U.S. Air Force is testing a new prototype single point nozzle adapter
Magazine Issue
791P3-1 Mark I Aviation Ku-Band and Ka-Band Satellite Communication System, Part 3, Information Transfer and InternetworkingARINC791P3-1 (Current)02/06/2025
This document (ARINC Characteristic 791, Part 3) provides the internetworking networking interface definition of the Mark I (ARINC 791) and Mark II (ARINC 792) Ku-Band and Ka-Band Satellite Communication (satcom) system intended for passenger entertainment on commercial transport aircraft. Any signal crossing into or out of the communication system is documented to ease aircraft integration. ARINC Characteristic 791 Part 1 of this document provides an overview of Ku-band and Ka-band satcom systems. System provisions, including Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) form factors, attachments, cooling, and inter-system wiring, are defined. Signals between the Modem/Modem Manager (Modman) and the Antenna Subsystem are described to permit interchangeability between any Modman and any Antenna Subsystem. ARINC Characteristic 791 Part 2 of this document provides the non-networking interface definition of the satcom system. Any signal crossing into or out of the communication system is documented to ease
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Characteristic
Design and Fabrication of Fire Extinguishing Drone2024-01-525101/28/2025
Nowadays, there are many technologies emerging like firefighting robots, quadcopters, and drones which are capable of operating in hazardous disaster scenarios. In recent years, fire emergencies have become an increasingly serious problem, leading to hundreds of deaths, thousands of injuries, and the destruction of property worth millions of dollars. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), India recorded approximately 1,218 fire incidents resulting in 1,694 deaths in 2020 alone. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that fires account for around 265,000 deaths each year, with the majority occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The existing fire-extinguishing systems are often inefficient and lack proper testing, causing significant delays in firefighting efforts. These delays become even more critical in situations involving high-rise buildings or bushfires, where reaching the affected areas is particularly challenging. The leading causes of
Karthikeyan, S., Nithish, U., Sanjay, S., Sibiraj, T., Vishnu, J.
Technical Paper
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate, Low Alloy, Heat-Resistant 0.65Si - 1.25Cr - 0.50Mo - 0.25V (0.27 - 0.33C) [17-22A(S)] Aircraft QualityAMS6385M (Current)01/22/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Method for Predicting Lateral Attenuation of Airplane NoiseAIR5662 (Current)01/09/2025
This document describes analytical methods for calculating the attenuation of the level of the sound propagating from an airplane to locations on the ground and to the side of the flight path of an airplane during ground roll, climbout after liftoff, and landing operations. Both level and non-level ground scenarios may be modeled using these methods, however application is only directly applicable to terrain without significant undulations, which may cause multiple reflections and/or multiple shielding effects. This attenuation is termed lateral attenuation and is in excess of the attenuation from wave divergence and atmospheric absorption. The methods for calculating the lateral attenuation of the sound apply to: turbofan-powered transport-category airplanes with engines mounted at the rear of the fuselage (on the sides of the fuselage or in the center of the fuselage as well as on the sides) or under the wings propeller-driven transport-category or general-aviation airplanes
A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling
Information Report
LEDs and Aircraft ApplicationsARP6253A (Current)01/09/2025
This document presents minimum criteria for the design and installation of LED assemblies in aircraft. The use of "shall" in this specification expresses provisions that are binding. Nonmandatory provisions use the term "should."
A-20C Interior Lighting
Recommended Practice
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Reshaping Air Freight with Blended Wing Body Design1349401/06/2025
For more than 60 years, the air freight industry has adapted passenger aircraft for cargo fleets resulting in limited capacity and diminished fuel efficiency. However, a long-overdue shift toward a volume-optimized blended wing body (BWB) design is enabling freight aircrafts to carry 40-50% more in cargo capacity per trip while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Leading the way is Natilus, a company that develops hyper-efficient cargo and passenger BWB aircraft that dramatically improve aerodynamic efficiency and provide a powerful increase in internal volume. The result? Less fuel burn, lower emissions, higher payloads, and lower operating costs. To learn more, we sat down with Aleksey Matyushev, CEO and Co-Founder, to discuss how Natilus' next-generation BWB aircraft design can improve economic efficiency and sustainability, as well as the company's foray into the passenger aircraft space. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Exploring Shock Wave–Boundary Layer Interaction Using Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry01-18-01-000212/24/2024
The flow structure and unsteadiness of shock wave–boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) has been studied using rainbow schlieren deflectometry (RSD), ensemble averaging, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) techniques. Shockwaves were generated in a test section by subjecting a Mach = 3.1 free-stream flow to a 12° isosceles triangular prism. The RSD pictures captured with a high-speed camera at 5000 frames/s rate were used to determine the transverse ray deflections at each pixel of the pictures. The interaction region structure is described statistically with the ensemble average and root mean square deflections. The FFT technique was used to determine the frequency content of the flow field. Results indicate that dominant frequencies were in the range of 400 Hz–900 Hz. The Strouhal numbers calculated using the RSD data were in the range of 0.025–0.07. The snapshot POD technique was employed to analyze flow structures and their associated
Datta, Narendra, Olcmen, Semih, Kolhe, Pankaj
Journal Article
A Case Study of Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach Applied in the SAE BRAZIL AeroDesign Competition2024-36-006212/20/2024
Systems Engineering is a method for developing complex products, aiming to improve cost and time estimates and ensure product validation against its requirements. This is crucial to meet customer needs and maintain competitiveness in the market. Systems Engineering activities include requirements, configuration, interface, deadlines, and technical risks management, as well as definition and decomposition of requirements, implementation, integration, and verification and validation testing. The use of digital tools in Systems Engineering activities is called Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). The MBSE approach helps engineers manage system complexity, ensuring project information consistency, facilitating traceability and integration of elements throughout the product lifecycle. Its benefits include improved communication, traceability, information consistency, and complexity management. Major companies like Boeing already benefit from this approach, reducing their product
Azevedo, Marcos Paulo, Lahoz, Carlos Henrique Netto
Technical Paper
Portable Controlled Contamination Area (CCA)AIR7522 (Current)12/18/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides guidelines for the design of portable Controlled Contamination Areas (CCAs) that can provide localized environmental control when processing a repair at the airplane or in a hangar environment. The use of a portable CCA may result in a better quality repair. The use of a portable CCA may assist in achieving the environmental requirements for bonded repairs specified in an approved repair procedure. This provides an option to accomplish a repair on nonremovable structure or difficult to remove components.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Information Report
HELICOPTER TURBINE ENGINE WASHAIR4416 (Current)12/18/2024
Engines subject to dust, industrial pollution, saltwater contamination or other chemically laden atmosphere (including pesticides and herbicides) lose performance due to deposits of contaminants on surfaces in the aidgas flow path. Engine wash and engine rinse procedures are utilized to restore turbine engine performance. These procedures are generated by the engine manufacturer and are included in the Engine Maintenance/Service Manuals. For most turbine engines these procedures are similar in concept and practice; however, application details, choice of solvents and many other service features can vary from engine manufacturer to engine manufacturer and may even vary within the range of engine models produced by any manufacturer. The intent of this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is to outline the general nature, considerations, and background of engine wash and engine rinse and is directed towards the needs of the entry level engineer, service engineer, and those involved in
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Information Report
Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) Aircraft Quality, SpheroidizedAMS6351M (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel, Bars, and Forgings, Aircraft Quality, 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) Heat Treated, 105 ksi (724 MPa) Tensile StrengthAMS6325M (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of heat-treated bars and forgings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Bars, Forgings, Tubing, and Forging Stock 1.0Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.40Mo (0.17 - 0.22C) Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted Premium Aircraft QualityAMS6493C (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) Aircraft QualityAMS6350R (Current)12/18/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
A Comprehensive Analysis of Various Airfoils for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles/Micro Aerial Vehicles Application01-17-03-001712/13/2024
The purpose of this study is to analyze different airfoils using various tools like X-Foil and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis (ANSYS Fluent) and compare both the results with wind tunnel experimental data to choose an aerodynamically efficient airfoil, which is suitable for an unmanned aerial vehicle/micro aerial vehicle (UAV/MAV) and its operational domain of Reynolds number. The main objective of this analysis is to identify and give us an understanding of the airfoil that has a higher value of Cl max and minimum possible value of Cd. This article discusses various low Reynolds number airfoils, i.e., for the range of Reynolds number between 50,000 and 200,000, which is mostly used for MAVs. Also, between the range of 100,000 and 200,000 for UAVs, which have displayed considerable performance in the past. The article also presents an effort to understand the phenomenon of laminar separation bubbles.
Roy, Indranil, Rao, Sameera
Journal Article
Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility IndustryEPR202402812/12/2024
Recent advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and the broader advanced air mobility (AAM) movement have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. Many new applications have been identified and are under development, with considerable potential for market growth and exciting potential. However, talent resources are the most critical parameters to make or break the AAM vision, and significantly more talent is needed than the traditional aviation industry is able to currently generate. One possible solution—leverage rapid advancements of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the gaming industry to help attract, identify, educate, and encourage current and future generations to engage in various aspects of the AAM industry. Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry discusses how the modern gaming population of 3.3 million
Doo, Johnny
Research Report
Steel, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) Aircraft Quality, Normalized or Otherwise Heat TreatedAMS6345F (Current)12/10/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up to and including 1.500 inches (38.10 mm) in thickness.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Aerospace & Defense Technology: December 202424AERP1212/05/2024
Making a Material Difference in Aerospace & Defense Electronics Acquiring and Telemetering Test Data from Hypersonic Platforms Analog Transformation Complements Open System Designs to Optimize Modern Defense Systems These Speedy Cold Spray Machines Can 3D Print Vehicle Parts in War Zones Researchers Use Ancient Japanese Art Method to Create Tunable Antennas What is Drone Jamming and How Can it Be Countered? AI-Trained Vehicles Can Adjust to Extreme Turbulence on the Fly Researchers at Caltech took an important step toward using reinforcement learning to adaptively learn how turbulent wind can change over time, and then uses that knowledge to control a UAV based on what it is experiencing in real time. 'First of Its Kind' Composite Material to Help Space Vessels Travel Longer Distances A Coventry University design and materials engineer is leading an international team of researchers in the creation of a new material for liquid hydrogen storage tanks that are used to propel rockets into
Magazine Issue
Steel Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock, 1.0Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.40Mo (0.17 - 0.22C) Aircraft QualityAMS6492C (Current)12/05/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
Cabin Emergency Exits Design and Operation - Transport Category AircraftARP488G (Current)12/04/2024
This ARP provides design and performance recommendations for emergency exits in the passenger cabin. This ARP does not apply to Crew Emergency Exits.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Recommended Practice
Guide to Temperature Monitoring in Aircraft Gas Turbine EnginesAIR1900C (Current)12/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides an overview of temperature measurement techniques for various locations of aircraft gas turbine engines while focusing on current usage and methods, systems, selection criteria, and types of hardware.
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
Information Report
Steel, Nitriding, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock 1.6Cr - 0.35Mo - 1.13Al (0.38 - 0.43C) (135 Mod) Aircraft QualityAMS6470R (Current)12/03/2024
This specification covers an aircraft-quality nitriding grade low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
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