Browse Topic: Recreational vehicles and equipment

Items (570)
This SAE Standard establishes the test procedures, performance requirements, and criteria necessary to evaluate minimum safety and reliability requirements of a children’s snowmobile as identified in 1.2
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the method to determine Sound Level of a snowmobile under typical trail operating conditions. Snowmobiles have different engine power levels that depends on the model
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Standard provides minimum requirements and performance criteria for devices to prevent runaway snowmobiles due to malfunction of the speed control system
Snowmobile Technical Committee
ABSTRACT Defence R&D Canada – Suffield has undertaken a research project to investigate the practicality of an operationally quiet hybrid-electric snowmobile. This paper reports on the design of, and the testing conducted with, a prototype noise-reduced hybrid-electric snowmobile. The project goals were to ascertain the practicality of such a design and to determine the baseline achievable noise reduction prior to any optimization. The project has overcome most of the technological hurdles, producing a solid basis for future work. The vehicle performed well in military user testing
Ouellette, SimonGiesbrecht, JaredKuyek, DavidDe Broux, FrancisProulx, Olivier
ABSTRACT This paper contains descriptions and demonstrations of automated test drivers (ATDs) for several different style off-road vehicles. These robotic ATDs can be used without a human operator, to drive vehicles in scenarios that are unsafe for human drivers. Full-scale vehicle tests including rollovers, pitchovers, and crashes involving Recreational Off-Highway Vehicles (ROVs), All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs), and Zero-Turn Riding Mowers (ZTMs) are included in the paper. The mechanical actuators used to control steering, throttle, and braking differ for the different ATDs. However, they use similar control strategies, network architecture, and electronics. Using these similar items as a starting point would be beneficial for developing ATDs for different styles of military vehicles. Citation: G. Heydinger, S. Zagorski, D. Andreatta, M. Bartholomew, “Development and Use of Driving Robots for Conducting Unmanned Tests of Off-Road Vehicles,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Heydinger, GaryZagorski, ScottAndreatta, DaleBartholomew, Meredith
ABSTRACT Modern robotic technologies enable the development of semiautonomous ground robots capable of supporting military field operations. Particular attention has been devoted to the robotic mule concept, which aids soldiers in transporting loads over rugged terrain. While existing mule concepts are promising, current configurations are rated for payloads exceeding 1000 lbs., placing them in the size and weight class of small cars and ATVs. These large robots are conspicuous by nature and may not successfully carry out infantry resupply missions in an active combat zone. Conversations with soldiers and industry professionals have spotlighted a need for a compact, lightweight, and low-cost robotic mule. This platform would ensure reliable last-mile delivery of critical supplies to predetermined rally points. We present a design for such a compact robotic mule, the µSMET. This versatile platform will be integrated with the Squad Multipurpose Equipment Transport (SMET), to ferry
Grenn, KatharinaAdam, CristianKleinow, TimothyMason, BrianSapunkov, OlegMuench, PaulLakshmanan, Sridhar
Head injuries account for 15% of snowsport-related injuries, and the majority of head impacts occur against ice or snow, low-friction surfaces. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how surface friction affects snowsport helmets’ oblique impact kinematics. Ten helmet models were impacted using an oblique drop tower with a 45-degree anvil and NOCSAE headform, at three locations, two surface friction conditions, and a drop speed of 5.0 m/s. Our findings indicate that friction affects peak linear acceleration, peak rotational acceleration, and peak rotational velocity during helmet impacts, with changes in post-impact rotation and impact response varying by location. Surface friction affects head impact kinematics, underscoring the need for sport-specific lab testing and emphasizing the need for friction-specific and sport-specific testing, particularly for snowsports, where surface conditions like snow and ice can alter kinematics
Stark, Nicole E.-P.Calis, AndrewWood, MatthewPiwowarski, Summer BlueDingelstedt, KristinBegonia, MarkRowson, Steve
This paper studies design parameters, selection of materials and structural analysis for an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) BAJA roll cage at the event site in any possible situation. SolidWorks 2022 was used for creating the prototype of the roll cage and then both static structural as well as dynamic crash analysis for the roll cage was done using Altair HyperWorks 2023 for various collisions like front, rear, side, rollover, torsional, front bump, rear bump, front roll over, side roll over and rear roll over. In addition to their corresponding deformation, Von Mises stresses were observed and a safety factor was calculated for these load cases which was found to be in the range of 1.5 to 3. Without reducing the roll cage’s strength, the roll cage designed for a four-wheel drive configuration is developed with driver comfort and safety in mind. Finding the optimal safety factor is the core objective of the analysis, as it ensures in any situation, the ATV’s roll cage will stay secure
L, Ravi KumarSanjay P, ChiranjeevT J, Pravin ChanderMoses J, JebishD, ParthesunG, Sureshmani
This SAE Standard is applicable to snowmobiles as defined in SAE J33
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Standard provides a test method, an evaluation method, and a performance criterion for shock-absorbing characteristics of a general foam-type snowmobile seat. This SAE Standard applies to seats that are similar in design, dimensions, construction, and/or intended usage as described and illustrated in SAE J33
Snowmobile Technical Committee
To investigate the rollover phenomena experienced by all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) during their motion caused by input from the road surface, a combined simulation using CarSim and Simulink has been employed to validate an active anti-rollover control strategy based on differential braking for ATVs, followed by vehicle testing. In the research process, a nonlinear three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle model has been developed. By utilizing a zero-moment point index as a rollover warning indicator, this approach could accurately detect the rollover status of the vehicle, particularly in scenarios involving low road adhesion on unpaved surfaces, which are characteristic of ATV operation. The differential braking, generating a roll moment by adjusting the amount of lateral force each braked tire can generate, was proved as an effective method to enhance rolling stability. Simulation and on-road testing results indicated that this control strategy effectively monitored the state of the ATV and
Hong, HanchiWang, Kuand’Apolito, LuigiQuan, KangningYao, Xu
All-terrain vehicles are gaining more popularity due to their off-roading nature. In this ATV one of the most important components which gives us a safe ride and control is the braking system. This study presents a detailed view of the design, modelling and analysis of brake caliper using Solidworks 2022 and Altair Hyperworks software for an all-terrain vehicle. A single piston floating caliper which is designed to fulfil conditions such as compact size to fit into wheel assembly, to provide adequate strength and great efficiency of about 80% during off-road conditions. This caliper is mainly designed to withstand a braking torque of 315645 Nm. The main aim of designing the caliper is to fit inside the wheel assembly of the ATV so that the interaction between the caliper is not with any other components. Furthermore, considerations are accounted as machinability are integrated into the design process, ensuring that the proposed brake caliper systems are performing well
Ravi Kumar, L.Prathiesh Lalan, R. A.Shriram Naibal, B.Chiranjeev Sanjay, P.Gananathji Naveen Kishore, S.Vasundharadevi, D.
An Electric All-Terrain Vehicle (E-ATV) can able to run in a rough and rugged terrain conditions. The four-wheel drive (4WD) powertrain of the E-ATV provides enough traction to the vehicle to maneuver over the terrain surface by providing significant amount of power and enough traction. The mechanical powertrain has components such as gearbox, differential, Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT), propeller shaft and Drive shafts, etc. For successful implementation of the powertrain system, it must follow some steps such as mathematical modeling, designing, analyzing, manufacturing, assembling and testing the powertrain components. An electric motor provides power to the Continuous Variable Transmission (CVT). The CVT in turn transmits the power to a two-stage reduction gearbox. The gearbox then transmits the power to four wheels using drive shafts and propeller shafts via differentials in front and rear. For Computer aided designing (CAD), SolidWorks is used. For Computer Aided
Ayyakkannu, VadivelPerumalraj, V.Subramani, N.Sriram, P.Gowtham, A.Vinoth, R.
The braking system is a major part of dealing with Go-karts, where speed and control combine to create an enthusiastic experience. This research article discusses the design and analysis of the braking system of a go-kart vehicle. In this case, constraints are based on rulebooks, and optimisation is performed depending on the requirements. The process flow also carries material selection for components and an analysis to determine their structural and thermal properties. This study also includes a comparison of brake rotors and their specifications to meet the higher performance. The design combines mechanical and hydraulic principle-based components to balance efficiency, cost, and maintenance requirements. In this investigation into the braking system, various design and analysis softwares are used. This study offers a concept for an optimized braking system with enough information to construct the go-kart vehicle's braking system
Naren, KARTHIKEYAN S. S.Santhosh, Kumar S.Ilamparithi, M.Srisakthivel, S.Sudhakar, M.
In an All-Terrain Vehicle design competition Knuckle is an important component which carries the complete wheel assembly and loads with itself. Loads in the wheels are directly transferred to the upright which can withstands itself with the proper design and force calculations. Forces are generated in the links of the upright and transferred to the chassis via tyre. The following study aims to design and manufacture knuckle by reducing the weight with the help of necessary force calculations on dynamic conditions in addition with Finite Element Analysis. Mass is the primary optimization in this analysis. We reduced up to 48.5% of mass from original design to get a final mass in rear upright and necessary force calculations for the front upright. The shape of the Upright is also well optimized according to compensate the suspension hardpoints. The front upright has Tie rod, caliper mounting, upper and lower arms. Lower the weight of the upright, higher the stability of the All-Terrain
Ayyakkannu, VadivelAjay Subramani, N.Boojithkumar, N.Siva Subramaniyan, J.
The design and analysis of the roll cage for the ATV car are the subjects of this report. The roll cage is one of the key elements of an ATV car. It is the primary component of an ATV, on which the engine, steering, and gearbox are mounted. The vehicle's sprung mass is beneath the roll cage. The initiation of cracks and the deformation of the vehicle are caused by forces acting on it from various directions. Stresses are consequently produced. FEA of the roll cage is used in this paper in an effort to identify these areas. We have performed torsional analysis as well as front, rear, side impact, and rollover crash analyses. These analyses were all completed using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R1. The design process complies with all guidelines outlined in the SAE rule book of E-Baja
Ayyakkannu, VadivelSri Ram, P.Vijayakumar, Vishnu
The Baja Electrical All-Terrain Vehicle eATV is a versatile off-road vehicle designed to tackle challenging terrains and endure extreme conditions. Suspension system in a car connects the chassis to its wheels and it comprises of a system of springs, dampers and linkages. Independent suspension systems typically offer better handling and ride quality. This paper focuses on the optimization of the eATV’s suspension and steering systems to enhance its performance, stability, and maneuverability. For explanation purpose the design methodology that has been chosen for the suspension system of an all-terrain vehicle. A double wishbone independent suspension is designed for the front half, and an H-arm independent suspension is designed for the rear half. The steering system uses a Rack & Pinion gearbox along with this Ackerman geometry being used for the steering assembly. Theoretical values were validated with the help of ‘Lotus Shark’ software. Also highlights the challenges faced by this
Ayyakkannu, VadivelSakthi Sundar, R.Rubesh, N.Prasanth, S.Haritharan, S.S.Hari Haran, R.
A chassis is the main skeleton of a go-kart containing distinct components such as the engine, brakes, fuel tank, rear axle, etc. It supports the entire weight and load of the components, so it must be steady enough to withstand shock, twisting, vibration, and other stress. This paper reviews the study carried out on the chassis, highlighting the area where the Nodes, Primary and Secondary members, Horizontal and Vertical members, and Chassis stiffness support the jacking effect with the constraints of maximum Torsional stress, deflection, and critical regions under loading conditions. AISI 4130 is used as the chassis material. When dealing with the software, SolidWorks 2023 and Fusion 360 are used for designing the chassis whereas ANSYS 2022 is used for the analysis of the designed chassis. In order to reduce weight, improve material consumption, and provide an appropriate cross-section, a simulation technique was used in design optimization
Vignesh, D.Sanchan Kumar, S.Saravanan, V.Sudhakar, M.
Transmission system is one of the most significant portions of the vehicle architecture that helps in movement of the vehicle by transmitting power. This research paper is to explain the complete transmission system involving the methodology, calculations, design and analysis of a go-kart. There are many ways of transmitting power to the kart, but the traditional way of transmission is by using shafts and chain drives. This paper also explores various aspects including gear selection and torque management. Further, it defines the different aspects which impacts on the overall performance of the go-kart, like traction force and safety factors by focusing on the material to be used, total load acting, service factor, design load, bearing stress and so on. Also, the total road resistance that is caused in various gears is computed to ensure that the vehicle has good power distribution. The paper also comprises the calculations for the rear axle to determine the suitable diameter for the
Akash, S.Sharadha, S.Kavi Priyadarson, V.V.Siddharth, K.Sudhakar, M.
Energy savings in automotive applications has always remain an important aspect of research. In addition, today’s highspeed requirements in electric vehicles require high-efficiency drivelines to match overall vehicle mileage or range. This paper presents the validation of the overall efficiency & drag losses of the highspeed Driveline for an ATV with 4-Wheel Drive System. The efficiency & drag losses were measured in the powertrain testbed where the test units were placed between two Transient Dynamometers. The main aim of the test was to validate the overall efficiency as a function of input speed and torque. All these measured values of the gearbox efficiency are included in various graphs. The tests were performed for complete functional range of test unit at max operating oil temperatures for Transmission and Front Differential testing. Drive shafts tests were performed at its complete range and various inclination angle up to max failure point. The wheel hub was tested at various
Jain, SankalpSingh, Parminder
This SAE Standard provides test methods, performance requirements, installation requirements, and guidelines for snowmobile headlamps
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Extremely uncomfortable levels of bounce and pitch vibrations are produced when a CV moves over uneven terrain. The present study was carried out to ascertain the vibrational response at the driver’s, commander’s and trooper’s seats. A 23 -degrees of freedom (DOF) lumped parameter 3-D model of a combined CV and human body was made. The vehicle had 15 DOF corresponding to the bounce, pitch and roll of the hull (sprung mass) and bounce motions of the 12 wheel stations (unsprung masses) on either side. The human body was idealized as having 8 DOF corresponding to bounce motions of the pelvis, abdomen, diaphragm, thorax, torso, back and head. The seat was also assigned a bounce DOF. The lumped masses of the body parts were distributed and connected by springs. The differential equations of motion for the linear rigid body model were formulated and the natural frequencies of different parts of the human body and the military tank were determined by eigenvalue analysis using MATLAB
Chandramohan, SujathaSinha, Adheesh
Published data relevant to snowmobile crash reconstruction is comparatively limited, especially pertaining to mountain snowmobiling and riding in deep snow. Snowmobiling is a unique motorsport activity as it requires substantial rider input and physical interaction to properly control the vehicle. The added complexities of varying slope angle and snow depth in mountain terrain make application of test data from testing done on flat surfaces less useful when applied to sloped terrain analysis. New data from testing performed in deep snow conditions on various slopes is presented in this paper. Acceleration tests were performed using two late model mountain snowmobiles from a stop on various slope angles. Additional related factors such as snow density, trenching, and snow mass momentum exchange are also discussed. Comparison of these test results to previously published snowmobile testing data advances the understanding of snowmobile acceleration parameters into mountain terrain
Warner, WyattWarner, Mark
This paper presents the results of five additional instrumented snowmobile crash tests and the updated findings when combined with the dataset from our previous publication (SAE# 2021-01-0876). This additional work expands on, and aims to better the understanding of, snowmobile collision dynamics and the severity of real-world collisions, given that minimal crash test data exists for snowmobiles compared to passenger vehicles. In the five new tests, the test snowmobile was accelerated forward into a pole, made from a tree trunk 38 cm in diameter. The first two pole impacts were completed at low-speed (i.e., less than 15 km/h) to determine a damage threshold. The subsequent two tests targeted 40 km/h impact speeds, and the last test targeted an impact speed of 80 km/h. From the tests, a more reliable damage threshold of 9 km/h was determined using the low-speed tests, equations were derived for the relationship between the maximum crush and the impact speed for snowmobiles sustaining
Griffiths, HarrisonPaquette, Mark
An Electronic Stability Control algorithm has been developed for All-Terrain Vehicles. The algorithm is implemented on SEA’s Robotic Test Driver which has been customized to drive ATVs unmanned. The ESC algorithm is incorporated in the real-time controller. When activated, ESC monitors vehicle states and when they exceed pre-determined thresholds, ESC intervenes by dropping throttle and applying the vehicle’s brakes. The intention of this algorithm is to prevent yaw instability and ultimately limit the vehicle’s roll angle. ESC is implemented on two vehicles, which exhibit varying degrees of understeer. Test data is provided to illustrate the determination in setting threshold limits. The efficacy of the ESC is demonstrated by showing the system being enabled and disabled
Zagorski, ScottHeydinger, Gary
This paper presents tire data from an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV). Data is collected on a Flat-Trac® machine where force and moment data were collected for three tires: one front tire and two rear tires. Tests were conducted at slip angles of +/-28 degrees, varying normal loads and inclinations angles. Additionally, tests were conducted at varying levels of inflation pressure. Key parametric data such as aligning moment, cornering and vertical stiffness levels are presented. One key finding from this study is that, in general, as inflation pressure increases cornering and aligning moment stiffness decreases. This effect is counter to typical passenger vehicle tires, where higher inflation pressure usually results in higher stiffness levels. Using results from the tire test data, understeer calculations are made for a vehicle under varying loading conditions
Zagorski, ScottHeydinger, Gary
This SAE Standard provides the minimum requirements for automotive or RV, seven position, self-draining trailer tow connector interface. The procedures included within this specification are intended to cover the test methods, design, and performance requirements of the electrical interface of the seven-position trailer tow connector in low voltage (0 to 20) road vehicle applications
Connector Systems Standards Committee
Future of transport is in autonomous driving. Autonomous driving promises safe travel thereby reducing accidents. An autonomous vehicle can sense its surroundings and drive itself through the pre-planned path [1]. The vehicle senses its surroundings using sensors like radar, lidar, camera and GPS. This paper focuses on modifying an available All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV), quad bike using various actuation mechanisms into an autonomous driving vehicle. The steering is a crucial unit which needs to be actuated as a part of autonomous driving. Automation along with the relocation of throttle and brake from handlebar to foot pedal is also done as a part of autonomous driving. Therefore the ATV has to be modified to implement the following automation mechanisms. The steering actuation unit needs to be highly precise and robust in nature, as the torque required would be high [2]. High torque servo motor along with a recirculating ball screw is selected as a result. The actuation unit is
T C, SedwinM A, JayakrishnanP P, LaluSadique, Anwar
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a uniform test procedure for determining the maximum velocity of a personal watercraft
Personal Watercraft Committee
Much development in the automotive industry relates to the use of high-content ethanol blended fuels to reduce the emissions produced by on-road engines/vehicles. However, less research has been done on the effect of operating small off-road engines (SORE) on high-blend ethanol fuels without substantial modifications. Most manufacturers of such engines only certify proper operation on low content ethanol blends such as E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline by volume). This paper focuses on the use of E77 fuel in a small off-road engine which is speed-governed. Such engines are commonly used in lawn mowers, small recreational vehicles, or other equipment. The exhaust emissions and performance of the engine were evaluated using the EPA 6-mode duty cycle for small recreational engines where testing and analysis followed the recommendations of SAE J1088. This test cycle consisted of operating the engine at steady state load points using a fixed engine speed. The performance of the engine was
Davis, GregoryMazzei, Arnaldo
This SAE Standard establishes the test equipment, procedure, and acceptance criteria necessary to determine the location of power driven components that could—upon inadvertent contact by an operator, passenger, or bystander—inflict injury
Snowmobile Technical Committee
An all-terrain vehicle (ATV) is capable of traveling on any kind of surface or terrain. It is built especially for extreme road conditions. High ground clearance and soft suspension springs are some of the characteristics of an ATV. The use of a four-wheel-drive (4WD) transmission in a light ATV is in high demand. Power on all four tires provides better traction and increases the off-roading capabilities of the ATV. The methodology described in the paper discusses the design and validation of a four-wheel driveline for a light ATV using various modeling and simulation software. Briggs and Stratton engine is coupled with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) to provide infinite ratios within its tuned range to deliver effortless shifting. A two-stage reduction gearbox is used to multiply the torque received from the CVT to provide sufficient traction to the tires. Power is transferred to the front differential via a propeller shaft. A shifting mechanism is installed for shifting
Kannan, C.Ashok, B.Dighe, HarshadAgarwal, SakshamKapoor, DevanshKasana, AkshatMathew, Amal
Axle transmits power from the gearbox to the wheels. There are primarily two reasons for reducing the axle’s diameter in the case of a bipod CV joint (Constant-velocity joints axle), to avoid overdesigning and less articulation angle. As the ATV (All-Terrain Vehicle) goes in bumps and droops, a driveshaft with a larger diameter would hit the walls of the CV joint, which will create a hindrance in its articulation. Moreover, if the driveshaft is overdesigned, it will add unnecessary weight and effort to the power train, which would decrease the overall performance of the vehicle. The diameter of the axle was reduced using real-time testing data of peak torque production from the powertrain unit (Engine + CVT (Continuously variable transmission )+ Gearbox) with the help of various machines to validate that component do not fail under the given load conditions; research work is divided into 3 phases of data collection, axle design, and validation. Total 3 test rigs were set up for data
Bhardwaj, VasuDayal, NeeleshSharma, HirenAidhi, RajenderSaini, Rakesh
The durability road test of a vehicle is an important test to verify the reliability of vehicle components. In order to carry out the durability bench test for drive shaft systems of all-terrain vehicles, a method for acquiring time domain signals of articulation angles of the CVJ, input torque, and rotational speeds of drive shaft systems is proposed. The acquired load spectrum of drive shaft systems is preprocessed including deleting small amplitudes, de-drifting, deburring, filtering, etc. Peaks and valleys are extracted from the preprocessed load spectrum. Based on the graphic method and the estimator stabilization method, the upper and lower thresholds of the time domain extrapolation of the load spectrum are determined, and then the peaks and valleys excesses that exceed the upper and lower thresholds are extracted. The generalized pareto distribution function is used to fit the distribution of peaks and valleys excesses. Based on the fitted distribution of the extracted peaks
Luo, QiuqiLi, LipingHou, QiufengLi, JuanShangguan, Wen-Bin
A Vehicle Dynamics Analysis of an electric All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) is conducted and presented in the following paper. Vehicle performance is analyzed, shortcomings are identified and solutions to optimize the vehicle design are implemented. These optimizations are tested and results are compared with the pre-existing models and validated by conducting physical trials on the actual model. The virtual tests are carried out using Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) tool- MSC ADAMS. The results obtained from the tests have been put forth in theoretical as well as graphical manner to get a clearer view. This research involved a thorough study of Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics of the ATV. Trends in dynamic parameters like the ride quality, pitch response, roll stability, yaw response, camber gain and other important parameters of the vehicle have been studied and its correlation with the feedback obtained from the driver is established. Key features of the vehicle that influence these parameters
Shetty, KartikMache, AshokJoshi, AkshayKulkarni, ManasChitnis, ShreeyaKulkarni, Shirish
Choice of suspension geometry is an integral part of an ATV design. It has a direct role in ride comfort and vehicle-dynamic characteristics, the most prominent one being the unsprung mass. In the rear vehicle suspension, teams often face the decision to select either a Trailing-Arm suspension design or an H-Arm design. Teams must take into account their existing parameters to rightly decide which geometry is suitable for their application. In this paper, a concept selection strategy is proposed. This strategy combines the conventional way of analyzing mechanical systems and machines with product design aspects. We analyze several characteristics of the geometry and assign a criteria weight to each of these. These criteria include the cost to manufacture, unsprung mass, load handling capacity, acceleration gain ratio during bumps, ease of manufacturing, and ergonomics of the design. Further, we arrive at the suitable geometry for our team using concept selection methods such as
Gandhi, OmNagar, Tanay
Recreational vehicles have a lot of potential consumers in China, especially the type C recreational vehicle is popular among consumers due to its advantages, prompting an increase in the production and sales volumes. The type C vehicle usually has a higher air drag than the common commercial vehicles due to its unique appearance. It can be reduced by optimizing the structural parameters, thus the energy consumed by the vehicle can be decreased. The external flow field of a recreational vehicle is analyzed by establishing its computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model. The characteristic of the RV’s external flow field is identified based on the simulation result. The approximation models of the vehicle roof parameters and air drag and vehicle volume are established by the response surface method (RSM). The vehicle roof parameters are optimized by multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MO-PSO). According to the comparison, the air drag is reduced by 2.89% and the vehicle volume is
Huang, BinWei, Xiaoxu
In this paper the multi-link suspension for an All-Terrain Vehicle is designed, modelled and simulated. The model was produced by defining the position of the hard point or coordinate before specifying the component characters and joint variety, then after for modelling of the multi-link suspension, CATIA 3D modelling approach is used, sequentially the MBD approach is adopted for full suspension model simulation. The same test was conducted for the base model (double wishbone suspension) which was holding same characteristics. The kinematics and compliance of the simulation are matched with the base model simulation data to verify the suspension design and the result from the simulation exposed a validated virtual suspension system model with a pretty minimal rate of error. The result of the simulation shows that the introduced suspension system increases the cornering stiffness and deceases the bump steer along with this it gives the quick cornering and straight-line stability
Shingade, MaheshPable, MachhindraPawar, Ashish
The Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is a widely adopted transmission system. The operation of a CVT is simple, but successfully foretelling the longitudinal motion of a vehicle that utilizes this transmission is sophisticated. As a result, different vehicles taking part in BAJA-SAE competitions were developed using various strategies to model the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics and CVT operation. This article aims to provide a tool for obtaining a quantitative estimate of the longitudinal performance of a CVT equipped vehicle and for the selection of an optimal drive-train gear ratio for such a vehicle. To this end, this article proposes a novel, relatively simple, and reasonably accurate mathematical approach for modeling the longitudinal motion of a vehicle utilizing a CVT, which was developed by a novel integration of existing vehicle dynamics concepts. The proposed technique splits the longitudinal motion into three distinct phases - low ratio acceleration, shifting, and
Sharma, AyushTanwar, HarshitMittal, Ankit
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform procedure and performance requirements for snowmobile fuel tanks
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Standard provides test procedures, performance requirements, design guidelines, and installation guidelines for snowmobile tail (rear position) lamp
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Standard establishes the test procedure, environment, and instrumentation for determining the sound levels of snowmobiles in the stationary test mode. This test method is intended to provide an accurate measurement of exhaust and other engine noise and may be used to evaluate new and in-use snowmobiles to determine compliance with noise control regulations. Sound level measurements obtained with this test method are not intended as an engineering determination of overall machine noise. For this purpose, the use of SAE J192 is recommended
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Instrumented crash tests are a valuable source of information for collision reconstruction, as the collected data allows for a better understanding of the dynamics and severity of real-world collisions. Numerous published crash tests exist for automobiles, motorcycles, and heavy vehicles; however, none of the published crash testing has involved snowmobiles. This paper presents the results of six snowmobile crash tests to begin to fill the gap in the literature. In five tests, the test snowmobile was accelerated forward into a pole, made from a tree trunk 33 cm in diameter. In the last test, two snowmobiles collided head-on into each other. Prior to testing, each snowmobile was weighed and scanned using a Faro 3D scanner. All of the snowmobiles were instrumented to collect speed and acceleration data during the tests. Each snowmobile was scanned after the test, which allowed for measurements of the extent of crush from impact
Paquette, MarkGriffiths, HarrisonWong, DerekAnderson, SteveWright, Mark
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform testing procedure and performance requirements for the level surface testing of hand-operated service brake systems on snowmobiles
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Standard establishes a uniform test procedure for determining the exterior operational sound level for snowmobiles
Snowmobile Technical Committee
This SAE Standard establishes the instrumentation, test site, and test procedure for determining the maximum exterior sound level for snowmobiles
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Design and simulation analysis of braking system for ATV is carried out with the assistance of Ansys and MATLAB. Heat generated increases the temperature of the disc brake at the rubbing surface resulting in thermal stresses in the components of the braking system. Static, structural, thermal, computational flow dynamics, vibrational & fatigue behavior of ventilated brake disc rotor, hub and upright are analyzed. Stainless Steel, SS-410 material configuration has been considered for disc brake rotor and results obtained are analyzed in terms of performance, longevity and efficiency. Braking efficiency and stopping distance curve are analyzed from their characteristics plot. Vibrational behavior, structural behavior, thermal behavior, performance efficiency, flow behavior of ventilated disc brake rotor can be easily depicted with respect to bump and droop during acceleration, high climb and maneuverability. Ventilated disc brake Rotor with outer diameter of 220 mm is used. Comparison of
Kumar, SwapnilRajagopal, Thundil
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