Browse Topic: Commercial vehicles

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Intelligent Steering System to Improve Fuel Efficiency in Heavy Duty Vehicles2026-28-0103To be published on 02/12/2026
In commercial vehicles, conventional engine-driven hydraulic steering systems result in continuous energy consumption, contributing to parasitic losses and reduced overall powertrain efficiency. This study introduces an Electric Powered Hydraulic Steering (EPHS) system that decouples steering actuation from the engine and operates only on demand, thereby optimizing energy usage. Field trials conducted under loaded conditions demonstrated a 3–6% improvement in fuel economy, confirming the system’s effectiveness in real-world applications. A MATLAB-based simulation model was developed to replicate dynamic steering loads and vehicle operating conditions, with results closely aligning with field data, thereby validating the model’s predictive accuracy. The reduction in fuel consumption directly translates to lower CO₂ emissions, supporting regulatory compliance and sustainability goals, particularly in the context of tightening emission norms for commercial fleets. These findings position
T, Aravind Muthu Suthan, Mani, Kishore, Ayyappan, Rakshna, D, Senthil Kumar, S, Mathankumar
Optimized Design, Analysis, and Validation of a Tractor Muffler for Enhanced Back-Pressure Control and Cost Efficiency2026-28-0004To be published on 02/12/2026
Internal combustion engines generate intense acoustic pulses during combustion, necessitating the use of exhaust mufflers to suppress noise emissions. With evolving regulations on permissible noise levels and the automotive industry's drive toward lightweight, high-performance vehicles, muffler designs must balance effective sound attenuation, minimal back pressure, and reduced mass. This study presents a comparative analysis of three muffler configurations serpentine, rectangular, and zigzag designed using SolidWorks for a light commercial vehicle (LCV) diesel engine. The models were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to assess their acoustic and flow performance. Each design incorporated internal baffle arrangements to enhance sound absorption while aiming to minimize back pressure. The serpentine model featured a perforated baffle layout that promoted multiple reflections and dissipated acoustic energy more efficiently. Simulation results indicated that
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Palaniselvam, Senthil Kumar, D, Ashokkumar, R, Krishnamoorthy, Mahendran, M, Pasupuleti, Thejasree, G, Dhayanithi, L, BOOPALAN
Structural Redesign and Functional Integration of an Electrohydraulic Brake Valve for Enhanced Performance and Manufacturability2026-28-0002To be published on 02/12/2026
The Electrohydraulic Brake Valve (EBV) is a critical component in full-power brake systems, particularly in heavy-duty and off-highway vehicles, where precise braking control and system reliability are paramount. This paper presents a comprehensive cost and weight optimization initiative focused on the EBV housing, which currently accounts for approximately 75% of the total assembly weight due to its bar-machined construction. The project involved a complete redesign of the EBV housing with the dual objective of reducing mass and enhancing functionality. Key improvements include the integration of sensor ports for real-time pressure monitoring, a dedicated provision for nameplate mounting to support customer traceability, and a transition to a cast-based design optimized through advanced core modeling. Material substitution and structural simplification were explored to further improve manufacturability and cost-efficiency. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to validate the
R, Thangarajan
Genetic algorithm based optimization of Chaboche kinematic hardening parameters along with the validation of FE model through characterized crack initiation2026-28-0086To be published on 02/12/2026
In the context of electro-mobility for commercial vehicles, the failure analysis of a low voltage (LV) connector panel in a DCDC converter is crucial, particularly regarding crack initiation at the interface of busbar and plastic component. This analysis requires a thorough understanding of thermo-mechanical behavior under thermal cyclic loads, necessitating kinematic hardening material modeling to account for the Bauschinger effect. As low cycle fatigue (LCF) test data is not available for thermo-plastic composite material Ultramid A3U44G6, we have adopted a novel approach of determining non-linear Chaboche Kinematic Hardening (CKH) model parameters from monotonic uniaxial temperature dependent tensile test data of Ultramid A3U44G6. In this proposed work a detailed discussion has been presented on manual calibration and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimization of Chaboche parameters. Due to lack of fiber orientation dependent test data for Ultramid A3U44G6, here von Mises yield
Basu, Parichay, Srinivasappa, Naveen
MINER’S SAFETY BOT2026-28-0116To be published on 02/12/2026
Mining remains one of the most hazardous industries, with workers constantly exposed to life-threatening conditions such as toxic gases, high temperatures, and confined spaces. To address these concerns, we propose the design and development of an autonomous Miner’s Safety Bot aimed at enhancing underground safety through real-time environmental monitoring and intelligent navigation. The system is built around the ESP32 microcontroller, integrating critical sensors including the MQ7 gas sensor for detecting carbon monoxide and methane, the DHT11 sensor for measuring ambient temperature, and an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection. These components work to monitor hazardous parameters and assist the bot in navigating through narrow mine shafts. A servo motor connected to a remote-controlled chassis adjusts the bot's direction when obstacles are detected. The bot employs the ESP32-CAM module to transmit live visuals from the mining site to external observers. Furthermore, sensor data
D, SUCHITRA, D, ANITHA, MUTHUKUMARAN, BALASUBRAMANIAM, MOHANRAJ, SIDDHARTH, SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE, ROHAN
Decision-fatigue mitigation in Automotive HMI System2026-26-0652To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract - With advent of digital displays in driver cabins in commercial vehicles, the drivers are getting offered with many features. Due to availability of vast number of features, drivers face decision fatigue in choosing the appropriate features. Many are unaware of all available functionalities displayed in the HMI System, leading to a bare minimum usage or complete neglect of helpful features. This not only affects the driving efficiency but also increases cognitive load, especially in complex driving scenarios. Instead of manually choosing between multiple settings, the driver can simply activate a recommendation mode, allowing the system to optimize selections dynamically. Novelty of this proposal focuses on introducing Intelligence in HMI Systems in such a way that it will maximize the usage index and reduce decision fatigue in drivers. To achieve this, an AI-driven recommendation system is introduced, based on User Customization and Adaptive Learning Model along with ML
K, Sunil, Dhoot, Disha
Effect of E20 Fuel on Small Commercial Vehicle Powered of Twin Cylinder Gasoline engine2026-26-0565To be published on 01/16/2026
In alignment with its carbon reduction commitments, India is transitioning towards higher ethanol-blended fuels, with E20 set for nationwide implementation by 2025. Ethanol is a renewable, domestically sourced biofuel produced through fermentation of biomass such as sugarcane, corn. It possesses a higher octane rating and oxygen content compared to conventional gasoline, making it a favorable additive for improving engine performance and reducing emissions. This study investigates the impact of E20 fuel on performance parameters of a twin-cylinder MPFI gasoline engine. For deriving maximum benefits of increased Octane rating of E20, compression ratio increased. Experimental analysis was conducted to assess the changes in combustion behavior, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), torque output, engine out emissions and thermal efficiency when operating on E20 compared to baseline gasoline-E10. Results indicate that E20 enables more efficient combustion due to its higher laminar flame
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Thonge, Ravindra, Kanchan, Shubham
Utilization of an improved hardening model for finite element analysis and experimental correlation of a tractor ROPS Structure2026-26-0404To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, virtual validation using finite element analysis (FEA) has become a key step in designing an agricultural tractor roll over-protective structure (ROPS). With the advancement of computation power and ability of finite element solver to handle bigger models; a higher fidelity model can be built to improve virtual validation accuracy. More & more advanced material model can be used to improve accuracy of the results. Along with ROPS, its mounting chassis and mounting bolts can also be validated. Virtual validation at the design phase not only saves time of new product development cycle; but also optimizes the weight & cost of the design. This study focusses on the application of advanced material models in simulating a real-life tractor ROPS system. For the ROPS structure, both conventional isotropic hardening models (employing bilinear and piecewise multilinear stress-strain curves) and advanced kinematic hardening models based on the multi-component Armstrong-Frederick
Pandey, Manoj Kumar, Kumar, Arun, Redkar, Dinesh, Thirugnanam, Vivekanndan, Magendran, G, MANI, SURESH
E-drive System Selection Criterion for Hybrid Electric Heavy Commercial Vehicles Segments2026-26-0467To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive industry expediting progress toward electrification since climate change driven by global warming represents a significant environmental challenge with far-reaching implications. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Hybrid electric vehicles can serve as an effective intermediary solution, bridging the gap between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and fully electric vehicles, owing to their comparatively lower initial costs. Hybrid electric vehicle component selection is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements fuel economy, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership of vehicle and comfort. In addition, Hybrid configuration selection also plays a vital role in cost of hybrid electric vehicle. Hence, it is a great challenge to select right powertrain configuration including architecture
Shendge, Raman, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Wani, Kalpesh, Warule, Prasad
Comparative Study of EV Transmission Performance used in Various Vehicle Segments2026-26-0584To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition to electric mobility has accelerated the evolution of drivetrain technologies, particularly in the design and performance of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs utilize simpler yet diverse transmission systems cater to specific performance, efficiency, and application requirements. The growing adoption of electric vehicles across diverse transportation sectors has intensified the need for optimized electric transmission systems as per vehicle requirements. This research presents a comparative study of electric transmission performance across various vehicle segments, including Passenger Cars, Small commercial Vehicle, Commercial three-wheelers and All-terrain vehicles. The study evaluates different transmission configurations namely single-speed and multi-speed, based on key performance metrics such as Drag loss and Efficiency. Through a combination of literature review, and performance benchmarking, the
Jain, Sankalp, P, Ekhesh
"Exploring the Effects of Oil Cooler Deletion on Tractor Engine Operation"2026-26-0547To be published on 01/16/2026
Cost reduction remains a significant challenge for engine manufacturers, particularly for off-highway application vehicles. An optimal engine lubrication system, encompassing engine oil and an oil cooler, is critical for thermal management and minimizing frictional losses. This system ensures adequate lubrication and cooling of engine components, thereby maintaining optimal performance. This study investigates the implications of oil cooler removal in a 45HP inline engine tractor. Various validation trials were conducted, including high ambient temperature tests under worst-case conditions, high coolant temperature scenarios, and a rigorous tractor killer test. In the latter, the tractor underwent 100 hours of operation on a PTO bench at maximum engine RPMs. Despite an observable increase in lubricant oil temperature during these tests, the tractor did not exhibit any component seizure or failure. The findings aim to determine whether the inclusion of an oil cooler is essential for the
Gupta, Deepak, Kumar, Pankaj, Singh, Manjinder, Singh, Gagandeep, Kumar, Munish, Singh, Harpreet, Singh, Maninder
Development of Door Impact Loads Using Pedal Force Sensor and First Principles2026-26-0538To be published on 01/16/2026
The first step in designing or analyzing any structure is to understand “right” set of loads. Typically, off-road vehicles have many access doors for service/getting into cab etc. Design of these doors and their latches involve a knowledge of the closing loads when the door is shut mostly with an impact of varying magnitudes. In scenarios of these impact events, where there is sudden change of velocity within few milliseconds, produces high magnitude of loads on structures. One common way of estimating these loads using hand calculations involves evaluating the rate-of-change-of-momentum. However, this calculation needs “duration of impact”, and it is seldom known/difficult to estimate. Failing to capture duration of impact event will change load magnitudes drastically, e.g. load gets doubled if time-of-impact gets reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 seconds and subsequently fatigue life of the components in “Door-closing-event” gets reduce by ~7 times. For these problems, structures are usually
Valkunde, Sangram, Ghate, Amit, Gagare, Kiran
Adoptive safety solutions in Road Simulators for commercial vehicle structural validation2026-26-0533To be published on 01/16/2026
Road Simulators used to carry out accelerated structural durability validation of a vehicle. As a commercial vehicle manufacturer, for our commercial vehicles structural validation, we are using 8 poster road simulators. We use road load data, torture track data, synthetic profiles or events as the input test data. From a mini 4 wheeler trucks to high capacity 8 wheeler truck, and any bus variant is being tested at road simulator. All the vehicle variants are tested with prescribed road and load conditions for the pre-determined life. Each wheel of the vehicle is positioned on the wheel pan of the hydraulic actuators so that each actuator excites the corresponding vibration data. The vehicle is being restrained as per the manufacturers recommendation. Manufacturer recommendations widely addresses the risks associated with the test rigs. In addition to that there are risks associated with the vehicle running, vehicle handling, vehicle positioning. For example, when durability test
Arumugam, Paramasivam, N, Gopi Kannan, N, Mahendra, Muthu kumar, Pandurangan, Singh, Laxman, Tiwari, Manish, V, Subash
Influence of Tipping Angles and Body Shapes on Payload Discharge Efficiency in Dump Trucks2026-26-0493To be published on 01/16/2026
The payload retention and material outflow pattern during the unloading process of dump trucks are critical factors influencing the efficiency and effectiveness of operations in construction and mining industries. This paper investigates the impact of tipping angles and the shape of the dump truck body on payload retention and outflow characteristics. Using FEA methodology, we explore the material outflow pattern for different body geometries such as box body, scoop body etc. for comparative analysis in order to optimize the shape for better & effective unloading. The results demonstrate a comparative estimation for an optimal body shape configuration to effectively unload payload and correlation of payload retention at various tipping angles.
Phukan, Prerna, Sahu, Hemant, Dave, Rajeev
Innovative Multi-Axial Testing approach for Enhanced Reliability of Cooling Modules in Commercial Vehicles2026-26-0530To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents an innovative in-lab accelerated testing approach for chassis-mounted components, with a particular focus on the cooling module of commercial vehicles. The proposed method simulates real-time data acquired from field operations and replicates all critical chassis modes, including torsion. Additionally, real-time coolant circulation at specified pressure and temperature maintenance are feasible during durability testing, enhancing the realism of the test environment. The cooling modules, comprising the radiator, intercooler, and charge air cooler (CAC), often experience failures due to various multi-axial inputs and chassis modes. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for replicating field conditions in the lab, utilizing seven servo-hydraulic actuators to simulate multi-axial inputs. The accuracy of in-lab simulation for the acceleration levels at input and response locations of the cooling module exceeds 90%. This makes it a preferred choice for test
V Dhage, Yogesh, Satale, Sunil
The selection of a two-speed gearbox for small commercial electric vehicles aims to optimize powertrain efficiency2026-26-0417To be published on 01/16/2026
In response to the significant environmental challenges posed by climate change driven by global warming, the automotive industry is accelerating the transition toward electrification. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Energy efficiency improvement of electric vehicles is emerging field of research to reduce total cost of ownership. Electric vehicle powertrain component selection in small commercial vehicles including three and four wheelers is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements Range, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership of vehicle and comfort. In addition, powertrain configuration including battery, motor and transmission ratio selection plays a fundamental role in cost of electric vehicle. Hence, The task of selecting the right powertrain configuration, encompassing architecture, motor selection
Wani, Kalpesh, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Shendge, Raman, Warule, Prasad
Thermal System design of Inter-City Fuel Cell Electric Bus2026-26-0427To be published on 01/16/2026
In the current scenario, demand for alternate energy is increasing due to depletion of fossil fuels and countries commitment towards carbon neutrality by 2050. Hydrogen is considered as one of the cleaner fuels and many OEMs across the world started to work on various strategies like hydrogen combustion engine and fuel cell. Passenger vehicles like Buses are at the lookout for fuel cell technology at faster rate than other commercial vehicles. In fuel cell vehicles, cooling system design is critical & complex since it includes fuel cell cooling, Power electronics cooling & battery cooling. In this paper cooling system design of a Fuel cell electric bus for inter-city application is demonstrated. Radiators and Fans are selected based on the overall heat rejection and Coolant inlet temperature requirements of components. Cooling system circuit and pump is decided to meet the coolant flow rate targets. Flow simulation and thermal simulation done using simulation models using software KULI
M S, Vignesh, Kiran, Nalavadath
Early Prediction of CNG Filling Time using Artificial Intelligence for Design Optimization2026-26-0662To be published on 01/16/2026
The CNG fuel system is a critical component in vehicle development and typically includes large-volume gas cylinders (up to 800 liters). As these vehicles often operate over long distances daily, frequent refueling is necessary, making a short gas filling time highly desirable. Currently, CNG filling time is evaluated after prototype development to determine the refueling duration. If the filling time is excessive, design changes to the fuel system are required, leading to significant cost and time penalties and causing delays in the vehicle product development cycle. By integrating AI/ML technology, a mathematical model has been developed based on various influencing parameters. This model will predict CNG gas filling time across all commercial vehicle platforms at the initial Zero design release gateway. This early prediction will enable further optimization to improve gas filling time. The goal of this research work to optimising the filling time for various platform before physical
Choudhary, Aditya Kant, Petale, Mahendra, Dutta, Surabhi, Bagul, Mithilesh
Intelligent Sequential Charging Control via Fleet-Managed Cloud System2026-26-0207To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles (EV) are increasingly becoming more and more popular in the markets, especially in the commercial vehicle segments. Amidst this, the need to find new elegant methods to perform charging of EV battery becomes extremely crucial. In areas with high demand and limited power capacity, performing charging for multiple vehicles necessitates efficient usage of charging infrastructure, which can’t be guaranteed by the traditional charging methods. Sequential charging is a new state of art technique for managing the charging of multiple EV’s simultaneously connected to a single charging station. Rather than dividing the available power equally among all connected vehicles or charging them one at a time, this technique dynamically allocates power based on various factors such as charging priority, vehicle needs and available infrastructure capacity. Currently, sequential Charging can only be implemented by a particular set of chargers that are interconnected via backend and
De, Abir, Bhattacharya, Ullash, Parihar, Aakash
Source Level Vibration Control of a Tractor Engine Through Inertial Force Balancing2026-26-0323To be published on 01/16/2026
Controlling the source vibrations in internal combustion engines is a crucial approach to minimizing the vibration levels experienced by the driver. The driver's subjective perception of vibration is primarily dictated by the vehicle's low-frequency response (<100 Hz). In IC engines used in agricultural tractor applications, the primary sources of vibration include (a) first-order inertial force, (b) couples generated by rotating and reciprocating components such as the piston assembly, connecting rod, and crankshaft, and (c) in-cylinder combustion. In this study, an order ranking analysis was conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, naturally aspirated tractor engine within the driver's operating range to identify the dominant contributors to source vibrations. The first-order inertial force was observed to be the dominant contributor to the engine's vibration levels. Subsequently, an attempt was made to mitigate the unbalanced forces by implementing counterweight-based balancing
Bhuntel, Ajay, Rajput, Surendra, Rawat, Ashish
Safety Locking and alert system for Container trailers with Geo fencing2026-26-0273To be published on 01/16/2026
The Container trailer is used worldwide to transport goods & materials especially e-commerce applications with valuable materials. These container trailers are presently locked with a mechanical locking system and often broken and unlocked by unauthorized people. During transportation time, the driver stops for natural calls, food or any other breakdown, the attempt is made to steal the materials. Many cases were known only after damages are done. It has become a serious issue nowadays in the transportation industry. To avoid these problems, we have designed and developed a system that operates pneumatically with digital locking control. The system is designed to ensure proper safety by rigid mechanical locking. It is actuated by a pneumatic system consisting of Directional control valve & pneumatic cylinders. The lock and unlock inputs are given through digitally and the digital controller provides the appropriate input to solenoid operated direction control valve. Based on the
kumaran, Rajasekar
Agricultural tractor brake linkage efficiency prediction and correlation using Flexible Multibody Dynamics model2026-26-0103To be published on 01/16/2026
In agricultural tractors, braking actuation is usually done through control linkages consisting of a series of connected four-bar linkages with multiple pivots from the pedal to the brake pads. The quality of force transmission is critical as it directly affects the braking performance of the tractor. Forces measured at the end of the control linkage or brake pull rod often show deviation with theoretically-based mechanical advantage calculations. This is due to various factors such as linkage transmission angle, elasticity, and friction in joints not considered, which contribute to loss in force transfer. A standardized simulation method needs to be developed and validated to predict the losses in the control linkage system. In this paper, the author proposes a simulation approach using multi-body dynamics, which includes contribution factors such as transmission angle, linkage elasticity, and friction in joints. MBS model for brake linkage system for three different tractors
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, K, Vinoth, R, Sengottu, Paulraj, Lemuel
Identification of productive and non-productive activities in agricultural machinery using ECU and GPS parameters through the application of machine learning techniques2026-26-0102To be published on 01/16/2026
Any agricultural operation (such as cultivation, rotavation, ploughing, and harrowing) includes both effective work and non-productive activities (like transportation, stops, and idling) in the field. Non-productive work can distort the actual load profile, fuel consumption, and emissions. In this project, a machine learning-based methodology has been developed to differentiate between effective operations and non-productive activities, utilizing data collected in the field from data loggers installed on the machinery. Measurements were conducted on various machines across the country in all major applications to minimize the influence of any individual sample's deviation and to account for variability in customer operating practices. Nine critical parameters (Engine Speed, Exhaust Gas Temperature, THECU2, VPEXGAS, FULRAT, Actual Engine Percentage Torque, LBEGR, POIL & GPS Speed) were selected after screening & analyzing more than 100 CAN and GPS parameters. The critical parameters
Maharana, Devi prasad, Gangsar, Purushottam, gokhale, Varun, Pandey, Anand Kumar
Performance optimization of 2 Cylinder Flex Fuel Engine for Small Commercial vehicle – A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY2026-26-0119To be published on 01/16/2026
Increasing ethanol blending in gasoline is significant from sustainability point of view. Flex Fuel is an ethanol-gasoline blend containing ethanol ranging from 20% to 85%. Flex Fuel emerges as an exceptionally advantageous solution, adeptly addressing the shortcomings associated with both gasoline and ethanol. Performance optimization of flex fuel is major challenge as fuel properties varies with ethanol %, like knocking tendency, calorific value, vapour pressure, latent heat and stoichiometric Air Fuel Ratio etc. This paper elaborates the experimental results of trials conducted for optimization of engine performance with Flex Fuel for 2 cylinder engine used for Small Commercial Vehicle. In order to derive maximum benefit from the higher octane rating of ethanol fuel, compression ratio is increased. EMS calibration activities were conducted with E20 and E85 fuel and intermediate fuel performance was optimized using interpolation method. Fuel injection pressure is increased to address
Kulkarni, Deepak, Malekar, Hemant A, Upadhyay, Rajdip, Katkar, Santosh, Undre, Shrikant
Thermal Management Control strategy for Primary & Secondary Drive Cooling Hybrid Electric Tractor2026-26-0069To be published on 01/16/2026
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, Sunil, D, Mari, Natarajan, Saravanan, Kumawat, Deepak, rojamanikandan, Arumugham, K, Mala, V, Sridharan, Muniappan, Balakrishnan, Makana, Mohan
Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-0141To be published on 01/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
Mobility Within Mines: Harmonization of Safety requirements for Underground Mining Trucks in India.2026-26-0140To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for energy is ever increasing, though the dependency on renewable energy have increased, it is not sufficient to cater the demand. India is one of fastest developing country which depends on coal 55% for its total energy need. To achieve coal digging & transportation an underground mining vehicle has gained high importance. Underground mine environment is inherently dangerous due to various factors, including explosive and toxic gases, dust, and the potential for collapses. Thereby vehicles running in coal mines requires extreme safety features to safeguard its operator & coal mine workers. In India Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) directing standards & safety provisions for Diesel equipment's working under ground mines. This Paper is providing complete guideline for required safety features for the latest available technology in underground mining trucks. This paper will take you through various standards available globally to insure safety of the operator. Further
Babar, Sagar, Akbar Badusha, A
Path Planning and Control Strategies for a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle Navigating and Avoiding Static Obstacles in Urban Environments2026-26-0134To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and implementation of a Semi-Autonomous Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) capable of following a person while performing obstacle avoidance in urban and controlled environments. The LCV leverages its onboard 360-degree view camera, RTK-GNSS, Ultrasonic sensors, and algorithms to independently navigate the environment, avoiding obstacles and maintaining a safe distance from the person it is following. The proposed system employs a path planning algorithm that generates a secondary lateral path originating from the primary driving path to navigate around static obstacles. A Behavior Planner is utilized to decide when to generate the path and avoid obstacles, ensuring timely and efficient navigation adjustments. The primary objective is to ensure seamless and safe navigation in environments where obstacles are present. The LCV's path tracking is achieved using a combination of Pure Pursuit and Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. The Pure Pursuit controller
Ayyappan, Vimal Raj, Dhanopia, Rashmi, Ali, Ashpak, N, Ragesh, Sato, Hiromitsu
State-of-the-Art Battery Thermal Management Technologies for SCV EV: An Integrated Approach to Enhance Energy Utilization, Boost Battery Efficiency, and Reduce Expenses2026-26-0076To be published on 01/16/2026
The Effective battery thermal management is fundamental to ensuring both the performance and durability of small commercial electric vehicles. This study investigates advanced methods for maximizing energy efficiency, extending driving range, shortening charging durations, and lowering costs by employing insulation and thermoelectric cooling technologies. India's diverse and often extreme climatic conditions-ranging from intense summer heat to cold winters-significantly affect the thermal management of electric vehicle (EV) batteries. Also in small commercial vehicle segment uncontrolled operation condition (loading & off-road driving) of vehicle is common in India which leads to higher average C rate from battery implies need active battery cooling. Keeping batteries within their optimal temperature range is vital for maintaining their efficiency, safety, and service life. Advanced thermal insulating materials stabilize battery temperatures by minimizing heat gain and external
Chormule, Suhas Rangrao, Warule, Prasad, Nagpure, Rahul, Jadhav, Vaibhav
Systematic Study To Understand And Resolve Brake Pull In Commercial Vehicles Using Simulation And Proving Ground Tests2026-26-0083To be published on 01/16/2026
In traditional commercial vehicles with leaf spring suspension and Recirculating Ball Joint (RCBT) steering systems often experience undesirable pulling due to unsymmetrical steering mechanism during braking, especially when the suspension and steering hardpoints are not properly tuned. This study investigates the causes behind such pulling behavior, specifically focusing on brake steer and bump steer, which occur due to misalignments in the suspension and steering geometries. Brake steer happens when the braking forces generate a torque, causing the vehicle to pull towards one side. On the other hand, bump steer refers to the unwanted changes in the wheel alignment when the suspension undergoes travel, leading to instability or unintended steering input. These two phenomena, if not controlled, can result in undesirable vehicle handling, especially under heavy braking conditions. The study aims to understand and quantify these mechanisms, providing insights into how they can be
Pandhare, Vinay Ramakant, M, Anantha Padmnabhan, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, Londhe, Abhijit, Doundkar, Vikas
Static Rollover Stability Analysis of Heavy Tipper vehicle2026-26-0090To be published on 01/16/2026
Heavy tipper vehicles are primarily utilized for transporting ores and construction materials. These vehicles often operate in challenging locations, such as mining sites, riverbeds, and stone quarries, where the roads are unpaved and characterized by highly uneven elevations in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of vehicle travel. During the unloading process, the tipper bodies are raised to significant heights, which increases the vehicle's centre of gravity, particularly if the payload material does not discharge quickly. Such conditions can lead to tipper rollover accidents, causing severe damage to life and substantial vehicle breakdowns. To analyse this issue, a study is conducted on the vehicle design parameters affecting the rollover stability of a 35-ton GVW tipper using multi-body simulations in ADAMS software. The tilt table test was simulated to determine the table angle at which wheel lift occurs. Initially, simulations are performed with the rigid body model
Vichare, Chaitanya Ashok, Patil, Sudhir, Gupta, Amit
An Outer Waist Seal with Integrated Glass Wiping Mechanism for a Window Frame of a Vehicle2026-26-0011To be published on 01/16/2026
This innovation addresses a major safety concern where drivers experience poor visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror due to rain, fog, dust, or ice accumulation on the side door window glass. Existing solutions like hydrophobic coatings and heated door window glasses offer limited effectiveness, leading to the need for a more reliable and efficient system. To solve this issue, we have modified Outer Waist Seal by integrating Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. The Outer Waist Seal is a weatherproof strip located at the bottom edge of a vehicle’s side window, attached to the door panel. It prevents heavy water flow, dust, and debris from entering the door cavity while also supporting the window glass during its movement. This system features a stationary fixed arm and a rotating arm with an attached wiper blade, driven by a low-speed, high-torque motor and connected with the vehicle's Body Control Module. Upon activation, the rotating arm with blade wipes the Outside Rear View Mirror
Neelam, Rajat, Chowdhury, Ashok, Panchal, Girish, Kumar, Saurav
Microcontroller-based modular mirror for Heavy and Mid commercial vehicles2026-26-0018To be published on 01/16/2026
Existing ICE Mid and Heavy commercial vehicles in the Indian and international market are recording a large number of mishaps due to blind spots and non accessibility of the driver to the opposite side mirror in real-time driving. Non-driver side rear view mirror adjustment creates the need for the driver to get down and adjust the mirror manually/ get support from the co-passenger. The paper proposes a solution for a Microcontroller-based compact mirror adjustment system, which will run with minimal economy and highest efficiency. This will assist drivers in aesthetically and safely monitoring of mirror to check on specific blind spots in day conditions. Mirror will be actuated via a Modular control panel, a Dashboard with audio input or button-operated system based on vehicle type and customer need, along with a quick response mechanism to operate the mirror. This will reduce the prone accidents due to non-visibility by approximately 30%, ensuring enhanced road safety and driver
Jambagi, Vaibhavi Vyankatesh, Gangvekar, Onkar, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Auto Braking system for preventing commercial vehicle overloading.2026-26-0032To be published on 01/16/2026
Overloading in commercial vehicles is a widespread issue that creates serious safety, operational, and regulatory concerns. Excessive loads can result in mechanical breakdowns, diminished braking performance, accelerated tire wear, and a higher likelihood of accidents, posing risks to drivers and other road users. Moreover, overloading accelerates road deterioration and increases infrastructure maintenance costs. To tackle this pressing problem, this study introduces a novel integrated system that merges advanced load-sensing technology with the vehicle's braking system. The system utilizes high-precision sensors placed at key locations, such as the suspension or axle, to monitor the vehicle's load in real time. These sensors send data to a central control unit, which triggers the braking mechanism if the load surpasses a predetermined safety limit. Importantly, the braking system activates only when the vehicle is stationary, ensuring it does not disrupt normal driving operations. The
Raj, Amritesh, Pujari, Sachin, Londhe, Mahesh, Shirke, Sumeet, Shinde, Akshay
First in the Industry 8.5 Ton GVW on Four Tyre Truck with 245/90R16 Tyre – A Global First2026-26-0602To be published on 01/16/2026
This project introduced a brand-new tire size—245/90R16—for the first time globally in the 16-inch tube-type category, designed specifically for commercial vehicles with Vehicles 8.5T -14T gross vehicle weight (GVW). The main goal was to create a compact vehicle that can carry more payload, reduce overall weight, and improve fuel efficiency with use of rear single tyre instead of twin tyre in 8.5T. This helps customers lower their operating costs and improve vehicle performance, especially on narrow roads. The new tire supports high load capacities: up to 2300 kg for single tire use and 2180 kg for dual tire fitment. It enables a new type of vehicle to be developed—an 8.5-ton GVW vehicle with rear single tires—offering better payload capacity without increasing the size of the vehicle. By using this new tire, the kerb weight of the vehicle is reduced, which increases the payload and helps improve fuel economy. It also helps lower the cost of the vehicle by allowing the use of lighter
Pawar, Dhondiram Dnyandeo, Shaikh, Matin, Ambekar, Prasad
Comprehensive Durability Assessment of Planet Carrier in Heavy-Duty Tipper Gearboxes Using RLDA Torque Data2026-26-0443To be published on 01/16/2026
In heavy-duty tippers, where challenging conditions demand high torque, planet carriers play a crucial role by enabling efficient load distribution and torque transmission while supporting gear ratio and speed variation in space-constrained systems such as automatic transmissions, hybrid drivetrains, and electric vehicles. This paper focuses on the comprehensive durability performance assessment of planet carriers using duty cycles derived from RLDA measurements for a heavy-duty tipper gearbox development program. The existing Design Validation Plan (DVP) for the planet carrier considers first gear utilization of 10-15% at 40% vehicle overload, in line with historical data. However, recent trends in mining applications revealed vehicle overloads of 55-65%, leading to an increase in first gear utilization (25-35%). This shift presents challenges for OEMs to enhance design durability while incorporating additional safety margins to meet the demands of a competitive, cost-driven market
Bagane, Shivraj, Pendse, Ameya
A procedure for validation of full vehicle CAE models with physical tests for passive safety applications2026-26-0411To be published on 01/16/2026
With the fast development of computational analysis tools and capacities during the past ten years, complex and substantial computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations are now economically possible. While the cost of crash tests has risen steadily, the fidelity and complexity, which numerical simulations could address, has multiplied keeping the cost of computational analysis more stable. The use of CAE simulations complements physical testing, accelerating the product development process, reducing cost, and ensuring safe and more optimized designs. The fundamental goal of CAE is a significant reduction in the number of physical tests conducted during the product development process. However, validating the CAE model with physical tests is essential to ensure accuracy and reliability. Simulations performed using a validated CAE model could be used to make decisions like airbag deployment or high voltage shutdown without an actual physical test. This paper discusses validating an
Upendran, Anoop, Knuth, Joseph, Krishnappa, Giri, Punnaiappan, Arunsankar
Performance Evaluation and Optimization of Engine Brake System using Chassis Dynamometer2026-26-0511To be published on 01/16/2026
Engine braking is a deceleration technique that leverages the internal friction and pumping losses within the engine. By closing the throttle and potentially selecting a lower gear, the engine creates a retarding force that slows the vehicle. This practice contributes to better fuel economy, decreased brake system load, and improved vehicle handling in specific driving scenarios, such as steep declines or slippery road surfaces. To alleviate stress on their primary braking systems and prevent overheating, heavy vehicles frequently incorporate engine-based braking. While older trucks relied on simple exhaust brakes with a butterfly valve to restrict exhaust flow, these had limited impact. Hence contemporary heavy vehicles almost exclusively use more advanced engine braking technologies. Traditionally, our heavy-duty vehicles use Exhaust brake system to elevate the braking performance on hilly terrains. Hence an improved sample of Engine brake was developed for enhanced braking
M, Vipin Prakash, Rajappan, Dinesh Kumar, R, Suresh, N, Gopi Kannan
Clutch Thermal Adequacy Assessment in Repeat Restart Launch Condition on Gradient2026-26-0434To be published on 01/16/2026
The clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission from the engine to the wheels. It consists of the clutch disc assembly and cover assembly. The clutch disc, with friction material linings, is mounted on the transmission shaft and gets clamped between the flywheel and cover assembly to transmit power as required. However, wear and tear occur due to the differential speeds and slippage between the engine and transmission during operation. Clutch performance is assessed for its thermal behavior under repeat restart conditions on steep gradients, which is essential for the reliability and durability of commercial vehicle clutches. Repeat restart test is a key test to assess clutch performance on a 12% gradient. This test replicates real world scenarios, such as truck launches on hilly terrains under full load, where the clutch experiences significant slippage due to speed differences. This generates heat, and repeated engagements can cause the temperature to
Munisamy, Sathishkumar, Chollangi, Damodar, Mane, Sudhir
Advanced Thermal Management for High-Tonnage EVs: Increasing Coolant Flow and Reducing Energy Losses2026-26-0196To be published on 01/16/2026
With the increasing tonnage of electric heavy commercial vehicles, there is a growing demand for higher power and torque-rated traction motors. As motor ratings increase, efficient cooling of the EV powertrain system becomes critical to maintaining optimal performance. Higher heat loads from traction motors and inverters pose significant challenges, necessitating an innovative cooling strategy to enhance system efficiency, sustainability, and reliability. Battery-electric heavy commercial vehicles face substantial cooling challenges due to the high-pressure drop characteristics of conventional traction system cooling architectures. These limitations restrict coolant flow through key powertrain components and the radiator, reducing heat dissipation efficiency and constraining the operating ambient temperature range. Inefficient cooling also leads to increased energy consumption, impacting the overall sustainability of electric mobility solutions. This paper presents a novel approach to
Dixit, Sameer, Patil, Bhushan, Ghosh, Sandeep
Dynamic Prime Mover Management for Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Electric Tractors2026-26-0185To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric tractors present unique opportunities for efficient power management by decoupling traction and auxiliary loads. In the proposed system, two independent electric motors are employed: one dedicated to vehicle traction and the other to drive the power take-off (PTO) and hydraulic functions, including steering and auxiliary attachments like loaders. Hydraulic flow demand directly impacts operational productivity; traditionally, hydraulic flow is linked to engine speed, requiring frequent manual adjustments. This paper proposes an innovative dynamic control strategy that optimizes motor speed based on real-time application demands, introducing three distinct modes: Low Idle Mode, Loader Mode, and PTO Mode. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) at the heart in coordination with the Farm Machinery Control Unit (FMCU) and Motor Control Unit (MCU), dynamically selects the appropriate mode based on user inputs such as PTO activation and joystick controls Low Idle Mode minimizes energy usage
Natarajan, Saravanan, P, Shanmugavel, Joshi, Priyanka, Sundaram, Pavithra, Sameer, Kamat, Singh, Ruby, Arvind, Kumaran, T, Senthil Kumar
Drive Cycle Based Energy Audit & Range Estimation for 4X2 Electric Truck2026-26-0163To be published on 01/16/2026
Transportation sector in India accounts for 18% of total energy consumption. Demand of energy consumption is being met by the imported crude oil, which makes transportation sector more vulnerable to fluctuating international crude oil prices. India is mindful of its commitment in 2016 Paris climate agreement to reduce GHG emissions by 35% by 2030 as compared to 2005 levels. To fast track the decarbonization of transportation sector, commercial vehicle manufacturers have been exploring other viable options such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a part of their fleet. As on today, BEV has its own challenges such as range anxiety & high total cost of ownership. Range anxiety can be certainly addressed by optimum sizing of electric powertrain, reduction in specific energy consumption (SEC) & use of effective regeneration strategies. Higher SEC can be more effectively addressed by doing vehicle energy audit thereby estimating the energy losses occurring at each powertrain component of
Gijare, Sumant, Karthick, K., Juttu, Simhachalam, Thipse, Sukrut S., A, Jothikumar, J, Frederick Royston, SR, Subasree, G, Harini, M, Senthil Kumar
Combustion noise quality improvement in a common rail Diesel Engine at Low idle for Agriculture Tractor2026-26-0329To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle level NVH performance plays major role in customer comfort criteria. Tractor low idle rpm Sound Quality can be one of the parameter which influences customer purchasing decision based on comfort criteria. Modern diesel engines with stringent emission norms together with fuel economy requirements pose challenges to noise control. Common rail engine technology has advantage of precise fuel delivery and combustion control which needs optimization to achieve the conflicting requirements of noise, emission and fuel efficiency. Engine noise at low idle condition is dominated by combustion noise which depends on rate of pressure rise inside the cylinder during combustion. The important parameters which influence cylinder pressure rise are fuel injection timing, pilot injection quantity and its separation, rail pressure and EGR valve position. The study is carried out to understand which combustion parameter is most influencing to achieve better sound quality of engine. Taguchi design
P, Priyadarshan, Chavan, Amit, A, Kannanswamy, Patil, Sandeep, Chaudhari, Vishal V
Testing Methodology to Calculate the Fuel Economy in Km/Kg of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) based on Current (Ampere) Method and Flow Method2026-26-0248To be published on 01/16/2026
The globe is looking headlong to set up new benchmarks for the reduction of GHG (Green House Gases) considering short-term and long-term strategies. Efforts in the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) domain have been accelerating to find an alternative way to reduce harmful emissions. Hydrogen is considered as a promising fuel to leapfrog this transition. Hydrogen fuel can be categorized into vast mobility areas viz. ICE and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Hydrogen fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers due to the crude oil crisis and its rise in prices in recent years. This will serve the nation's goal towards carbon neutrality. Hydrogen has a few advantages such as less fueling time, higher heating value and more efficiency making it an eye-touching fuel for the automotive industry. In the contemporary FCEV segment, many fuel cell technologies have evolved, wherein the development of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell technology has taken a new height for
Joshi, Ashish Rajendra, Kandalgaonkar, Siddhesh, Sontakke, Rushikesh
An In-Depth Exploration of the Evolution and Global Adoption of Electric Motors in New Energy Vehicles2026-26-0161To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, the global automotive sector has undergone a transformation at an unprecedented pace, driven by rapid technological advancements and evolving consumer expectations. Central to this shift has been the accelerated adoption of electric motors as the primary propulsion mechanism in New Energy Vehicles (NEVs). This research paper explores the technological trajectory of electric motor development across four vehicle segments: two-wheelers, three-wheelers, passenger vehicles, and heavy-duty commercial vehicles. It identifies the leading electric motor technologies utilized in each of these segments, along with their prevalence across key regulated global markets. Drawing upon historical data and existing academic literature, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of current e-motor technologies and their market distribution. A regional analysis is conducted to examine variations in manufacturer preferences and deployment strategies, supported by visual representations
Singh, Ashish, Ray, Rakesh Kumar
Migration from MIDC to WLTP in India: Challenges & Solutions for a Small Commercial Vehicle2026-26-0215To be published on 01/16/2026
In line with global peers (EU, Japan etc.), the Automotive Industry Standard (AIS) Committee in India has decided to adopt "World harmonized Light vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP)" for M and N category vehicles with GVW not exceeding 3500 kg. As a result, "World harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC )" is set to replace currently applicable "Modified Indian Drive Cycle (MIDC)" in the next couple of years. The draft CAFE III & CAFE IV norms for CO2 emission limits, which are set to be implemented in 2027 and 2032 respectively refer to a shift to WLTP from MIDC. This migration to WLTP is in sync with the demand for test procedures to replicate real driving conditions more appropriately. Further, with the Indian automotive sector growing at a robust CAGR of ~9%, the move to WLTP along with stricter emission norms is going to help the government take a major step towards India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. WLTC cycle being much more dynamic with higher
Pawar, Bhushan, Ehrly, Markus, Sandhu, Rouble, Emran, Ashraf, Berry, Sushil
Evaluation of Vibration Reduction Techniques in Agricultural Tractors: A Design of Experiments Approach2026-26-0344To be published on 01/16/2026
Operator comfort is among the most crucial features of agricultural tractors. Tractor operators work long hours and are subjected to vibrations and mechanical shocks, which are potentially harmful to their health. When selecting a tractor for agricultural use, one of the main factors to consider is tactile vibrations. The mandate for this project includes an investigation of tractor vibration control issues. For identifying the source of the issue, study of the controlling system is crucial. The objective of the study was to evaluate the vibrations transmitted through the tractor and to reduce vibrations on specific tactile locations through the design of experiments (DOE) method. In this paper, testing is performed on the specified tactile locations; to reduce resonance-induced vibrations, a range of approaches are being explored, including lowering the natural frequency away from the second-order engine frequency and improving the damping coefficient to lower the vibration amplitude
Baviskar, Shreyas, dhobale, Vishwajeet, Bhangare, Amit, Kunde, Sagar, Wagh, Sachin
Key Parameters for Turbocharger selection & experimental validation for Off-Highway Applications2026-26-0104To be published on 01/16/2026
Customers in off-highway industry are increasingly seeking high-performance capabilities for their tractors due to increasing penetration of mechanisation and labour scarcity. One effective solution to achieve enhanced performance is turbocharging of engines, while meeting emission and highly dynamic transient response of tractor field applications. The process of selecting and validating a suitable turbocharger for tractor field application suitability is significantly time and resources consuming activity due to extensive testbed and field trials. This study focuses on the selection of turbocharger for tractor engines through analytical calculations to freeze key parameters like lambda, boost pressure ratio & temperature within boundaries of exhaust temperature and turbo efficiency maps to deliver best field transient performance and fuel consumption. The selected parameters are further validated under real-world transient operating conditions, involving tractors and their implements
Kumar, Harish Kumar, Rawat, Saurabh, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Singh, Amarinder
Safer Trucks for India-Smart Tech Fusion2026-26-0031To be published on 01/16/2026
Commercial vehicle sector (especially trucks) has major role in economic growth of a nation. With improving infrastructure, increasing number of trucks on roads, accidents are also increasing. As per RASSI (Road Accident Sampling System India) FY2016-21 database, commercial vehicles are involved in 43% of total accidents on Indian roads. Involvement of trucks (N2 & N3) is 25% over total accidents. Amongst all accident scenarios of N2 &N3, frontal impacts are the most frequent (26%) and causing severe occupant injuries. Today, truck safety development for frontal impact is based on passive safety regulations (viz. front pendulum - AIS029) and basic safety features like seatbelts. In any truck accident, it is challenging rather impossible to manage comprehensive safety only with passive safety systems due to size and weight. Accident prevention becomes imperative in truck safety development due to extremely high energy involved in front impact scenarios. The paper presents unique safety
Joshi, Kedar Shrikant, Gadekar, Ganesh, Date, Atul, Koralla, Sivaprasad
Enhancing Pedestrian Safety: LIDAR-Based Deployment of Front LID/Bonnet and Airbag Systems in Heavy Commercial Vehicles During Low-Speed collisions.2026-26-0006To be published on 01/16/2026
As urban populations continue to grow, the safety of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) particularly in the presence of Heavy Good Vehicles (HGVs) has emerged as a critical concern. Research indicates that VRUs are at a 50% higher risk of fatal injury in collisions involving HGVs compared to passenger cars [1] [2]. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel pedestrian protection system that integrates LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology with a reusable airbag system to mitigate the severity of collisions. The proposed solution adopts a twofold approach for enhancing VRU protection in scenarios involving HGVs. In both approaches, LiDAR sensors are used to generate a real-time 3D model of the vehicle’s surroundings, enabling accurate VRU detection and predictive collision analysis. • Scenario 1: When vehicle speed exceeds the first threshold and a collision is unavoidable, the onboard ECU activates front lid actuators, extending the vehicle's front lid which can be retracted
Patil, Uday, Sriharsha, Viswanath, Pillai, Rajiv
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