Browse Topic: Electric vehicles

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Efficient Multi-Parameter Optimization of a Twist Beam Rear Axle for Electric Vehicles using TOPSIS method for Durability2026-28-0067To be published on 02/12/2026
This study investigates the parameter optimization of a Rear Twist Beam (RTB) for an electric vehicle (EV) during the early stages of product development. Adapting the RTB design from a current Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle platform presents a complex challenge: accommodating increased rear vehicle load while minimizing cost and maintaining existing rear hard points. To address this, a Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)-driven optimization using the Taguchi method was employed, avoiding costly physical durability tests. The key design parameters considered were the thickness and material grade of the RTB's child parts: the cross beam, trailing arms, and reinforcements, while preserving their original shapes. An L8 orthogonal array was utilized to efficiently evaluate the influence of these parameters on durability performance, and the optimal combinations for maximizing durability were identified. Furthermore, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to quantify the
Madaswamy, Arunachalam, Dhanraj, Sudharsun, Govindaraju, Karthik, Lokaiah, Srinivasan
Performance Evaluation of a Novel Coolant Channel Configuration for Liquid-Based Battery Thermal Management in Electric Vehicles2026-28-0042To be published on 02/12/2026
The performance and longevity of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) are critically dependent on effective thermal management. As internal heat generation during charge and discharge cycles can lead to uneven temperature distribution, exceeding optimal operating limits (25 - 40°C) can significantly degrade battery performance and lifespan. This study presents a performance evaluation of a novel liquid-based Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) featuring a dual-directional coolant channel configuration designed to enhance thermal uniformity and heat dissipation. The proposed configuration combines horizontal and vertical coolant passages in an indirect cooling layout to address the limitations of conventional serpentine-type channels. A comprehensive thermal analysis was carried out under realistic loading conditions using three coolant types: water, ethylene glycol-based G48, and graphene-enhanced water nanofluids. These were evaluated for thermal conductivity
Selvan, Arul Mozhi, Periyasamy, Muthukumar, R, Thiruppathi, Prasad S, Hari, Raghav, R, Boddu, Sriram Pydi Aditya
Numerical Study of Battery Pack Cooling for Electric Vehicles2026-28-0110To be published on 02/12/2026
Auto manufacturers are increasingly adopting lithium-ion batteries in response to the rapid evolution of electric vehicle technology. These batteries are being integrated into existing vehicles and planned as the primary power source for new models. Many lithium-ion batteries employ air cooling for safety reasons, due to convenience and cost-effective. This study investigates the cooling efficiency of electric vehicle battery packs using a U-shaped domain with various air-inlet sizes and velocities. Results indicate that air intake position and velocity significantly impact the ability to cool the battery pack. Shifting the air intake point from 30 mm to 20 mm lowers the highest temperature by 3.46 K. Increased air velocity causes a ripple-around effect, reducing the temperature in the second part of the battery pack. Balancing these variables can optimize air circulation and enhance convective heat transfer, potentially improving cooling effectiveness. These insights are valuable for
PC, Murugan, J, Sivasankar, W, Beno Wincy, G, Arun Prasad
Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable EV Battery Recycling: A Technical Framework for EBRR.2026-28-0092To be published on 02/12/2026
This technical paper presents a comprehensive framework for implementing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) project at EV Batteries Recycling and Regulation (EBRR), focusing on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in electric vehicles (EVs). It identifies key environmental hotspots across resource extraction, battery manufacturing, usage, and end-of-life (EoL) stages. The study evaluates recycling techniques—namely pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and cascade reuse—to quantify environmental benefits and emission reduction opportunities. The paper uses a cradle-to-grave system boundary with LCA - Ecoinvent datasets, applying ISO 14040/44 standards. Results show that manufacturing accounts for over 60% of life cycle emissions, primarily driven by energy intensity. Transitioning to renewable energy and adopting hydrometallurgical recycling can reduce Global Warming Potential (GWP) by up to 40%. Cascade reuse, when combined with hydrometallurgy, offers the best outcomes with GWP as low as 200 kg
Asokan, Gayathri, Raju cEng, Rajkumar, Dhananjaya, Chandan, Sattigeri cEng, Sudhir V
Computational study on dynamic handling performance of a retro-fitted Electric Two wheeler using 125cc powered ICE reference2026-28-0047To be published on 02/12/2026
With the development in motor technology and battery manufacturing technologies, the scope for a budget working EV has been increasing in India. There remains an after-mark potential for conversion of an ICE powered two-wheeler to an EV power train. Such a move reduces the carbon footprint from the vehicle drastically and is still being explored. This study investigates the effect of replacing the ICE with an electric motor in a 125cc motorcycle, with a particular focus on vehicle handling performance using Slalom test. The two wheelers were modelled using calculated mass properties and estimated / calculated moments of inertia using CAD for both ICE and electric powertrains. The electric propulsion system took into consideration the role of a battery pack in the mass and MI calculation. The framework with degrees of freedom is well established in BIKESIMTM simulation environment. A slalom test with automatic gear shift and throttle to maintain speed of the vehicle was set-up to
Sankarasubramanian, Hariharan, M, Shaghasra, V, Ramprathap
Methodology for Shower Water Management in Electric Car Applications2026-28-0068To be published on 02/12/2026
All automotive vehicles with enclosed compartments must pass the Shower test standard - IS 11865 (2006). One of the most severe and critical areas of water leakage is “Water entry into HVAC opening”. Excess water flow in high-pressure conditions and seepage during long-time low-pressure conditions could potentially have a significant impact on water entry inside the HVAC suction cutout and subsequently into the cabin. The study clearly indicates that for making leak proof HVAC opening (suction interface), it is crucial for the structure of BIW Plenum, Trim Applique and its sealing components to be robust enough to effectively collect and divert the water during shower test condition. This robustness is necessary to ensure leakage prevention thru HVAC cutout in varying rain scenarios during customer usage of the vehicle. A systematic approach is followed for assessing leak tightness of the HVAC area. 1. CFD simulation performed to verify the flow path of water during shower test. It is
Gunasekaran, Mohanraj, NAMANI, Prasad, Ramaraj, Rajasekar, Junankar, Ashish, Raju, Kumar
Common Mode Voltage Reduction in Quasi-Z Source Inverter for Electric Vehicle Applications Using MBPWM Technique2026-28-0102To be published on 02/12/2026
Unlike traditional voltage source or current source inverters, ZSI/qZSI can boost and invert DC power in a single stage, making them attractive for applications like EVs where battery voltage may vary. Common mode Voltage (CMV) is the voltage between the neutral point of the motor and ground. High CMV in motor drive systems can cause: Higher leakage currents, Electromagnetic interference (EMI), Insulation stress, bearing currents, leading to premature motor failure. Reducing CMV is essential for reliable and safe EV operation. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is used to control the QZSI output voltage. The QZSI offers several advantages over traditional inverters, including improved efficiency, reduced cost, and increased reliability. The proposed system is designed to reduce the CMV through a combination of passive LC filtering and shoot-through (ST) modulation techniques. The LC filter is designed to attenuate high-frequency components of the CMV while the ST modulation is used to
N, Kalaiarasi, R, Rajarajeswari, D, Anitha
Reduction of Inductive Losses in Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging through Resonant Coupling2026-28-0123To be published on 02/12/2026
The growing awareness about sustainability and environmental concerns are accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles. They play a promising role due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality and lessen reliance on fossil fuels. However, one of the primary concerns for potential buyers is the charging process and infrastructure. Traditional wired charging systems for electric vehicles face limitations such as user inconvenience, wear and tear of connectors and challenges in automation. As a solution, wireless electric vehicle charging has emerged, offering a more user-friendly, automated and contactless method of charging by eliminating the need for physical connectors. Wireless charging can be implemented through various approaches, primarily including inductive and resonant methods. Inductive charging suffers from relatively low efficiency due to higher energy losses during transmission. On the other hand, resonant coupling
Shaik, Amjad, Gudipati, Ravi Sai Hemanth, B, Vikranth Reddy, Anudeep, D B S S, Varshith, Dasari
Development of Multiple level Auto Mode for Climate control in electric vehicles2026-28-0008To be published on 02/12/2026
Electric vehicles, or EVs, are significantly transforming the automotive industry as a cleaner and more environmentally friendly which finds an alternative solution for the vehicles propelled using internal combustion engines. As EV utilize the energy directly from the battery which causes customer or a user to be in panic state as charging infra is not developed well in most of the countries, thus improving vehicle efficiency and driving range requires optimizing energy consumption from battery of EVs. Apart from traction motor load for driving, major supplemental loads in electric car are climate control system, sometimes referred to as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning). HVAC systems can consume a lot of battery power, especially during severe temperatures, which can drastically reduce the vehicle's range. Range anxiety continues to be an important barrier to the general adoption of EVs, the intelligent climate management systems which helps to reduce HVAC power usage
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, SV, Master Eniyan, M, Nisshok, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, Guturu, Sravankumar
Galvanic Corrosion Susceptibility Analysis and Mitigation strategies in Automotive Battery Packs2026-28-0018To be published on 02/12/2026
As electric vehicles continue to revolutionize transportation, ensuring the reliability of their powertrain systems and battery packs has become a critical focus. One key challenge is galvanic corrosion, which occurs when dissimilar metals in contact are exposed to an electrolyte, such as seashore moisture or road salt used in snow or ice zones. This corrosion can weaken structural components, compromise electrical conductivity, and reduce the lifespan of critical systems. Common areas at risk include metallic joints within battery enclosures, busbars, cooling systems, and electrical connectors. Environmental factors such as high humidity and temperature fluctuations further amplify the issue, making it a pressing concern for manufacturers. This paper aims to systematically identify critical galvanic joints within electric powertrain systems and battery packs and provide effective strategies to mitigate corrosion risks. Preventative measures include choosing compatible materials with
NARAIN, ADITYA, Venugopal, Sivakumar, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran
Design evolution of novel rear sub frame structure for multilink suspension and electric vehicle platform2026-28-0007To be published on 02/12/2026
As there is a major shift in customer demand for energy efficient transportation electric vehicle development has taken immediate significance worldwide as they provide pollution free, noise free mobility environment. In the current work, the authors evaluate novel Rear sub-frame assembly structure with multilink suspension and further for a born electric vehicle platform with increased rear axle weight contribution due to rear motor and battery weight. The Sub Frame is the important structural component of the chassis system. Hence designers face the challenge of providing a best-in-class optimized Rear sub-Frame in terms of cost and weight within the available vehicular boundary. Rear sub-Frame assembly is designed with unique cross member structure and novel motor mounting arrangement on the side member with the given complex hard points or attachments of the suspension linkages, to meet the electric vehicle packaging requirement. Sub frame is designed with light weight to withstand
Nidasosi, Basavraj Maruti, J, Ramkumar, NAYAK, Bhargav, MANI, ARUN, M, Sudhan
Dual use of Electric Vehicle infrastructure for Enhancing Grid Resilience and Urban Sustainability2026-28-0114To be published on 02/12/2026
The rapid global adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has led to a surge in the deployment of EV charging stations. Beyond their primary role of vehicle charging, these stations hold potential as dynamic, grid-connected assets for sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11). When integrated with renewable energy sources such as wind or solar, EV charging stations can function as decentralized power units, supplying energy to the grid during times of need. This dual functionality allows them to act as flexible loads that mitigate voltage fluctuations during grid faults, facilitating access to reliable energy (SDG 7). Utilizing existing EV infrastructure in this way reduces the need for additional grid-support devices and supports resource efficiency (SDG 13) promoting a low-carbon energy transition. However, their ability to support the grid is limited when fully committed to meeting charging demands, especially during grid faults. To address this challenge, a novel coordinated operation
R, Uthra, Rangarajan, Ravi, D, Suchitra, D, Anitha
A Nature-Inspired Optimization Approach for Vienna Rectifier Control in EV Fast Charging Applications: Performance Comparison with NPC and Swiss Topologies2026-28-0112To be published on 02/12/2026
The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), particularly those utilizing High Voltage battery systems, demands fast-charging infrastructure that ensures high efficiency and power quality. This study proposes a Golden Jackal Optimization (GJO)-based control strategy for a Vienna rectifier used exclusively in a High Voltage EV fast-charging system. Unlike conventional systems that incorporate an additional DC-DC converter stage, the proposed architecture utilizes only the Vienna rectifier for AC-DC conversion, thereby reducing system complexity and improving overall reliability. The GJO algorithm, inspired by the cooperative hunting behavior of golden jackals, is employed to optimize the switching control parameters of the Vienna rectifier, enhancing system performance in terms of efficiency, power factor correction (PFC), and total harmonic distortion (THD). A detailed comparative analysis is performed between the Vienna rectifier, Swiss rectifier, and Neutral-Point Clamped (NPC
R, Mohammed Abdullah, N, Kalaiarasi
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for secure communication between electric vehicles (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)2026-26-0202To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper discusses the cybersecurity precautions needed for EV and charger communication protocols to enable safe and reliable communication and charging. The Indian government's initiatives, such as the FAME program, aimed at accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption to combat pollution and global warming increased the establishment of DC fast charging infrastructure as well as the implementation of various communication protocols (GB/T, DC001, CHAdeMO, and CCS). The study describes the hazards encountered during EV charging, as well as the vulnerability and risk of hacking by cyber attackers. The paper exhibits the emulation of the charging setup, as well as the mitigation process required during it for a safe communication between EV and EV charger.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil, Urmila
Enhancing Range Prediction Accuracy for the BEV: Bridging the Gap Between Simulation and Real-World Testing2026-26-0521To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the Jeep Wagoneer model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency and higher traction and lower regen consumption than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
Mahajan, Prasad, Kesarkar, Sidhesh, Ali, Shoaib
Real-time range optimization for selected destinations by Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) in BEV’s2026-26-0168To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry has undergone significant transformation with the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, to tackle range anxiety, the focus has shifted to energy management strategies for optimal range under different driving conditions. Developing an optimal energy management algorithm is crucial for overcoming optimal range and gaining a competitive edge in the market. This paper introduces a Dynamic Energy Management Strategy (DEMS) for electric vehicles (EVs), designed to optimize battery usage and extend driving range. Utilizing vehicle digital twin model, DEMS estimates energy consumption across Eco, Normal, and Sports driving modes by analyzing vehicle velocity profiles and pedal inputs. By calculating actual battery consumption and pinpointing excess power usage, DEMS operates in a closed loop to periodically assess the power gap based on real-time vehicle conditions, including HV components like the Electric Drive system, DCDC, E-compressor and E-Heater; and
Dey, Supriyo, Venugopal, Karthick Babu, Penta, Amar, Kumar, Rohit, Arya, Harshita
EV Transmission efficiency estimation using Simulation X2026-26-0453To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmission efficiency is crucial for optimizing energy use and enhancing performance. It minimizes power losses during energy transfer from the motor to the wheels, directly impacting the vehicle's range and battery life. High efficiency ensures smoother acceleration and better driving dynamics, improving the overall user experience. Unlike internal combustion engine (ICE) transmissions, EV transmissions often employ simpler, single-speed systems, reducing complexity and energy loss. Efficient transmissions help reduce energy usage, lower costs, and minimize environmental impact. As a result, transmission efficiency plays a vital role in ensuring the sustainability and reliability of EV designs. This paper proposes a simulation model based methodology to estimate EV transmission efficiency based on modelica models developed on simulation X. A single speed EV model is developed which contains whole transmission layout discretized into simple components which
Sutar, Suresh, Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral
Validation of 0D-1D Co-Simulation Strategies in Cold Climate for ‘Full EV Digital Vehicle’2026-26-0448To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles is embedded with increased software algorithms coupled with several physical systems. It demands the efficacy of components which are linked together to build a system. The digital models reviewed in this paper are at system-level and full vehicle-level, comprising several components and control design, analysis, and optimization. Systems pertaining to each functionality such as, AC loop, E-Powertrain, HEVC, Cooling system, Battery Management System, Vehicle control system etc. together make an 'Integrated Digital Vehicle'. Fidelity of Intersystem co-simulation [AMESIM + SIMULINK] is key to validate the thermal and energy management strategies. This paper elucidates the correlation of Digital Vehicle compared to Test for Thermal Strategy in different driving scenarios and Energy management. Validation of Digital vehicle with 52kWh, 40kWh High Voltage Battery for Intercity Travel of Customer usage and WLTP for Cold condition of -7degC). Also, to evaluate range
Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Srinivasan, Rangarajan, Saravanan, Vivek, Dutta, Souham, Pichon, Martin, Leclerc, Cedric, Guemene, Alexis-Scott
Multi-Band Frequency Approach to Correlate Proving Ground and Road Simulator for an Electric Two-Wheeler2026-26-0556To be published on 01/16/2026
Real-world usage subjects two-wheelers to complex and varying dynamic loads, necessitating early-stage durability validation to ensure robust product development. Conducting a full life-cycle durability testing on proving grounds is time-consuming, extremely difficult for the riders involved, and costly, which is why accelerated testing using rigs such as the road simulator system have become a preferred approach. The use of road simulators necessitates, accurately measured inputs and precise simulation to ensure proper actuation of the rig, thereby enabling realistic representation of road undulations. Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) is used to measure various inputs such as displacement, acceleration, strain, and predicted forces from the road which are then used to simulate real-world conditions in a road simulator. This paper covers two important aspects essential for achieving an accurate and clear representation of road simulation in a 4-DOF road simulator, encompassing both
Ganju, Shubham, V, Vijayamirtharaj, Prasad, Sathish, R S, Mahenthran
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-0593To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-0629To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
E-drive System Selection Criterion for Hybrid Electric Heavy Commercial Vehicles Segments2026-26-0467To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive industry expediting progress toward electrification since climate change driven by global warming represents a significant environmental challenge with far-reaching implications. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Hybrid electric vehicles can serve as an effective intermediary solution, bridging the gap between conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and fully electric vehicles, owing to their comparatively lower initial costs. Hybrid electric vehicle component selection is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements fuel economy, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership of vehicle and comfort. In addition, Hybrid configuration selection also plays a vital role in cost of hybrid electric vehicle. Hence, it is a great challenge to select right powertrain configuration including architecture
Shendge, Raman, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Wani, Kalpesh, Warule, Prasad
Optimization of Inverter Control Strategies for Improved Powertrain Efficiency Using E-Motor Emulation Platforms2026-26-0509To be published on 01/16/2026
The traction inverter is a critical component in electric vehicles (EVs), functioning as the heart and brain of the electric powertrain. It controls the power conversion between the high-voltage battery and the electric motor, enabling efficient propulsion and regenerative braking. As EV adoption grows, especially in emerging markets like India, the need for robust and scalable inverter testing solutions becomes paramount. Traditional testing methods involving real batteries and e-motors pose several challenges in the Indian context, including high safety risks, infrastructure limitations, high battery costs, and limited availability of prototype-grade components. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system— an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology.. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing without the need for actual batteries or mechanical loads. The system
Mehrotra, Soumya, Chhabra, Rishabh
Comparative Study of EV Transmission Performance used in Various Vehicle Segments2026-26-0584To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition to electric mobility has accelerated the evolution of drivetrain technologies, particularly in the design and performance of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs utilize simpler yet diverse transmission systems cater to specific performance, efficiency, and application requirements. The growing adoption of electric vehicles across diverse transportation sectors has intensified the need for optimized electric transmission systems as per vehicle requirements. This research presents a comparative study of electric transmission performance across various vehicle segments, including Passenger Cars, Small commercial Vehicle, Commercial three-wheelers and All-terrain vehicles. The study evaluates different transmission configurations namely single-speed and multi-speed, based on key performance metrics such as Drag loss and Efficiency. Through a combination of literature review, and performance benchmarking, the
Jain, Sankalp, P, Ekhesh
Enhancing Thermal Comfort and Vehicle Energy Efficiency: A Simulation Study Using GT ISE + TAITherm2026-26-0458To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is encountering difficulties in balancing occupant thermal comfort with HVAC system energy efficiency, particularly under the hot Indian conditions, to meet user expectations and address range anxiety in electric vehicles. Front-loaded comfort-based approach simulations during the development stages have the potential to increase energy savings compared to the stages required at the end of product design. The focus of the current research targets HVAC energy consumers, such as blower flow rates, temperatures, and Cabin heaters, and investigates how these factors influence occupant overall comfort. Additionally, design elements like glass properties and the impact of solar radiation on human comfort are studied at the early concept stages to adopt an energy-based approach for comfort optimization. Simulations are conducted using GT-SUITE and GT-TAITherm software, integrated with CFD field maps platforms to obtain exact flow field predictions. The simulation
Bavrisetti, Sai Sampath Kumar, Chothave, Abhijeet, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Khan, Parvej, Thiyagarajan, Rajesh, Raju, Kumar, A Sr, Mahesh
Multi-Physics Simulation and Reliability Analysis of Onboard EV Charger2026-26-0499To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid advancement of electric vehicle (EV) technology has created a demand for reliable and Thermal - efficient electronic components for power electronics and control systems on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The research looks at the overall simulation and study of a PCB for Electric Vehicles, including how it handles heat, stress, and reliability in real working conditions like considering casing (Heat Sink) in which PCB is held, into the simulation. We have used numerical based methods (reliability), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods to simulate heat performance looking at steady-state and changing load profiles common in EV powertrains. We ran structural and thermal simulations to check the PCB's toughness against heat expansion and shaking loads often seen in cars. We also did a reliability check looking at heat cycling life for PCB components, and possible ways it could break to guess long-term toughness. The results show critical
Kanbarkar, Suraj Omana, Deore, Uday, Patil, Nishikant, Nayak, Shibabrata
Simulation Driven Virtual Road Load and Accelerated Duty Cycle Generation for 3-Speed eAxle Systems2026-26-0401To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) introduces significant challenges in drivetrain development, particularly when historical road load data (RLDA) is unavailable. This research proposes a methodology for virtually generating and processing RLDA to evaluate the durability of a novel 3-speed electric axle (eAxle) system before physical prototype construction. By employing AVL Route Studio, we simulated diverse global driving conditions across urban, highway, and mixed terrains to generate high-frequency torque and speed data. Since the resulting millions of data points are impractical for direct fatigue assessment, we utilised Romax software to condense the virtual RLDA into an accelerated duty cycle while maintaining the original fatigue damage characteristics. Unlike traditional binning techniques that often mischaracterise load severity, our damage-matching approach ensures the condensed cycle accurately replicates gear
Ligade, Pratik, Khan, Nuruzzama Mehadi, Koona, Rammohan Rao
The selection of a two-speed gearbox for small commercial electric vehicles aims to optimize powertrain efficiency2026-26-0417To be published on 01/16/2026
In response to the significant environmental challenges posed by climate change driven by global warming, the automotive industry is accelerating the transition toward electrification. While electric vehicles offer considerable potential for mitigating CO₂ emissions, their elevated upfront costs pose a notable challenge to large-scale market penetration. Energy efficiency improvement of electric vehicles is emerging field of research to reduce total cost of ownership. Electric vehicle powertrain component selection in small commercial vehicles including three and four wheelers is a complex process which has to fulfil multiple requirements Range, performance, drivability, packaging, total cost of ownership of vehicle and comfort. In addition, powertrain configuration including battery, motor and transmission ratio selection plays a fundamental role in cost of electric vehicle. Hence, The task of selecting the right powertrain configuration, encompassing architecture, motor selection
Wani, Kalpesh, Jadhav, Vaibhav, Shendge, Raman, Warule, Prasad
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis control Strategies for Electric & hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-0423To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in Torque Management with several ADAS features being integral part of the EV's/xHEV's. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric-chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, Steering Assist, powertrain and validate using 0D-1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through the co-simulation. Co-Simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicle that requires detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Analysis and identification of discrepancies between test data and simulation results using an automated EV range analysis tool2026-26-0470To be published on 01/16/2026
With growing consumer interest in electric vehicles due to their advantages over traditional internal combustion engine cars, including instant torque and enhanced safety, comprehensive testing of these vehicles has become crucial. Engineers are faced with the challenge of managing the large amounts of data generated during testing. This work aims to develop an automated framework for data processing and simulation of on-road test data and generate reports to monitor inconsistencies. To achieve this, range tests were conducted across various regions and each test data was processed using the EV range analysis tool to check for inconsistencies if any. It was observed that there was a mismatch between the tested and simulated range at expressways. This was due to the unrealistic extrapolation of the vehicle’s coastdown forces above 120 kmph. Hence, tests were conducted to measure the coastdown forces of the vehicle above 120 kmph which was then used in simulation to estimate the range
S, Vivek, T, Lakshmi Prasad Bekal, Krishnan, Karthikeyan N.
Optimizing Tire NVH Performance in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Approach Using Benchmarking, Simulation, and Validation2026-26-0605To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of mobility is becoming increasingly vital in meeting global zero carbon footprint targets, with nations setting ambitious goals to achieve by 2030. As part of this transformation, the development of Electric SUVs (E-SUVs) capable of navigating diverse terrains and road conditions presents a significant challenge, often extending vehicle development timelines. To address these demands, many Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are adopting a ‘Born-Electric’ platform approach, specifically tailored to the unique requirements of electric vehicles. However, this approach introduces several challenges, particularly in maintaining the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) levels expected by customers. The elimination of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powertrain has significantly shifted the NVH dynamics of E-SUVs, with tire road rolling noise becoming a dominant factor influencing in-cabin noise perception, Tire-induced noise and vibrations emerge as primary
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Deivasigamani Purushothaman, Balakrishnan, Paua, Ketan, Ahire, Manoj, Adiga, Ganesh N
Torque Vectoring Control Techniques for Vehicle Parking2026-26-0590To be published on 01/16/2026
Parking in confined spaces can be quite challenging. It is often a herculean task to align the vehicle in the parking slots where the driver has to make several attempts to park properly. One such ingenious technology that augments vehicle handling, directional controlling and overall driving agility is torque vectoring. It is becoming a pioneer in creating smarter, more responsive vehicles unlike traditional vehicles. With torque vectoring, EV’s can precisely control the torque delivered to each wheel with independent motors per wheel. In confined spaces as well by selectively distributing torque to individual wheels, it optimizes traction and vehicle control, making tasks like parking, sharp turns, and navigating narrow streets smoother and more efficient. This paper confers about the use of torque vectoring techniques in electric vehicles for smoother and more proficient vehicles handling in tight spaces like parking, which significantly reduces driver efforts while maximizing the
Gangad, Vikas Shridhar, Gautam, Era, Chaudhari, Gitesh, Penta, Amar
Indian City Electric Bus Powertrain Optimization Using Active Learning Simulation Methodology2026-26-0657To be published on 01/16/2026
Public transport electrification is going to play a massive role in India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. India plans to electrify 800,000 buses in a push towards 30% EV penetration by 2030. Further encouraged by government incentives under National Electric Bus Program (NEBP), eBus market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~86% annually over the next 5 years. With most OEMs going for fleet electrification for reducing CO2 emissions and to cater to growing demand in Indian cities for cleaner public transport, improving powertrain efficiency and performance of state-of-the-art eBuses is a natural progression of e-mobility sector development in India. The first step in designing powertrain for an electric city bus is to determine the motor(s) size and transmission specifications (number of gears, gear ratios etc.). Complications arise due to a wider and non-linear operation range of eBus. This study focuses on powertrain optimization for a medium duty electric city
Sandhu, Rouble, Chen, Bicheng, Emran, Ashraf, Xia, Feihong, Lin, Xiao, Berry, Sushil
Comprehensive Insights on Techniques for Managing and Preventing Thermal Runaway in EV Lithium-Ion Batteries.2026-26-0171To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms, risks, and mitigation strategies associated with thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). It begins by emphasizing the urgency of the issue, identifying key vulnerabilities within EV battery systems that contribute to runaway events. A multiscale, stage-wise breakdown of thermal runaway progression is provided, illustrating how physical, chemical, and thermal interactions compound during failure scenarios. The study analyzes global incident data from 2000 to 2025, revealing trends in human health impacts, vehicle damage, and public safety concerns. Particular attention is given to how battery aging, manufacturing defects, and external abuse conditions elevate the likelihood and severity of thermal runaway. Current emergency response protocols and state-of-the-art mitigation technologies are critically evaluated to identify best practices and existing gaps in safety management. A
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
EV Battery Evolution in India: Challenges, Innovation, and Policy Synergy2026-26-0174To be published on 01/16/2026
In the pursuit of sustainable transportation and energy security, India is placing increased focus on addressing the multifaceted challenges associated with electric vehicle (EV) battery technology. As a cornerstone of EV performance and adoption, battery systems in India face critical issues such as high import dependency, limited local manufacturing capabilities, cost inefficiencies, safety concerns, and lack of standardized design frameworks. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of India's evolving battery ecosystem, emphasizing indigenous design, development, and scalable in-house manufacturing under the "Make in India" initiative. It examines supportive government policies, strategic public-private partnerships, and the pivotal role of research institutions in fostering innovation and overcoming original equipment manufacturers' (OEMs) and end-users' concerns. It also focus on prototype product development challenges. Through detailed case studies, technological reviews
Thorat, Jalindar Sukhadev, Sandhu, Jivraj Singh, Kumar, Dharmendra
Developments in 2-Wheeler Electric Vehicle Architecture2026-26-0199To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicles are becoming more popular due to the low-cost investment for individual daily usage, such as traveling to nearby places, offices, and schools. There are environmental benefits that make them green and produce less pollution compared to traditional vehicles. Two-wheeler electric vehicles (EVs) have more electronic components compared to two-wheeler internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The major components in two-wheeler EVs are the motor and battery. The traction motor is driven by the battery, Battery is a primary energy source in 2Wheeler electric vehicle. An electric vehicle comprises different major electronic components such as the battery management system (BMS), motor control unit (MCU), human-machine interface (HMI), and, in some cases, a vehicle control unit (VCU) as well. Considering a 48V architecture or less than 60V provides advantages of low system cost as it requires less effort for safety measures. Furthermore, this paper explores diverse
Karunakar, Praveen, K R, Amogh
Performance Enhancement and Safety Discharge Control Strategies for SPMSM in Automotive Applications.2026-26-0179To be published on 01/16/2026
Surface Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (SPMSMs) have gained significant attention in modern industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications due to their high efficiency, power density, and superior dynamic performance. This paper explores the fundamental principles, control strategies, and optimization techniques for SPMSMs. The study focuses on advanced vector control methods, i.e., Field-Oriented Control (FOC), to achieve precise torque and speed regulation. Additionally, to ensure the safety and reliability of EV motors, Active discharge strategies are focused. The paper also discusses a comparison of Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) techniques, where the maximum speed of the motor is achieved. The findings highlight the potential of SPMSMs in high-performance applications, emphasizing future research directions in energy-efficient and intelligent motor control systems.
Munnur, Swathi, Gandhi, Nikita, Tendulkar, Swati, Masand, Deepika, Murty, V. Shirish, Peruka, Mahesh
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of data streaming methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-0692To be published on 01/16/2026
In the realm of electric truck logistics, optimizing route planning is essential. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing such optimized routes. Integrating map features into the drive mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, and vehicle coordinates. This study compares the performance of Server sent events(SSE), web sockets and API polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our findings demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and timely data updates, contributing to more effective route planning and resource management. Additionally, we discuss how API Polling, Web sockets, and SSE each make
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, Dadoo, Vishal, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
To study and compare communication protocol for fast charging in electric two-wheeler with respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-0198To be published on 01/16/2026
India, as the world’s largest two-wheeler market, is witnessing an aggressive transition towards electric mobility, driven by urban air quality concerns, fuel cost sensitivity, and government incentives. Among the critical enablers of this shift is the availability of robust and efficient fast charging infrastructure tailored to electric two-wheelers. This paper proposes a systematic testing framework for fast charging of electric two-wheelers, addressing key parameters such as battery thermal management, charging communication protocols, safety interlocks, and State of Charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The study evaluates current and emerging standards, including AIS-156, IS 17017, and IEC 61851, and identifies gaps specific to two-wheeler applications such as compact form factor constraints, lower energy storage, and high operational turnover in fleet usage. A special focus is placed on interoperability, user safety, and infrastructure scalability for dense urban environments. The
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Intelligent Sequential Charging Control via Fleet-Managed Cloud System2026-26-0207To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles (EV) are increasingly becoming more and more popular in the markets, especially in the commercial vehicle segments. Amidst this, the need to find new elegant methods to perform charging of EV battery becomes extremely crucial. In areas with high demand and limited power capacity, performing charging for multiple vehicles necessitates efficient usage of charging infrastructure, which can’t be guaranteed by the traditional charging methods. Sequential charging is a new state of art technique for managing the charging of multiple EV’s simultaneously connected to a single charging station. Rather than dividing the available power equally among all connected vehicles or charging them one at a time, this technique dynamically allocates power based on various factors such as charging priority, vehicle needs and available infrastructure capacity. Currently, sequential Charging can only be implemented by a particular set of chargers that are interconnected via backend and
De, Abir, Bhattacharya, Ullash, Parihar, Aakash
Improve the electric vehicle range by using the climate control setting in economy mode at hot climatic conditions2026-26-0172To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) have surged in popularity in recent years due to their environmental benefits. The influence of range on air conditioning (AC) power consumption is a critical concern for electric vehicle (EV) owners, particularly in warmer climates. Overcoming obstacles such as a limited vehicle range is necessary for the increased use of electric-powered automobiles. Cabin heating and cooling demand for climate control consumes more energy from the main battery and has been revealed to significantly reduce vehicle range. During peak cooling or heating, the overall power consumption of the AC system takes almost 50% of the energy used for traction. The average reduction in driving range caused by air conditioning (heating and cooling) approximates 33%. The energy usage of an electric vehicle can be considerably decreased by switching the climate control setting to economy mode. The AC system will operate more effectively, enabling the vehicle to save energy and extend its range
Mulamalla, Sarveshwar Reddy, Anugu, Anil, E A, Muhammed, Ummiti, Kumar, M, Nisshok, Choudhary, Ankit
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility.2026-26-0195To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Review on Conducted EMI by different PWM schemes in the EV Inverters2026-26-0181To be published on 01/16/2026
The advent of wide bandgap (WBG) switching MOSFET devices enables high-frequency operation, allowing for significant reductions in the size of passive components such as inductors and capacitors, and improving the overall efficiency of inverter systems. However, these benefits come with the trade-off of increased electromagnetic interference (EMI), which imposes stringent requirements on filter design. The complexity of designing EMI filters, which depends heavily on switching frequency and applicable EMI standards, presents a significant challenge and can impact development timelines. Carrier wave modulation technique is considered as an effective method for minimizing conducted EMI in traction inverters. This article presents various carrier wave modulation schemes that successfully reduce conducted EMI. The evaluated strategies aim to eliminate noise fluctuations and simplify the design of demanding EMI filters. Additionally, the impact on output voltage, output current, total
R, Kodeeswaran, Kuncham, Sateesh Kumar, Kolhatkar, Yashomani
Applicability of EMC Validation for EV powertrain components2026-26-0197To be published on 01/16/2026
The technology in the automotive industry is evolving rapidly in recent times. An electric vehicle is a complex and dynamic system consisting of numerous components interacting with each other. With increase in number of EVs on Indian roads, EV makers to produce innovative and pragmatic concept of electric vehicle features. Considering all these, EMC Testing of all power train components with real case scenarios is utmost important. This paper will put a light on applicability of various EMC tests for EV components like Traction Battery, Traction Motor and Inverter, DC to DC Converter, 3 in 1 Unit, 4 in Unit, BTMS unit, HVAC system, On Board Charger etc. With ICE vehicles, all components were connected to only 12/24V battery but with the EV era, Components are getting connected to HV battery or LV battery or sometimes both. With this change, all ISO and CISPR standards were undergone with major revisions. It is important to consider these changes while performing EMC test. This paper
Yeola, Mayur, Mulay, Abhijit B, Swaminathan, Ganeshan
Virtual Prototyping: Accelerating Traction Motor Development for Commercial Electric Vehicles2026-26-0152To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the virtual prototyping of traction motor in commercial EV to make an early prediction of the performance parameters of the machine without spending an enormous cost in building a physical structure. A 48/8 slot-pole configuration of IPMSM is used to demonstrate the electromagnetic and thermal co-simulation in ANSYS MotorCad. The key dimensions were calculated on the basis of the permanent-magnet field theory, and the 2D finite element method (FEM) model of the IPM motor using Ansys MotorCad electromagnetic simulation tool. The influence of geometrical parameters on the performances of traction motor are evaluated based on FEM. The temperature distribution of the motor under rated operating condition and the condition of maximum speed were also analyzed. Alongside, the effects of saturation, demagnetization analysis, and the impact of PM flux linkage on inductances are also considered in this paper. At last, the simulation and analytical results of the IPMSM motor
Murty, V. Shirish, Rathod, Sagarkumar, Gandhi, Nikita, Tendulkar, Swati, Kumar, Kundan, Thakar, Dhruv, Sethy, Amanraj
Battery Thermal Management Approach for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-0151To be published on 01/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. Two-wheeler market captures 73% volume of total Indian automotive market, representing the largest segment (Greaves Electric Mobility Limited report 2024). Consequently, all manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. The
Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar S, Emran, Ashraf, Garg, Shivam, Berry, Sushil
Electric Vehicle Battery’s Testing Challenges in era of Software Defined Vehicle2026-26-0159To be published on 01/16/2026
In era of Software Defined Vehicle (SDV), the whole ecosystem of automobile will be impacted. So, it is going to through several challenges for testing activities. In electric vehicle, most critical component is traction battery, which is controlled and operated through battery management system (BMS). BMS is an electronic system, where is going to function as per software of BMS. And in SDV, software is a key element, which is continuously keep on updating on regular basis. So, it means some of BMS functionalities, features or performance may be also altered on each time on software update, which may impact battery’s operating condition, if some scenario is not evaluated during earlier testing, then there are it may bring battery out of safe operating area, which may significantly impact battery safety, performance or cycle-life. In this paper, we are exploring that different testing requirements for EV Batteries, which may be part of testing practices under era of SDV. Here we will
Bhateshvar, Yogesh Krishan, Mulay, Abhijit B
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-0389To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
State of Health Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Methods, Comparisons, and Future Directions2026-26-0208To be published on 01/16/2026
As the world is moving towards electric vehicles , we are observing a wide use of Lithium-Ion batteries in modern transportation. Lithium-Ion Batteries offer several advantages over conventional battery systems, including higher energy density that is energy stored per unit mass, longer Cycle Life, faster Charging rates, low Self-Discharge, lighter weight, and ease of maintenance as the memory effect present in other batteries is absent . Of course, challenges remain, e.g. accurate battery State of Health (SOH) estimation which stays as an indispensable parameter for safety and useability. Inaccurate SOH estimation can lead to unexpected vehicle behavior and a degraded end-user experience, especially due to incorrect "distance to empty" predictions. Also, different battery chemistries present various challenges, creating need of tailored models. In this paper, different SOH estimation techniques are reviewed and compared in detail . The SOH estimation approaches are broadly classified
Patel, Parvez, Bhagat, Ayush
Evaluating the Environmental Footprint of Electric Vehicles: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach for Sustainable Mobility in India2026-26-0235To be published on 01/16/2026
Road transport contributes 12% of India's energy-related CO2 emissions and is a major source of urban air pollution. These emissions have tripled since 1990, driven by rapid urbanization and the growing demand for private vehicles. Without a shift away from fossil fuels, these trends will intensify climate and air quality challenges. Among sustainable alternatives, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution. However, a comprehensive understanding of their environmental performance, particularly in the Indian context, is essential for informed decision-making. This study employs a Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of typical passenger vehicle with a ICE engine compared to its EV powertrain. Key life cycle stages-manufacturing, transportation, distribution, maintenance, and end-of-life-are analysed using real-world data wherever feasible. To capture the evolving energy landscape, the study incorporates India's projected
Sonawane, Nayan, Sathaye, Asmita, Gode, Abhishek, Deshpande, Ashish, Shinde, Harshavardhan, Kothe, Anjali
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