Browse Topic: Emissions

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Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry2025-01-0529To be published on 11/25/2025
The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power (P2X2P) technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using stochastic engine model (SEM) and detailed chemistry. EGR rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening (EVO) and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2 / H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, along with an energy
Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian
Development of a Comprehensive Predictive QD Knock Simulation Model for Hydrogen, Methanol, and an Ammonia–Hydrogen Blend2025-01-0528To be published on 11/25/2025
This work presents a comprehensive predictive 0D simulation model for the knock behavior of hydrogen, methanol, and an ammonia-hydrogen blend. With the increasing focus on carbon neutrality, synthetic fuels are gaining attention as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. Their potential applications include land and marine transport, construction machinery, and automotive powertrains, sectors with high carbon dioxide emissions. As their development requires extensive experimental validation, simulations offer a cost- and time-efficient alternative. In particular, 0D simulations offer a good balance between predictive capability and computational effort, making them well suited for concept evaluations and parametric studies. In spark-ignition engines, knock is a major limitation to achieving high thermal efficiency, emphasizing the need for accurate and fuel-specific knock prediction methods. The objective of this work is to enable a predictive and versatile 0D knock modeling framework for
Benzinger, Steffen, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Plum, Lukas, Hermsen, Philipp, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan, Hurault, Florian, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Investigation of Active Pre-Chamber Ignition on an Optically Accessible Ultra-Lean DI Hydrogen Engine2025-01-0524To be published on 11/25/2025
Hydrogen is a promising alternative to conventional fuels for decarbonizing the commercial vehicle sector due to its carbon-free nature. This study investigates the ignition and flame propagation characteristics of hydrogen in a 2-liter single-cylinder optical research engine representative of the commercial vehicle sector. The main objective was to enable high power density operation while minimizing NOx emissions. For that, ultra-lean combustion was employed to lower in-cylinder temperatures, addressing the challenge of NOx formation. To counteract delayed and unstable combustion under lean conditions, an active pre-chamber ignition system was implemented. It uses a gas-purged pre-chamber with separate hydrogen injection and spark plug ignition. Turbulent hot gas jets from the pre-chamber ignite the fresh mixture in the main combustion chamber, enabling faster and more stable ignition compared to conventional spark plugs. Additionally, the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen
Borken, Philipp, Bill, Daniel, Link, Lukas, Dinkelacker, Friedrich, Hansen, Hauke
Data-Based Modeling of Power-Split Hybrids Using Cascaded Neural Networks2025-01-0522To be published on 11/25/2025
Power-split hybrid powertrains represent one of the most advanced and complex types of powertrain systems. The combination of multiple energy sources and power paths offers great potential but results in complex interactions that require improved strategies for optimal efficiency and emission control. The development and optimization of such operating strategies typically involve algorithms that demand fast computational environments. Traditional high-accuracy numerical simulations of such a complex system are computationally expensive, limiting their applicability for extensive iterative optimizations and real-time applications. This paper introduces a data-based approach designed specifically to address this challenge by efficiently modeling the dynamic behavior of power-split hybrid powertrains using cascaded neural networks. Cascaded neural networks consist of interconnected subnetworks, each specifically trained to represent individual drivetrain components or subsystems. This
Frey, Markus, Itzen, Dirk, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, André Casal
Development of a Cost-Effective DCU for Diesel Emission Control: Design, Diagnostics, and Compliance2025-28-0286To be published on 11/06/2025
An essential aspect of contemporary emission control technology, especially in diesel engines with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, is the Doser Control Unit (DCU) for exhaust systems. Its main purpose is to accurately regulate the injection of urea or diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to lower harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) to meet CPCB4+ emissions. The Doser Control Unit architecture, operation, significance of analytical / experimental study and originality of contribution are described in this abstract. The ECU can determine and administer the exact dosage rate needed under various operating conditions since it gets real-time data from engine and exhaust sensors, such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load. The DCU activates the Adblue pump in response to the ECU's dosage request, which is determined by the parameters listed above. In addition to having a solenoid actuator for quick dosing responses, the system has features of
Raju, Manikandan, Arumugam, Arunkumar, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, K, Sabareeswaran, YS, Ananthkumar
Optimizing Heavy-Duty Mining Operations With LNG Powertrains: Enhancing Efficiency And Reducing Environmental Impact2025-28-0236To be published on 11/06/2025
Heavy-duty mining is a highly demanding sector within the trucking industry. Mining companies are allocated coal mine sites, and fleet operators are responsible for efficiently extracting ore within the given timeframe. To achieve this, companies deploy dumper trucks that operate in three shifts daily to transport payloads out of the site. Consequently, uptime is crucial, necessitating trucks with exceptionally robust powertrains. The profitability of mining operations hinges on the efficient utilization of these dumper trucks. Fuel consumption in these mines constitutes a significant portion of total expenses. Utilizing LNG as a fuel can help reduce operational fuel costs, thereby enhancing customer profitability. Additionally, employing LNG offers the potential to lower the CO2 footprint of mining operations. This paper outlines the creation of a data-driven duty cycle for mining vehicles and the simulation methodology used to accurately size LNG powertrain components, with a focus
John, Ann Veena, Pendharkar, Koustubh
Smart Idle Control - Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Overheat Protection2025-28-0237To be published on 11/06/2025
The current and upcoming internal combustion engine emission norms are very stringent. It is difficult to meet emission standards with just combustion optimization techniques, as a result post-treatment is required for Engine-out emissions/exhaust gas. Otherwise, these hazardous gases impact the ecosystem of living beings. Many technologies are implemented at the exhaust for reducing the emissions. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is one such technique to achieve lower PM and PN emission goals. In order to achieve the PM and PN emission reduction, the DPF undergoes periodic cleaning called regeneration. During regeneration, the exhaust systems (DPF) are maintained at elevated temperatures to achieve proper cleaning. When the vehicle is in regeneration, the sudden braking or accelerator pedal release leads to engine dropping to idle speeds (DTI), which sharply increases the temperature gradient inside the DPF which results to physical damage like cracks, melting, and fractures to the DPF
Anandakrishnan, Abhishek, A L, Prathima, Benni Matada, Ajay
Enhancing Diesel-Ethanol Blends with 1,2-Methyl Ethyl-1-Methyl Pyrrolidinium TFSA Ionic Liquid: A Pathway to Cleaner and More Efficient Fuel Technology2025-28-0233To be published on 11/06/2025
The demand for cleaner and more efficient fuels has led to research on alternative additives that can enhance combustion performance while reducing emissions. Diesel-ethanol blends are promising alternatives, but challenges such as phase separation, poor lubricity, and lower energy density limit their widespread adoption. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as effective fuel additives due to their high thermal stability, low volatility, and ability to enhance fuel miscibility. Among them, 1,2-methyl ethyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSA) ionic liquid has shown potential in improving diesel-ethanol blend performance. Previous studies indicate that ionic liquid additives enhance fuel solubility, ignition characteristics, and emission reduction. Pyrrolidinium-based ILs, especially those with TFSA anions, have demonstrated the ability to improve the stability of ethanol-diesel mixtures. While research on diesel-ethanol blends highlights the need for additives to
S, Nandakumar
Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction2025-28-0215To be published on 11/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) operating in sectors like mining, construction, and agriculture play a significant role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Despite progress in alternative fuel technologies, diesel-powered OHVs continue to prevail because of their strong torque and reliability. This paper suggests an onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system designed to be incorporated into diesel OHVs to temporarily contain and utilize emissions, thereby lessening their environmental impact. The system employs nano-porous filters and solid-state carbon absorption materials to selectively trap CO₂ and NOx directly from the exhaust flow. The gathered CO₂ is then subjected to compression and temporary storage, with possible uses for conversion into carbon-based fuel additives or direct sequestration in industrial applications. Unlike conventional catalytic converters that only diminish NOx emissions, this system provides
Vashisht, Shruti
Experimental Investigations on Lean Burn Spark-Ignition Engine Using Alcohol-Gasoline Blends2025-28-0213To be published on 11/06/2025
Alcohol fuels are regarded as a feasible approach to address escalating energy costs and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, with ethanol and methanol emerging as a promising renewable fuel for spark ignition engines. In this research work, tests were performed on a spark ignition engine altered from a diesel engine that employs ethanol/methanol-gasoline mixture as fuel under lean operating conditions. The engine was worked at a high compression ratio of 10.5:1 and 1500 rpm under full throttle condition. The 10% of methanol and 10% of ethanol and 5% ethanol and methanol each blended with gasoline, were studied and compared. Investigational results reveals that alcohol-gasoline blends displayed low COV of IMEP. Furthermore, the alcohol-gasoline blends enhanced the peak in-cylinder pressure owing to improved flame speed and flammability limits. Adopting lean-burn operation and high compression ratio can efficiently improve combustion attributes in an alcohol-gasoline fuel operated spark
Devunuri, Suresh
Dual Urea Dosing System with Novel Control Strategy for Enhanced NOx Emission Reduction for High-Power Diesel Generators Application2025-28-0214To be published on 11/06/2025
In the power industry, high-power Diesel Generator (DG) sets often utilize V-engine cylinder configurations to enhance power output within a compact design, ensuring smoother operation and reduced vibration. This "V" arrangement requires a dual exhaust manifold system to efficiently extract exhaust gases, leading to the requirement for dual Exhaust After Treatment Systems (EATS) to effectively manage NOx emissions. High-power gensets typically emit NOx levels around 9 g/kWh, presenting significant challenges for developers in adhering to stringent emission standards. To address these challenges and meet CPCB IV+ emission norms, we propose a dual urea dosing system integrated with a novel control strategy aimed at optimizing the treatment of exhaust gases. This paper introduces a dual exhaust system equipped with dual urea dosing units. By employing two controller units, we ensure compliance with On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) requirements while effectively implementing advanced software
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, S K, Nejanthen, A, Ravikumar, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
Experimental Analysis of Hydrocarbon Injection Strategies and In-cylinder Injection Impact on Oil properties in Diesel Engines2025-28-0238To be published on 11/06/2025
The role of the engine in controlling regulated pollutants at the in-cylinder combustion level has been crucial, utilizing strategies such as Direct Injection, Common Rail System, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation until Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-III. With the implementation of stringent emission norms, specifically Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-IV and V, the significance of the Exhaust After Treatment (EAT) system in treating and controlling emissions outside the engine has increased substantially. The inclusion of Particulate Number (PN) in Bharat (CEV/Trem) Stage-V mandates the use of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF). The soot particulates from the engine are filtered by the DPF and eventually need to be burned out via a process called regeneration. Regeneration requires high exhaust temperatures, which are generated by exothermic reactions in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) with the addition of diesel fuel by an external dozer or in-cylinder late post injections. This study investigates the
Bandaru, Balaji, M, Balasubramanian, V, Shunmuga, G, Senthil kumar, Mahesh, P
Fuel Differentiation for the Energy Efficiency in Heavy Duty Diesel Applications - A case study for the determination of exhaust emissions and fuel economy2025-28-0231To be published on 11/06/2025
For the achievement of Net Zero Emission goals, various corporates have started with the planning towards the achievement of short-term goals which are well defined with the implementation of energy conservation and efficiency. In this direction, differentiated diesel (Xtragreen) is an optimized combination of diesel fuel with higher Cetane Number fortified with Novel & Optimized multi-functional additives (MFAs) formulation for improved performance and specially designed by Indian Oil Corporation Limited for heavy duty diesel engines & off-highway applications. IndianOil innovative concept is based on enhancement of fuel economics by enhancement in fuel combustion, injector cleaning characteristics and reduction of frictional losses. The benefits associated with differentiated diesel are with High cetane fuel (55 against 51) with Superior cleanliness to keep high pressure diesel Injectors clean, better lubricity provides longer injector life, Superior Combustion leads to lower noise
Kumar, Prashant, Saroj, Shyamsher, Mayeen, Hafiz
Advanced Compliance Risk Assessment Using Big Data from Leverage Fleet Intelligence2025-28-0343To be published on 11/06/2025
In-Use compliance regulations globally mandate that machines meet emission standards in the field, beyond dyno certification. For engine manufacturers, understanding compliance risks early is crucial for technology selection, calibration strategies, and validation routines. This study focuses on developing analytical and statistical methods for compliance risk assessment using Leverage Fleet Intelligence (LFI) data, which includes high-frequency telematics data from over 500K machines, reporting 1300 measures at 1Hz frequency. Traditional analytical methods are inadequate for handling such big data, necessitating advanced methods. We developed data pipelines to query measures from the Enterprise Data Lake (A Structured Data storage system), address big data challenges, and ensure data quality. Regulatory requirements were translated into software logic and applied to pre-processed data for compliance assessment. The resulting reports provide actionable insights on NOx sensor activity
Arya, Satya Prakash, Shekarappa, Kiran
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2025-28-0224To be published on 11/06/2025
Alcohols are being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. While alcohols have lower cetane numbers, making them more suitable for premixed combustion, they are also a promising option for reducing exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines through methods like exhaust gas recirculation. In this study, we investigate and improve the performance of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake stroke. The main fuels used were diesel and rubber seed biodiesel, which were injected directly into the combustion chamber. The results showed that increasing the amount of ethanol combined with rubber seed biodiesel and his EGR by 10% improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced NOX emissions. The timing and duration of ethanol injection are optimized for dual fuel operation. The highest brake thermal efficiency for a 20% ethanol energy
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan, Bungag, Joel Quendangan, T, Karthi
Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using goat fat oil biodiesel blends enhanced with diethyl ether additives2025-28-0219To be published on 11/06/2025
This study explores the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuel with biodiesel blends derived from goat fat oil, enhanced with diethyl ether (DEE) additives. Biodiesel, obtained via the transesterification of goat fat oil, serves as a renewable and sustainable alternative to conventional diesel. Blends comprising 10% (B10), 20% (B20), and 30% (B30) biodiesel, mixed with 85%, 75%, and 65% diesel, respectively, along with a fixed 5% DEE, were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine under varying load conditions. DEE, an oxygenated additive, demonstrated its potential to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions, making it a cleaner energy alternative. Key performance parameters, such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), alongside emissions metrics including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO), were systematically analysed. The engine tests revealed that the
T, Karthi, G, Manikandan
Performance and Emission Study of Watermelon Seed Oil Biodiesel with Ferrous Oxide Nano Particle on Diesel Engine2025-28-0218To be published on 11/06/2025
Most of researches warns the world that our sources for traditional fuels including petroleum would be depleted. Owing to the fact that these fuels are also typically not renewable, a lot of people are worried that a day would come when the demand for these fuels would be more than the supply, triggering a considerable world crisis. The use of alternative fuels considerably decreases harmful exhaust emissions as well as ozone-producing emissions. According to a commonly accepted scientific theory, burning fossil fuels is causing temperatures to rise in the earth’s atmosphere. Lot of people across the globe are of the belief that discovering sources of cleaner burning fuel is an essential step towards enhancing the quality of our environment. Many research works are finding the suitability of various alternative fuels like Jatropha oil, Sunflower oil, Waste cooking oil, Rubber seed oil, and Melon seed oil etc. for IC engines. Therefore, it was proposed to find the suitability of water
G, Manikandan, Subbaiyan, Gunasekharan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, T, Karthi
Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engines Using Ethanol-Cottonseed Biodiesel Blended with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles2025-28-0210To be published on 11/06/2025
As global energy demands continue to grow and environmental challenges intensify, biodiesel emerges as a technologically viable and sustainable alternative to mitigate fossil fuel dependency and emissions. This study systematically investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine powered by ethanol-cottonseed biodiesel (Cs) blends enhanced with aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles. The experimental fuel blends, consisting of 10%, 20%, and 30% cottonseed biodiesel with 5% ethanol and remaining with conventional diesel, were analyzed under varying engine load conditions. The inclusion of ethanol improved fuel atomization due to its lower viscosity and higher volatility, while Al₂O₃ nanoparticles acted as advanced combustion catalysts, promoting enhanced oxidation rates and thermal efficiency. Among the blends, B10 (10% cottonseed biodiesel) exhibited superior performance metrics, achieving a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32.8
T, Karthi, G, Manikandan, M E, Chandhuru
Performance and Emission Characteristics Analysis of Diesel Engine with Preheated Blends of Castor Methyl Ester (CME) and Diesel2025-28-0232To be published on 11/06/2025
Diesel engines are favorably used in power generation, transportation and water pumping. Continuous depletion of petroleum products and increased pollution has been promoting research for alternating fuels. Biodiesel is one of the possible renewable sources for diesel engines, as it is miscible in almost all petroleum products. Transesterification is a process that modifies the molecular structure of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel, an alternative fuel. Without any hardware modification it can be used in any existing design of diesel engine. This paper contains performance and emission characteristics analysis of diesel (CI) engine with preheated biodiesel blends of methyl ester with castor oil and diesel, at different temperatures. Different engine performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) also emission parameters like CO, NOx, CO2, HC and O2 are checked and results are compared with engine performance with pure diesel
Mohite, Vivek, Gharge, Kumudini Sayaji
Structural Evaluation and Improvement of Mobile Vehicle Battery Storage Architecture2025-28-0259To be published on 11/06/2025
Environmental concerns are prompting the global mobility sector to transition towards electrification. Increased research and development in the field of electric vehicles have made them an increasingly efficient and compelling option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving the sustainability of freight transport. Electric vehicles require batteries that offer long range, shorter charging times and high energy efficiency. During long-distance travel, for customer convenience, mobile charging stations have become a trending and highly meaningful solution. For such mobile charging stations, it is essential to ensure the durability and safety parameters of the battery and its structure. For this to happen, it is mandatory that the system possess the strength and stiffness behavior to withstand the various dynamic loads arising from the environment and acting on the vehicle and system. Moreover, the system should maintain a weight that is as low as possible so that it is both
SONARE, PUSHPESH, Ganeshan, Subramanian, Dattawade, Vishal
Off-Highway Vehicles for Sustainable Development and Empowerment: Innovation and Technology2025-28-0230To be published on 11/06/2025
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in the off-highway vehicle sector has driven innovation in alternative fuels, significantly contributing to environmental conservation and economic empowerment. Off-highway vehicles, including construction equipment, agricultural machinery, and mining trucks, are traditionally powered by diesel engines, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation. Transitioning to alternative fuels such as biodiesel, hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and electrification presents a viable solution to reduce the carbon footprint and promote sustainable development. This paper explores the advancements in alternative fuel technologies and their impact on the off-highway vehicle industry. It highlights how biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells are reducing dependency on fossil fuels, while electrification and hybrid powertrains are enhancing efficiency and lowering emissions. The integration of these
Tripathi, Ashish, Thakur, Anil
A unit Product Energy mapping framework2025-28-0247To be published on 11/06/2025
Combining energy management and value stream mapping In today's industrial landscape, manufacturing plays a central role in driving economic growth. However, this crucial sector is also a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gases (CO2eq) emission. Energy management focuses on the systematic use of management and technology to improve energy performance in a selected site, such as a building, facility, or an entire organization. It requires that energy procurement, energy efficiency and renewable energy y be integrated proactive and incorporated in order for it to be fully effective. Value Stream Mapping (VSM), a widely used tool of Lean Manufacturing, is a type of symbolic model that graphically enables the end user to observe the material and information flow as a product or service travels through a value chain. The model represents the flow of resources such as materials, information and personnel along with their interactions, beginning with a sales order
Sumbe, Ankita Surendra, Kumar, Rahul, Shrivastava, Swapnil
Exhaust emissions tests of small gasoline engines used as drives for power generators and handheld machinery2025-32-0072To be published on 11/03/2025
The paper presents the results of the investigations on the exhaust emissions carried out under real operating conditions of gasoline small engines. During the operation of these devices the authors measured the exhaust emissions: CO, HC, NOx and CO2. For the measurements the authors used a portable exhaust emission analyzer (PEMS). The presented method is a new solution in determining of the exhaust emissions from such engines. In the paper the results of exhaust emissions measurement has been presented. Moreover, some remarks according to measurement method has been presented. The obtained results were compared with the applicable emission requirements. Besides, based on the performed investigations, the authors attempted an evaluation of the possibilities of the use of the measurement method for development works and legislation related to the reduction of the emission from small gasoline engines.
Lijewski, Piotr, Markiewicz, Filip, Fuc, Pawel, Dobrzynski, Michał
Hydrogen-Assisted Renewable Fuels RME and HVO in the Compression-Ignition Engine2025-32-0048To be published on 11/03/2025
The article presents the research results on performance, thermodynamic parameters, and toxic exhaust emissions from the combustion in a compression-ignition engine fueled by the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or the rapeseed methyl ester (RME), both with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, regular diesel fuel was used to obtain the reference data for comparing HVO, RME, and diesel fuel. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold of a CI engine with a compression ratio of 17. Typically, diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine initiates through its self-ignition, usually simultaneously occurring at many points across the engine cylinder. Hydrogen, as a very chemically reactive substance, can promote pre-ignition reactions and accelerate flame kernel formation, shortening the ignition lag. This is crucial in the case of the smooth running of the compression-ignition engine. Hydrogen was added at amounts not exceeding 7% by volume as regards air sucked into the engine cylinder. The heat
Szwaja, Stanislaw, Juknelevicius, Romualdas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Szymanek, Arkadiusz
Study on CO2 Absorption via Atomization Utilizing Surface Texturing and Surface Energy for Small Engine Applications2025-32-0076To be published on 11/03/2025
This study aimed to absorb and capture CO₂ emissions from small engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. We investigated the conditions necessary for atomizing the sprayed droplets by utilizing the relationship between the surface tension of the droplets and the surface free energy of the impingement plate with surface textures.
Nohara, Tetsuo, Nara, Shotaro, Kawamoto, Yuki, Fukushima, Naoya, Ochiai, Masayuki
Clean cuts, clear conscience: Advanced engines, optimized tools, eco-friendly fuels2025-32-0087To be published on 11/03/2025
Handheld outdoor power equipment is used worldwide to shape and maintain the environment and are daily assistants in forestry, operated under very demanding environmental conditions. In the power tool sector, as elsewhere, the shift from petrol to battery-powered products is already well underway, especially for consumer applications. However, internal combustion engines will continue to be indispensable for professional users of power tools, who place the highest demands on their equipment in terms of performance and energy density. These power tools are often used in remote locations and thus far away from a possible charging infrastructure. To make a contribution to climate protection, biofuels and RFNBOs are necessary. The continuous optimization of engine technology and its overall system, including cutting tools (saw chain set, cutting wheel, etc.) is an important development goal of STIHL. The interaction between the saw chain, guide bar and power train are essential for optimal
Beck, Kai W., Maier, Georg, Müller, Matthias, Lux, Thomas, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Melder, Jens
Integration of a Compact 4-Stroke Engine into a Model Vehicle with Dynamic Emission Analysis on a Small Chassis Dynamometer2025-32-0074To be published on 11/03/2025
The increasing importance of reducing emissions and improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines extends not only to applications in large vehicles, but also to small drive systems. This study focuses on the implementation of a compact 4-stroke engine in a model vehicle and on dynamic emission tests carried out with a specially developed test rig. The aim was to investigate the integration of small combustion engines into model platforms and to evaluate their emission behavior under transient conditions. The 4-stroke engine was carefully selected and adapted to the physical and operational conditions of the model vehicle. A test rig with a small roller dynamometer was developed to simulate real driving cycles and enable dynamic measurement of emissions. To optimize oil emissions, an online mass spectrometer was used to analyze the effects of lubricant composition and hardware variations, such as different piston ring designs, on emission behavior. High-resolution measuring
Gohl, Marcus, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Arakawa, Hitomu
Assessment of E-fuels applicability as gasoline replacement in a small two-stroke Engine2025-32-0058To be published on 11/03/2025
The push for reducing greenhouse gas emissions has extended to various sectors, including outdoor power equipment. While electrification is a promising solution for low-power gardening tools, the substitution of small two-stroke engines becomes critical for applications requiring higher power and range. Biofuels and e-fuels produced from renewable sources present a viable short-term alternative, leveraging existing engine technologies to minimize dependence on fossil fuels. However, the ability of current engines to operate with these fuels while maintaining performance and emissions levels without modifications requires thorough evaluation. This study investigates the feasibility of using e-fuels as sustainable replacements for gasoline in small two-stroke engines. Preliminary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of two e-fuel formulations assessing possible challenges in combustion performance and emissions. Experimental tests were
Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Merolla, Santo, Gagliardi, Vincenzo, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Pati, Matteo, Dalseno, Luca, Kuschel, Mario
Electrification potential of Small ICE Powertrain Applications2025-32-0094To be published on 11/03/2025
The reduction of the CO2 footprint of transport vehicles is a major challenge to minimize the harmful impact of technology on the environment. Besides passenger cars and light and heavy-duty vehicles, this affects also the two-wheeler category and the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). One promising path for the de-carbonisation is the transition from fossil-fuel powered ICE powertrains to electric powertrains. Several examples of electrified powertrains showcase possibilities for small hand-held powertools or small mopeds and scooters. As the powertrain categories two-wheeler and NRMM are very diversified and consist of various sub-categories and sub-classes with many different applications, the feasibility of electrification for the whole category cannot be judged by few examples. In this publication a methodology for assessing the electrification potential of small NRMM and two-wheelers is shown. The method uses 4 different factors, which determine the feasibility for electrification
Schmidt, Stephan, Schacht, Hans-Juergen, Weller, Konstantin, Absenger, Johann Friedrich
Development of 2-cylinder Diesel Engine for European quadricycles to achieve EURO 5+ standard2025-32-0068To be published on 11/03/2025
The EURO 5+ standard (134/2014/EU) has been enforced in the year 2025 for quadricycle in Europe. The exhaust emission under this standard has significantly tightened compared to the EURO4. Additionally, this standard also limits vehicle weight, which remains stringent and unchanged from the EURO4 standard. We introduce the original technologies to meet EURO5+ standard in this paper. Emission limit values of the EURO 5+ standard are more stringent, requiring an 84% reduction in NOx and a 94% reduction in PM compared to the previous standard. Diesel engines equipped with mechanical injection control systems for the previous standard are required significant technological advancements to meet EURO 5+ standard of exhaust emission. To meet this, the adoption of engine aftertreatment components such as SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) for NOx reduction and DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) for PM reduction is an common solution. However, to meet this new regulation, adding the weight of these
Nagai, Naotaro, Tennomi, Masanari, Tamura, Akira, Mochizuki, Hiroaki, Kobayashi, Yasushi, Onishi, Takashi
Strategies for Improving Energy Consumption for Electric Vehicles.2025-32-0092To be published on 11/03/2025
The global transition toward sustainability and decarburization has positioned Electric Vehicles (EVs) at the forefront of future mobility. While EVs inherently offer lower emissions compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, optimizing their energy efficiency remains a critical challenge to ensure their viability, affordability, and widespread adoption. With global EV sales surpassing 10 million units in 2022 representing over 14% of the global vehicle market. Energy efficiency has emerged as a cornerstone in addressing key concerns such as range anxiety, charging infrastructure, operational costs and overall environmental impact. This paper embarks on a comprehensive journey, beginning with the historical evolution of EVs and identifying the multifaceted energy losses that occur during vehicle operation. By mapping the energy distribution within a typical EV, the study lays a foundational understanding of where and how inefficiencies arise. It then explores current
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Experimental Study on Hydrogen-Methane Co-Combustion in Small Gas Engines2025-32-0055To be published on 11/03/2025
In a decarbonized society, adapting internal combustion engines (ICEs) to various carbon-free fuels is crucial for their sustainable use. One such application is gas heat pumps (GHPs), which currently rely on hydrocarbon-based fuels. However, a transition to decarbonized and low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen and synthetic methane, is essential for achieving carbon neutrality. Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel, but its tendency to ignite with extremely low energy and a wide flammability range, making it highly reactive. While these properties enable efficient combustion, they also increase the likelihood of abnormal combustion, such as backfire and knocking, when used in ICEs. Furthermore, hydrogen’s low volumetric energy density has been reported to result in reduced engine output compared to hydrocarbon fuels. On the other hand, methane, the simplest alkane, has a volumetric energy density approximately three times higher than that of hydrogen and exhibits lower combustibility than
Tanaka, Kenta, Tani, Toshihiro, Sako, Takahiro
Higher-strength, higher-toughness die cast wheel material using recycled aluminum2025-32-0007To be published on 11/03/2025
In an attempt to reduce CO2 release from the alloy wheel production, we have developed such an aluminum alloy for casting that satisfies necessary property requirements using recycled aluminum and without heat treatment. The wheel is a critical safety item of the vehicle requiring higher toughness and strength. In many wheels, virgin aluminum containing small amounts of impurities are used to maintain toughness, and the heat treatment (T6), in which quick heating and cooling are conducted after the casting, is applied to provide ensure strength. At the start of this project, we focused on two wheel-manufacturing processes; the production of virgin aluminum and the heat treatment, from which a large amount of CO2 is released. The change from the virgin to the recycled material allows reduction of CO2 release to 1/9. The issue in the use of recycled material is that impurities grow in the metal structures as an intermetallic compounds and lower toughness. To deal with the said issue, we
Suzuki, Noritaka
Experimental and kinetic study of methane blending on the laminar combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia under various oxygen contents at high temperature and pressure2025-32-0060To be published on 11/03/2025
As a carbon-free fuel, ammonia is one of the alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, but its combustion characteristics are poor, and it is usually optimized by blending methane and increasing oxygen content. However, there are few relevant studies under different conditions under high temperature and high pressure conditions. In this study, the laminar burning velocities (LBV) and flame instability of NH3/CH4/O2/N2 mixtures at high initial temperature (T), high initial pressure (p), various oxygen contents (Ω) and methane energy ratios (α) are analyzed using a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). According to numerical simulation, how various oxygen contents and methane energy ratios affect the combustion characteristics of NH3/CH4/O2/N2 mixtures and NOx emission is analyzed. The results show that LBV is positively correlated with T、α、and Ω, and negatively correlated with p. Markstein length (Lb) does not change significantly with T, but increases with α and decreases with p
YU, Yuantao, Dai, Zhizhuo, Hou, Chunlei, Ye, Mingyuan, Zhang, Xiaolei, Cui, Zechuan, Yin, Shuo, Nishida, Keiya
Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine2025-32-0061To be published on 11/03/2025
In recent years, the progress of global warming and the response to environmental problems have become important global issues, and efforts are being made to achieve carbon neutrality. In this context, the automotive and energy industries, which are required to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, have an urgent need to move away from fossil fuels. Especially in small engines, efficiency and cleanliness are important themes, and the introduction of hydrogen fuel is attracting attention as one solution to this. Hydrogen does not emit carbon dioxide when combustion and is considered to be a clean energy source, but due to the difference in characteristics from hydrocarbon fuels used in the past, there are still many unclear points about its combustion behavior and application to engines, and this information is indispensable for improving the performance and efficient operation of hydrogen engines. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of hydrogen on flame propagation and
Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Development of a Combined Injection and Ignition Unit for a Gas Engine with Direct Hydrogen Injection Integrated into the Standard Spark Plug Access Hole2025-32-0059To be published on 11/03/2025
To achieve the desired fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen in internal combustion engines for combined heat and power units, it is necessary to make some adjustments to the fuel supply system. External gas mixers increase the probability of backfiring when natural gas is replaced by hydrogen. In addition, the low density of hydrogen results in a loss of power. Therefore, direct gas injection is preferred when using hydrogen. A drawback of direct injection is the requirement of higher injection pressures to achieve the desired fuel mass and mixture homogeneity as well as the additional access to the combustion chamber for the direct gas injector in the cylinder head. This paper proposes an alternative approach that does not necessitate the implementation of a high-pressure direct injection system nor additional access to the combustion chamber via the cylinder head. A combined injection and ignition unit, called HydroFit, was developed which uses a sleeve inside the spark plug bore
Rischette, Nic, Holzberger, Sascha, Helms, Sven, Kettner, Maurice
Impacts of enhanced physics-based estimation modeling for trapped air and EGR estimation in real-time control of hydrogen injection in a PFI internal combustion engine2025-32-0047To be published on 11/03/2025
Hydrogen PFI engines face abnormal combustion issues, especially during transient operation. The air-to-fuel ratio and trapped exhaust gas significantly affect combustion stability and NOx emissions, requiring continuous monitoring. Real-time estimation of the trapped gas composition and thermodynamic state is therefore crucial but challenging. This work introduces a real-time, physics-based Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) model for accurately estimating trapped air and exhaust gas mass at the intake valve closing (IVC) event. In detail, the estimation model makes use of dynamic in-cylinder and exhaust pressure measurements to accurately model mass flows and heat exchange equations with 0.5 CAD resolution. This allows an extremely high fidelity when modelling the physical properties of the various chemical species along the engine cycle. Moreover, the model calibration appears only in the form of two coefficients implemented on a lookup table for twelve different operating points
Galli, Claudio, Ferrara, Giovanni, Grilli, Niccolò, Balduzzi, Francesco, Romani, Luca, Vichi, Giovanni
Experimental Study on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Port Water Injection and Blends of Biodiesel for Performance & Emission.2025-32-0062To be published on 11/03/2025
The increasing demand for alternative fuels due to environmental concerns has sparked interest in biodiesel as a viable substitute for conventional diesel. Most of automotive engines use diesel fuel engine. They contribute a major portion of today's air pollution, which causes serious health issues including chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, heart diseases, and many more. Greenhouse gases are produced using fossil fuel in the engines and causes global warming. To combat with air pollution, we need clean renewable and environment friendly fuels. Due to depletion in fossil fuels, it has become necessary to find alternative fuel which are safer for the environment and humankind. One such possible solution is Biodiesel. In present study series of experiments were carried out on 435cc naturally aspirate DI Diesel engine with port water injection and different blend of Jatropha based Biodiesel. Biodiesel was derived from Jatropha oil, produced using a heterogeneous catalyst
Bhoite, Vikram, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Jagtap, Pranjal, Reddy, Kameswar
Overcoming Challenges in Motorcycle Exhaust Flow Measurement: A Study on Measurement Accuracy and Systematic Effects of an Annubar-Based Approach2025-32-0016To be published on 11/03/2025
Accurate exhaust mass flow measurement is critical for Real Driving Emission (RDE) assessment, however, it is particularly challenging for motorcycles due to variations in chemical composition, strong pulsations and even reverse flow effects at low engine speeds. Traditional differential pressure-based flow meters often struggle under these conditions, particularly in low-speed and low-load operation. This study evaluates the feasibility and accuracy of an Annubar-based exhaust flow meter (EFM) designed to address these challenges by means of assessing eight motorcycles with single-, two-, and four-cylinder engine configurations. The EFM’s performance is evaluated via correlation analysis with laboratory-grade reference instruments and engine control unit (ECU) data. Additionally, systematic effects such as pulsation behavior, spectrogram analysis, and the influence of engine load and speed are investigated. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between Annubar-based EFM and
Schurl, Sebastian, Hafenmayer, Christian, Lankau, Mathias, Brenn, Günter, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland
Ca Additive and In-cylinder Condition on Promotion of Abnormal Combustion in Supercharged SI Engine2025-32-0004To be published on 11/03/2025
　The downsizing engine is popular in the field of SI engine. However, one of the problems is the abnormal combustion so called LSPI. 　A lot of researchers have been reported about the mechanism of LSPI. One of the sources of LSPI would be the lubricating oil droplet in cylinder. To avoid LSPI, it has been adjusted the ingredients of oil additive in lubricating oil. However, many kinds of fuels will be adapted to the SI engine on the point of CO2 emission in the future. So, it would be needed that the mechanism of LSPI would be cleared essentially. It has been reported that the ingredients of oil additive strongly effect on the occurring the LSPI. There are two information in our previous research. First, the data shows that frequency of abnormal combustion is 1/10 of frequency of scattering lubricating oil from the piston crown. 　Seconds, autoignition timing of scattering lubricating oil is almost at ATDC, however several its autoignition proceed the timing for BTDC continuously. 　Here
kitano, Kaito, Tanaka, Junya
Effect of intake-air heating on combustion, performance and emissions in a light-duty engine under CNG-diesel RCCI Operation2025-32-0003To be published on 11/03/2025
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that offers high thermal efficiency with reduced NOx and soot emissions. However, at low loads, RCCI operation often suffers from incomplete combustion, leading to elevated unburned hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which can hinder oxidation catalyst (DOC) light-off and reduce overall efficiency. Intake-air heating is a potential strategy to address this issue by enhancing fuel reactivity and promoting more complete combustion. In this study, the effects of intake-air heating (from ambient to 100°C) on performance and emissions are experimentally investigated in a light-duty diesel engine operated under CNG-diesel RCCI mode. The experiments were conducted at low and intermediate load and speed conditions. The influence of intake-air heating on cycle-to-cycle variations of the gross indicated mean effective pressure (GIMEP) is also discussed. The CO and THC
Navaneethakrishnan, P., Sarangi, Asish K, Suman, Abhishek, Sreedhara, Seshadri, Singh, Arvind
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-0046To be published on 11/03/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 45% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO₂ emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH₂ project, a novel approach was developed to optimize
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
Effect of Plasma-Assisted Ignition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Two Stroke Engines with Different Fuels2025-32-0030To be published on 11/03/2025
The 2-stroke opposed piston engine(2OPE) is attracting attention for its potential to achieve higher theoretical thermal efficiency due to its unique combustion chamber design. 2OPE has twice stroke/bore ratio compared to that of conventional 2-stroke engines, which reduces cooling losses, thereby enhancing output power density. However, like other 2-stroke engines, the 2OPE faces challenges such as fuel short-circuiting and scavenging loss, which historically limited the development of 2-stroke engines. Due to the insufficient scavenging process, the residual gas remains higher than 4-stroke engine. Although the residual gas helps maintain higher in-cylinder temperature that accelerate the fuel evaporation, the reduced fresh air supply leads to incomplete combustion and increasing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emission (HC). Under that condition, the minimum ignition energy increases sharply and leading to slower combustion. Plasma-assisted ignition (PAI) is considered as a
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Kobayashi, Daichi, Umegaki, Tetsuo, Asai, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Experimental Study of HCNG on Single Cylinder 395cc Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Exhaust Emission.2025-32-0050To be published on 11/03/2025
There is growing demand for energy utilization due to stricter environmental emission norms to reduce greenhouse gases and other threats posed due to the emissions are major motivation factors for researchers to adopt on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels, the usage of hydrogen or blend of hydrogen with CNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines is the best option. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogen-fueled engines produce lower power output and much higher NOx emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HCNG). HCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is the first step towards promotion of a
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Sajjan lng, Suresh
Forward-Looking SiL-Based Fuel Consumption Simulation for Dual-Clutch Transmission Software Evaluation2025-32-0070To be published on 11/03/2025
Evaluating the impact of software changes on fuel consumption and emissions is a critical aspect of transmission development. To evaluate the trade-offs between performance improvements and potential negative effects on efficiency, a forward-looking Software-in-the-Loop (SiL) simulation has been developed. Unlike backward calculations that derive fuel consumption based solely on cycle speed and engine speed, this approach executes complete driving cycles as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) within a detailed SiL environment. By considering all relevant influencing factors in a dynamic simulation, the method provides a more accurate assessment of fuel consumption and emission differences between two versions of the transmission software. The significant contribution of this work lies in the high-fidelity integration of a real virtual Transmission Control Unit (vTCU) software within a comprehensive, validated forward-looking SiL environment. This approach
Kengne Dzegou, Thierry Junior, Schober, Florian, Rebesberger, Ron, Henze, Roman
Validation of an integrated ignition-combustion model for premixed hydrogen-air flames under lean conditions2025-32-0056To be published on 11/03/2025
Recent climate changes, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, along with global regulations aimed at mitigating these effects, have intensified research on carbon-free fuels. Among these, hydrogen stands out as one of the most promising options.In this study, use is made of a recent 1D kernel expansion model developed by the authors, which is based on the conservation equations of mass, energy and deficient reactant, and on the transient thermo-diffusive theory of flames to estimate the reactant and temperature gradients at the outer flame surface. The kernel expansion model accounts for the variability of thermodynamic properties both inside and outside the flame volume, including high-temperature ionization and dissociation effects.The kernel expansion model is coupled with a flame propagation combustion model, which accounts for the effects of both thermo-diffusive instability and turbulence. The former, induced by a less-than-unity Lewis number and hence key for lean hydrogen
Pretto, Marco, Bozza, Fabio, Giannattasio, Pietro, De Bellis, Vincenzo, Ugliano, Emanuele
Real Driving Emission (RDE) Assessment for Motorcycles Using a Random Cycle Generator (RCG)2025-32-0071To be published on 11/03/2025
To protect the atmospheric environment conservation, regulations regarding vehicle exhaust gas emissions have become increasingly stringent over the years. For the case of light duty vehicles (LDVs), Real Driving Emission (RDE) assessments based on Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) measurements are being introduced. However, the application of PEMS measurements to motorcycles presents several challenges, including reduced measurement accuracy due to the small engine displacement and number of cylinders, and increased weight due to the PEMS installation. Therefore, an alternative evaluation method that does not rely on PEMS is required. In this study, we have developed a Random Cycle Generator (RCG) to provide an evaluation method that can be performed in a laboratory environment. The RCG allows the creation of evaluation modes by combining different speed patterns of motorcycles. It can generate arbitrary driving cycles that take into account the average and upper limits of
Matsuoka, Masahiro, Hirai, Hiroshi, Ito, Takayuki
RDE testing of small Motorcycle in Indian Road Conditions and study the impact of instrumentation on emission and fuel economy2025-32-0075To be published on 11/03/2025
This paper presents the results of real-world driving emissions and fuel economy measurements for two-wheelers in India using a state-of-the-art FTIR PEMS technology. The study aimed to characterize the emissions profiles of a small motorcycle under typical Indian driving conditions, including congested urban traffic and highway driving. This is the continuation of the study conducted previously on bigger motorcycle using gas analyzer [ JSAE 20179041 / SAE 2017-32-0041][1], with necessary adaptations to suit the specific conditions of Indian roads and traffic. Key parameters such as NOx, CO, CO2 and Fuel consumption were measured during real-world driving cycles and comparison is done with standard WMTC emission testing cycle. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the actual on-road emissions of two-wheelers in India, which can be used to inform regulatory policies, develop more accurate emission models, and guide the development of cleaner and more efficient two
AGRAWAL, RAHUL, Jaswal, Rahul, Yadav, Sachin
Investigation of degradation of catalyst performance due to phosphorus poisoning in practical catalysts2025-32-0073To be published on 11/03/2025
Although exhaust gas regulations for internal combustion engines have been in place for quite some time, they are still getting stricter every year. Motorcycles are no exception. Exhaust gas regulations for after-degradation durability have already been applied, and the next regulation is expected to require vehicles in use in the market to meet the exhaust gas regulation values. Technology to comply with exhaust gas regulations mainly deals with catalyst performance degradation. The main issues are metal sintering and poisoning. In particular, it is difficult to clearly explain the change in catalyst performance due to poisoning alone, as it is necessary to distinguish it from sintering and to determine the distribution of deterioration. However, phosphorus poisoning from oil cannot be ignored unless oil consumption is reduced to zero. In order to understand the change in practical catalyst performance due to poisoning with a distribution of degradation, it is necessary to explain the
Ibara, Takeru, Itou, Shiori, Yusa, Kazuma, Kinoshita, Hisatoshi, Motegi, Takuya
Analysis of injected mass shot-to-shot dispersion and injection rate profile for a PFI injector in actual operating conditions2025-32-0019To be published on 11/03/2025
In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SC R dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement, since the use of conventional injection analysers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyser is used to measure the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the studied system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air, thus enabling simultaneous analyses of the resulting spray
Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel
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