Browse Topic: Sustainable development

Items (984)
As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become increasingly constrained by mass, cost, and sustainability targets, traditional approaches to inner dash design based on spatially averaged Transmission Loss (TL) metrics are reaching their practical limits. In fully built vehicles, the acoustic performance of the inner dash is governed by its global insulation capability but also by strong spatial heterogeneity and its interaction with spatially distributed noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyre-road excitation. This paper presents a test-based methodology for the spatial optimisation of inner dash acoustic performance using reciprocal holography. By applying a calibrated sound power source within the vehicle cabin and measuring the reciprocal response in the engine bay and wheel-arch regions, a high-resolution spatial Transmission Loss “hologram” of the inner dash is obtained under in-situ conditions. The resulting spatial data enables the identification of
Harry, EvanEandi, Giacomo
The increasing electrification of vehicles means that heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems have a broader range of tasks and a different priority assessment. In electric cars, air conditioning systems are not only responsible for cooling the passenger compartment, but also for controlling the battery temperature, particularly during rapid charging, which represents a high-load operating point. Furthermore, achieving high thermodynamic efficiency is desirable, as this directly impacts the range of electric cars. The elimination of the combustion engine as a major source of noise prioritizes the noise, vibration and harshness behavior of the refrigerant compressor for product selection. To investigate the vibration and acoustic behavior, as well as the fluid dynamic forces resulting from the cyclic compression principle of an electric refrigerant compressor, a test rig was developed that allows compressors to be operated and measured in isolation in an anechoic chamber under
Beer, GabrielSaur, LukasSchwarz, ManuelZemsch, StefanBecker, Stefan
Vehicle sound packages are usually designed to provide a given level of vehicle Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) comfort, within weight and cost constraints. Optimal comfort results can be obtained by considering the interaction of all the parts as a full physical system. So far, extensive research has already been performed and published on optimizing vehicle sound packages to achieve effective noise reduction at lowest cost and weight. Nowadays, due to the urgency of the transition to carbon neutrality, sound packages must also address the reduction of the full vehicle life cycle carbon emissions. Sound package components should use materials that have a low emission impact during production and that are suitable for recycling at the end of the vehicle’s life. This entails reconsidering the material solutions chosen for the sound package as a whole, rather than for each individual component. This article describes possible differentiations in the design of a sound package
Courtois, TheophaneCardillo, MarcoCriscione, MattiaGerges, YoussefMassocco, Andrea
As the automotive industry faces increasingly rigorous environmental regulations and an approaching obligation for Digital Product Passports (DPPs), incorporating sustainability metrics into the early design phase has become a necessity. Traditionally, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and manufacturing cost estimation are performed during or after the design phase using specific methods and tools, resulting in costly iterations and delayed decision-making. This paper introduces a preliminary computational tool that combines 3D CAD and spreadsheet software via VBA integration. The framework automates the generation of an “Extended Bill of Materials” by extracting geometric and manufacturing data directly from CAD models. This tool’s classification logic is a key innovation that intelligently processes CAD features to identify component categories, such as sheet metal, machined parts, or plastic injections. This automated recognition allows the framework to implement specific algorithmic
Guadagno, MaurizioCecconi, LeonardoBerzi, LorenzoDelogu, Massimo
Thermal management in internal combustion engines (ICEs) strongly affects fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, especially during engine warm-up. Particularly, the oil temperature is strictly related to the organic efficiency of the vehicle: in the early phase of a driving cycle, the low temperature produces a high-viscous oil, which increases friction losses and increases fuel consumption, with respect to full thermal regimated oil. Usually, the oil and coolant thermal behaviours are interconnected, thanks to a coolant/oil heat exchanger in the engine. In this study, a prototyped electrical coolant pump has been applied and integrated in a small SUV vehicle, replacing the original mechanical unit. An off-board experimental campaign allowed a complete hydraulic characterization of the cooling system, including thermostat operation, and led to a physically based correlation between flow rates and pressure drops in each branch. Based on these results, the pump was designed and
Di Battista, DavideDi Bartolomeo, MarcoCipollone, Roberto
Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities for perceiving driving environments and making interpretable, logical decisions for autonomous driving. However, their potential for more comprehensive driving strategies, especially concerning energy efficiency, remains underexplored. Most existing studies primarily focus on driving safety, which may inadvertently increase energy consumption. To address this issue, this study explores the use of LLMs as high-level controllers to jointly optimize driving safety and energy efficiency. A textual prompt is designed for the LLM, incorporating few-shot examples that describe scenarios, states, and actions. The LLM processes the scenario and state prompts describing the surrounding traffic environment. It generates a high-level control signal, which is then translated into low-level vehicle motion commands in a high-fidelity traffic simulator with realistic physics, vehicle dynamics, road slopes, and network topology
Wang, HaoyuLi, ZhenningWang, SiyingZhou, ZijingZhang, XiangYang, ZhifengOu, Shiqi (Shawn)Qi, Hao
The rising concerns on climate change is accelerating the transition from fossil fuel-based technologies to sustainable energy systems. In this framework, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are gaining an increasing interest due to their high efficiency and wide range of applications. Nevertheless, these systems experience significant performance losses under high loads, associated with significant heat generation, making thermal management a fundamental design aspect. In this study, a 200-kW low temperature PEMFC was investigated through the development of a 0D – 1D model of a simplified cooling circuit implemented in GT – SUITE environment. The model was used to evaluate the influence of design parameters on the effective efficiency of the system to dissipate the excessive heat. Additionally, a detailed stack-only model, comprehensive of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) subcomponents, was developed to verify the temperature differences between coolant fluid and
Cecere, GiovanniAntetomaso, ChristianIrimescu, AdrianMerola, Simona
Ammonia (NH3) fuelled engines have emerged as a promising route toward net-zero emission targets due to NH3’s carbon-free nature, ease of storage, and established handling infrastructure. However, the low laminar burning speed and narrow flammability limits of NH3 pose a significant combustion challenge, which can be addressed through hydrogen (H2) co-fuelling. For practical implementation, on-board H2 production via thermal catalytic cracking of NH3 is an attractive solution, as it eliminates the need for external H2 storage and associated handling and capital costs. Previous studies by the present authors identified a lean operating strategy that achieves an equimolar ratio of NOx and unburned NH3 (α NH3NOx ≈ 1), enabling complete conversion to nitrogen and water vapour when coupled with a Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) system. This strategy was further validated using cracked NH3 derived H2 in place of bottled H2 through an on-board cracker, thereby representing a practical
Yadav, Neeraj KumarAmbalakatte, AjithGeng, SikaiGopakumar Suja, GaganBirch, AlexanderCairns, AlasdairHarrington, AnthonyHall, Jonathan
With the United Kingdom’s goal to achieve a fully decarbonised energy sector by 2035 and achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the transition of the UK’s passenger car fleet to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) plays a crucial role in reaching this goal. This study evaluates the environmental and energy impact of large-scale BEV adoption by modelling future uptake scenarios using historical fleet data combined with assumed impact of future policy such as the 2030 ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles. Three predictive models have been developed: fast uptake, in which approximately 100% of the passenger car fleet is replaced by BEVs; moderate uptake, where a large majority of passenger cars are BEVs; and slow uptake, in which BEV adoption does not reach a majority. The results have shown that, if a medium- or large-scale adoption is possible by 2040 predicting nearly 37 million BEVs on the road, the associated electricity demand is predicted to rise close to 110
Burke, BradleyKateregga, SunnySodre, Jose Ricardo
This work investigates the integration of a Sorption Thermal Energy Storage (TES) into the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system of electric vehicles. The proposed device reduces the energy demand for cabin heating under winter conditions, leading to a driving range increase. The TES dehumidifies the cabin air through a desiccant bed (zeolite 4A), preventing window fogging, enabling higher air recirculation rates, and consequently reducing the required heating power. An experimentally validated numerical model was used to analyze the adsorption and regeneration processes and to identify suitable operating conditions. Regeneration was found to be effective at moderate temperatures (from 120°C), with a counter-current airflow configuration providing faster and more efficient desorption compared to parallel-flow one. A simplified model integrating TES, HVAC unit and cabin was developed and used to compare different configurations. Heating energy consumption with and
Verlingieri, RebeccaCalabrese, LuigiFreni, AngeloMarocco, LucaScudeler, GabrieleDe Antonellis, Stefano
Over the last few years, there has been an uptick in the exploration and implementation of aluminum high-pressure die casting (HPDC) mega-castings as replacements for conventional stamped steel parts in vehicles. This trend is expected to increase with common justifications, including claims of reduced costs and lower environmental impacts associated with the replacement of dozens of individual parts with a single casted piece, along with reduced demands on associated tooling and machinery. However, the data and literature to support these claims are limited and at times contradictory, with some studies showing increased costs and energy demands for mega-casting technologies. This study presents the results of a literature review and a gate-to-gate life cycle inventory (LCI) adapted from conventional HPDC aluminum casting unit processes that may be used to quantify potential life cycle global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand (CED), and other environmental impacts of
Sebastian, BrandieBalzer, Russ
Aerospace products operate within highly complex, safety-critical environments and endure extended lifecycles, often spanning decades. Sustaining their operational value requires rigorous management of Safety, Reliability, and Availability (SRA), while global Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) mandates demand parallel progress toward sustainability goals. This paper introduces an AI-driven strategy that integrates these dual imperatives—Sustenance Management and Sustainability Management—within a unified Product Lifecycle (PLC) framework. The proposed approach leverages Artificial Intelligence across five PLC phases: Generative Design, Detailed Design & Verification, Manufacturing & Industrialization, Operations & Maintenance, and End-of-Life Circularity. Anchored by a certified Digital Thread, this framework ensures seamless, auditable data flow from concept to disposal. Using Life-Limiting Parts (LLPs)—such as high-stress turbine discs—as a case study, the paper demonstrates
Srinivasan, KarthikG.V.V., Ravi KumarVaderahobli, Devaraja HollaBhate, UjwalVeluri, Sastry
We hear it often at industry events, in keynote speeches and during expert panel discussions: There is no silver bullet. Peter Voorhoeve, president of Volvo Trucks North America, says as much in this issue's Q&A (page 44). “Electric is one solution, but biodiesel is another solution, and hydrogen is, too. So we have these different fuel solutions to get to better sustainability.”
Gehm, Ryan
Circular-economy principles are increasingly central to aerospace sustainability strategies, aiming to extend asset life, improve asset valuations, and enhance benefits to stakeholders in the part ownership and maintenance lifecycle. In aircraft engines, achieving circularity hinges on safe reuse, repair, and recirculation of high-value components. Life-Limited Parts (LLPs) are among the most critical in this context, but their reuse is strictly contingent on complete Back-to-Birth (BtB) traceability. Any gap in BtB records—often due to fragmented data across multiple airline operators, shop visits, document formats, and time expanse—renders otherwise serviceable LLPs unusable, leading to premature scrappage and lost circular value. This paper presents a Generative AI (GenAI)-driven methodology to reconstruct and validate complete LLP BtB histories from heterogeneous, unstructured, and legacy maintenance datasets. By combining aerospace domain-trained language models with embedded life
Bhate, UjwalJain, Dilip KumarKulkarni, NinadKalaiyarasan, AravindhJha, AshishShenoy, Karthik
Air Traffic Management (ATM) must be familiar with the exact Aircraft Take-off Weights (ATOWs) of airplanes to make the most use of runways, maintain safety margins high, and keep utilization and resources in balance. This paper aims to present a dependable ATOW forecasting methodology that can assist the air transport industry in enhancing operational decision-making. This research used datasets acquired from the EUROCONTROL Performance Review Commission (PRC) 2024 Aircraft Take-Off Weight Estimation dataset featuring 527,000 flights over Europe containing aircraft details, air trips and flight conditions. Technique comprises structured data input, inspection of missing data, timestamp aggregation to identify demand cycles over time, and domain-specific feature engineering using distance_per_minute, block_minutes, taxiout_ratio, and a strong wake turbulence metric The two supervised learning models used were Linear Regression (LR) for understanding and XGBoost for performance
Senthilkumar, N.S, GopalakrishnanGopinath, S
In the context of the global active response to climate change and the strong advocacy of green development, China’s energy industry is demonstrating a steadfast commitment to low-carbon transformation. In this process, green power trading has gained significant development by virtue of its unique advantages and potential. In this process, green power trading has gained significant development by virtue of its unique advantages and potential. The core objective of the Pinglu Canal Project, a pivotal initiative promoting green and low-carbon development in the region, is to establish a “net-zero carbon” initiative by facilitating the supply of green energy throughout its entire life cycle. This initiative is designed to promote a green and low-carbon transition. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the green power supply path during the construction period of the Pinglu Canal project, and proposes four practicable options. In order to scientifically and objectively determine the
Huang, ZeyiWei, YuchenLi, XiayangWang, Cuixian
As the global pursuit of carbon neutrality accelerates, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is emerging as a critical strategic pillar for achieving significant emission reductions and facilitating the transition to green development. This review systematically summarizes the principal technological pathways and recent advances in carbon capture, resource utilization, and storage within CCUS systems, with particular attention to innovative directions including advanced adsorption and separation materials, synergistic catalytic conversion, biological carbon sequestration, and mineralization-based storage. By examining representative engineering practices and industrialization cases both domestically and internationally, this paper summarizes the major challenges currently facing CCUS, including material costs, energy consumption, environmental risks, and large-scale deployment. The positive impacts of interdisciplinary integration, process system optimization, and
Wang, Yingfei
This paper presents a multi-physics modeling approach for a hybrid propulsion system designed for High-Altitude Long-Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (HALE UAVs), integrating solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), lithium-ion batteries, and a jet engine. A dynamic model was developed to analyze the coupled characteristics of pressure, temperature, and power under steady-state conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the internally integrated system achieves efficient fuel and waste heat recovery, delivering a net power output of 300–700 kW, sufficient to meet the operational demands of HALE UAVs. Key innovations include a heat exchanger maintaining SOFC stack inlet temperatures above 850 K for optimal performance and a compressor-fan subsystem enhancing gas compression efficiency. Experimental validation confirmed the accuracy of the SOFC model, with simulated electrical characteristics aligning closely with empirical data. The proposed hybrid system addresses limitations in specific
Zhang, LinZhang, DiZhao, LuluLi, Xi
To reduce high NOx emissions from diesel-cyclohexanol blends, this study employed a marine medium-speed diesel engine as the experimental platform. An in-cylinder combustion model was developed and meshed using AVL - FIRE software, with model validity validated against experimental data. Tests were conducted at four load conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% load) with a 30% cyclohexanol blend (C30) and four EGR rates (0%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%) to analyze combustion characteristics, emissions, and fuel economy. The results showed that the introduction of EGR had a striking inhibitory effect on NOx emissions. At 100% load with 12.5% EGR rate, NOx emissions were substantially reduced compared to baseline operation without EGR. However, EGR implementation led to delayed ignition timing, reduced in-cylinder pressure, and worsened fuel economy. Therefore, an appropriately calibrated EGR strategy can effectively reduce NOx emissions, though it requires optimization to mitigate adverse effects
Liu, YuchenYang, ChenxiFan, JinyuChen, KeYe, ZixiaoHuang, Jialiang
As an emerging innovative mode of public transportation, electric modular buses (EMBs) offer a novel solution to the problems of existing public transportation systems, due to the coupling-decoupling processes. In this paper, we study the energy consumption characteristics of EMBs by joining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging and reduction in aerodynamic drag due to coupling. For the pursuit of energy economy, ride comfort, and operational efficiency, we constructed an optimization scheme based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to facilitate the coupling-decoupling process. The simulation results show that EMBs can meet 82.5 % of service requests compared with 61.8 % for the benchmark group, and V2V presents a significant contribution to energy efficiency, especially at low battery state of charge (SOC). Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of initial SOC, operation interval, and route type. The results provide insights for optimizing EMBs
Liao, PengGuo, JiaheNing, DonghongLi, SijiaWang, Tao
This article focuses on the problem of high labor cost, low processing efficiency and poor automation of the existing equipment in the postharvest processing of Chinese cabbage. It will design and produce an automated Chinese cabbage processing method called Smart Fresh Pack. Root removal, leaf removal, washing, loading, weighing, packaging and labeling functions were integrated, and smart dexterous intelligence was applied to core concepts and this can be used in the bulk production scenario of supermarkets in the city and countryside Compared with traditional assembly line equipment, obvious advantages in terms of structure, function and processing capacity: Key innovations include: Low-pressure air jet cleaning replaces water washing, which prevents a second contamination and weighing error due to surface moisture; pneumatic gripper and multi-DOF robotic arms combine to package and dynamically weigh simultaneously, streamlining these tasks; machine vision relies on an SSD
Chen, YuhuiZhang, YixuanRuan, JiaZhu, HuayunHe, LianzhengZhao, Ping
By the early 2020s, more than 4.5 billion people have been living in urban areas worldwide, compared to just 1 billion in 1960. Rising growth in urban populations present challenges to infrastructure and transportation systems. Higher traffic levels and reliance on conventional vehicles have contributed to heightened greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, rising global temperatures, and irreversible environmental degradation. In response, emerging transportation solutions—including intelligent ridesharing, autonomous vehicles, zero-tailpipe-emission transport, and urban air mobility—offer opportunities for safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystems. However, their widespread adoption depends not only on technological performance and efficiency, but also on integration with current infrastructure, safety, resilience to unexpected disruptions, and economic viability. A dynamic agent-based System-of-Systems (SoS) transportation model is developed to simulate vehicle traffic and human
Rana, VishvaBalchanos, MichaelMavris, DimitriValenzuela Del Rio, Jose
Accurate projection of Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) market sales share is vital for evidence-based policymaking, yet existing studies employ diverse and often fragmented methodologies, creating a need for a systematic review to clarify their analytical foundations and comparative strengths. This study classifies mainstream approaches to market projections into theory-driven and data-driven categories and reviews the merits, limitations, and future directions of five representative models. Analysis reveals that leading approaches increasingly employ cross-scale model coupling, theory-data fusion, and modular design to harness complementary strengths, improving model robustness and predictive accuracy. Furthermore, the study compares PEV policies and market outlooks in China, the United States, and Europe—the world's three largest automotive markets. The findings indicate a strong linkage between projection convergence and policy stability. China demonstrates the highest policy
Luo, WeiOu, Shiqi(Shawn)Zhou, PanWang, TianpengQian, Xiaodong
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces critical vulnerabilities associated with dependence on rare earth elements used in traction motors and battery systems, impacting supply chain stability, environmental sustainability, and cost scalability. This investigation focuses on simulation-optimized rare earth-free EV propulsion components, including induction-based and wound rotor electric motors employing ferrite and iron-nitride magnetic materials, in combination with lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery chemistry recognized for enhanced safety and extended cycle life. An integrated multi-physics simulation framework coupled with targeted experimental validation is employed to evaluate efficiency, thermal behavior, and durability of the proposed motor–battery systems. The optimized configurations demonstrate automotive-grade performance, with motor efficiencies ranging from 90–96% and LFP batteries retaining over 84% of nominal capacity after 5,000 charge–discharge
Saraswat, ShubhamVishe, Prashant
With the strong momentum of electric vehicles (EVs), the battery recycling industry is undergoing rapid growth. While the Chinese government has implemented a white-list mechanism under which only approved recyclers are allowed to process retired batteries, small-scale illegal battery recycling vendors have posed a serious challenge. This study compares the techno-economic performance of battery recycling between legal and illegal recyclers in China, and makes recommendations to eliminate illegal operations. Our research covers two battery chemistries: lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP), as well as two technological pathways: resource recycling and cascade utilization. For the general case, the costs of illegal vendors are 35-46% lower than that of legal companies. Although legal companies achieve high resource utilization, their overall economic performance lags behind due to their high costs associated with equipment, environmental protection
Du, ShilongLi, HaoyangDou, HaoHao, Han
The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is a cornerstone of the transition to sustainable transportation. However, uncertainty regarding battery degradation remains a significant obstacle, hindering vehicle energy efficiency, operational safety, and the recovery of end-of-life value. Accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) and prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) are therefore critical for sustainable vehicle lifecycle management. This study proposes an edge–cloud collaborative intelligent framework for in-vehicle deployment that leverages a Transformer-based architecture to jointly model SOH and RUL. The cloud-side model retains the full configuration to capture long-term degradation trajectories for high-accuracy RUL prediction. A lightweight edge-side model, engineered via pruning and knowledge distillation, delivers millisecond-level inference for real-time SOH estimation onboard the vehicle. To ensure efficiency, only four core health indicators are
Gao, WeiminLv, ZhilongOu, Shiqi(Shawn)
Climate change and the depletion of fossil fuels have increased the need for renewable energy sources such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel derived from various vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification. In this study, a new graphite-based heterogeneous catalyst was developed by modifying it Na2CO3, K2CO3, Al2O3 and was used for biodiesel production from linseed, cottonseed, sunflower, olive oils. Catalyst activity gradually decreased from 90.0 to 76.7% for cottonseed oil, from 93.0 to 76.0% for olive oil, from 95.0 to 77.0% for sunflower oil, and from 89.0 to 69.0% for linseed oil after the fourth operation. The fuel properties of the obtained biodiesel samples were investigated and the most favorable characteristics of cottonseed oil–based biodiesel were found to be d 4 20 = 0.8448, ν 40 = 3.3820, flash point of 93°C. Based on the X-ray broad peaks at 22.8° and 26.4°, we can note that after the four-time reaction cycle, the structure of
Mamedov, IbrahimMamedova, GulbenMamedova, Yegana
In recent times, energy conservation and environmental protection have attracted more and more attention. This research presents a comparative study on the quantitative analysis and comprehensive ranking of the cradle-to-grave environmental benefits of a multi-material body shell across 18 countries. For quantitative analysis of the cradle-to-grave environmental impact of the body shell, life cycle assessment (LCA) was adopted to assess the process of interactions between the environment and human activity. For a comprehensive ranking of the environmental impacts across 18 nations, two modified techniques were used for order preferences by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods, which are improved by the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and entropy method (EM). The outcomes from these three methodologies; FAHP&EM-TOPSIS, FAHP-TOPSIS, and conventional TOPSIS revealed that the comprehensive environmental benefit rankings of TOPSIS are highly different from the two
Li, ShuhuaWu, ZongyangJi, XiaoyuanTang, ZhengWu, BofuRokhsun, Hossain Rahman
With the growing global demand for sustainable energy and high-performance mobile devices, lithium metal solid-state batteries (LMBs) have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of energy storage due to their exceptional high energy density and significant safety advantages. However, the growth of lithium dendrites and their penetration through the solid electrolyte remain key issues leading to battery short-circuiting and failure. To date, there has been a lack of effective in situ research methods to reveal the failure mechanisms, which has severely restricted the commercialization of LMBs. This study innovatively employs in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate lithium plating behavior in symmetric cells during critical current density (CCD) tests under room temperature and elevated temperature conditions. By analyzing characteristic signals at 1 MHz, this study presents the in situ impedance changes at the grain boundaries and interfaces of the
Liu, ZexuanWu, SenmingChen, YingLuan, WeilingChen, Haofeng
The aim of this study is to develop a methodology to significantly reduce emissions in bus fleet renewal scenarios by investigating both technical and economic aspects. This work presents a case study based on Elba Island, Italy, which investigates optimal solutions for replacing existing Diesel buses through a total cost of ownership analysis. The investigation is carried out for four different potential scenarios: renewing the fleet with Diesel buses, renewing the fleet with electric buses, adopting fuel cell buses, and implementing a hybrid solution. The latter represents a synergistic solution that integrates fuel cell buses with the development of a hydrogen refueling station driven by a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer, unlocking the techno-economic potential of self-producing green hydrogen for bus refueling. The novelty of this study is its integrated methodology that combines a total cost of ownership analysis with a tailored design of a green hydrogen production network
Bove, GiovanniSorrentino, MarcoBaldinelli, AriannaDesideri, Umberto
Conventional tractor transmission systems feature separate Brake and Bull Cage housings, with brakes often being proprietary components and Bull Cage designed by the Original Equipment manufacturer (OE). To optimize design and performance, an innovative integrated system was developed, combining an in-house braking system with a unitized Bull Cage assembly. This robust design reduces part count, eliminates proprietary dependency (except for friction liners), and enhances performance. Virtual simulations performed under RWUP conditions demonstrated enhanced strength and stiffness in the integrated design. In this Integrated Brake & Bull Cage assembly (IBCA), the braking layout was reconfigured from a 4+1 friction design to a 3+2 configuration which improved balancing, enhancing customer braking experience and increasing contact area by 11%. This adjustment extends friction liner life and boosts mechanical advantage by 7.9%, significantly improving tractor stability and performance
Dumpa, Mahendra ReddyDhanale, SwapnilPerumal, SolairajGomes, MaxsonRedkar, DineshSavant, KedarnathV, Saravanan
This study focuses on the vibration analysis of hybrid composite laminated plates fabricated from E-glass Fiber and areca Fiber reinforced with epoxy resin. The hybrid laminates were prepared using the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM) process with different stacking sequences and Fiber ratios, where brake lining powder was also incorporated as a filler in selected configurations to enhance mechanical and damping properties. The fabricated plates (280 × 280 mm) were subjected to experimental modal analysis using an impact hammer and accelerometer setup, with data acquisition carried out through DEWESoft software. Natural frequencies and damping ratios were determined under three boundary conditions (C- C-C-C, C-F-C-F, and C-F-F-F). The results revealed that Plate 1, with E-glass outer layers, areca reinforcement, and filler addition, exhibited the best vibration performance, achieving a maximum natural frequency of 332.8 Hz under C-C-C-C condition, while Plate 2 showed a
D R, RajkumarO, Vivin LeninR, SaktheevelR G, Ajay KrishnaNg, Bhavan
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalyst materials. This significantly raises the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnO2-CeO₂ (Manganese Oxide, Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials. The goal is to deliver effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnO2-CeO₂ catalysts are promising because of their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behavior. These features are helpful for diesel engines that operate under various conditions. They improve the oxidation of CO and HC
C, JegadheesanT, KarthiRajendran, PawanMuruganantham, KowshiikS, Vaitheeshwaran
The growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in a spike in the number of EV charging stations. As EVs have become more and more popular worldwide, a large number of EV charging stations are opening up to accommodate their demands. During grid failures, an EV charging station can also serve as a flexible load connected to the grid to balance out voltage fluctuations. An EV charging station when powered using a separate source, such as solar or wind, can function as a powerhouse, bringing electricity to the grid when it's needed. Therefore, instead of installing more equipment to sustain voltage, the current EV charging station can be efficiently used to meet the grid's needs during failures. These stations have the potential to be dynamic, grid-connected assets for sustainable cities and communities in addition to their core function of vehicle charging (SDG 11). Because of their dual purpose, they can serve as adaptable loads that reduce voltage variations during
R, UthraRangarajan, RaviD, SuchitraD, Anitha
Electric vehicle (EV) battery life cycle assessment (LCA) is emerging as a strategic necessity amid booming demand and tightening environmental regulations. This report consolidates key findings and recommendations for EBRR (Electric Battery Reuse & Recycling) to implement a comprehensive LCA program covering EV lithium-ion batteries from cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle perspectives. The study confirms that global Li-ion battery demand is skyrocketing – projected to increase 14-fold by 2030[1] – amplifying the urgency for sustainable battery management (see Figure 1). It outlines the full life cycle stages of EV batteries (raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, and end-of-life) and compares linear vs. circular approaches. Using the ISO 14040/44 framework[18, 19] and industry-standard LCA tools, the report evaluates environmental impacts and identifies hotspots. Key findings show that mining and manufacturing dominate the battery’s carbon footprint, but end-of-life strategies
Asokan, GayathriRaju cEng, RajkumarDhananjaya, ChandanSattigeri cEng, Sudhir V
The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. In developing countries, two-wheelers are considered a major mode of urban personal transportation because of their compactness, easy maneuver in heavy traffic and good fuel efficiency. In India, middle and lower middle-class people prefer to choose two wheelers, and these vehicles are dominantly fuelled by gasoline. Although, the energy consumption by a two-wheeler is comparatively less than that of a four-wheeler, they use about 60% of the nation’s petroleum for on-road vehicles and the impact on urban air quality and climatic change is significantly high. This high proportion of gasoline utilization and emission contribution by two wheelers in cities demand greater attention to improve urban air quality and near-term energy sustainability. Electrification of two-wheelers through the application of a plug-in hybrid idea is a promising solution. A plug-in hybrid motorbike was developed by putting forth a
Kannan, PrashanthShaik, AmjadTalluri, Srinivasa Rao
Systems for solar desalination provide a practical and environmentally friendly way to turn salty or polluted water into drinkable water. Three configurations are experimentally investigated in this study: a traditional solar desalination system, a system integrated with a thermal energy storage unit (TESU) based on phase change material (PCM), Multi wall Carbon nano Tube were mixed with PCM at 2% of total volume of the PCM and a system that incorporates powdered natural dolomite/MWCNT at 1% each into the PCM-based TESU. Each of the four configurations was created, tested simultaneously, and thoroughly examined. In comparison to the Standard Still (SS), the experimental findings showed that the adoption of PCM-based TESUs increased daily cumulative water output (collection efficiency) by 24%, 26% with addition of MWCNT and the addition of dolomite powder/MWCNT further increased productivity by 27%. The average exergy efficiencies for for SS, SS with PCM, SS with nano enriched PCM, and
R L, KrupakaranPetla, RatnakamalaAnchupogu, PraveenP, UmamaheswarraoSatya Meher, RDunna, Vijay
The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure introduces complex cybersecurity challenges across hardware, software, network, and cloud layers. This review paper synthesizes existing research, standards, and documented incidents to identify critical vulnerabilities and propose layered mitigation strategies. We present a structured threat taxonomy based on the STRIDE model, enriched with real-world attack vectors and mapped to mitigation controls. Our analysis spans physical tampering, insecure firmware updates, protocol-level flaws in OCPP and ISO 15118, and cloud misconfigurations. While prior studies often focus on isolated domains, this work unifies fragmented insights into a cohesive framework. We highlight gaps in current literature, such as inconsistent adoption of secure protocols and limited validation of EVSE identity formats. By aligning threats with industry standards (SAE J3061, NIST CSF, IEC 62443) and scoring risks using CVSS v3.1, we offer a
Aggarwal, AkshitGupta, SaurabhSirohi, KapilArisetty, VenkateshChatterjee, Avik
This paper presents Nexifi11D, a simulation-driven, real-time Digital Twin framework that models and demonstrates eleven critical dimensions of a futuristic manufacturing ecosystem. Developed using Unity for 3D simulation, Python for orchestration and AI inference, Prometheus for real-time metric capture, and Grafana for dynamic visualization, the system functions both as a live testbed and a scalable industrial prototype. To handle the complexity of real-world manufacturing data, the current model uses simulation to emulate dynamic shopfloor scenarios; however, it is architected for direct integration with physical assets via industry-standard edge protocols such as MQTT, OPC UA, and RESTful APIs. This enables seamless bi-directional data flow between the factory floor and the digital environment. Nexifi11D implements 3D spatial modeling of multi-type motor flow across machines and conveyors; 4D machine state transitions (idle, processing, waiting, downtime); 5D operational cost
Kumar, RahulSingh, Randhir
The pressing global need for de-fossilization of the transport sector, especially within the heavy-duty segment, has intensified the exploration of alternative clean fuels. In this context, methanol gained traction due to their renewable production pathways, carbon-neutrality, and are being highly promoted by the Indian government to reduce CO2 emissions. Dual direct injection compression ignition (DDICI) is an effective combustion strategy to use methanol in heavy-duty engines, which combines the advantage of high-efficiency compression ignition with the clean-burning potential of methanol. In contrast to spark-ignited premixed methanol engines, this strategy involves a diffusion combustion of the methanol flame, thereby eliminating knocking and enabling running with high compression ratios. This experimental and numerical study presents a comprehensive investigation into the DDICI strategy using methanol as primary fuel and diesel as a pilot for ignition assistance. The work
Singh, InderpalDhongde, AvnishRaut, AnkitGüdden, ArneEmran, AshrafBerry, Sushil
Rising environmental concerns and stringent emissions norms are pushing automakers to adopt more sustainable technologies. There is no single perfect solution for any market and there are solutions ranging from biofuels, green hydrogen to electric vehicles. For Indian market, especially in the passenger car segment, hybrid vehicles are favoured when it comes to manufacturers as well as with consumer because of multiple reasons such as reliability, performance, fuel efficiency and lower long-term cost of ownership. For automakers planning to upgrade their fleets in the context of upcoming CAFE III (91.7 g CO2 / km) & CAFE IV (70 g CO2/km) norms, hybridization emerges as the next natural step for passenger cars. Lately, various state governments have also promoted hybrid vehicle sales by offering certain targeted tax breaks which were previously reserved for EVs exclusively. Current study focuses on various parallel hybrid topologies for an Indian compact SUV, which is the highest
Warkhede, PawanKeizer, RubenSandhu, RoubleEmran, Ashraf
This study develops a one-dimensional (1D) model to enhance transmission efficiency by evaluating power losses within a transmission system. The model simulates power flow and identifies losses at various stages such as gear mesh, bearing, churning, and windage losses. Using ISO/TR 14179, which provides a method for calculating the thermal transmittable power of gear drives with an analytical heat balance model, the 1D model ensures accurate thermal capacity evaluation under standard conditions. A key advantage of this 1D model is its efficiency in saving time compared to more complex 3D modelling, making it particularly useful during the conceptual stage of transmission system development. This allows engineers to quickly assess and optimize transmission efficiency before committing to more detailed and time-consuming 3D simulations. To validate the model, experimental tests were conducted at various motor speeds (RPM) and torque values, using high-precision sensors and dynamometers
Bandi, Nagendra ReddyKolla, KalyanP, SelvandranPulugundla, Krishna ChaitanyaM A, Naveen Kumar
Fleet owners often encounter significant logistical and financial problems when dealing with battery packs of different ages and conditions. The standard industry practice is to replace old batteries with identical new ones. This process is inefficient because it costs a lot, creates too much inventory, and eliminates battery packs that are still useful too soon. The problem worsens when manufacturers stop making older battery models, which can force a vehicle to retire early. This paper puts forward a framework for mixing different types of battery packs to deliver the performance needed for a vehicle’s mission. We show how this works in three everyday service situations: 1) Repair, when a single damaged pack needs replacing; 2) Life Extension, where aged packs are combined with newer ones to meet mission range; and 3) Performance Restoration, which uses next-gen packs when the original parts are obsolete. The study shows that a vehicle can complete its required missions by
Nair, Sandeep R.Ravichandran, Balu PrashanthHallberg, Linus
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