Recent advances are reducing the cost of space launch, high specific power solar cells, and the production of satellite systems. Modular architectures with no moving parts and distributed power systems would minimize assembly and maintenance costs. Together, this may enable space-based solar power to provide decarbonized dispatchable power at a lower cost than equivalent technologies such as nuclear power stations. Space-based Solar Power for Instantaneously Dispatchable Renewable Power on Earth discusses the advances in emerging technologies, like thin film solar cells, reusable launch vehicles, and mass-produced modular satellite systems that would make economic space power feasible. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Muelaner, Jody Emlyn

Pursuit of Realistic Vehicle Acceleration Sounds Based on Discomfort Index

2024-32-0055

04/18/2025

Contemporary Japanese society relies heavily on vehicles for transportation and leisure. This has led to environmental concerns owing to vehicle emissions, prompting a shift toward environmentally friendly alternatives, such as clean diesel and electric vehicles. Clean diesel vehicles aim to reduce harmful emissions, whereas electric vehicles are favored because of their minimal emissions and quiet operation. However, the lack of engine noise in electric vehicles can make it difficult for drivers to perceive speed changes, potentially increasing the risk of accidents, and simply amplifying all sounds is not viable because it may cause discomfort. Therefore, this study explored how deviations from expected engine sounds affect the perceived sound quality and vehicle performance assessment. Unlike traditional gasoline-powered and clean diesel vehicles, electric vehicles produce very little running noise, which makes road surface noise more prominent. Given the novelty of electric

Nitta, Misaki, Ishimitsu, Shunsuke, Fujikawa, Satoshi, Iwata, Kiyoaki, Niimi, Mayuko, Kikuchi, Masakazu, Matsumoto, Mitsunori

Local and Global Entropy Generation of Topographically Optimized Porous Reactors in Reaction-Diffusion Systems Considering Coupling Effects between Heat and Mass Transfer

2024-32-0069

04/18/2025

As the automotive sector shifts towards cleaner and more sustainable technologies, fuel cells and batteries have emerged as promising technologies with revolutionary potential. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles offer faster refueling times, extended driving ranges, and reduced weight and space requirements compared to battery electric vehicles, making them highly appealing for future transportation applications. Despite these advantages, optimizing electrode structures and balancing various transport mechanisms are crucial for improving PEFCs’ performance for widespread commercial viability. Previous research has utilized topology optimization (TO) to identify optimal electrode structures and attempted to establish a connection between entropy generation and topographically optimized structures, aiming to strengthen TO numerical findings with a robust theoretical basis. However, existing studies have often neglected the coupling of transport phenomena. Typically, it is assumed that a single

Tep, Rotanak Visal Sok, Long, Mengly, Alizadeh, Mehrzad, Charoen-amornkitt, Patcharawat, Suzuki, Takahiro, Tsushima, Shohji

Sustainable Design of Automotive Batteries

2025-01-000104/18/2025

A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO₂ emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life-cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples the paper will explain what are the main parameters necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and life-time of the battery. Finally it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future

Braun, Andreas, Rothbart, Martin

Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine

2024-32-0039

04/18/2025

The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability

Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland

A Power Split eCVT Hybrid for Sustainable Urban Mobility

2024-32-0029

04/18/2025

The main drivers for powertrain electrification of two-wheelers, motorcycles and ATVs are increasingly stringent emission and noise limitations as well as the upcoming demand for carbon neutrality. Two-wheeler applications face significantly different constraints, such as packaging and mass targets, limited charging infrastructure in urban areas and demanding cost targets. Battery electric two wheelers are the optimal choice for transient city driving with limited range requirements. Hybridization provides considerable advantages and extended operation limits. Beside efficiency improvement, silent and zero emission modes with solutions allowing fully electric driving, combined boosting enhances performance and transient response. In general, there are two different two-wheeler base categories for hybrid powertrains: motorcycles featuring frame-integrated internal combustion engine (ICE) and transmission units, coupled with secondary drives via chain or belt; and scooters equipped with

Schoeffmann, W., Fuckar, G., Hubmann, C., Gruber, M.

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - NEVI and America's EV Charging Future

1350904/03/2025

The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program (NEVI) is a $5 billion initiative aimed at developing EV charging infrastructure across all 50 states and Puerto Rico. However, recent executive orders have put the program and its funding on hold. To dig into what this all means, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Andrew Wishnia, Senior Vice President at Boundary Stone Partners, to discuss what NEVI is all about and what the future holds for this EV charging infrastructure initiative. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our drive of the new 2025 Ioniq 5, the first non-Telsa EV to hit the road with SAE J3400 (a.k.a., NACS). We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss

Hineman, Marcie

Learning-Based Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell City Buses Considering Power Source Degradation

02-18-02-0012

04/02/2025

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) offer a promising solution for achieving environmentally friendly transportation and improving fuel economy. The energy management strategy (EMS), as a critical technology for FCVs, faces significant challenges of achieving a balanced coordination among the fuel economy, power battery life, and durability of fuel cell across diverse environments. To address these challenges, a learning-based EMS for fuel cell city buses considering power source degradation is proposed. First, a fuel cell degradation model and a power battery aging model from the literature are presented. Then, based on the deep Q-network (DQN), four factors are incorporated into the reward function, including comprehensive hydrogen consumption, fuel cell performance degradation, power battery life degradation, and battery state of charge deviation. The simulation results show that compared to the dynamic programming–based EMS (DP-EMS), the proposed EMS improves the fuel cell durability while

Song, Dafeng, Yan, Jinxing, Zeng, Xiaohua, Zhang, Yunhe

SPC based Critical Parameters Monitoring of Vendor Supplied Parts by Auto OEM for Quality Control

2025-01-8334

04/01/2025

In Automobile manufacturing, maintaining the Quality of parts supplied by vendor is crucial & challenging. This paper introduces a digital tool designed to monitor trends for critical parameters of these parts in real-time. Utilizing Statistical Process Control (SPC) graphs, the tool continuously tracks Quality trend for critical parts and process parameters, predicting potential issues for proactive improvements even before parts are supplied. The tool integrates data from all Supplier partners across value chain into a single ecosystem, providing a comprehensive view of their performance and the parts they supply. Suppliers input data into a digital application, which is then analyzed in the cloud using SPC techniques to generate potential alerts for improvement. These alerts are automatically sent to both Suppliers and relevant personnel at the OEM, enabling proactive measures to address any Quality deviations. 100% data is visualized in an integrated dashboard which acts as a

Sahoo, Priyabrata, Garg, Ishan, Rawat, Sudhanshu, Narula, Rahul, Gupta, Ankit, Bindra, Ritesh, Rao, Akkinapalli VN, Garg, Vipin

Meteorological Aspects of the Operational Design Domain – Enhancing Road and Rail Safety and Efficiency through Integrated Wind, Weather, and Motion Sensing Technology

2025-01-8100

04/01/2025

As automotive technology advances, the need for comprehensive environmental awareness becomes increasingly critical for vehicle safety and efficiency. This study introduces a novel integrated wind, weather, and motion sensor designed for moving objects, with a focus on automotive applications. The sensor’s potential to enhance vehicle performance by providing real-time data on local atmospheric conditions is investigated. The research employs a combination of sensor design, vehicle integration, and field-testing methodologies. Findings prove the sensor’s capability to accurately capture dynamic environmental parameters, including wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity. The integration of this sensor system shows promise in improving vehicle stability, optimizing fuel efficiency through adaptive aerodynamics, and enhancing the performance of autonomous driving systems. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of this technology in contributing to connected vehicle

Feichtinger, Christoph Simon

Data-driven Modeling and Control Framework for Multi-Fuel Compression-Ignition Engines

2025-01-8349

04/01/2025

Controlling the combustion phasing of a multi-fuel compression ignition engine in varying ambient conditions, such as low temperature and pressure, is a challenging problem. Traditionally, engine control is achieved by performing experiments on the engine and building calibration maps. As the number of operating conditions increase, this becomes an arduous task, and model-based controllers have been used to overcome this challenge. While high-fidelity models accurately describe the combustion characteristics of an engine, their complexity limits their direct use for controller development. In recent years, data-driven models have gained much attention due to the available computation power and ease of model development. The accuracy of the developed models, which, in turn, dictates the controller’s performance, depends on the dataset used for building them. Several actuators are required to achieve reliable combustion across different operating conditions, and obtaining extensive

Govind Raju, Sathya Aswath, Sun, Zongxuan, Kim, Kenneth, Kweon, Chol-Bum

Objective System Level Sustainability Evaluation of Competing Materials for Demanding Automotive Applications

2025-01-8607

04/01/2025

The authors will present findings from their cradle-to-cradle Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) study which captures an objective and comprehensive system level evaluation of the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of four different material types used in the same automotive application: Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR) SMC, steel, aluminum and glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP-GF). This study includes the simulation driven design of four mid-sized pickup boxes which were designed according to automotive requirements and relevant design guidelines for each material. OEM experts were consulted to validate the relevant specifications and boundary conditions. The technical paper includes details on the geometric design, simulation, production processes, life cycle and environmental impact assessment all in compliance with ISO standards (14040/14044) for the Cradle-to-Cradle PCF. This paper provides guidance and insights to help engineers develop effective strategies for material selection

Halsband, Adam, Leinemann, Tomke, Beer, Markus, Haiss, Eric

European Initiatives Addressing High Efficiency and Low-Cost Electric Motors for Circularity and Low use of Rare Resources

2025-01-8806

04/01/2025

The automotive industry is amidst an unprecedented multi-faceted transition striving for more sustainable passenger mobility and freight transportation. The rise of e-mobility is coming along with energy efficiency improvements, greenhouse gas and non-exhaust emission reductions, driving/propulsion technology innovations, and a hardware-software-ratio shift in vehicle development for road-based electric vehicles. Current R&D activities are focusing on electric motor topologies and designs, sustainability, manufacturing, prototyping, and testing. This is leading to a new generation of electric motors, which is considering recyclability, reduction of (rare earth) resource usage, cost criticality, and a full product life-cycle assessment, to gain broader market penetration. This paper outlines the latest advances of multiple EU-funded research projects under the Horizon Europe framework and showcases their complementarities to address the European priorities as identified in the 2Zero

Armengaud, Eric, Ratz, Florian, Muñiz, Ángela, Poza, Javier, Garramiola, Fernando, Almandoz, Gaizka, Pippuri-Mäkeläinen, Jenni, Clenet, Stéphane, Messagie, Maarten, D’amore, Lea, Lavigne Philippot, Maeva, Rillo, Oriol, Montesinos, Daniel, Vansompel, Hendrik, De Keyser, Arne, Romano, Claudio, Montanaro, Umberto, Tavernini, Davide, Gruber, Patrick, Ran, Liaoyuan, Amati, Nicola, Vagg, Christopher, Herzog, Matic, Weinzerl, Martin, Keränen, Janne, Montonen, Juho

Green Hydrogen Production: Progress, Challenges and Proposed Solutions

2025-01-8601

04/01/2025

Recently, global interest in hydrogen as a powerful, promising and clean source of energy has increased. Green hydrogen production (GHP) is considered one of the most important modern projects worldwide, as it is the way to achieve a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. GHP plays a major role to improve public health. There are several methods for producing or harvesting green hydrogen, the most famous of which are: 1) The electrolysis of water using a proton exchange membrane and metal foam at low temperatures and 2) Flash Joule Heating (FJH) method for heating plastic waste at high temperatures using low-carbon emissions technology. However, both methods still suffer from some difficulties. This calls for the need to search for scientific solutions to make hydrogen available at reasonable prices. While the first method is considered better for producing high-purity hydrogen compared to the second method, it faces challenges in collecting hydrogen on the surface of the negative

Hamed, Maryam Salah, Ali, Salah H. R.

Letter from the Guest Editors

13-06-01-0001

03/27/2025

Letter from the Guest Editors

Kolhe, Mohan Lal, Zhang, Ronghui

Performance Evaluation and Thermal Analysis of Various Electric Drives for Automotive Electric Propulsion

14-14-02-0010

03/26/2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a significant stride toward environmental sustainability, offering a multitude of benefits such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Moreover, EVs play a pivotal role in enhancing energy efficiency and mitigating reliance on fossil fuels, which has propelled their global sales to unprecedented heights over the past decade. Therefore, choosing the right electric drive becomes crucially important. The main objective of this article is to compare various conventional and non-conventional electric drives for electric propulsion in terms of electromechanical energy conversion ratio and the thermal response under continuous [at 12 A/mm2 and 6000 rpm] and peak [at 25 A/mm2 and 4000 rpm] operating conditions. The comparative analysis encompasses torque density, power density, torque pulsation, weight, peak and running efficiencies of motor, inverter and traction drive, electromechanical efficiency, and active material cost. This

Patel, Dhruvi Dhairya, Fahimi, Babak, Balsara, Poras T.

Mixing-Controlled Combustion of Ethanol Enabled by Prechamber Ignition (PC-MCC): A Preliminary Experimental Demonstration

04-18-02-0012

03/17/2025

This experimental study presents preliminary investigations of prechamber-enabled mixing-controlled combustion (PC-MCC) at −2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and 2200 rpm with fuel-grade ethanol (E98). Experimental results are conducted on a prechamber retrofitted single-cylinder Caterpillar C9.3B test engine. First, a series of prechamber-only experiments were conducted with a motored engine to evaluate the salient combustion trends in response to relevant prechamber operating parameters. Under firing conditions, the prechamber operating strategy was assessed with respect to the impact on ignition assistance of direct-injected E98 and overall engine performance. The preliminary results indicate the jet-induced ignition process is robust and prompts diffusion combustion of E98 at diesel-like boundary conditions. The effect of external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the residual tolerance of the prechamber combustion process was also investigated and showed stable

Zeman, Jared, Dempsey, Adam

Real-World Vehicle Estimation and Control of Indirect Emissions Control and Performance Evaluation of Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors

03-18-02-0016

03/17/2025

The growing number of automobiles on the road has raised awareness about environmental sustainability and transportation alternatives, sparking ideas about future transportation. Few short-term alternatives meet consumer needs and enable mass production. Because they do not accurately reflect real-world driving. Current models are unable to estimate vehicle emissions. However, the purpose of this research is to present an application of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for managing the various factors contributing to vehicle gasoline engine exhaust emissions. It examines how well the three known standardized driving cycles (DSCs). Accurately reflect real-world driving and evaluate the impact of real-world driving on vehicle emissions. Indirect emissions are inversely proportional to the vehicle’s fuel consumption. The methodology used is Eco-score methodology to calculate indirect emissions of light vehicles. Expected emission charge estimates for different using styles

Shiba, Mohamed S., Abouel-Seoud, Shawki A., Aboelsoud, W., Abdallah, Ahmed S.

Lighter, recyclable body seal wins SAA award

25AUTP03_08

03/01/2025

A lighter, colorable and fully recyclable thermoplastic body seal from Cooper Standard won the annual Innovations in Lightweighting Award given by the Society for Automotive Analysts. At the society's December meeting, Jay Murdock, senior product development engineer for Cooper Standard, accepted the award and said its FlexiCore product was designed with an eye on strong trends in what OEMs want from suppliers: sustainability, carbon neutrality, lightweighting and recyclability.

Clonts, Chris

Quantifying the Impact of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Energy Resources on Load Profile Sensitivity: A Comprehensive Analysis

13-06-01-0008

02/27/2025

This research investigates how distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric vehicles (EVs) affect distribution networks. With sensitivity analysis, the research focuses on how these integrations affect load profiles. The research focuses on sizing of various DERs and EV charging/discharging strategies to optimize the load profile, voltage stability, and network loss minimization. System parameters including load profile, EV charging pattern, weather conditions, DER sizes, and electricity pricing are analyzed to quantify their individual and combined impacts on load variability. However, with increased capacity of DERs, network losses increase. A mathematical model with system and operational constraints has been developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment, validation of the proposed approach in improving the load profile, and reduction in network losses, with the intermittent power generation from DERs and EV integration. Simulation result shows that optimal capacity of

Khedar, Kamlesh Kumar, Goyal, Govind Rai, Singh, Pushpendra

SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - How Are Automakers Reacting to Tariffs?

1350302/26/2025

There is no doubt that businesses, especially automakers, do not like uncertainty. So how are they reacting to potential tariffs and the impact on cross-border manufacturing? Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Transportation and Business Journalist, Abigail Bassett, to the discuss the Trump administration's flurry of executive orders and how automakers are reacting. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out the latest video of the Honda 0 Series. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn

Hineman, Marcie

Study of Different Types of Ventilation and Cooling Systems of Bulb Hydrogenerators in a Three-Dimensional Setting

05-18-03-0020

02/20/2025

The Object of research in the article is the ventilation and cooling system of bulb hydrogenerators. The Subject of study in the article is the design and efficiency of using the cooling system of various structural types for bulb hydro units. The Purpose of the work is to carry out a three-dimensional study of two cooling systems (axial and radial) of the bulb hydro unit of the Kanivskaya HPP with a rated 22 MW. Research Tasks include analysis of the main design solutions for effective cooling of bulb-type hydrogenerators, in particular, the use of radial, axial, and mixed cooling systems; formulation of the main assumptions for the three-dimensional ventilation and thermal calculation of the bulb hydrogenerator; carrying out a three-dimensional calculation for a hydrogenerator with axial ventilation; determining airflow speeds in the channels and temperatures of active parts of the hydrogenerator under the conditions of using discharge fans and without them; carrying out a three

Tretiak, Oleksii, Arefieva, Mariia, Makarov, Pavlo, Serhiienko, Serhii, Zhukov, Anton, Shulga, Iryna, Penkovska, Nataliia, Kravchenko, Stanislav, Kovryga, Anton

Deep Learning-Enhanced Direct Torque Control of BLDC Motors for Optimized Electric Vehicle Performance

12-08-04-0036

02/12/2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising solution to reduce environmental issues and decrease dependency on fossil fuels. The main drawback associated with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme is that it is incapable of improving the efficiency and response time of the EVs. To overcome this problem, integrating deep learning (DL) techniques into DTC offers a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the drive system of EVs. This article introduces three control methods to improve the output for DTC-based BLDC motor drives: a traditional proportional–integral for speed controller (speed PI), a neural network fitting (NNF)-based speed controller (speed NNF), and a custom neural (CN) network-based speed controller (speed CN). The NNF and CN are DL techniques designed to overcome the limitations of conventional PI controllers, such as retaining the percentage overshoot, settling times, and improving the system’s efficiency. The CN controller reduced the torque ripple by 15

Patel, Sandesh, Yadav, Shekhar, Tiwari, Nitesh

Diesel Engine Performance and Combustion Imaging Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid and Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether Blended Fuels

04-18-02-0010

02/12/2025

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from automobiles, the introduction of electric vehicles to the market is important; however, it is challenging to replace all existing IC engine vehicles with electric ones. Consequently, there is increasing anticipation for the use of carbon-neutral fuels, such as e-fuels. This study investigates the effects of GTL (gas-to-liquid), as a substitute for e-fuel, produced from natural gas via the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis method and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OMEmix) produced from methanol, on engine performance. Additionally, combustion image analysis was conducted using a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). GTL fuel combusts similarly to conventional diesel fuel but has slightly lower smoke emissions because it does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, its high cetane number results in better ignition properties. During the combustion, unburnt hydrocarbons and smoke are generated in the spray flame interference region near the

Shibata, Gen, Yuan, Haoyu, Yamamoto, Hiroya, Tanaka, Shusuke, Ogawa, Hideyuki

Mechanical Design and Packaging Strategies of a Cell-to-Pack Battery for an Automotive Electric Vehicle Based on Economic & Sport Vehicle Requirements

2025-28-0078

02/07/2025

The world is moving towards a green transportation system. Governments are also pushing for green mobility, especially electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are becoming more popular in Europe, China, India, and developing countries. In EVs, the customer's range anxiety and the perceived real-world range are major challenges for the OEMs. The OEMs are moving towards a higher power-to-weight ratio. Energy density plays a crucial role in the battery pack architecture to increase the vehicle range. Higher capacity battery packs are needed to improve the vehicle's range. The battery pack architecture is vital in defining the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities. The cell-to-pack battery technique aims to achieve a higher power-to-weight ratio by eliminating unnecessary weight in the battery architecture. The design of battery architecture depends on the cell features such as the cell shape & size, cell terminal positions, vent valve position, battery housing strength requirements

K, Barathi Raja

An Integrated Material Science Approach to Evaluate the Viability of Ethoxy Ethane and Rubber Seed (Heavea Brasiliensis) Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines

2025-28-0130

02/07/2025

The primary issues in using pure vegetable oils for internal combustion engines are their high soot output and reduced thermal efficiency. Therefore in the present investigation, a Heavea Brasiliensis biodiesel (HBB) is used as a carbon source of fuel and ethoxy ethane as a combustion accelerator on a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this investigation, an only one cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was utilized. Whereas heavea brasiliensis biodiesel was delivered straightly into the cylinder at almost close to the end of compression stroke and ethoxy ethane was sprayed instantly in the intake manifold in the event of intake stroke. At various loads, the parameter of ethoxy ethane volume rate were optimised. To minimise exhaust emissions, an air plasma spray technology was employed to cover the engine combustion chamber with a thermal barrier coating. Because of its adaptability for high-temperature applications, YSZ (Yttria

Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree

Autonomous Drone Solution for Human-Wildlife Conflict Management

2025-28-0198

02/07/2025

Human-wildlife conflicts pose significant challenges to both conservation efforts and community well-being. As these conflicts escalate globally, innovative technologies become imperative for effective and humane management strategies. This paper presents an integrated autonomous drone solution designed to mitigate human-wildlife conflicts by leveraging technologies in drone surveillance and artificial intelligence. The proposed system consists of stationary IR cameras that are setup within the conflict prone areas, which utilizes machine learning to identify the presence of wild animals and to send the corresponding location to a drone docking station. An autonomous drone equipped with high-resolution IR cameras and sensors is deployed from the docking station to the provided location. The drone camera utilizes object detection technology to scan the specified zone to detect the animal and emit animal repelling ultrasonic sound from a device integrated to the drone to achieve non

Sadanandan, Vaishnav, Sadique, Anwar, George, Angeo Pradeep, Vinod, Vishal, Raveendran, Darshan Unni

Impact of Hydrogen Enrichment on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Operated in Dual Fuel Mode with Karanja Oil Methyl Ester-Tire Pyrolysis Oil Blend

2025-28-0109

02/07/2025

The growing demand for fossil fuels and the search for alternatives have the potential to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. Karanja oil and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) are identified as promising substitutes. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using diesel, the optimal combination of Karanja oil biodiesel (KOME) and TPO (50:50% volume ratio), and this KOME-TPO blend with hydrogen supplied in dual fuel mode at flow rates of 10 lpm, 20 lpm, and 30 lpm, designated as H10, H20, and H30, respectively. The results indicated that BTE for H30 was the highest, reaching 32.21% compared to 30.52% for diesel at 5.2 kW BP. BSEC for H30 was the lowest at 11.18 MJ/kWh, compared to 11.80 MJ/kWh for diesel at the same BP. Emission analysis showed that smoke and HC emissions were significantly lower for hydrogen-enriched blends. At 5.2 kW BP, HC emissions for H30

Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar

Experimental Evaluation of Binary Iso-Dodecane/n-Dodecane Blends for Emulating Sooting Characteristics of Sustainable Aviation Fuels

01-18-01-0003

02/06/2025

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) derived from renewable sources are promising solutions for achieving carbon neutrality and further controlling aircraft engine emissions, operating costs, and energy security. These SAFs, primarily consist of branched and normal paraffins and exhibit significantly reduced sooting tendencies compared to conventional petroleum-based jet fuels, due to their lack of aromatics content. Our previous study investigated soot formation in non-premixed combustion for three ASTM-approved alternative jet fuels, namely Fischer–Tropsch synthetic paraffinic kerosene (FT-SPK), hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids from camelina (HEFA-Camelina), and alcohol-to-jet (ATJ), and demonstrated that the varying paraffinic composition within SAFs results in diverse sooting propensities, in the order of ATJ > FT-SPK > HEFA-Camelina. To evaluate the impact of iso-paraffins on sooting tendency and validate the suitability of utilizing binary blends of iso-dodecane (iC12) and

Xue, Xin, Sung, Chih-Jen, Wang, Xiaofeng

Hydrogen Energy and Dongfeng Hydrogen Engine Development

2025-01-7113

01/31/2025

Hydrogen energy is the best form of energy to achieve "carbon peak, carbon neutrality", and is known as the most promising clean energy in the 21st century because of its diverse sources, clean and low-carbon, flexible and efficient, and wide application sce-narios. Hydrogen internal combustion engine has the advantages of zero carbon emission, high efficiency, high reliability and low cost, and has become one of the important directions of hydrogen energy application. The paper first analyzes the development and application of hydrogen energy industry in recent years, covering many aspects such as laws and regulations, energy structure, realization path, and development status. Then, the research and development process of the hydrogen engine of the technical team of Dongfeng Motor Group Co., Ltd. R&D Institute Department is introduced, and the effective thermal efficiency of 45.04% is achieved. Finally, the future of hydrogen engine is further prospected.

Jin, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Shemin, Duan, Shaoyuan, Liu, Cong, Zhou, Hongli

Core Temperature Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Extended Kalman Filter

2025-01-7020

01/31/2025

Lithium-ion batteries have become the preferred energy storage component for electric vehicles due to their excellent overall performance. However, during use, they generate heat, causing the battery temperature to rise and the internal and surface temperatures to be inconsistent, affecting the battery’s performance and even leading to thermal safety issues. It is difficult to obtain real-time internal temperature measurements in actual vehicles. Therefore, accurately estimating the internal temperature of the battery, promptly detecting thermal faults, and ensuring efficient and safe operation of the battery are of great importance. This paper establishes a dual-state thermal model based on extended Kalman filtering for a square ternary lithium battery, which achieves real-time updating of external thermal resistance and online estimation of core battery temperature. For this type of lithium battery and its battery module, an experimental platform was set up, and basic performance

Jin, Yuntao, Liu, Xuanzhuo, Zhang, Zhengjie, Peng, Zhaoxia, Yang, Shichun

Numerical Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Liquid Ammonia Direct Injection Ammonia-Diesel Engine

2025-01-7118

01/31/2025

Under the guidance of carbon neutrality goals, ammonia is expected to become a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Ammonia-diesel dual-fuel combustion not only effectively reduces carbon emissions but also addresses the issue of ammonia's slow combustion speed, ensuring good engine performance. Ammonia-diesel engines with liquid ammonia direct injection have the potential to further increase the ammonia energy ratio (AER) and reduce unburned ammonia, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as NOx emissions. Based on a numerical model of a liquid ammonia direct injection ammonia-diesel engine, this paper compares two different injection system configurations: coaxial and non-coaxial liquid ammonia direct injection, and investigates the effect of AER on combustion and emission characteristics in the non-coaxial mode. The results show that, compared to the non-coaxial mode, the coaxial mode achieves more even fuel distribution and combustion distribution, higher

Liu, Yi, Chen, Qingchu, Qi, Yunliang, Wang, Zhi

Analysis of Injection Characteristics and Structural Reliability of Marine Methanol Fuel Injectors

2025-01-7116

01/31/2025

Nowadays, the energy transition is at the most critical moment. In order to achieve the emission reduction target of ships, a form of boosting piston inside methanol fuel injector has been carried out. The physical property fluctuations and phase change of methanol under high pressure have been considered in the design phase. 1D-3D coupling method is used to comprehensively evaluate the performace of the injector. To this end, an Amesim simulation model is established to systematically study and analyze the injection characteristics. The injection performance of the injector under four typical loads are calculated, which is evaluated from the perspectives of injection quantity, injection duration, valve response, and leakage of boost components. In the nozzle block, the cavitation intensity of methanol is stronger than that of diesel. To reduce the possibility of cavitation erosion, as a consequence, a CFD model is established to optimize the structure of nozzle components. By adding

Yang, Li, Wen, Liming, Zhang, Hanwen, Lu, Gangao, Dong, Weijie

Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen or Methane Injection in Active Pre-Chamber on a Lean Combustion Gasoline Engine

2025-01-7106

01/31/2025

With the global promotion of carbon neutrality policies, internal combustion engine (ICE) of traditional fossil fuel is gradually transitioning to carbon neutral fuel ICE, and hybrid dedicated engines are gradually replacing traditional internal combustion engines in the passenger car market. Ultra-lean combustion supported by active pre-chamber is one of the key technologies for achieving high thermal efficient over 45% BTE. However, there are still issues like cold start and PN emissions caused by impingement of liquid fuel injection in pre-chamber, and there is still room for improvement in thermal efficiency by less energy of pilot ignition fuel. Gaseous fuel such as hydrogen or methane have no wetting issues, and can be more easily controlled in terms of the injection amount in pre-chamber, thereby using a less amount of gaseous fuel as the pilot ignition fuel could be a solution. Due to the above situation, this article conducted experiments on a lean burn gasoline engine by

Liu, Yaodong, Liu, Mingli, He, Zhentao, Li, Xian, Zhao, Chuan, Qian, Dingchao, Qu, Hanshi, Li, Jincheng

Life Cycle Assessment of PEMFC System for Fuel Cell Vehicles Based on the GREET Model

2025-01-7086

01/31/2025

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are seen as an ideal solution to the issues of energy security and environmental pollution. There is a great need for a comprehensive understanding of the ecological impacts associated with fuel cells throughout their entire life cycle, from fuel extraction through manufacturing, operation, and ultimately to the disposal stage. This paper reviews the progress of research on measuring the emissions of hydrogen fuel cells and focuses on the carbon footprint throughout the fuel cell’s life cycle. The study defines the boundary conditions of the fuel cell system using the PLAC (Process-based life cycle assessment) method, analyzes the proportion of each material in the system, and divides its life cycle into six stages: raw material preparation, manufacturing and assembly, transportation and logistics, utilization, maintenance and repair, and scrap and recycling. This study uses the GREET analysis software to introduce a carbon footprint analysis model for a

Zhang, Ruojing, Zhu, Haomin, Zhou, Xiangyang, Pan, Xiangmin

Study of Soot Generation in Hybrid Engines during Cold Start and Low-Load Conditions Using an Optical Engine

2025-01-7047

01/31/2025

As regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fuel consumption become increasingly stringent, the development of hybrid power systems is accelerating, primarily due to their benefits in fuel efficiency and reduction of pollutants. Hybrid engines are specially designed to operate optimally at mid to high speeds and loads. But for low-speed low-load conditions, due to the relatively low in-cylinder tumble intensity and lower injection pressure, the fuel-air mixture tends to deteriorate, resulting in an increase in particle number. To enable the engine to reach optimal RPM and load quickly during frequent start-stop cycles, hybrid engines typically set a higher startup engine speed and establish fuel rail pressure more quickly compared to traditional engines. Yet hybrid engines still encounter challenges of soot generation during cold start conditions. Especially in urban driving conditions where the hybrid engine frequently experiences startups and idling, the soot generation problem

Liu, Changye, Man, Xingjia, Cui, Mingli, Liang, Yuanfei, Wang, Shangning, Li, Xuesong

Calculation and Analysis of Carbon Emissions for Fuel Vehicles and Electric Vehicles

2025-01-7096

01/31/2025

With the increase in vehicle population, the environmental problems caused by excessive carbon emissions from vehicles are becoming increasingly serious. Currently, China is actively promoting the development of electric vehicles to reduce carbon emissions. However, the electricity used by electric vehicles is a secondary energy source, and thermal power generation still dominates China's current power structure, so electric vehicles will indirectly contribute to carbon emissions during use. Calculating and analysing the carbon emissions of fuel vehicles and electric vehicles will give a better idea of the environmental advantages of electric vehicles. In this paper, the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) are selected, and the energy consumption is calculated by the energy consumption formula of fuel and electric vehicles under different conditions, and the carbon emission is obtained by the carbon emission coefficients of gasoline and electric energy. Through MATLAB calculation

Xie, Haonan, Lin, Guangyu

Comparison of Matrix-Torque-Component Machines with Regular IPMs for New-Energy Vehicles

2025-01-7050

01/31/2025

New-energy vehicles (NEVs) are gaining increasing attention as global efforts focus on reducing carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. The motor drive system, a core technology of electric vehicles, has become a prominent research focus in both academia and industry. This paper investigates a novel matrix-torque-component machine (MTCM) that has been proposed for use in electric vehicles in recent years. First, the paper introduces the topology and torque generation mechanism of MTCM and IPMs. For comparison, an MTCM and a detailed model of the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) are developed. The torque capacity, loss distribution, and operational performance are then compared sequentially. Results indicate that the torque-generating capacity of the MTCM is higher than that of the IPM. Additionally, the MTCM performs better in low-speed, high-torque ranges. Therefore, the MTCM shows promising application potential in electric heavy-duty trucks and as a

Sun, Pengcheng, Jia, Shaofeng, Yang, Dongxu, Liang, Deliang

Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Thermal Management System for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle

2025-01-7091

01/31/2025

An effective vehicle integrated thermal management system (ITMS) is critical for the safe and efficient operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicles. This paper takes a fuel cell vehicle (FCV) as the research object, comprehensively considers the vehicle layout environment and thermal management requirements, and designs a complete thermal management system for FCV. The key components are selected and designed to match the performance and the control strategy of ITMS of fuel cell vehicle is developed. To do that, the ITMS model is established based on the heating principle and heat transfer theory of each key component. Then, the ITMS under Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) operating conditions at different ambient temperatures are simulated and analyzed by selecting indicators such as coolant flow rate and temperature. Under the ambient temperature of 40°C, the temperature of PEMFC is basically stable between 78 °C and 83°C, the coolant outlet

Jiang, Qi, Xiong, Shusheng, Wang, Yupeng, Zhu, Shaopeng, Chen, Huipeng

Fault Diagnosis Strategy for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Based on PSO-BP Neural Network Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

2025-01-7085

01/31/2025

This paper presents a fault diagnosis strategy that integrates model-based and data-driven approaches for a 115 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell used in vehicles. First, a stack subsystem model was developed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform based on the working principles and structure of PEMFC, and validated with experimental data. Subsequently, faults in the air and hydrogen inlet pipelines were simulated, and the resulting fault data were subjected to preprocessing steps, including cleaning, normalization, and feature extraction, to enhance the efficiency of subsequent data processing. Finally, a BP neural network optimized by particle swarm optimization was employed to achieve fault tree-based classification diagnosis. Experimental results indicate that the diagnosis accuracy of the BP neural network reached 96.04%, with an additional accuracy improvement of approximately 2.4% after PSO optimization.

Wang, Ze, Zhu, Shaopeng, Chen, Ping, Li, Congxin, Zhou, Wenhua

Design and Analysis of a Novel Super-Fast Multi-Gear Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-7029

01/31/2025

Electrified powertrain configurations are critical to the fuel economy and performance of hybrid vehicles. While single planetary gear (PG) configurations - such as the Toyota Prius - have the advantage of simple control and excellent fuel economy, the generator1 is unable to participate in the drive, resulting in poor acceleration. To overcome these problems, we propose a new multi-gear electronically controlled continuously variable transmission (ECVT) due to its high efficiency and excellent acceleration performance. It requires only one PG and two synchronizers. For this type of multi-gear ECVT hybrid vehicle, this paper describes in detail the synchronizer-based shift logic of the new configuration. Furthermore, the power flow and dynamics modeling process in different operating modes are systematically analyzed. In addition, the global optimal Dynamic Programming (DP) algorithm is presented and a new near-optimal energy management strategy, Rapid-DP, is employed to evaluate the

Zou, Yunge, Zhang, Yuxin, Yang, Yalian, Liu, Changdong

Mesoscopic Heat and Mass Transfer Process in Catalyst Layer of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells under Cold Environment

2025-01-7088

01/31/2025

To explore the heat and mass transfer processes within the low-temperature catalyst layer, a coupled heat and mass transfer lattice Boltzmann model and electrochemical model were established, creating a pore-scale model for heat and mass transfer in the catalyst layer. The influence of the catalyst layer parameters was investigated. The results indicate that as time progresses, heat gradually accumulates at the top of the catalyst layer (CL) and is transmitted towards the bottom. Once oxygen enters the CL, it quickly fills the pores within the CL, resulting in a rapid decrease in oxygen concentration within the ionomer. As the platinum volume fraction increases, there is a significant rise in temperature across the entire calculation domain. With the increasing platinum volume fraction, the current density also increases rapidly due to the larger reaction area. When the carbon volume fraction is 0.15, more oxygen enters the ionomer to participate in reactions, and the large porosity

Xu, Sheng, Chen, Xin, Sheng, Tao

The Influence of Excess Air Ratio on NOx Emissions of Turbocharged Direct Injection Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines

2025-01-7094

01/31/2025

Direct injection in the cylinder of a hydrogen internal combustion engine results in increasing NOx emissions in high-temperature oxygen rich environments. To explore the effect of excess air ratio λ on the NOx emissions of a direct injection hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine (HICE), a CFD simulation model was built based on a turbocharged direct injection hydrogen internal combustion engine using Converge software, and investigates the impact of lean burn on the NOx emissions. The simulation results show that increasing the excess air ratio λ can lower the in-cylinder mean temperature and effectively reduce the generation of NOx. The maximum temperature difference between λ=2.1 and λ=2.7 is 400K when engine speed is 4500 r/min. As the engine speed increases, under the same condition of λ, different loads at different speeds result in differences in the reaction temperature inside the cylinder, with higher temperatures at high speeds, so both the cylinder temperature and NOx

Peng, Tianyu, Luo, Qinghe, Tang, Hongyang

Research on Cavitation Flow Characteristics in Thermal Sensitive Future Fuel Nozzles

2025-01-7108

01/31/2025

In order to clarify the cavitation flow characteristics in future fuel nozzles and guide the design of new nozzle structural blocks, this research work was carried out in both experimental and simulation aspects. In the experiment, it was found that under high injection pressure, methanol showed more severe cavitation than diesel. By adding frosted glass, a better light effect was achieved in the nozzle hole. It was found that the front section of the nozzle had geometric induced cavitation, the middle section had vortex cavitation, and the rear section had expanded vortex cavitation. Traditional numerical models cannot accurately calculate this phenomenon. To this end, the two-phase physical properties that change with temperature and pressure were constructed, combined with multiphase, turbulence, and energy models, CFD calculations were performed and verified based on visualization results. On this basis, a comparative analysis of the flow mechanism in future fuel and traditional

Zhang, Hanwen, Fan, Liyun, Li, Bo, Wei, Yunpeng, Zhang, Dianhao

Steady-State and Dynamic Characteristics of Secondary Loop CO ₂ Thermal System for Electric Vehicles

2025-01-7006

01/31/2025

With the rapid adoption of new energy vehicles (NEVs), effective thermal management has become a crucial factor for enhancing performance, safety, and efficiency. This study investigates the steady-state and dynamic characteristics of a secondary loop CO₂ (R744) thermal management system designed for electric vehicles. The secondary loop system presents several benefits, such as improved safety through reduced refrigerant leakage and enhanced integration capabilities with existing vehicle subsystems. However, these advantages often come at the cost of decreased thermodynamic efficiency compared to direct systems. Experimental evaluations were conducted to understand the effects of varying coolant flow rates, discharge pressure, and dynamic startup behaviors. Results indicate that while the indirect system generally shows a lower coefficient of performance (COP) than direct systems, optimization of key parameters like coolant flow rate and discharge pressure can significantly enhance

Zong, Shuo, He, Yifan, Guan, Yan, Dong, Qiqi, Yin, Xiang, Cao, Feng

Research on the Characteristics of an Integrated Thermoelectric Generation, Catalytic Conversion, and Noise Suppression System

2025-01-7062

01/31/2025

In the context of global energy shortages and increasing environmental pollution, improving energy efficiency in automobiles has become a key area of research. Traditional internal combustion engines exhibit low energy conversion efficiency, with a significant portion of fuel energy wasted as exhaust heat. To address this issue, this paper proposes an integrated thermoelectric generation, catalytic conversion, and noise suppression system (ITGCMS) aimed at recovering waste heat from vehicle exhaust, while optimizing emissions and noise reduction through the combination of a catalytic converter and a muffler. A three-dimensional model was established using COMSOL software to thoroughly analyze the system's thermoelectric generation, catalytic conversion, and acoustic performance. The study found that Model B demonstrated the best thermoelectric performance, with an average surface temperature of 300.2°C and a more uniform temperature distribution across the thermoelectric modules

Wu, Ji-Xin, Su, Chu-Qi, Wang, Yi-Ping, Yuan, Xiao-Hong, Liu, Xun

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