Browse Topic: Life cycle analysis

Items (546)
ABSTRACT The U.S. Army identified the use of advanced materials in next generation combat vehicles design as a focal technology area of interest and urged industry to develop replacements that realize weight, sustainment, and cost savings. An initial life cycle analysis suggests that using Titanium road wheels as an alternative to legacy road wheels could cut 555.6 lbs. and reduce cost by $39,760.00 per each M-1 tank over a life cycle of 8,000 mi, resulting with $71.72 savings per each pound reduced. Secondary side-effects of the weight reduction achieved by the Titanium road wheels include improvements such as fuel economy, mobility, transportability, and risk-reduction in the inclusion of emerging metal matrix composite technologies in next generation combat vehicles. The paper recommends conducting field evaluation and considering the application of Titanium road wheels in the M-1/M-88, M-109, AMPV, MPF, OMFV, DLP/FDL, and RCV (H) platforms Citation: R. Paytan, R. Mazor, “Titanium
Paytan, RonnenMazor, Ronen
ABSTRACT In support of the Army’s Modernization Strategy focus on Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV), GVSC with OSD partners (OECIF, NAVY) is developing a Joint Service High-Voltage (HV) Specification for Energy Storage Modules (ESMs), i.e. Li-ion batteries. Greater penetration of safe, low cost ESM in support of electrification will result in improved platform survivability, maneuverability and capability. It is anticipated that an HV ESM specification for an adaptable, scalable energy storage based on commercial practices, will benefit multiple DOD platforms resulting in an acquisition life cycle cost reduction and a reduced logistical burden. To support multiple platform requirements, the specification is being developed to allow for a modular electrical architecture from 50V to 1000V. Analysis is also presented on the ability to obtain an optimum solution using a combination of standard power and energy battery modules vs. a platform unique battery, demonstrating the viability
Thampan, TonyHundich, AlexSkalny, DaveToomey, LaurenceWong, ByronZwally, JohnHacker, ChrisHeinzel, John
ABSTRACT High life cycle costs coupled with durability and environmental challenges of tracked vehicles in South West Asia (SWA) have focused R&D activities on understanding failure modes of track components as well as understanding the system impacts on track durability. The durability limiters for M1 Abrams (M1, M1A1, and M1A2) T-158LL track systems are the elastomeric components. The focus of this study is to review test methodology utilized to collect preliminary data on the loading distribution of a static vehicle. Proposed design changes and path forward for prediction of durability of elastomers at the systems level from component testing will be presented
Ostberg, DavidBradford, Bill
ABSTRACT Computer models and simulations have become an indispensable tool for solving complex problems in many parts of vehicle development including powertrain engineering, mobility assessment, survivability analysis, and manufacturing and life cycle assessment. As computational power has increased and model accuracy has improved, engineers have come to depend on simulations to investigate and characterize systems. This raises the importance of model calibration and validation. Calibration is the process of tuning model parameters which are not directly measured in physical tests. These parameters maybe physical properties (material and soil properties, manufactured dimensions, engine operating points) which are difficult to measure or entirely non-physical model parameters. Calibration is necessary to ensure that models and simulation results are as close to physical reality as possible given modeling limitations and assumptions. This paper presents a calibration framework which
Aguilar, DavidAndrews, MarkLeyde, Brian
ABSTRACT To support customers during product development, General Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS) utilizes a set of Operations Research/Decision Support processes and tools to facilitate all levels of decision-making aimed at achieving a balanced system design. GDLS employs a rigorous Structured Decision (SD) process that allows for large, highly complex or strategic decisions to be made at the system-of-systems, system, and/or subsystem level. Powerful, robust tools -the Advanced Collaborative System Optimization Modeler (ACSOM) and Logical Decisions for Windows (LDW) - are used to make relatively quick assessments and provide recommendations. The latest ACSOM algorithms have increased the response time for trade study analysis by over 2,000 times and future versions will incorporate logistics analysis helping to reduce vehicle Life Cycle Cost
Gerlach, JamesHartman, GregoryWilliams, DarrellParent, Jeffery
ABSTRACT This research paper addresses the ground vehicle reliability prediction process based on a new integrated reliability prediction framework. The paper is an extension of the paper presented last year at the GVSETS symposium. The integrated stochastic framework combines the computational physics-based predictions with experimental testing information for assessing vehicle reliability. The integrated reliability prediction approach incorporates the following computational steps: i) simulation of stochastic operational environment, ii) vehicle multi-body dynamics analysis, iii) stress prediction in subsystems and components, iv) stochastic progressive damage analysis, and v) component life prediction, including the effects of maintenance and, finally, iv) reliability prediction at component and system level. To solve efficiently and accurately the challenges coming from large-size computational mechanics models and high-dimensional stochastic spaces, a HPC simulation-based
Ghiocel, Dan M.Negrut, DanLamb, DavidGorsich, David
ABSTRACT The 2015 defense budget, announced in March, 2014 was requested to be $496 Billion, which is down from $553 Billion three years ago [1]. This means that existing equipment, which has been trained on for numerous years, and fought two major wars, will be required to last longer and be maintained at a high state of readiness for years to come. In addition to acquisition and maintenance costs, fuel that propels these vehicles continues to also be at a premium. According to Forbes magazine, the US Department of Defense is the single-largest consumer of fuel in the world [2]. With fuel costs as volatile as ever, and an aging military fleet, researchers need to bring technology to the table that extends the life cycle of our vehicles and reduces the US DoD’s dependence on fuel. Technology that addresses both life cycle cost and fuel savings of commercial vehicles has been used for almost 40 years. This technology is a game changer for specialty vehicles such as police cars
Marcel, MikeCook, ChrisCook, ThomasSchroeder, Rich
ABSTRACT The recent U.S. Army TARDEC’s 30-Year Strategy calls for enhancing their skill set in the “ilities,” especially reliability, since this factor directly impacts more than 58% of life cycle costs, according to a DoD study. To support this initiative, this paper presents technology transfer of Iowa developed Reliability-Based Design Optimization (I-RBDO) software by integrating theories and numerical methods that have been developed over a number of years in collaboration with the Automotive Research Center (ARC), which is funded by the U.S. Army TARDEC. Both the sensitivity-based and sampling-based methods for reliability analysis and design optimization methods are integrated in I-RBDO for broader multidisciplinary applications. I-RBDO has very comprehensive capabilities that include modeling of input distributions for both independent and correlated variables; a variable screening method for high dimensional RBDO problems; statistical analysis; reliability analysis; RBDO; and
Choi, K.K.Gaul, Nicholas J.Song, HyeongjinCho, HyunkyooLamb, DavidGorsich, David
ABSTRACT Rubber tracks are now extremely competitive for vehicles up to 50 tons and fully fielded on 39 ton vehicles. They represent the best of what technology can offer for tracked vehicles, in terms of high durability, performance and low life cycle cost. This is mainly attributed to the optimization through the five (5) technological tools described in this paper. Better from its numerous distinctive advantages, rubber tracks can be adapted to suit virtually any specific need. This ductile rubber track technology can be shaped to match today’s requirements, with the help of advanced rubber compounding and computer simulations
Marcotte, Tommy
ABSTRACT This paper will focus on understanding the value proposition associated with utilizing advanced lithium-ion 6T solutions versus legacy Pb-acid 6Ts for military ground vehicles. The value proposition will include an analysis of the benefits associated with lithium-ion 6T batteries and reduction in life cycle cost (LCC). The analysis of benefits will include comparative discharge curves at various rates and temperatures, discuss enhancements features such as an integrated battery management system that provides real-time battery diagnostics via CANBus J1939 protocol, increased power/energy density, reduced charge time and increased cycle life. The LCC analysis will investigate acquisition cost comparison, replacement rates, and reduced installation & transportation costs. The LCC analysis concludes with a detailed review of how the lithium-ion 6T solution can drastically reduce the operation and maintenance (O&M) cost of the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) over its 20 year
Helm, JeffMarcel, Mike
This document provides an orientation to fusion splicing technology for optical fibers and fiber optic cable. It is intended for managers, designers, installers, and repair and maintenance personnel who need to understand the process of fusion splicing. This technology is widely used in telecommunications and industrial applications, and is finding acceptance in aerospace applications
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
In this study, dual fuel combustion process has been investigated numerically and experimentally in a single cylinder research engine. Two engine speeds have been investigated (1500 and 2000 rpm) at fixed BMEP of 5 bar for both engine speeds. For each engine speed two operating points have tested with and without EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). The hydrogen has been injected in the intake manifold in front of the tumble intake port inlet and a small amount of diesel fuel has been introduced directly in the cylinder through two injections strategy: one pilot injection occurring Before Top Dead Center (BTDC) and one main occurring around the Top Dead Center (TDC). The dual-fuel combustion model in GT-SUITE has been used first to calibrate the combustion model by using the Three Pressure Analysis (TPA) model. This step allows the calibration of the combustion model to predict in-cylinder combustion processes. Simulations have been performed at varying mass distribution of injected diesel
Maroteaux, FadilaSEBAI, SalimMancaruso, EzioRossetti, SalvatoreSchembri, PatrickRadja, KatiaBarichella, Arnault
The European Union plans to reach net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050. In 2020, the transport sector significantly contributed to global energy-related GHG emissions, with heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) responsible for a substantial portion of road transport emissions in the EU and a notable percentage of the EU’s total GHG emissions. Zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), including fuel cell (FC) vehicles, are crucial for decarbonizing the transport sector to achieve climate neutrality. This paper aims at quantifying the environmental impacts of a 200kW proton exchange membrane FC system for long-haul HDVs with a 40-ton mass and 750 km driving range. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied, and a life cycle model of the FC system was developed with a cradle-to-grave boundary. To ensure reproducibility and scalability, results are reported on a kW basis. A sensitivity analysis was performed on key parameters, including hydrogen production route, FC system production
Gentilucci, GaiaAccardo, AntonellaSpessa, Ezio
In response to the challenge of climate change, the European Union has developed a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Extensive research has been conducted on the CO2 life cycle analysis of propulsion systems. However, achieving net-zero CO2 emissions requires adjusting key performance indicators for the development of these. Therefore, we investigated the ecological sustainability impacts of various propulsion concepts integrated in a C-segment sports utility vehicle assuming a 100% renewable energy scenario. The propulsion concepts studied include a hydrogen-fueled 48V mild hybrid, a hydrogen-fueled 48V hybrid, a methanol-fueled 400V hybrid, a methanol-to-gasoline-fueled 400V plug-in hybrid, an 800V battery electric vehicle (BEV), and a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). To achieve a comprehensive and objective comparison of various propulsion concepts that meet the same pre-defined customer requirements for system design, we conducted an integrated and
Kexel, JannikPischinger, StefanBalazs, AndreasSchroeder, BenediktWegner, Hagen
Life cycle analyses suggest that electric vehicles are more efficient than gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Although the latest available data reveal that electric vehicle (EV) life cycle operational efficiency is only 17% (3 percentage points) higher than a gasoline ICEV, overall life cycle efficiencies including manufacturing for EVs are 2 percentage points lower than for ICEVs. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of EVs are only 4% lower than ICEVs, but criteria emissions of NOx and PM are approaching or exceeding two times those of gasoline ICEVs. Significant reductions in electric grid emissions are required to realize EV’s anticipated emission benefits. In contrast, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have over 70% higher efficiency and 28% lower GHG emissions than today’s EVs. For heavy-duty trucks using today’s gray hydrogen, produced by steam–methane reforming, overall life cycle efficiencies of ICEs and fuel cells are 63% higher than electric powertrains using
Wade, Wallace R.
Composite materials, pioneered by aerospace engineering due to their lightness, strength, and durability properties, are increasingly adopted in the high-performance automotive sector. Besides the acknowledged composite components’ performance, enabled lightweighting is becoming even more crucial for energy efficiency, and therefore emissions along vehicle use phase from a decarbonization perspective. However, their use entails energy-intensive and polluting processes involved in the production of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and particularly their end-of-life disposal. Carbon footprint is the established indicator to assess the environmental impact of climate-changing factors on products or services. Research on different carbon footprint sources reduction is increasing, and even the European Composites Industry Association is demanding the development of specific Design for Sustainability approaches. This paper analyzes the early strategies for providing low-carbon
Dalpadulo, EnricoRusso, MarioGherardini, FrancescoLeali, Francesco
Since the popularization of the Electric Vehicle (EV) there has been a large movement of consumers, governments, and the automotive industry due to its environmentally friendly characteristics. Unlike an IC engine, the batteries use multitudes of rare earth minerals and complex manufacturing processes which in some cases have been shown to produce as many emissions as an ICE vehicle over its entire lifespan. Another unnoticed important environmental concern has been the final recycling and disposal of the power train after its use. Unlike an ICE engine, which can be melted down or re-used, recycling batteries are much more difficult. In most cases the recycling process and the byproducts produced can be very harmful to the environment. This paper aims to be a complete cradle-to-grave analysis of all emissions produced in the life of an EV battery. This includes the mining of material required, refining of the material to a form suitable for manufacturing, manufacturing important
Abraham, Albert J.AbdulNour, Bashar
The LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) methodology is nowadays considered fundamental for the estimation and analysis of the economic and social impacts coming from the CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) footprint. It is a methodology for evaluating the “environmental footprint” of the product, “from cradle to grave” and it is carried out by quantifying the impacts deriving from both the use of resources and emissions into the environment. The aim of this study is to contribute to environmental assessment in the context of the sustainability of vehicular transport in urban areas. For this reason, through a comparative analysis of the LCA it is possible to evaluate the CO2 emissions deriving from cars during real use and relating to the entire life of the vehicles. Three comparisons were made considering pairs made up of an electric vehicle and an internal combustion vehicle of the same segment and category: small city cars, mid-size and SUV. In the development of the work, various articles have been
Meccariello, GiovanniDella Ragione, Livia
This paper is part of a broader research project aiming at studying, designing, and prototyping a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine to achieve fast market implementation, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable costs. The ability to provide a fast market implementation is linked to the fact that the technological solution would exploit the existing production chain of internal combustion engines. Regarding the technological point of view, the hydrogen engine will be a monofuel engine re-designed based on a diesel-powered engine. The redesign involves specific modifications to critical subsystems, including combustion systems, injection, ignition, exhaust gas recirculation, and exhaust gas aftertreatment. Notably, adaptations include the customization of the cylinder head for controlled ignition, optimization of camshaft profiles, and evaluation of the intake system. The implementation incorporates additive manufacturing for the production of new intake manifolds and
Malagrinò, GianfrancoAccardo, AntonellaCostantino, TrentalessandroPensato, MicheleSpessa, Ezio
The 2023 FISITA White Paper (for which the author was a contributor) on managing in-service emissions and transportation options, to reduce CO2 (CO2-e or carbon footprint) from the existing vehicle fleet, proposed 6 levers which could be activated to complement the rapid transition to vehicles using only renewable energy sources. Another management opportunity reported here is optimizing the vehicle’s life in-service to minimize the life-cycle CO2 impact of a range of present and upcoming vehicles. This study of the US vehicle fleet has quite different travel and composition characteristics to European (EU27) vehicles. In addition, the embodied CO2 is based on ANL’s GREET data rather than EU27 SimaPro methodology. It is demonstrated that in-service, whole-of-life mileage has a significant influence on the optimum life cycle CO2 for BEVs and H2 fuelled FCEVs, as well as ICEs and PHEVs. Thus, the object is to show how much present, typical in-service life-mileage differs from the
Watson, Harry C.
Carbon neutrality has become a significant target. One essential parameter regarding energy consumption and emissions is the mass of vehicles. Lightweight design improves the result of vehicle life cycle assessment (LCA), increases efficiency, and can be a step towards sustainability and CO2 neutrality. Weight reduction through structural optimization is a challenging task. Typical design development procedures have to be overcome. Instead of just a facelift or the creation of a derivative of the predecessor design, completely alternative design creation methods have to be applied. Automated structural optimization is one tool for exploring completely new design approaches. Different methods are available and weight reduction is the focus of topology optimization. This paper describes a fatigue life homogenization method that enables the weight reduction of vehicle parts. The applied CAE process combines fatigue life prediction and topology optimization. An adapted design for a
Kato, YoshiyaIshikawa, SatoruPuchner, KlausSchossleitner, MartinGaier, Christian
To properly compare and contrast the environmental performance of one vehicle technology against another, it is necessary to consider their production, operation, and end-of-life fates. Since 1995, Argonne’s GREET® life cycle analysis model (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies) has been annually updated to model and refine the latest developments in fuels and materials production, as well as vehicle operational and composition characteristics. Updated cradle-to-grave life cycle analysis results from the model’s latest release are described for a wide variety of fuel and powertrain options for U.S. light-duty and medium/heavy-duty vehicles. Light-duty vehicles include a passenger car, sports utility vehicle (SUV), and pick-up truck, while medium/heavy-duty vehicles include a Class 6 pickup-and-delivery truck, Class 8 day-cab (regional) truck, and Class 8 sleeper-cab (long-haul) truck. Powertrain coverage includes internal combustion (spark ignition and
Kelly, Jarod C.Kim, TaeminKolodziej, Christopher P.Iyer, Rakesh K.Tripathi, ShashwatElgowainy, AmgadWang, Michael
Vehicle electrification is game changer for automotive sector because of major energy and environmental implications driven by high vehicle efficiency. However, EVs are facing challenges on life cycle assessment (LCA), charging, and driving range compared to conventional fossil-fueled vehicles. One of the key features that impacts the efficiency of an EV is its battery charging system which is done using an On-Board Charger (OBC). OBCs, are primarily used to convert DC-power from high-voltage battery pack to AC-power. They contain different power-electronic devices such as MOSFETs, diodes, magnetics etc. These devices generate a lot of heat and require an efficient thermal management strategy. Through CAE Thermal analysis it was identified that amongst these components, transformers and diodes are major source of heat. Temperature observed at these component locations were in the range of 90-105 °C, compared to other components (45-75°C). This results into formation of hot spots on
Bali, ShirishBhatt, SrishtiBhavsar, VaibhavRao, Bhaskar
Automotive industry is a major contributor to global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and waste generation. Not only do vehicles produce emissions during usage, but they also generate emissions during production phase and end of life disposal. There is an urgent need to address sustainability and circularity issues in this sector. This paper explores how circularity and CO2 reduction principles can be applied to design and production of automotive parts, with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of these components throughout their life cycle. Also, this paper highlights the impact of design principles on End-of-Life Management of vehicles. As Design decisions of Component impacts up to 80% of emissions [1], it is important to focus on this phase for major contribution in reduction of emissions. Various factors such as material selection, quantity and weight of materials used in parts, design for durability, aerodynamic characteristics, design strategies, design for recycling
Ali, Rifat FahmidaHarel, SamarthShaikh, TahaChakraborty, Pinka
A general automotive car is majorly composed of high strength steel (6%), other steel (50%), Iron (15%), Plastics (7%), Aluminum (4%) and others (Rubber, Glass, Textile) about 18%. End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are a significant source of waste and pollution in the automotive industry. Recycling ELVs, particularly their plastic components, Li-ion batteries, catalytic converters, and critical technology components such as alternators, semi-conductor chips, and high tensile strength steel can reduce their environmental impact and conserve valuable raw materials. The paper conducts a SWOT analysis and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the long-term viability and potential of ELV recycling, environmental impact, and carbon footprint. This paper examines the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and proposes a sustainable recycling solution for waste bumpers that includes paint removal, modification, reprocessing & recovery of precious metals from xEV Li-ion batteries
Baviskar, AjayKhera, PankajTelgote, AshishDhuria, HimanshuSharma, Amit
Salt Spray Test is being used since 1930’s to accelerate the corrosion testing of materials and to understand the longevity of applied coating. The sample in this kind of test is exposed to a salt mist in a controlled environment and its corrosion resistance is evaluated by measuring the corrosion rate. The Wet-Dry cycle in Salt Spray Test has the ability to simulate the drying and wetting which occurs in real driving scenario, leading to formation of a film of corrosion products which is useful in analyzing the kinetics of electrochemical reaction. Despite the advancement in severity of these tests to understand the atmospheric corrosion phenomena, they still consume time and resources. Secondly, sometimes these kind of tests do not consider into account the effect of Temperature, Humidity and other chemicals in play. Thus, numerical simulation plays a pivotal role in digitalizing the corrosion analysis to a certain extent. It also helps to provide a timesaving, effective, accurate
Shukrey, SarthakYenugu, SrinivasaShah, SrishtyBernardi, Roman
The growing demand for transportation fuels and the global emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have led to increased interest in analyzing transport GHG emissions from the life-cycle perspective. Methanol, a potentially carbon-neutral fuel synthesized from CO2 and H2, has emerged as a promising candidate. This paper conducts a comprehensive life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the GHG emissions associated with the methanol production process, utilizing data inventory from China in 2019. To simulate the synthesis and distillation process of methanol, Aspen Plus is employed, using parameters obtained from actual plants. GHG emissions are then calculated using the GREET model, incorporating updated industry statistics and research findings. The CO2 necessary for methanol production is captured from factory flue gas. Two different sources of H2 are considered: one from Coke Oven Gas (COG) and the hydrogen-rich gas byproduct resulting from COG methanation (Case 1), and the other via
Fu, YangWang, BuyuShuai, Shijin
The Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by all United Nation Member States in 2015 to ensure a sustainable planet and improved living conditions for everyone, everywhere. The light duty vehicle (LDV) fleet has exceeded one billion, with most vehicles being powered by internal combustion engines. Transportation is responsible for 60% of global fossil oil consumption. Air pollution is a large problem in cities often attributed to road transport. Vehicles comprise of over 70 material categories, indicating the complexity of sustainable material management. A hypothesis was established, that a sustainable engine (SE) could significantly reduce the environmental impact of transportation and, be realized by combining available technologies. A life cycle analysis was conducted on a 145 kW 2-litre Miller-cycle gasoline 48V-mild-hybrid engine with EU6d exhaust aftertreatment system (EATS), assessing seven mid-point categories. The environmental impacts were used to establish sustainable
Dudley, Joshua PaulLaurell, MatsThuve, ChristofferKlövmark, Henrik
Paris Climate Agreement defined the strategy to contrast the current climate change trend. Therefore, a complete and deep review of the entire lifespan of a product is necessary. Recently, in the agri-tech field, also tractors manufacturers have begun to explore the adoption of full-electric or hybrid-electric powertrains to contrast pollutants emissions and to misrepresent tractor functionalities, due to diesel engines stricter regulations in terms of pollutants emissions. The aim of this work is to evaluate the carbon intensity of an ICE and hybrid-electric orchard tractor trough Life Cycle Assessment technique. The assessment has been conducted considering production, use and disposal phases of the tractor. Lastly, the results obtained are illustrated according to gate-to-gate and cradle-to-gate approach
Martelli, SalvatoreMocera, FrancescoSomà, Aurelio
The paper shows how grease thickener polarity affects performance of the typical powertrain components: gears and rolling element bearings. Greases based on a non-polar polypropylene thickener reduce friction losses (more than 20%) in high-speed deep groove ball bearings and provide a longer service life (more than 2 times) in highly loaded bevel gears, compared to the greases based on polar lithium thickeners. The electrification and sustainability trends have led to additional requirements to be addresses during grease design process: tunable electric conductivity and reduced environment footprint. The grease design challenges caused by the novel requirements and potential solutions are discussed
Glavatskih, SergeiLeckner, Johan
Lithium Ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as the dominant technology for electric mobility due to their performance, stability, and long cycle life. Nevertheless, there are emerging environmental and economic issues from Li-ion batteries related to depleting critical resources and their potential shortage. This paper focuses on developing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) of a generic Li-ion battery pack with a Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) cathode chemistry, being the most used, and a capacity of 95 kWh as an average between different carmakers. The LCA and LCC include all the relevant phases of the life cycle of the product. The costs related to the LCC assessment have been taken as secondary data. Lastly, the same system boundary has been chosen both for the LCA and LCC. The results of the LCA and LCC show that the carbon footprint is 119.7 kgCO2eq/kWh while the economic impact is 147.3 €/kWh if Europe is assumed as the production, use and recycling
Di Vittorio, NataliaAccardo, AntonellaSpessa, EzioViscido, LucioTam, Edwin
Vehicle electrification is one of the most important emerging trends in the transportation sector and a necessary step towards the reduction of polluting substances and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, electric vehicles still present some environmental criticalities, such as indirect emissions related to the electricity used for charging the traction battery, which depends on the considered national electricity generation mix. The leading approach for quantifying the potential environmental impacts is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a standardized methodology that takes into account the whole life cycle of a product, including production, use phase, and end-of-life. Among them, the use phase is the most controversial and heterogenic part of the battery LCA, being environmental impacts depending on different national electricity generation mixes and several factors difficult to estimate, such as charge-discharge power losses that provide significant contributions to the overall
Silvestri, LucaDe Santis, MicheleFalcucci, GiacomoSerao, PaolaBella, Gino
A possible environmental assessment of sustainable vehicular transport is based on a comparative analysis through the LCA Life Cycle Analysis methodology of the entire vehicle’s life cycle. For this purpose, it could contribute to the choices of political decision-makers and investors in the sector of large infrastructure and industrial works. Therefore, the LCA activity is of fundamental importance for the estimation and analysis of the economic and social impacts through the comparative analysis of technological solutions in scenarios of “accelerated technological evolution” and/or “sustainable mobility”. The study could be designed for different vehicle segments to evaluate their efficiency and overall environmental sustainability also related to current social and political scenarios. Couples with electric and internal combustion vehicles of the same market segment and category may be compared. Furthermore, the comparative analysis is carried out during a PON Extreme research
Della Ragione, LiviaMeccariello, GiovanniBeatrice, CarloRicco, Raffaele
The transportation industry has been scrutinized for its contribution towards the global greenhouse gas emissions over the years. While the automotive sector has been regulated by strict emission legislation globally, the emissions from marine transportation have been largely neglected. However, during the past decade, the international maritime organization focused on ways to lower the emission intensity of the marine sector by introducing several legislations. This sets limits on the emissions of different oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, which are emitted in large amounts from heavy fuel oil (HFO) combustion (the primary fuel for the marine sector). A 40% and 70% reduction per transport work compared to the levels of 2008 is set as target for CO2 emission for 2030 and 2050, respectively. To meet these targets, commonly, methanol, as a low-carbon fuel, and ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel, are considered. But for the well-being of the marine ecosystem, nitrogen and sulphur
Tripathi, ShashwatGorbatenko, InnaGarcia, AntonioSarathy, Mani
In the context of the race toward minimum road transportation carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the needs for tools comparing various powertrain options are of the highest importance. Various authors have demonstrated the necessity to take into account the full life cycle assessment (LCA), a simplified tank-to-wheel calculation being unsatisfactory in providing guidance regarding the optimized technological choices depending of variables manufacturing and operating conditions. There are several examples to be found in the literature but they have been found to be very specific to most of their assumptions (e.g., vehicle models, electricity carbon intensity for usage or production, etc.). This paper focuses first on possibly to establish a more general model and relative graphic tool to compare carbon foot print of various powertrains with incremental electrification levels of light-duty vehicles (spark ignition engine, full hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicle), enabling
Hébert, Guillaume
The proportion of new registrations with battery-electric and hybrid powertrains is rising steadily. This shows the strong trend in the automotive industry away from conventional powertrains with internal combustion engines. The aim is to reduce the transport sector's contribution to CO2 emissions. However, it should be noted that this only applies when renewable energy is used. Studies show the relevance of the system boundaries under consideration, which makes the application of Life Cycle Assessment indispensable. According to these studies, the various types of powertrains differ only slightly in their greenhouse gas impact. Rather, the energy supply chain plays a significant role. Moreover, a ban on combustion engines would lead to an additional increase in cumulative CO2 emissions. An important aspect on the way to sustainable mobility solutions is addressing the existing fleet. The approximately 1.25 billion vehicles predominantly powered by internal combustion engines can make
Villforth, JonasVacca, AntoninoBargende, MichaelKulzer, Andre
Following the recent trend in the automotive industry, hybrid and pure electric powertrain systems are more and more preferred over conventional combustion powertrain systems due to their significant potential to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. Although electric powertrains do not produce direct emissions during their operational time, the indirect emissions over their whole life cycle have to be taken into consideration. In this direction, the carbon footprint due to the electrification of the hand-held power tool industry needs to be examined in the preliminary design phase. In this paper, after defining the carbon footprint calculation framework, assumptions and simplifications used for the calculations, a direct comparison of the total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions of three equivalent power and range powertrain systems - a combustion-driven, a hybrid-driven, and a cordless electric-driven - is presented. The relative comparison of their life cycle CO2eq emissions
Vogiatzis, DimitriosMerschak, SimonSchacht, Hans-JuergenSchmidt, StephanArenz, Martin
Throughout its history, the internal combustion engine has been continuously scrutinized to achieve strict legislative emission targets. With the dawn of renewable fuels fast approaching, most Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) equipped hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) face difficulty in adjusting their precise control strategies to new fuels. This is partly due to constrained limitations associated with camshaft-induced design-point air induction limitations. Freevalve is a fully variable valvetrain technology enabling independent control of valve lifts, durations, and timings. Additionally, the added degrees-of-freedom enable the capability to shut-off individual engine valves, optimizing combustion performance and stability through specific speed ranges. By design, it minimizes the existing breathing-related constraints that are currently hindering the extraction of the higher efficiency potential of ICEs. To explore the potential environmental benefits from improved fuel consumption
Elmagdoub, Abdelrahman W. M.Simaitis, JorisHalmearo, MattiasCarlson, UrbanTurner, JamesBrace, ChrisAkehurst, SamZhang, Nic
Since vehicles are comprised of thousands of components, it is essential to reduce the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) modelling workload. This study aims to compare different LCI modeling workload-reducing scenarios to provide a trade-off between the workload efforts and result accuracy. To achieve the optimal balance between computational effort and data specification requirements, the driver seat is used as a case study, instead of the entire vehicle. When all the components of a conventional light-duty commercial vehicle are sorted by mass descending order, seats are among the first five. In addition, unlike the other components, seats are comprised of metals as well as a wide range of plastics and textiles, making them a representative test case for a general problem formulation. In this way, methodology and outcomes can be reasonably extended to the entire vehicle. Regarding the methodology, this study investigates the use of the International Material Data System (IMDS), thus primary
Accardo, AntonellaDotelli, GiovanniSpessa, Ezio
In recent decades, the importance of emerging alternative fuels has increased significantly as a solution to the problems of global warming and air pollution from energy production. In this context, ammonia (NH3) is seen as a potential option and energy vector that may be able to overcome the technical challenges associated with the use of other carbon-free fuels such as hydrogen (H2) in internal combustion engines (ICE). In this research, a numerical methodology for evaluating the impact of using ammonia as a fuel for spark-ignition ICEs has been developed. A combination of a single-cylinder and multi-cylinder numerical experiments has been performed to identify the main challenges and determine correct engine configuration. In addition, the performance of the engine has been evaluated through standard homologation driving cycles, contrasting it with other alternative propulsion configurations. Finally, a simplified life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out to compare the
Novella, RicardoPastor, JoseGomez-Soriano, JosepBayona, Javier Sánchez
The concept of the circular economy provides a framework for a more efficient closed-loop economy. Much literature has been published focusing on circular business models and assessing environmental impact throughout the life cycle. A move towards more circular business models, where the focus transitions to the delivery of a capability rather than the delivery of a product, presents new challenges to manufacturers of complex or certified engineered products. The aviation industry has established several engineering disciplines, life cycle design, and certification approaches that (while not designed with the circular economy in mind) underpin the principles of the circular economy. This paper provides a new conceptual framework for the circular economy that integrates the engineering principles that drive circularity around the life cycle for designing, producing, and operating complex and certified engineering systems. It also identifies the engineering and operational principles
Meldrum, Rebecca
This work covers the historical development of Built-In-Test (BIT) for fiber optic interconnect links for aerospace applications using Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) equipped transceivers. The original failure modes found that installed fiber optic links must be disconnected before diagnosis could begin, often resulting in “no fault found” (NFF) designation. In fact, the observed root cause was that most (85%) of the fiber optic link defects were produced by contamination of the connector end faces. In March of 2006, a fiber optics workshop was held with roughly sixty experts from system and component manufacturers to discuss the difficulties of fiber optic test in aerospace platforms. During this meeting it was hypothesized that Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) was feasible using an optical transceiver transmit pulse as a stimulus. The time delay and amplitude of received reflections would correlate with the position and severity of link defects, respectively. The
Mazurowski, John
The purpose of this SAE Standard is to define a common set of thermodynamic test conditions to evaluate internal heat exchangers for use with R-134a and R-1234yf refrigerants in mobile air-conditioning systems. This SAE Standard can be used to test actual vehicle IHX designs or standardized IHX samples, which can be used for comparison based on a common length and shape
Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Energy efficiency investment is commonly thought to be poor for business. The analysis presented here uses current cost data to demonstrate that there is plenty of room to improve the energy efficiency of cars from the current 25.7 miles per gallon (mpg) or 20%. Investing in the optimum yields an excellent return of over 22% on the owner’s investment in the improved efficiency. A model for the initial cost of a car was developed to accurately predict (within 10% for the majority of over 90% of the data for gasoline and hybrid cars) the initial cost as a function of power output and fuel efficiency. Minimizing total life cycle costs produces an optimum fuel efficiency ranging from 62 mpg to 82 mpg (48% to 64%) as gasoline prices vary from $5 to $10 per gallon, respectively. The higher efficiencies result in fuel savings with corresponding reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, investing in energy efficiency is not only a good business decision, but it also makes for a more
Zietlow, David C.
Additive manufacturing of aluminium alloy has paved way for the recent advancement in the automobile and aerospace industry due to its light weightlessness and good physical and mechanical features.Even though the additive process has an upper hand in terms of complexity and monotonous nature of the process its sustainability of it over traditional manufacturing is still a question when the whole cycle of the process is considered.This study mainly focuses on the quantitative life cycle analysis conducted on AlSi10Mg with cast AlSi10Mg as a baseline. Life cycle assessment measures environmental impacts, to determine where most impacts arise: machine and supporting hardware; aluminium powder material used, or electricity used to print
Raja, KUMARNaiju, CDM, Senthil Kumar
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the design and installation requirements for hydraulic systems (up to 8000 psig [56 MPa]) for ground support equipment (GSE). This ARP is derived from AS5440, which provides hydraulic system requirements for aircraft. The recommendations herein are primarily intended for GSE that exchange hydraulic fluid with the aircraft, such as hydraulic service carts, rather than GSE with non-interfacing hydraulic systems. The GSE may be mobile, portable, or stationary
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the general requirements for data recording procedures, packaging, and storing of elastomeric seals and seal assemblies which include an elastomeric element prior to the seal being assembled into hardware components. NOTE: The requirement for packaging is an integral part of the controlled storage procedure and provides a means of positive product identity from the time of manufacture to the time of assembly into a component
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers the design and installation requirements for hydraulic systems (up to 8000 psig [56 MPa]) for ground support equipment (GSE). The GSE may be portable or stationary
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
In European Union (EU), transport causes about a quarter of the total greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and road vehicles are the biggest contributors, with nearly three-quarters of the overall GHG emissions. In this context, many governments are adopting different strategies to achieve a sustainable mobility, including the electrification of public transport, such as full electric taxis (e-taxis). Indeed, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) represent a promising solution towards the achievement of sustainability since they involve zero emissions during the use phase, despite indirect emissions are generated during the charging of the traction battery according to the specific national electricity mix. However, a proper choice of the vehicle segment for the e-taxi and its battery capacity can represent a crucial factor in reducing the overall environmental impacts. Indeed, a battery with a higher capacity can reduce the battery aging for the same traveled distance and then the number of
Silvestri, LucaDe Santis, MicheleMendecka, BarbaraBella, Gino
Electric propulsion is the object of intense research efforts all over the world, as a viable solution to fossil resource exploitation and pollutant emissions, towards a sustainable development. In this paper, we perform a thorough Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of multiple electrical solutions for urban mobility, from bicycles to buses, comparing the results to those of traditional, fossil-fuel-based vehicles. This activity is of particular interest as the decision of European Parliament to interrupt the fossil fuel vehicles starting from 2035. To assess the life-cycle impact of each solution, several routes within middle size Italian cities, representative of the most Italian cities have been considered. This analysis has been performed by means of an ad-hoc integrated procedure with on-line, free tools that account also for traffic distribution. To carry out a complete study, an LCA analysis has been done which includes all life’s phase of the vehicles, starting from production to
Andreassi, LucaDe Angelis, Lorenzo
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