Traffic prediction plays an important role in urban traffic management and signal control optimization. As research in this area advances, traffic prediction has become increasingly accurate. However, the complexity of the traffic system makes the quantification of uncertainty particularly important, as it is influenced by various factors such as weather changes, emergencies and road construction, which lead to the fluctuation and uncertainty of the traffic state. Although some progress has been made in traffic uncertainty quantification, most methods remain primarily focused on individual traffic observation points, with little exploration of the complex spatiotemporal dependencies at the road network level. In light of this situation, this paper proposes a spatiotemporal traffic prediction model based on Bayesian graph convolutional network, which can effectively capture the spatiotemporal dependence in traffic data, facilitating accurate predictions and comprehensive uncertainty

Li, Linfeng, Lin, Limeng

Estimating Extreme Water Levels in Myanmar’s Ayeyarwady Seas by the Monte Carlo Method

2025-01-7181

02/21/2025

Storm surge disasters in the northern Indian Ocean and along the Bay of Bengal pose substantial risks to the safety of lives, property, and industrial trade within Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region. The absence of long-term tidal data makes traditional frequency analysis methods inadequate for accurately predicting extreme water levels with high return periods. This study utilizes numerical simulations to forecast extreme water levels caused by recurrent cyclonic storm surges along Myanmar's coastline. A combined approach using the Monte Carlo stochastic model and the Delft3D hydrodynamic model was employed for these simulations. The results show that the Delft3D model is effective in predicting tidal levels in engineering contexts, addressing data deficiencies while identifying critical water levels. Model accuracy was validated through extensive simulations, confirming its suitability for forecasting extreme water levels. Although some discrepancies may arise due to limited data

Yin, Kai, He, Liye, Liu, Kaofan, Liu, Shuo, Xu, Sudong

Deep Learning-Based Road Spill Detection Technology

2025-01-7130

02/21/2025

Rapid identification and cleanup of road debris are essential for enhancing traffic safety and ensuring unobstructed road conditions. Traditional detection methods often face challenges in accurately identifying debris in complex environments with varying light and weather conditions. To address these limitations, this study proposes a deep learning-based road debris detection method designed for improved accuracy and robustness. First, road images are processed using a semantic segmentation approach to remove background information, isolating only the drivable areas. This segmented region is then subjected to further object detection to filter out typical non-debris objects, such as vehicles, pedestrians, and non-motorized vehicles, thereby retaining a focused image that only contains potential debris or spill objects. Lastly, the processed image is compared to a baseline image to detect differences and identify road debris with high precision. Through these steps, the proposed method

Gao, Xiaofei

Temperature-Dependent Analysis of the Tire–Road Interaction Characteristics for a Passenger Car Tire Using Finite Element Analysis

15-18-02-0010

02/20/2025

In this article, a finite element analysis for the passenger car tire size 235/55R19 is performed to investigate the effect of temperature-dependent properties of the tire tread compound on the tire–road interaction characteristics for four seasons (all-season, winter, summer, and fall). The rubber-like parts of the tire were modeled using the hyperelastic Mooney–Rivlin material model and were meshed with the three-dimensional hybrid solid elements. The road is modeled using the rigid body dry hard surface and the contact between the tire and road is modeled using the non-symmetric node-to-segment contact with edge treatment. At first, the tire was verified based on the tire manufacturer’s data using numerical finite element analysis based on the static and dynamic domains. Then, the finite element analysis for the rolling resistance analysis was performed at three different longitudinal velocities (10 km/h, 40 km/h, and 80 km/h) under nominal loading conditions. Second, the steady

Fathi, Haniyeh, El-Sayegh, Zeinab, Ren, Jing

Quantifying Hydroplaning Risk: Insights from Water Film Thickness Measurements on Maryland Highways

02-18-02-0010

02/19/2025

Wet pavement conditions during rainfall present significant challenges to traffic safety by reducing tire–road friction and increasing the risk of hydroplaning. During high-intensity rain events, the roadway pavement tends to accumulate water, forming a film that can have serious implications for vehicle control. As the longitudinal speed of the vehicle increases, a water wedge forms in front of the tire, leading to partial loss of contact with the road. At critical hydroplaning speed, a complete water layer forms between the tire and the road. Although less common, dynamic hydroplaning poses severe risks when high-intensity rainfall coincides with high vehicle traveling speed, leading to a complete loss of control over vehicle steering capabilities. This study advances hydroplaning research by integrating real-world data from the Road Weather Information System (RWIS) with an existing hydroplaning model. This approach provides more accurate hydroplaning risk assessments, emphasizing

Vilsan, Alexandru, Sandu, Corina, Anghelache, Gabriel

Operation of Advanced Flying Wing UAV: Examination of Structural Performance under Aberrant Pressure and Thermal Loading Conditions with Integrated Computational Study

2025-28-0060

02/07/2025

The objective of this research is to present a novel variant of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with an advanced flying wing configuration capable of detecting and rescuing individuals affected by avalanches. This leads to testing of the UAV, to identify if it can operate efficiently at the intended temperature and atmospheric conditions. Typically, UAVs can operate in a broad spectrum of temperatures. Regions prone to avalanches would experience near-cryogenic temperatures. The notion is investigated and tested in this specific scenario. The chosen location is Siachen, where temperatures can become as low as -25 degree Celsius (°C). It has been proven that a thermal camera aids the UAV to detect the distinct body heat signatures of individuals who are trapped under snow. The selection of wing, propeller, and vertical stabilizer airfoils is guided by standard analytical calculations, while the overall model is developed using 3D EXPERIENCE. The computational tests are conducted using

Veeraperumal Senthil Nathan, Janani Priyadharshini, Pisharam, Akhila Ajith, Sourirajan, Laxana, Baskar, Sundhar, Vinayagam, Gopinath, Stanislaus Arputharaj, Beena, L, Natrayan, Sakthivel, Pradesh, Raja, Vijayanandh

CogniGuardianRoadscape: Advancing Safety through AI-Driven Roadway Audits

2025-28-0019

02/07/2025

The escalation of road infrastructure anomalies, such as speed breakers and potholes, presents a formidable challenge to vehicular safety, efficient traffic management, and road maintenance strategies worldwide. In addressing these pervasive issues, this paper proposes an advanced, integrated approach for the detection and classification of speed breakers and potholes. Utilizing a sophisticated blend of deep learning methodologies and enhanced image processing techniques, our solution leverages Object Detection to analyze and interpret real-time visual data captured through advanced vehicle-mounted camera systems. This research meticulously details the comprehensive process involved in the development of this system, including the acquisition and preprocessing of a vast, varied dataset representative of numerous road types, conditions, and environmental factors. Through rigorous training, testing, and validation phases, the model demonstrates remarkable proficiency in recognizing and

Thangaraju, Shanmuganathan, Nagarajan, Meenakshi, Ganesan, Maragatham, Raja, Selvakumar, Sirotiya, Aviral, Jasrotia, Bhargav

Aerospace & Defense Technology: February 2025

25AERP0202/06/2025

The Art of Reverse Engineering Yesteryear for Aerospace and Defense Data Storage Drives Manufacturing Spotlight: Machining Complex Parts and Materials for Space Flight and Exploration Notre Dame's New Boundary Breaking Mach 10 Quiet Wind Tunnel Shape-Shifting Antenna Poised to Transform Communications British Army Completes First Test of Drone Killing Radio Frequency Weapon A Swarm of Sensors, Rovers and Astronauts Explore the 'Moon' Researchers at the German Aerospace Center have developed a new approach to networked communications that could theoretically occur on the Moon or in environments on Earth where conventional communications are unavailable. Army Researchers Examine Nanotechnology for Climate Solutions Army scientists are joining forces with experts from across the nation to tackle the climate crisis using the power of nanotechnology Airman Brings Fuel Sampling Innovation to Eglin, Possibly Air Force The U.S. Air Force is testing a new prototype single point nozzle adapter

Research on Thermal Management System of New Energy Vehicles Based on Heat Pump Air Conditioner

2025-01-7005

01/31/2025

With the popularity of electric vehicles, the application development of heat pump type automobile air conditioning system has been focused. Meanwhile, the traditional R134a needs to be replaced by more environmentally-friendly refrigerants under the Kigali Amendment. In this paper, a novel direct expansion heat pump air conditioning system with three circuit switching (DXACS) was proposed, and three low GWP refrigerants R1234yf, R1234ze(E) and R290 were carried out to evaluate the system performance. The results show that the winter range attenuation ratio of DXACS is 26.9%, significantly lower than the prototype EV360 (57.5%); the DXACS with R290 shows the best heating performance, COPh and qcv are 2.3% and 57.3% higher than R134a in extremely cold conditions, respectively. This study provides valuable insights for the development of efficient and green thermal management technology of new energy vehicles.

Zhu, Tengfei, Liu, Ye, Chen, Qinghua

Thermal Management of Electric Heavy-Duty Truck Equipped with Water Source Heat Pump in Winter Condition

2025-01-7010

01/31/2025

The electric heavy-duty truck has been receiving much attention due to its low carbon emission characteristic. This paper presents the winterized design of thermal management for an electric heavy-duty truck. The changes of important parameters in the modes of rapid heating from a cold start battery, cabin defrosting, and cabin heating in winter are discussed based on water source heat pumps. It takes 1300 seconds to warm the battery to 5°C from an ambient temperature of -10°C. Under the same heat production condition, the proposed water source heat pump can save 28.2% energy comparing with the air source heat pump, the cabin air conditioner air outlet can stay above 40°C for more than 5 minutes, and the cabin temperature can be stabilized at 20°C to meet the heating demand of the crew in winter.

Yu, Bo, Dai, Huwei, Lin, Jiewei, Han, Feng, Jiang, Feifan, Zhang, Junhong

Adaptive Localization Algorithm for Autonomous Mining Trucks with Motion Distortion Removal

2025-01-7027

01/31/2025

During the operation of autonomous mining trucks in the process of crushing stones, the GPS signal is lost due to signal blockage by the crushing workshop. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) becomes critical for ensuring accurate vehicle positioning and smooth operation. However, the bumpy road conditions and the scarcity of plane and corner feature points in mining environments pose challenges to SLAM algorithms in practical applications, such as pose jumps and insufficient positioning accuracy. To address this, this paper proposes a high-precision positioning algorithm based on inertial navigation 3D signals, incorporating point cloud motion distortion correction, a vehicle roll model, and an Adaptive Kalman Filter (AKF). The goal is to improve the positioning accuracy and stability of autonomous mining trucks in complex scenarios. This paper utilizes real-world operational data from mining vehicles and adopts a 3D point cloud motion distortion correction algorithm to

Meng, Chunyang, Song, Kang, Xie, Hui, Xing, Wanyong

Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel

2025-01-5007

01/27/2025

Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to

Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten

Children’s Snowmobile

J1038_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

This SAE Standard establishes the test procedures, performance requirements, and criteria necessary to evaluate minimum safety and reliability requirements of a children’s snowmobile as identified in 1.2.

Snowmobile Technical Committee

Analysis of the Characteristics of Hybrid Vehicles and Low-Viscosity Lubricating Oil Based on Real Road Tests in Four Extreme Environments

04-18-02-0009

01/07/2025

As countries around the world attach more importance to carbon emissions and more stringent requirements are put forward for vehicle emissions, hybrid vehicles, which can significantly reduce emissions compared with traditional fuel vehicles, as well as low-viscosity lubricating oil, have become significant trends in the industry. In this article, a total of nine vehicles of 48 V mild-hybrid models and full-hybrid models are tested. Using three kinds of low-viscosity lubricating oil and driving a total of 120,000 km in environments with low temperature, high humidity, high temperature, or high altitude, the engines are then disassembled and scored. The effects of the four extreme environments on the engine starts–stops, ignition advance angle, engine power, state of charge (SOC), acceleration performance, and oil consumption characteristics of hybrid vehicles are studied; the oxidation characteristics and iron content change characteristics of low-viscosity lubricating oil are analyzed

Zhu, Gezhengting, Hu, Hua, Pan, Jinchong, Luo, Yitao, Hua, Lun, Jiao, Yan, Jiang, Jiandi, Shao, Heng, Xu, Zhengxin, Yan, Jingfeng, Wei, Guangyuan, Zhang, Heng

Hydrogen as a Fuel Cell: A Comparative between the Gas and Liquid State and Storage

2024-36-0128

12/20/2024

It is emerging the need to take action to reduce the greenhouse effect, which is one of the major causes of climate change and environmental disasters that has been occurring frequently in recent decades throughout the planet. The burning of fossil fuels for electricity and energy generation are the main concerns and those that have greater incentives for its reduction, as its by-product of the reaction of burning CO2, which among the greenhouse gases is primarily responsible for its aggravation. The transport sector excels in CO2 emissions, emits about 20% of gas, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a scientific organization linked to the United Nations (UN). A promising solution to reduce the impact of this sector would be the use of hydrogen fuel cell, which if carried out through renewable energies, the electrolysis of hydrogen has zero CO2 emission throughout the cycle. However, one of the biggest challenges to make viable the use of hydrogen as fuel

Alves, Joyce, Silva, Antônio, Paterlini, Bruno, Santos, Felipe, Pedroso, Henrique, Henrique, Pedro, Milani, Pedro

Hierarchical-Level Rain Image Generative Model Based on GAN

2024-01-7034

12/13/2024

Visual perception systems for autonomous vehicles are exposed to a wide variety of complex weather conditions, among which rainfall is one of the weather conditions with high exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a model that can efficiently generate a large number of images with different rainfall intensities to help test the visual perception system under rainfall conditions. However, the existing datasets either do not contain multilevel rainfall or are synthetic images. It is difficult to support the construction of the model. In this paper, the natural rainfall images of different rainfall intensities were first collected and produced a natural multilevel rain dataset. The dataset includes no rain and three levels (light, medium and heavy) of rainfall with the number of 629, 210, 248 and 193 respectively, totaling 1280 images. The dataset is open source and available online via: https://github.com/raydison/natural-multilevel-rain-dataset-NMRD. Subsequently, a

Liu, Zhenyuan, Jia, Tong, Xing, Xingyu, Wu, Jianfeng, Chen, Junyi

Cracking Activity and Characterization of Magnesium Titanium Dioxide - Silicon Dioxide Catalysts

2024-01-5241

12/10/2024

Purified nickel and a large number of MgTi2 / NiO2 catalysts with various MgTi2 loadings were produced using the traditional incipient wetness method. X-ray crystallography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the catalysts. To understand the material's microstructure better, the researchers investigated oxygen adsorption at 90K. The amine titration method was used to investigate the acidic characteristics of these catalysts. In a study on cumene cracking, these catalysts were employed. The catalyst was found to be amorphous up to a loading of 12 weight percent MgTi2, but at higher loadings, crystalline MgTi2 phase formed on an amorphous silica substrate. When NiO2 is doped with more MgTi2, there are significant differences in the structure, surface acidity, and catalytic activity of the catalysts. Catalysts with a higher MgTi2 loading are noticeably more acidic than those with a lower MgTi2 loading. A correlation between the amount of cracking activity and

Ashok Kumar, B., Dhiyaneswaran, J., Selvaraj, Malathi, Pradeepkumar, M., Shajeeth, S.

Virtual Recording Generation Using Generative AI and Carla Simulator

2024-28-0261

12/05/2024

To establish and validate new systems incorporated into next generation vehicles, it is important to understand actual scenarios which the autonomous vehicles will likely encounter. Consequently, to do this, it is important to run Field Operational Tests (FOT). FOT is undertaken with many vehicles and large acquisition areas ensuing the capability and suitability of a continuous function, thus guaranteeing the randomization of test conditions. FOT and Use case(a software testing technique designed to ensure that the system under test meets and exceeds the stakeholders' expectations) scenario recordings capture is very expensive, due to the amount of necessary material (vehicles, measurement equipment/objectives, headcount, data storage capacity/complexity, trained drivers/professionals) and all-time robust working vehicle setup is not always available, moreover mileage is directly proportional to time, along with that it cannot be scaled up due to physical limitations. During the early

Sehgal, Vishal, Sekaran, Nikhil

A Predictive Controller for Battery Cooling and Air-Conditioning Systems to Tackle the Comfort-Safety-Efficiency Dilemma

2024-28-0147

12/05/2024

The advent of electric vehicles has increased the complexity of air conditioning systems in vehicles which now must maintain the safety and comfort of occupants while ensuring that the high voltage battery temperature is kept within safe limits. This new task is critical due to the influence of the cell and battery pack temperature on the efficiency. Moreover, high temperatures within the battery pack can lead to undesirable effects such as degradation and thermal runaway. Classical solutions to this problem include larger air conditioning components to support worst case scenario conditions where the cooling request from the battery and the cabin happen at the same time. In such conditions, for the safety of the battery, the cooling request is assigned to battery system which may cause discomfort to the passengers due the significant temperature increase in the cabin during such events. The probability of such events happening is certainly dependent on the weather conditions but in

Palacio Torralba, Javier, Kulkarni, Shridhar Diliprao, Shah, Geet, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Kapoor, Sangeet, Locks, Olaf

Best Practices in Sensor Selection for Object Detection in Autonomous Driving: A Practitioner’s Perspective

2024-28-0218

12/05/2024

Object detection (OD) is one of the most important aspects in Autonomous Driving (AD) application. This depends on the strategic sensor’s selection and placement of sensors around the vehicle. The sensors should be selected based on various constraints such as range, use-case, and cost limitation. This paper introduces a systematic approach for identifying the optimal practices for selecting sensors in AD object detection, offering guidance for those looking to expand their expertise in this field and select the most suitable sensors accordingly. In general, object detection typically involves utilizing RADAR, LiDAR, and cameras. RADAR excels in accurately measuring longitudinal distances over both long and short ranges, but its accuracy in lateral distances is limited. LiDAR is known for its ability to provide accurate range data, but it struggles to identify objects in various weather conditions. On the other hand, camera-based systems offer superior recognition capabilities but lack

Maktedar, Asrarulhaq, Chatterjee, Mayurika

Addressing the Energy Challenge with Vehicle-to-Grid Power

TBMG-52055

11/14/2024

It’s common knowledge that a major challenge for solar energy is how to store excess energy produced when conditions are right, like noon-time sun, so that it can be used later. The usual answer is batteries. But renewable energy resources are causing problems for the electricity grid in other ways as well. In a warm, sunny location like California, mid-afternoon had been a time of peak demand for the electric utility, but with solar it’s now a time of peak output.

The Implications of Surface Friction on Snowsport Helmet Oblique Impact Kinematics

09-12-02-0017

11/12/2024

Head injuries account for 15% of snowsport-related injuries, and the majority of head impacts occur against ice or snow, low-friction surfaces. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how surface friction affects snowsport helmets’ oblique impact kinematics. Ten helmet models were impacted using an oblique drop tower with a 45-degree anvil and NOCSAE headform, at three locations, two surface friction conditions, and a drop speed of 5.0 m/s. Our findings indicate that friction affects peak linear acceleration, peak rotational acceleration, and peak rotational velocity during helmet impacts, with changes in post-impact rotation and impact response varying by location. Surface friction affects head impact kinematics, underscoring the need for sport-specific lab testing and emphasizing the need for friction-specific and sport-specific testing, particularly for snowsports, where surface conditions like snow and ice can alter kinematics.

Stark, Nicole E.-P., Calis, Andrew, Wood, Matthew, Piwowarski, Summer Blue, Dingelstedt, Kristin, Begonia, Mark, Rowson, Steve

Advancing Fuel Cell Testing Environments: Overcoming Limitations in Conventional Humidification Methods

2024-01-4321

11/05/2024

In the field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), significant research has focused on the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and electrochemical characterization methods. For real applications optimizing the fuel cell system (FCS) design is essential, requiring careful monitoring of electrochemical and thermodynamic process parameters such as pressure, temperature, relative humidity, heat flux, and gas composition. These operating conditions, provided by balance of plant (BoP) components, significantly impact FCS efficiency, especially relative humidity, which demands high energy input. The first step in a system development involves comprehensively characterizing the MEA by mapping a wide range of operating parameters, not just peak performance points, which are not necessarily the most beneficial for the FCS. This requires precise and dynamic adjustments of process parameters during testing to capture all relevant data efficiently. Currently available test stands lack

Braun, Katharina, Luetzenkirchen, Johanna, Weiss, Lukas, Wensing, Michael

Effect of Fuel Chemical Structure on Soot Formation in Sustainable Aviation Fuels

2024-01-4310

11/05/2024

Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) offer great promises towards decarbonizing the aviation sector. Due to the high safety standards and global scale of the aviation industry, SAFs pose challenges to aircraft engines and combustion processes, which must be thoroughly understood. Soot emissions from aircrafts play a crucial role, acting as ice nuclei and contributing to the formation of contrail cirrus clouds, which, in turn, may account for a substantial portion of the net radiative climate forcing. This study focuses on utilizing detailed kinetic simulations and soot modeling to investigate soot particle generation in aero-engines operating on SAFs. Differences in soot yield were investigated for different fuel components, including n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. A 0-D simulation framework was developed and utilized in conjunction with advanced soot models to predict and assess soot processes under conditions relevant to aero-engine combustion. The simulations

Yi, Junghwa, Manin, Julien, Wan, Kevin, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Nguyen, Tuan, Dempsey, Adam

High-Load Operating Characteristics of Planar Membrane Humidifiers of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Systems for Heavy-Duty Applications

2024-01-4323

11/05/2024

To gain high efficiencies and long lifetimes, polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell systems require precise control of the relative humidity of the cathode supply air. This is usually achieved by the use of membrane humidifiers. These are passive components that transfer the product water of the cathode exhaust air to humidify the supply air. Due to the passive design, controllability is achieved via a bypass. It is possible to use map-based control strategies to avoid the use of humidity sensors. Such map-based control requires deep insights into the humidifier behavior in all possible thermodynamic operating states, including various water loads. This paper focuses on typical operating conditions of heavy-duty application at high load, specifically on the occurrence of liquid water in the cathode exhaust gas, which has not been sufficiently investigated in the literature yet. In order to simulate these conditions, we built a test rig with an optically accessible single-channel set

Mull, Sophie, Weiss, Lukas, Wensing, Michael

New Computer Vision-Based System Monitors Seasonal Dynamics of Tropical Water

TBMG-51917

11/01/2024

Understanding how water moves and changes around the world is more important than ever due to climate change but monitoring inland water in the tropics is not easy. Most satellites are optical and simply take photos of surfaces. They cannot see through the thick cloud cover and dense vegetation that conceal the rivers, lakes, and wetlands below.

Prediction of Water Film Thickness Due to Condensation over Instrument Cluster Based on Eulerian Wall Film Approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics

2024-28-0009

10/17/2024

This paper investigates the condensation within a two-wheeler instrument cluster in different weather conditions. Instrument cluster have high heating components within its assembly particularly over Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which leads to formation of condensation. Air breathers are important component that can be utilized to reduce the condensation in the cluster. Location and orientation of air breather and air vents plays the vital role in the air flow through the instrument cluster. In this study, number of breathers, their location and orientation are optimized to reduce the condensation or film thickness on the crystal (transparent body) of cluster. Transient Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based Eulerian Wall Film approach is utilized to investigate the physics administering the condensation phenomenon in the instrument cluster. Experimental tests are conducted to investigate condensation phenomenon actually occurring in the model. Similar results are found by employing

Jamge, Nagesh, Shah, Viren, Kushari, Subrata, Miraje, Jitendra, D, Suresh

Enhancing Availability of Autonomous Shuttle Services: A Conceptual Approach toward Challenges and Opportunities

12-08-03-0023

10/09/2024

Autonomous vehicle technologies have become increasingly popular over the last few years. One of their most important application is autonomous shuttle buses that could radically change public transport systems. In order to enhance the availability of shuttle service, this article outlines a series of interconnected challenges and innovative solutions to optimize the operation of autonomous shuttles based on the experience within the Shuttle Modellregion Oberfranken (SMO) project. The shuttle shall be able to work in every weather condition, including the robustness of the perception algorithm. Besides, the shuttle shall react to environmental changes, interact with other traffic participants, and ensure comfortable travel for passengers and awareness of VRUs. These challenging situations shall be solved alone or with a teleoperator’s help. Our analysis considers the basic sense–plan–act architecture for autonomous driving. Critical components like object detection, pedestrian tracking

Dehghani, Ali, Salaar, Hamza, Srinivasan, Shanmuga Priya, Zhou, Lixian, Arbeiter, Georg, Lindner, Alisa, Patino-Studencki, Lucila

Mercedes: H2-ICE is a viable path for commercial trucks

24TOFHP10_07

10/01/2024

Mercedes-Benz has unveiled a pair of prototypes powered by hydrogen combustion engines that were created in collaboration with Mörtlbauer Baumaschinen Vertriebs. The prototypes are part of the “WaVe” development project to research hydrogen combustion engines for special-purpose vehicles. The WaVe project is a publicly funded program by Germany's Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. It consists of 18 partners ranging from industry and science experts and began in July 2021. Development work on the prototypes began in mid-2022. The main objective of the WaVe project was to develop a hydrogen-based drive system for working machines that demonstrated the practicality of replacing diesel-fueled trucks.

Wolfe, Matt

Algorithms to Enhance Reliability of Electric Vehicle Charging

TBMG-51677

10/01/2024

American drivers have long been accustomed to quickly filling up at a gas station with plenty of fuel available, and electric vehicle drivers want their pit stops to mimic this experience. Driver uncertainty about access to charging during long trips remains a barrier to broader EV adoption, even as the U.S. strives to combat climate change by converting more drivers.

Active Management of Energy Source in a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Considering Air Contaminants along the Route

2024-28-0050

09/19/2024

One of the major goals of the automotive industry is to improve vehicular fuel efficiency and performance with much lesser percentages of harmful tailpipe emissions. One of the major technologies includes fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). Fuel cell electric vehicle can positively affect the transportation industry with regards to increase in the greenhouse gas emission, air pollution. A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that is widely used in commercial vehicles takes hydrogen and oxygen to generate the electricity. Hydrogen stored either in liquid or compressed gas, is supplied from anode end and oxygen from atmosphere is supplied from cathode end. The atmospheric air, which enters fuel cell, also contains pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxides and dioxides (CO, CO2), methane, ammonia etc. Operation of fuel cell in a geographic region, where the concentration of pollutants mentioned is significant leads to adsorption on the catalysts

Bhat, Adithya, Shah, Saurabh, Choubey, Ayush, Barik, Madhusmita, Mallappanavar, Babu, Prasad P, Shilpa

Cabin Heating Modelling and Simulation for ICE and EVs through 1D CAE

2024-28-0107

09/19/2024

India features diverse climatic zones, spanning from tropical in south to alpine in north. Since most of the regions are hot, vehicle cabin cooling analysis dominates over heating analysis, creating a notable technology gap that exists in cabin heating. Nonetheless, in colder regions of India and Europe, maintaining optimal cabin heating is crucial for human comfort. Furthermore, in climates prone to mist and frost formation, ensuring the accuracy and effectiveness of cabin heating mechanisms becomes crucial, as it directly correlates with safety considerations that comes prior to mere comfort requirements. To reduce the technology gap and physical testing in cold climatic conditions this work is proposed, which will enable us to predict cabin heating performance of vehicle on highway running as well as in stationary condition for Electric Vehicles (EV) and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) in 1D Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software. A detailed Transient Cabin Heating

Soni, Rahul, Shah, Geet, Kulkarni, Shridhar, M, Chandru, Vangala, Sai Krishna, Jaybhay, Sambhaji, Nayakawadi, Uttam

A Study to Establish an Evaluation Method for Selecting Suitable Packing Adhesives for A/C Ducts to Ensure Sustained Adhesiveness in Thermal and Condensation Conditions over the Vehicle's Lifetime

2024-28-0096

09/19/2024

The purpose of air conditioning (AC) duct packing is multifaceted, serving to prevent condensation, eliminate rattle noise, and provide thermal insulation. A critical aspect of duct packing is its adhesive quality, which is essential for maintaining the longevity and effectiveness of the packing's functions. Indeed, the challenge of achieving adequate adhesivity on AC ducting parts is significant due to the harsh operating conditions to which these components are subjected. The high temperatures and presence of condensation within the AC system can severely compromise the adhesive's ability to maintain a strong bond. Moreover, the materials used for these parts, such as HDPE, often have low surface energy, which further hinders the formation of a durable adhesive bond. The failure of the adhesive under these conditions can lead to delamination of the duct packing, which can result in customer inconvenience due to rattling noises, potential electrical failures if condensed water

M, Amala Rajesh, Sonkar, Surabhi, Kumar, Mukesh

Techno-Economic Analysis of Mobile Carbon Capture for Heavy Duty Applications

2024-24-0037

09/18/2024

Since signing the legally binding Paris agreement, fighting climate change has been an increasingly important task worldwide. One of the key energy sectors to emit greenhouse gases is transportation. Therefore, long term strategies all over the world have been set up to reduce on-road combustion emissions. One of the emerging alternative technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector is Mobile Carbon Capture (MCC). MCC refers to the on-board separation of CO2 from vehicle exhaust. To accurately assess this technology, a techno-economic analysis is essential to compare MCC abatement cost to alternative decarbonization technologies such as electric trucks. Adding to the system capital and operational costs, our study includes mass penalty costs, CO2 offloading and transport costs for different transport scenarios. To better relate to a single consumer (driver), the cost can be converted from euro per-tCO2 to euro per-trip or euro per-mile. A sensitivity analysis is then conducted

SAAFI, Mohamed Ali, Hamad, Esam

Life Cycle Analysis of a PEM Fuel Cell System for Long-Haul Heavy-Duty Trucks

2024-24-0020

09/18/2024

The European Union plans to reach net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050. In 2020, the transport sector significantly contributed to global energy-related GHG emissions, with heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) responsible for a substantial portion of road transport emissions in the EU and a notable percentage of the EU’s total GHG emissions. Zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), including fuel cell (FC) vehicles, are crucial for decarbonizing the transport sector to achieve climate neutrality. This paper aims at quantifying the environmental impacts of a 200kW proton exchange membrane FC system for long-haul HDVs with a 40-ton mass and 750 km driving range. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied, and a life cycle model of the FC system was developed with a cradle-to-grave boundary. To ensure reproducibility and scalability, results are reported on a kW basis. A sensitivity analysis was performed on key parameters, including hydrogen production route, FC system production

Gentilucci, Gaia, Accardo, Antonella, Spessa, Ezio

Investigating the Future of Road Freight Transport in Europe under Different Scenarios

2024-24-0024

09/18/2024

Fighting climate change has become a major task worldwide. Alongside the United States and China, Europe is considered as one of the biggest greenhouse gases (GHG) emitters. Therefore, the European Union (EU) has set long term strategies to reduce emissions. One of the key energy sectors to emit greenhouse gases is transportation. In this context, EU has turned its eye toward cutting emissions from the transport sector and has recently put its stamp of approval on a reworked law banning all new sales of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles from 2035. Despite representing only 2% of the vehicles on the road, trucks account for more than a quarter of road transport emissions in the EU and have been increasing every year since 1990. In order to investigate the impact of transportation projected policies on the heavy-duty sector, we develop the Mobility and Energy Transportation Analysis (META) Model, a python-based model to project market penetration of conventional and alternative

SAAFI, Mohamed Ali

Analysis of Stick-slip Phenomenon During Creep Groan Using Acoustic Emission Sensing

2024-01-3033

09/08/2024

When the brakes are released and the vehicle starts, the brakes and suspensions vibrate and the car body resonates at 10 to 300 Hz, which is called brake creep groan. This low-frequency noise is more likely to occur in high-humidity environments. As vehicles become quieter with the introduction of EVs, improving this low-frequency noise has become an important issue. It is known that the excitation force is the stick-slip between the brake rotor and pads, but there are few studies that directly analyze stick-slip occurring in a vehicle. Acoustic emission (AE) is a phenomenon in which strain energy stored inside a material is released as elastic stress waves, and AE sensing can be used to elucidate the friction phenomena. In this study, the AE sensing is used to analyze changes in the stick-slip occurrence interval and generated energy when creep groan occurs. As a result, it was confirmed that the AE signal increased with high humidity. Furthermore, the friction phenomena during creep

Toyoda, Hajime, Yazawa, Yusuke, Arai, Shinichi, Ono, Manabu, Hara, Yasuhiro, Hase, Alan

Moisture Adsorption and Compression Deformation Behavior of Semimet vs. NAO Brake Pads: Effect of Pad Cure Temperatures and Moisture Adsorption on Low-Speed Friction

2024-01-3056

09/08/2024

Moisture adsorption and compression deformation behaviors of Semimet and Non-Asbestos Organic brake pads were studied and compared for the pads cured at 120, 180 and 240 0C. The 2 types of pads were very similar in moisture adsorption behavior despite significant differences in composition. After being subjected to humidity and repeated compression to 160 bars, they all deform via the poroviscoelastoplastic mechanism, become harder to compress, and do not fully recover the original thickness after the pressure is released for 24 hours. In the case of the Semimet pads, the highest deformation occurs with the 240 °C-cure pads. In the case of the NAO pads, the highest deformation occurs with the 120 0C-cure pads. In addition, the effect of pad cure temperatures and moisture adsorption on low-speed friction was investigated. As pad properties change all the time in storage and in service because of continuously changing humidity, brake temperature and pressure, one must question any

Rhee, Seong Kwan, Rathee, Aman, Singh, Shivraj, Sharma, Devendra

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