Browse Topic: Environmental protection

Items (1,634)
Cummins has expanded its Centum diesel generator series that elevates sustained performance while maximizing power density. The latest addition to the company's portfolio is a 17-liter engine platform that can provide up to one megawatt of power. “The S17 is engineered to redefine what you expect from an emergency standby package,” said Emily Scheuerell, Cummins power generation global engineering leader. According to Cummins, the S17 was a clean-sheet design that supports HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil) fuel flexibility and complies with EPA Tier 2, UL2200 and CSA 22.2 emissions standards.
Wolfe, Matt
Suppliers are learning several new and unwelcome lessons as the dynamics surrounding U.S. light vehicle trade and emissions legislation quickly shifts. Two major issues are at play here. As the industry continues to feel the impact of reduced or eliminated battery electric vehicle incentives in several North American and European jurisdictions and governments are retrenching on light vehicle emissions legislation - OEMs are questioning the size of the near- and mid-term market. Similarly, as of this writing, the saga surrounding future vehicle and parts tariffs between the U.S. and its major automotive trading partners continues. This unfortunate combination has driven OEMs to delay, extend and rescope future product programs. This jams a stick in the financial spokes of the supply base. Some context is in order. Like clockwork, in the highly competitive global light vehicle market, our industry was trained to expect a regular cadence for product renewals and product cycles. The
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Phase 3 regulation targets a substantial reduction in GHG emissions across model year (MY) 2027–2032 class 2b-8 vehicles. This article explores the implementation of alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), along with powertrain hybridization as viable pathways for achieving these stringent standards in a cost-effective manner. A detailed analysis is performed on a Class-7 medium–heavy-duty (MHD) truck configuration, featuring an inline 4-cylinder 5.2-L spark-ignited (SI) engine, modeled with both CNG and LPG fuels. The vehicle’s powertrain is simulated to evaluate GHG emissions and fuel efficiency. The study further examines the impact of low rolling resistance (LRR) tires and varying tire rolling resistance coefficients (Crr) on vehicle performance. For further lowering the GHG emissions, a hybrid powertrain sizing study was performed. The simulation
Patil, Shubham V.Smith, Edward M.Bachu, Pruthvi R.Ross, Michael G.
Twenty-nine percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US are produced by the transportation sector according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. The combination of increasingly stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, along with the current practical limitations of electrification motivate continued development efforts for improving internal combustion engine efficiency and emissions. Ethanol, an extensive fuel additive or drop-in replacement for gasoline, is already recognized as a promising transition fuel in decarbonization efforts. Furthermore, lean combustion in spark-ignited (SI) engines has been pursued extensively for engine efficiency and emissions improvements. Lean combustion, however, faces the challenges of decreased combustion stability and strong increases to engine-out NOx at conditions where conventional SI engines are stable (ϕ > 0.7). Water dilution, historically used as a knock inhibitor in performance engines, has shown potential for
Voris, AlexLundberg, MattPuzinauskas, Paulius
Faced with one of the greatest challenges of humanity – climate change – the European Union has set out a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 as part of the European Green Deal. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which among other aspects identifies climate change effects, is an important tool to assess the environmental characteristic of sustainable technologies or products to fulfill this ambitious target. In this context, research is presented that examines the ecological sustainability impacts of a metallic vs a composite bipolar plate made of innovative graphite-compound based foils for fuel cell applications. A bipolar plate is a central component of the fuel cell stack to ensure efficiency and durability. For this purpose, a LCA is performed for both bipolar plate materials. This assessment follows the methodology of DIN EN ISO 14040/44 and the EU Product Environmental Footprint framework. Focusing on cradle-to-gate system boundary conditions, the research emphasizes the
van Sloun, AndreasSchroeder, BenediktKexel, JannikSchmitz, MaximilianBalazs, AndreasWalters, MariusKoßler, SilasPischinger, StefanJoemann, Michael
Ammonia is a potential vector of renewably produced hydrogen for combustion systems and decarbonisation of transport. However, anhydrous ammonia has health risks and difficult to handle due to its volatility and toxicity. Therefore, a water-based solution of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was proposed to investigate the potential use as a fuel in a compression-ignition engine. Ammonium hydroxide, also referred to as aqueous ammonia, is liquid phase under atmospheric conditions and, therefore, the storage of such a fuel does not require high pressure. Previous work has established that ammonium hydroxide solution could contribute to energy release during co-combustion with fossil diesel. However, the presence of water reduced combustion stability and limited the extent to which aqueous ammonia could displace diesel. In addition, the characteristics of co-combustion and pollutant emissions of burning such a fuel remain less understood. This study therefore explores the potential of using
Han, YanlinHellier, PaulSchonborn, AlessandroLadommatos, Nicos
Replacing fossil fuels with renewable ammonia could provide a crucial step towards the decarbonisation of transport sectors. However, many challenges remain in utilising ammonia within combustion systems: the volumetric energy density of ammonia is significantly lower than that of gasoline, exposure to ammonia (including ammonia slip) can be detrimental to human health, and the production of emissions, including unregulated emissions (such as N2O), from ammonia combustion can be catastrophic for the environment if not treated appropriately. Therefore, there is a need to determine the efficacy of ammonia as a fuel for internal combustion engines and the impact on the efficiency of energy release and the resulting exhaust emissions. A modern spark ignition engine was modified such that ammonia was aspirated through the engine intake air to incrementally displace engine gasoline and maintain a constant work output. It was found that displacing the fuel energy supplied by direct injected
Sivaranjitham, Annaniya MitchellHellier, PaulLadommatos, NicosMillington, PaulAlcove Clave, Silvia
The American Petroleum Institute's (API) Proposed Category 12 (PC-12) is currently under development. A target first license date has been set for January 2027, and industry stakeholders are currently at work on PC-12's testing requirements, limits and other criteria that will make up the final performance category. That means change is coming to the heavy-duty diesel lubricants space. The introduction of a new category provides opportunities for enhanced lubricant performance in areas such as improved drain intervals, fuel economy and engine deposit protection. However, one major area of focus for next-generation lubricants will be greater protection and enablement of aftertreatment devices, helping heavy-duty OEMs comply with stringent new emissions standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2022.
Rodgers, Zachary L.
A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO2 emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples, the paper will explain what the main parameters are necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and lifetime of the battery. Finally, it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future
Braun, AndreasRothbart, Martin
Muelaner, Jody EmlynMoran, MatthewPhillips, Paul
Lin, RuiAdas, Camilo Abduch
Lee-Jeffs, AnnSafi, JoannaMuelaner, Jody EmlynBarkan, Terrance
The windscreen is one of the key elements to enhance passenger comfort of touring motorcycle. The clarity through the windscreen should not discomfort the rider. The discomfort we discuss here mainly refers to three factors: the “distortion,” the “blur,” and the “transparency.” Introduced in this paper is the technical measures to achieve sufficient clarity by the injection molding method. Firstly, with respect to the “distortion,” we determined the main cause was local unevenness of plate thickness. As the uneven thickness were related to the accuracy of the die, we clarified the tolerable zone and carried out higher precision machining of the die to satisfy the requirements. Regarding the “blur,” we analyzed the refractive power of the windscreen and found the main cause of blur is the microscopic roughness on the surface. As the microscopic roughness were attributable to the die surface, we clarified the tolerable zone and established the polishing conditions satisfactory for the
Yamada, AtsushiEndo, Sakae
To achieve carbon neutrality, manufacturers need to estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions generated throughout the life cycle of motorcycles, namely the Carbon Footprint of Product (CFP). We developed a method that allows calculation of the per-unit CFP and the total CFP of sales volume of motorcycles with a common formula, and also enables the estimation of their future values. First, we made it possible to calculate the per-unit CFP of each individual model by setting factors that we quantified the characteristics of motorcycles such as material composition and replacement parts and incorporating them into the calculation formula. Next, we enabled the calculation of the total CFP of sales volume from the present to the future by standardizing the specs of individual models and calculating the CFP by product category and multiplying the sales volume. Furthermore, we made it possible to simulate future CFP according to scenarios of expansion of environmental protection actions such
Mori, YuichiKawatsu, HirotakaYamaguchi, TakumiTanaka, KazuhikoAoki, ToshikiNiimura, Ryuta
Horizontal water-cooled diesel engines are single-cylinder engines equipped with all the necessary components for operation such as a fuel tank and a radiator. Due to their versatility, there are used in a wide range of applications in Asia, Africa, South America, etc. It is necessary to comply with strengthened emissions regulations year by year in countries where environmental awareness is increasing such as China, India, etc. We have developed a new compact and high-power 13.4kW(18HP) engine which meets these needs. We realized a high-power density by using our unique expertise to maintain an engine size and increase a displacement. In addition, by optimizing a layout of crankcase ribs through structural analysis, we have achieved a maximum bore and “Reduction of the weight of the crankcase and lubricating oil consumption (LOC), and reduction of friction with narrow-width low-tangential load piston rings”. Furthermore, by designing an intake port using 3D CFD, we have optimized a
Shiomi, KentaHosoya, RyosukeKomai, YoshinobuTakashima, YusukeKitamura, TakahiroFujiwara, TsukasaSuematsu, Kosuke
Remote sensing offers a powerful tool for environmental protection and sustainable management. While many remote sensing companies use wind or solar energy to power their platforms, California-based startup Dolphin Labs is harnessing wave energy to enable sensing networks for enhanced maritime domain awareness, improving the safety and security of offshore natural resources and critical infrastructure.
A major portion of the energy consumed in a vehicle is spent on keeping the occupants thermally comfortable in all environmental conditions when the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is turned on. Maintaining the thermal comfort of a passenger is critical in terms of fuel consumption and emission for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In electrified vehicles, where range is of major concern, this gains further-more importance. SC03 is a test defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure tailpipe emissions and fuel economy of passenger cars with the air-conditioner on. The current study would focus on this drive cycle on an ICE vehicle. The co-simulation framework would include a 1D thermal system model, associated thermal controls, a vehicle cabin model, and a human thermal model. 1D model will be predicting the energy consumption via compressor power, refrigerant pressure and temperature across the loop, component heat rejection, etc
Natarajan, ShankarBalasubramanian, Sudharsan
The challenges with electrification in the automotive industry have led to rethinking the decisions to ban internal combustion engines. Nonetheless, decarbonization of transportation remains a regulatory priority in many countries, irrespective of the energy source for automotive powertrains. Renewable oxygenated fuel components can help with the rapid decarbonization of gasoline fuels in the current fleet. Ethanol is one of the primary renewable components typically used for blending in gasoline primarily at 10% v/v but up to 20% v/v substitution which corresponds to 3.7 to 8.0% oxygen by mass. However, a range of oxygenates could be used instead of ethanol. This study aimed to determine if the engine could discriminate between different oxygenates in gasoline fuels blended at the same octane (RON) and oxygen levels. Oxygenates such as methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) and ethyl-tert-butyl-ether (ETBE) were considered in this study. Blends were made using a combination of n-heptane, iso
Kalaskar, VickeyMitchell, RobertPourreau, Daniel
Efficient and sustainable transportation in urban environments depends on understanding driving behaviors, and their implications. This study explores into the distinction between aggressive and non-aggressive driving patterns, leveraging an on-road driving dataset provided by an automotive company. By contrasting this data with established Fuel Economy cycles from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and employing curve-fitting techniques, the research not only reveals driving patterns but also predicts potential behaviors in unfamiliar scenarios. Results show significantly different acceleration profile patterns between different driving behaviors which has serious impact in fuel economy and environmental wellness. The findings highlights the environmental impact of driving behaviors, paving the way for environmentally responsible policy recommendations and sustainable driving practices.
Padmanaban, GandhimathiFeng, FredDai, EdwardSaini, AnkitHu, GuopengZhao, Yanan
In recent years, the stronger push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has challenged vehicle manufacturers globally. In USA, Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles released by EPA in April 2023 aims to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032 from 2026 levels. It also includes the NMOG+ NOx standards, which require a 60 – 76% reduction by 2032 from 2026 levels for light to medium-duty vehicles. Europe also aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study
Fnu, DhanrajCorreia Garcia, BrunoPaul, SumitJoshi, SatyumFranke, Michael
As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23) and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles
Lakkireddy, VenkataKhalek, ImadBuffaloe, Gina
The upcoming EURO 7 and EPA Tier 4 regulations and the possible China 7 are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions limits significantly. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. This paper utilizes 3D CFD to predict the transient filtration efficiency and pressure drop of a washcoated GPF with ash accumulation during the soot loading process. Simulation results show a decent match with experimental data. The 3D CFD model also provides detailed information on soot penetration in the GPF wall substrate and soot cake characteristics on the wall. These information can be crucial for GPF wall substrate design and washcoating
Yang, PengzeCheng, Zhen
Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to play an important on-going role in the future of transportation, particularly in long haul transit and off-road applications. Substantially reducing criteria emissions of heavy-duty (HD) commercial vehicle engines while also reducing fuel consumption is the quickest way to achieve more sustainable transportation. The opposed-piston (OP) engine developed by Achates Power has demonstrated the ability to meet the most stringent ultralow NOx emissions requirements using only a conventional, underfloor aftertreatment system, offering reduced cost, complexity and compliance risk compared to other diesel engines. This paper is focused on the measurement results of Achates Power heavy-duty engine achieving CARB proposed ultralow NOx emission for 2027 and 2031+ full useful life requirements while also meeting the EPA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Phase 2 limits with a conventional aftertreatment system (ATS), which was aged to 435k, 600k and 800k
Kale, VaibhavBako, Zoltan
In the United States (US), the off-road sector (i.e., agriculture, construction, etc.) contributes to approximately 10% of the country’s transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, similar to the aviation sector. The off-road sector is extremely diverse; as the EPA MOVES model classifies it into 11 sub-sectors, which include 85 different types of equipment. These equipment types have horsepower ranging from 1 to greater than 3000 and have very different utilization, which makes decarbonization a complex endeavor. To address this, Argonne’s on-road vehicle fleet model, VISION, has been expanded to the off-road sector. The GHG emission factors for several energy carriers (biofuels, electricity, and hydrogen) have been incorporated from Argonne’s GREET model for a sector-wide well-to-wheel (WTW) GHG emissions analysis of the present and future fleet. Several technology adoption and energy decarbonization scenarios were modeled to better understand the appropriate actions required to
Tripathi, ShashwatKolodziej, ChristopherGohlke, DavidBurnham, AndrewZhou, YanLongman, Douglas
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising solution to reduce environmental issues and decrease dependency on fossil fuels. The main drawback associated with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme is that it is incapable of improving the efficiency and response time of the EVs. To overcome this problem, integrating deep learning (DL) techniques into DTC offers a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the drive system of EVs. This article introduces three control methods to improve the output for DTC-based BLDC motor drives: a traditional proportional–integral for speed controller (speed PI), a neural network fitting (NNF)-based speed controller (speed NNF), and a custom neural (CN) network-based speed controller (speed CN). The NNF and CN are DL techniques designed to overcome the limitations of conventional PI controllers, such as retaining the percentage overshoot, settling times, and improving the system’s efficiency. The CN controller reduced the torque ripple by 15
Patel, SandeshYadav, ShekharTiwari, Nitesh
Environmental awareness is being fostered in every sector, with particular emphasis on the automotive industry. Conventional internal combustion engines are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and health issues. Researchers are looking for alternative technologies to reduce carbon footprint and for a green environment. In this study, electric drivetrain is designed for 20% range extension and retrofitted in conventional two-wheeler. An effective control technique has been developed, thoroughly tested, and effectively implemented on the two-wheeler. The hybrid drivetrain architecture is assessed for complexities such as the required space for the battery and the location for fitting the electric motor. During low-speed conditions, the electric motor reduced the emissions and minimized fuel consumption. Consequently, the overall utilization of internal combustion engines at low-speed conditions has decreased, leading to a decrease in the vehicle's fuel consumption and exhaust gases.
Banad, Chandrashekhar BDevunuri, SureshNair, Jayashri NarayananHadagali, BalappaPrasad, Gvl
Considered as one of the most promising technology pathways for the transport sector to realize the target of “carbon neutral,” fuel cell vehicles have been seriously discussed in terms of its potential for alleviating environmental burden. Focused on cradle-to-gate (CtG) stage, this article evaluates the environmental impacts of fuel cell heavy-duty vehicles of three size classes and three driving ranges to find the critical components and manufacturing processes in the energy context of China. The findings show that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the investigated fuel cell heavy-duty vehicle range from 47 ton CO2-eq to 162 ton CO2-eq, with the fuel cell system and hydrogen storage system collectively contributing to 37%–56% of the total. Notably, as the driving range increases, the proportion of GHG emissions stemming from fuel cell-related components also rises. Within the fuel cell system, the catalyst layer and bipolar plate are identified as the components with the most
Mu, ZhexuanDeng, YunFengBai, FanlongZhao, FuquanLiu, ZongweiHao, HanLiu, Ming
As part of the Nano4 EARTH initiative, a national challenge launched by the White House and the National Nanotechnology Initiative, researchers are exploring how innovations at the nanoscale can lead to groundbreaking solutions for a more sustainable future.
Predicting the ignition and heat release patterns during diesel combustion processes is of great significance for improving engine efficiency, reducing emissions, and enabling future low-carbon and zero-carbon flexible fuel control. However, traditional Wiebe physical models face challenges in handling the highly nonlinear nature and variable operating conditions of diesel combustion, failing to achieve accurate real-time prediction. Pure data-driven models demand large amounts of data and lack physical interpretability, while physical models based on parameter learning have restricted fitting accuracy due to structural and parameter constraints. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel Physics-Informed Data-Driven Model. It defines data loss as the deviation between neural network predictions and measured data, and physical loss as the deviation between neural network derivatives and the differential form of the physical model. By minimizing the combined loss, which is a
Zheng, JiaaoSong, KangXie, HuiZhou, ShengkaiSang, HailangHe, Guanzhang
The development of hydrogen economy is an effective way to achieve peak carbon emission and carbon neutralization. Therein, the green production of hydrogen is a prerequisite to reach the goal of decarbonization. As an ideal route, water electrolysis has triggered intense responses under the strong support from policies, which further presenting a phenomenon of water electrolysis equipment manufactures competing to enter the market. However, the extensive growth mode is not conducive to a long term healthy development of the water electrolysis hydrogen production market where products can be sold without requiring compulsory inspection or quality inspection process due to the absence of laws and test & evaluation standards. Considering the market status and technology maturity, the main working principles and characteristics of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) hydrogen production systems are summarized, and the test frameworks of the AWE and PEM
Jiao, DaokuanWang, XiaobingHao, Dong
With the extensive production and widespread use of plastics, the issue of environmental pollution caused by plastic waste has become increasingly prominent. Consequently, researchers have been focusing on developing efficient methodologies for upcycling waste plastics and converting them into value-added materials. This hybrid review–conceptual article first provides an overview of strategies for upcycling waste plastic into carbon-capturing materials. It presents carbonization and activation as key steps in converting plastic waste into adsorbent materials and explores strategies for converting common waste plastics. Building upon this foundation, the article introduces and conceptualizes a novel upcycling approach with two manufacturing routes to convert plastic waste into carbon-capturing materials using supercritical fluid (ScF)-assisted injection molding process. It continues by investigating the potential of developing lightweight components made of such carbon-capturing
Pirani, MahdiMeiabadi, Mohammad SalehMoradi, MahmoudEnriquez, Lissette GarciaSreenivasan, Sreeprasad T.Farahani, Saeed
NASA has selected a team of University of Florida aerospace engineers to pursue a groundbreaking $12 million mission aimed at improving the way we track changes in Earth’s structures, such as tectonic plates and oceans.
A Dartmouth-led research team set out to determine if managing green roof soil microbes could boost healthy urban soil development, a methodology that could be applied to support climate resilience in cities.
Inspired by a small and slow snail, scientists have developed a robot prototype that may one day scoop up microplastics from the surfaces of oceans, seas, and lakes. The robot’s design is based on the Hawaiian apple snail (Pomacea canaliculate), a common aquarium snail that uses the undulating motion of its foot to drive water surface flow and suck in floating food particles.
Letter from the Guest Editors
Farahani, SaeedVargas-Silva, GustavoKazan, HakanMoradi, MahmoudMedina, Carlos
The world’s commitment towards the mitigation of climate changes has driven many sectors into an effort to reduce their carbon footprint. The transit bus sector, which currently strongly relies on diesel fueled buses, is challenged to reduce its carbon footprint, as well as to reduce the emission of criteria pollutant and noise, which negatively affect the world cities’ population, especially those living nearby the large transit bus corridors. In this context, the Battery Electric Buses (BEB), has been set as the transit sector’s workhorse for reaching the global, regional and local environmental targets. However, despite the relative maturity level of both the electric powertrain and the energy storage devices (ESD) technologies, the bus electrification transition is a disruptive process, from both a technological, operational and managerial standpoint, which might take into account both the (electrical) infrastructure, as well as the operational customization requirements. Moreover
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
In the global scenario marked by the increasing environmental awareness and the necessity on reducing pollutant emission to achieve the decarbonization goals, action plans are being proposed by policy makers to reduce the impact of the climate change, mainly affecting the sectors that most contribute to CO2 emissions such as transportation and power generation. In this sense, by virtue of the National Energy Plan 2050, the Brazilian market will undergo the decommissioning of thermal power plants fueled by diesel and heavy fuel oil (HFO) by 2030, compromising about 6.7 GW of power capacity according to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) database. An alternative to the scrapping of these engine power plants is their conversion to operate with fuels with a lower carbon footprint, such as the natural gas. This work, therefore, aims to numerically assess the conversion feasibility of a HFO large bore four-stroke turbocharged engine to operate with natural gas by means of a
Gonçalves, Vinícius FernandezZabeu, Clayton BarcelosAntolini, JácsonSalvador, RobertoAlmeida, RogérioValiati, Allan SoaresFilho, Guenther Carlos Krieger
Mobility in Brazil, dominated by road transportation, is responsible for consuming around a third of the energy matrix and for emitting approximately half of the energy-related emissions in the country. Among the alternatives to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the use of low-carbon hydrogen has a strong potential for decarbonization and improvement of engine efficiency. Thus, this study experimentally investigated the partial replacement of commercial diesel (with 12% of fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) biodiesel) by hydrogen in a commercial vehicle equipped with a compression-ignition internal combustion engine. To investigate the effects of this substitution on performance and emission profile, the vehicles was adapted for dual-fuel operation and hydrogen was injected together with air into the MB OM 924 LA engine of a Mercedes-Benz Accelo 1016 vehicle. Tests were carried out on a chassis dynamometer with 0%, 2% and 4% slope and at speeds equal to 50, 60 and 70 km/h to simulate
Assis, GuilhermeSánchez, Fernando ZegarraBraga, Sergio LealPradelle, Renata Nohra ChaarSouza Junior, JorgePradelle, FlorianTicona, Epifanio Mamani
The (commercial) aviation sector (passenger and freight), which is strongly engaged with the world efforts to mitigate the carbon emissions and their inherent climate change effects, has accounted in 2018 for 2.4 % of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (pre-pandemic levels). Despite the reductions in air travel demand during the 2020 pandemic, with a reduction of up to 80% in passenger travel during the peak pandemic period, the air travel demand has already recovered to around 80% of the pre-pandemic level, with aviation emissions in 2022 reaching around 800 Mt CO2, accounting for 2% of the global energy related CO2 emissions. Moreover, the demand for air travel is expected to double by 2040, growing at an annual average rate of 3.4%, which means that. despite the efficiency improvement trend (average 2%/year), will almost double the aviation’s greenhouse (GHG) emissions, with a significant increase in its relative GHG share, compared to the other transport modes. Meanwhile the
Barbosa, Fábio Coelho
Re-refining of used lubricating oil is an economically attractive and effective recycling method that contributes significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection. The effective re-refining process of used lubricating oil undergoes thorough purification to remove contaminants and to produce high yield and good quality base oil suitable for reuse in lubricant formulation. Used lubricating oils have various hazardous materials, these can be processed with safe and efficient methods required to recover high-quality base oil products. Typically, used lubricating oil is a mixture of various types of additives, base oils, and viscometric grades as per the different types automotive and industrial applications. Re-refined base oils can be re-used to produce lubricants such as industrial and automotive lubricants like passenger car motor oils, transmission fluids, hydraulic oils, and gear oils. API classified base oils into two categories namely mineral base oils API Group I
Maloth, SwamyJoshi, Ratnadeep S.Mishra, Gopal SwaroopSamant, Nagesh N.Bhadhavath, SankerSeth, SaritaBhardwaj, AnilPaul, SubinoyArora, Ajay KumarMaheshwari, Mukul
Nestled in the Himalayas, the Kingdom of Bhutan demonstrates a strong commitment to sustainability and environmental conservation, guided by its constitution and the philosophy of Gross National Happiness (GNH). This commitment is underpinned by policies in conservation, waste management, and energy practices. Despite efforts to promote clean energy, Bhutan relies heavily on non-renewable sources—coal, biomass, and petroleum—accounting for 62.4% of its energy mix, while hydropower, wind, and solar contribute 37.6%. The government has introduced initiatives like the “Low Emission Development Strategy” and the “EV Roadmap 2035” to encourage electric vehicle (EV) adoption. However, the transport sector consumes over 108,768.10 KTOE (14.4% of total energy use), with vehicle sales rising at a CAGR of 6.7% from 75,190 in 2014 to 126,650 in 2023. Yet, only 0.36% of these vehicles are electric, while others contributing to 60.01% of the country's carbon dioxide emissions. By referencing
Wangchuk, SingyeDema, Dorji
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