Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and

Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul

Development of an Automated Testbench for Functional Testing of Dosing Unit

2024-28-0202

12/05/2024

Increasingly stringent emission regulations continue to be legislated around the world to significantly minimize pollutants released to the air by internal combustion engines. After Treatment Systems (ATS) meant for reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust into non-harmful species have evolved at a rapid pace over the past two decades. Stringent emissions requirements have driven complex ATS architecture through sensors to measure delta-pressure, NOx, and temperatures. Accurate and precise performance of individual components as well as the integrated ATS is required to ensure regulatory compliance and efficient performance. Both of which require substantial amounts of performance and validation testing. Manufacturers have been developing the ability to accurately and efficiently test the ATS components. To meet the norms for tail pipe or stack emissions of NOx in ‘as new’ condition and during the entire ‘emissions useful life (EUL)’ of the ATS, all components of an ATS must

Raut, Pratiksha C, Ottikkutti, Pradheepram, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Magar, Vijay A.

Machine Learning Approach to Control Thermal Strategies and Mitigate Sensor Failure Penalty on Emissions

2024-28-0170

12/05/2024

As vehicle emission standards are becoming stringent worldwide because of the looming climate crisis, it is important to control the pollutants that vehicles emit. To achieve the stringent emission target, it has become a priority to enhance the capability of Emission Control System (ECS) which consist of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) sub-systems. One of the bottlenecks is the limited operating temperature range of the after-treatment system. In modern emission control systems, the temperature characteristics should always be optimized to have the best efficiency involving chemical conversions. To achieve this optimal operating temperature, different thermal control strategies are followed in the Engine and emission control unit. Temperature sensor values are one of the primary inputs for thermal management strategies. In the event of temperature sensor malfunction, the ECS performance is affected due to

Kumar, Amit, V H, Yashwanth, Kumar, Raman, Hegde, Karthik, Manojdharan, Arjungopal

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS OF A COMMERCIALLY BASED DIESEL ENGINE MODIFIED FOR OPERATION ON JP 8 FUEL

2024-01-3185

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The majority of commercial off the shelf (COTS) diesel engines rely on EGR to meet increasingly stringent emissions standards, but these EGR systems would be susceptible to corrosion and damage if JP-8 were used as a fuel due to its high sulfur content. Starting with a Cummins 2007 ISL 8.9L production engine, this program demonstrates the modifications necessary to remove EGR and operate on JP-8 fuel with a goal of demonstrating 48% brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at an emissions level consistent with 1998 EPA standards. The effects of injector cup flow, improved turbo match, increased compression ratio with revised piston bowl geometry, increased cylinder pressure, revised intake manifold for improved breathing, and piston, ring and liner designs to reduce friction are all investigated. Testing focused on a single operating point, full load at 1600 RPM. This engine uses a variable geometry turbo and high pressure common rail fuel system, allowing control over air fuel ratio

Lutz, Tim, Modiyani, Rajani

MODELING, VALIDATION AND ANALYSIS OF HMMWV XM1124 HYBRID POWERTRAIN

2024-01-3469

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Vehicle electrification technology has demonstrated its effectiveness for passenger vehicles, mainly due to environmental performance needs to meet fuel economy and green-house-gas emissions standards. Military vehicles require, among other specific features, not only the ability to move undetected but to perform at the lowest combined fuel and energy consumption possible. An experimental prototype HMMWV XM1124 with a series hybrid powertrain, which provides the ability for electric mode only and hybrid operation for reducing fuel consumption, is being investigated. The aim of this paper is to create a model of XM1124, validate it and utilize it to analyze the effect of vehicle electric range and performance. Additionally, the validated model allows evaluation of various operating strategies and hardware configurations for reducing the fuel consumption and improving vehicle performance

Gauchía, A., Worm, J., Davis, C., Naber, J.

A NEW TECHNIQUE TO ENABLE DIESEL ENGINES TO AUTONOMOUSLY OPERATE ON DIFFERENT MILITARY FUELS

2024-01-3416

11/15/2024

SUMMARY Autonomous operation of diesel engines using different military fuels faces many challenges. Engines should be able to use Jet Propellant-8 (JP-8) fuel, as well as alternate and renewable fuels intended to replace petroleum-derived jet or diesel fuels. These fuels can have wide ranges of physical and chemical properties. In addition, diesel engines that power military ground vehicles are originally manufactured for commercial applications which are equipped with additional after treatment devices needed to the meet emission standards. Such devices are not needed in military vehicles. However, commercial engines and after treatment devices are calibrated as one system to meet the emission targets, causing some penalty in fuel economy and peak power. These engines should be recalibrated to produce the highest power density and the best fuel economy required in military vehicles. Furthermore, commercial engines are optimized to operate on ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel) fuel, which

Henein, Naeim. A., Bryzik, Walter, Badawy, Tamer, Muzzell, Pat., Schihl, Pete, Sattler, Eric, Johnson, Nick

Emission Characteristics of TCR Diesel Fuels in Comparison to Diesel Fuels Derived from other Sources

2024-01-4289

11/05/2024

In this work we demonstrate the influence of different refined TCR refining diesel fuels on emission, power and efficiency in comparison to reference Diesel fuel (homologation fuel for Euro 6 emission testing), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a blend of poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3) with reference Diesel. The emission characteristics of such TCR fuels used in a production type Diesel engine with modern common rail system has up to now not been tested. The comparison was performed at an engine test bench equipped with a Hatz 4H50 TIC direct injection common rail Diesel engine. For different engine operation points exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters were measured and the results analyzed

Seeger, Jan, Taschek, Marco

Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques for Particulate Emissions Estimation from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine Fuelled by Different Gasoline Blends

2024-01-4306

11/05/2024

Light-duty vehicle emissions regulations worldwide impose stringent limits on particulate matter (PM) emissions, necessitating accurate modelling and prediction of particulate emissions across a range of sizes (as low as 10 nm). It has been shown that the decision tree-based ensemble machine learning technique known as Random Forest can accurately predict particle size, concentration, and accumulation mode geometric standard deviation (GSD) for particulate emission diameters as low as 23 nm from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine operating on a single fuel, while also offering insights into the underlying factors of emissions production because of the interpretable nature of decision trees. This work builds on the prior Random Forest research as its basis and further investigates the relative performance of five decision tree-based machine learning techniques in predicting these particulate emission parameters and extends the work to 10 nm particles. In addition to

Stangierska, Marta, Bajwa, Abdullah, Lewis, Andrew, Akehurst, Sam, Turner, James, Leach, Felix

Effect of Premixing Ratio on the Deterministic Characteristics of Combustion Dynamics Butanol-Diesel RCCI Engine

2024-01-4292

11/05/2024

The rising demand for vehicles has increased CO and HC emissions, worsening air quality and contributing to climate change, key issues under the clean development mechanism and UN SDG 13: Climate Action. Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) offers a promising solution to reduce PM and NOx while maintaining fuel efficiency. However, the cyclic variation of the RCCI engine remains an underexplored area in control strategies, necessitating further research for optimization in line with sustainable development goals. This study explores the impact of premixing ratios on RCCI engines fueled with butanol and the nature of cyclic variation to know the controllability. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at 1500 rpm and constant engine load. The experiments reveal that increasing the premixing ratio from 45% to 60% decreases the heat release rate by 15%, Pmax by 10%, and IMEP by 12%. Recurrence Quantitative Analysis (RQA) confirmed strong deterministic

Yadav, Ratnesh Kumar, Mohite, Avadhoot Abaso, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Emissions Analysis for a Hydrogen-Fueled Low-Pressure-Ratio Split-Cycle Engine

2024-01-4312

11/05/2024

Recuperated low-pressure-ratio split-cycle engines represent a promising engine configuration for applications like transportation and stand-alone power generation by offering a potential efficiency as high as 60%. However, it can be challenging to achieve the stringent NOx emission standard, such as Euro 6 limit of 0.4 gNOx/kWh, due to the exhaust cylinder high intake temperature. This paper presents experimental investigation of hydrogen-air combustion NOx emissions for such engines for the first time. Experiments are carried out using a simplified constant-volume combustion chamber with glow-plug ignition. Two fuel injection techniques are performed: direct injection and injection via a novel convergent-divergent injector. For the direct injection scenario, NOx levels are unsatisfactory with respect to the Euro 6 standards over a range of operating temperatures from 200 °C to 550 °C. Recorded NOx levels can reach twice the permissible limit which necessitates the implementation of

Eldakamawy, Mohamed Hossam, Picard, Mathieu

Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance from Fresh to Full Useful Life

2024-01-4311

11/05/2024

The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a durable solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as a viable technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, the proposed “Multipollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”. The goal of this study was to track the evolution of tailpipe particulate emissions of a modern GTDI light duty vehicle under typical North American mileage accumulation; from a fresh state to 4000-mile, and finally to its full useful life of 150,000-miles. For this purpose, a production TWC + GPF after-treatment system was installed in place of the T3B85 TWC-only system. Chassis dyno emissions testing was performed at the pre-determined mileage points with on-road driving conducted for the necessary mileage accumulation. This report will show the outstanding filtration durability and enhanced particulate control and of the current GPF technology all the way to 150,000 miles for

Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason, Beattie, James, Nipunage, Sanket, Moser, David, Day, Ryan, Banker, Vonda

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Effect of Urea Pulse Injection Strategies to Reduce NOx Emission in Urea-SCR Catalysts

2024-01-4304

11/05/2024

A major challenge for auto industries is reducing NOx and other exhaust gas emissions to meet stringent Euro 7 emission regulations. A urea Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) after-treatment system (ATS) commonly uses upstream urea water injection to reduce NOx from the engine exhaust gas. The NOx emission conversion rate in ATSs is high for high exhaust gas temperatures but substantially low for temperatures below 200°C. This study aims to improve the NOx conversion rate using urea pulse injection in a mass-production 2.2 L diesel engine equipped with an SCR ATS operated under low exhaust gas temperature. The engine experimental results show that, under 200°C exhaust temperature and 3.73x104 h-1 gross hourly space velocity (SV), the NOx conversion rate can be improved by 5% using 5-sec ON and 12-sec OFF (denoted as 5/12 s) urea pulse supply compared to the constant supply under time-averaged 1.0 urea equivalence ratio. It is experimentally observed that the urea pulse supply’s

Yoshida, Fuka, Takahashi, Hideaki, Kotani, Yuya, Zu, Qiuyue, Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin

Effects of Fuels Properties on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Light Duty GCI Engine

2024-01-4279

11/05/2024

Our research group developed Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) fuel matrix based on the fuel properties, specifications and fuel sources in an effort to standardize the GCI fuel. This study attempts to experimentally validate the standardized GCI fuels to comply with the operational regimes of GCI engine. Two of the formulated GCI fuels (GCI7 and GCI8) with varying physical and chemical properties, and composition were investigated in a single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. In addition to fuel effects, the engine variables were parametrically varied at low (3 bar IMEP) and medium (7 bar IMEP) load conditions. At low loads, the fuel chemical effects played a crucial role in governing the combustion while physical effect had a negligible impact. Due to lower cetane number of GCI8 fuel, combustion is predominantly premixed for GCI8 fuel but GCI7 fuel shows a more pronounced diffusion combustion phase. The low temperature heat release (LTHR) is evident only for GCI8 fuel due

Qahtani, Yasser Al, Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, Alhajhouje, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah

Critical Mass: The One Thing You Need to Know About Green Cars

R-57510/23/2024

In an era where climate change dominates global discourse, Felix Leach and Nick Molden dive deep into the complexity of vehicle emissions in their groundbreaking new book. Building on the insights from Felix's previous work, Racing Toward Zero, this new release confronts the bewildering landscape of automotive pollution with a clear, rigorous approach: what one piece of information can best describe the environmental impact of cars? Our digital age bombards us with information, yet meaningful understanding often eludes us, particularly when it comes to climate issues like road vehicle emissions. As simple solutions to such a complex problem remain elusive, Leach and Molden advocate for a sophisticated, yet accessible perspective. They propose a radical simplification of how we consider the environmental impact of cars and explore the multifaceted impacts of various vehicle powertrains, pushing beyond CO2 emissions to address broader environmental and societal concerns. The authors

Leach, Felix, Molden, Nick

SAETruck & Off-Highway Engineering: October 2024

24TOFHP1010/10/2024

Brownout for commercial-vehicle electrification? Outsized costs for charging infrastructure could slow implementation of battery-electric CVs. Detailing the 2027 Cummins X15 The next-gen 15-liter diesel engine meets all 2027 EPA emissions regulations while boosting fuel efficiency. Off-highway hybrids are entering prime time Increased performance and lower emissions explain why hybrid technology is an appealing option for certain off-highway vehicles. Just ask John Deere. Editorial Making machines software-defined no simple task Navigating the future of AI in the CV industry Bemis, BASF develop lightweight hydraulic tank for compact excavators Mercedes: H2-ICE is a viable path for commercial trucks Sinonus carbon-fiber structural batteries could extend range of electric CVs Case launches 'industry first' electric backhoe loader HD Hyundai introduces new dozer and a bevy of excavators ASV rolls out a pair of new compact track loaders SPOTLIGHTS: Connectors; Power generation Q&A Shell

24TOFHP10_13

10/01/2024

Shell Rotella hosted journalists at the National Tractor Pulling Championships in Bowling Green, Ohio, in August, where the company was sponsoring tractors run by Koester Racing in the mini-modified division. Karin Haumann, OEM technical manager of Shell Global Solutions, was onsite and spoke with TOHE about the approaching proposed category 12 (PC-12) heavy-duty diesel engine oil category. PC-12 engine oils are in development and will be licensed for use on January 1, 2027. The current engine oil categories, CK-4 and FA-4, were introduced in 2016. Development of the new category is necessary due to advancements in engine technology, and it aligns with stricter emissions regulations that begin in 2027, said Haumann, who serves as chairperson of the API new category development team. “As diesel engine technology evolves, they require oils that offer increased oxidation performance and wear reduction, can handle higher temperatures, and improve fuel economy,” she said. Lubricant

Gehm, Ryan

Detailing the 2027 CUMMINS X15

24TOFHP10_02

10/01/2024

The next-gen 15-liter diesel engine meets all 2027 EPA emissions regulations while boosting fuel efficiency. Cummins provided extensive details of the design and engineering efforts involved in developing the new HELM version of its X15 diesel engine. The company says its new engine will offer up to a 7% improvement in fuel economy compared to the current EPA 2024-certified X15 while also meeting all 2027 emissions targets. Truck & Off-Highway Engineering was invited to tour the company's headquarters in Columbus, Indiana, where journalists were given a comprehensive update on the hardware powering the latest X15

Wolfe, Matt

Optimization of a Virtual H2 Engine Using a 1D Simulation Tool Targeting High Engine Performance along with Near-Zero Emission Levels

2024-24-0015

09/18/2024

Hydrogen engines are currently considered as a viable solution to preserve the internal combustion engine (ICE) as a power unit for vehicle propulsion. In particular, lean-burn gasoline Spark-Ignition (SI) engines have been a major subject of investigation, due to their reduced emission levels and high thermodynamic efficiency. Lean charge is suitable for passenger car applications, where the demand of mid/low power output does not require an excessive amount of air to be delivered by the turbocharging unit, but can difficulty be tailored in the field of high-performance engine, where the air mass delivered would require oversized turbocharging systems or more complex charging solutions. For this reason, the range of feeding conditions near the stochiometric is explored in the field of high-performance engines (20 BMEP), leading to the consequent issue of abatement of pollutant emissions. In this work, a 1D model is applied to the modeling of a four cylinder engine fueled with direct

Marinoni, Andrea, Montenegro, Gianluca, Cerri, Tarcisio, Della Torre, Augusto, Onorati, Angelo

Neural-Network-Based Modeling of SCR Systems for Emission Simulation: A Comprehensive Approach

2024-24-0042

09/18/2024

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are crucial for automotive emissions control, as they are essential to comply with stringent emissions regulations. Model-based SCR controls are used to minimize NOx emissions in a broad range of real-word driving scenarios, constantly adapting the urea injection to diverse load and temperature operating conditions, also accounting for different catalyst ageing status. In this framework, Neural Networks (NN) based models offer a promising alternative to reduced-order physical models or map-based controls. This study introduces a hybrid modeling approach for SCR systems, leveraging the integration of machine learning techniques with detailed physics-based models. A high fidelity 1D-CFD plant model of a SCR catalyst, previously calibrated on experimental data, was used as digital twin of the real component. A standardized simulation protocol was defined to virtually characterize the SCR thermal and chemical behavior under the full range of

Sapio, Francesco, Aglietti, Filippo, Ferreri, Paolo, Savuca, Alexandru

Dual Injection Concept and Lean Burn Characteristics with Methanol on a SI-Engine

2024-24-0030

09/18/2024

The research for sustainable alternative fuels for combustion engines was driven by the urgency to meet future emission regulation norms and mitigate climate change and dependency on fossil fuels. In this context, methanol emerges as a promising candidate due to its potential for greenhouse gas-neutral production methods and its advantageous characteristics for employment in SI engines. Adverse effects, such as elevated emissions due to incomplete combustion along with liner impingement and oil dilution as a consequence of the high injected fuel mass and the large enthalpy of vaporization, can be improved by a dual injection concept. The tests were conducted on a single-cylinder research engine derived from a common passenger vehicle engine. The exhaust gas composition was measured with an FTIR-analyzer employing a methanol-specific evaluation method, standard exhaust gas analyzers, and a solid particle counter system with 10 and 23 μm cut-off sizes. The ratio of DI mass to total mass

Fitz, Patrick, Fellner, Felix, Rößlhuemer, Raphael, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

An Archive-Based Micro Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimizing Wheel Bearing Performance and Reducing Friction

2024-01-3046

09/08/2024

Cars and vans are accountable for 14.5% of the total CO2 emissions in the European Union, exerting a significant impact on public health and the environment. To align with the climate objectives set by the Council and the European Parliament, the Fit for 55 package encompasses a series of proposals aimed at revising and modernizing EU legislation while introducing new initiatives. The ultimate goal is to ensure that EU policies are in harmony with the climate targets, specifically the EU’s aspiration to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. To meet the fleet average emissions targets, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are compelled to reduce emissions from their vehicles by addressing various components. The urgent need for car makers to reduce their carbon footprint, combined with the imperative to improve the mileage range of electric vehicles, has led to the creation of a novel

Bogliacino, Fabio, Re, Paolo, Ferrero, Alessandro

Enhancing Brake Performance: FNC-Smart-ONC® Technology to Address Corrosion Challenges and Extend the Durability of GCI Rotors

2024-01-3044

09/08/2024

The most used rotor material is gray cast iron (GCI), known for its susceptibility to corrosion. The impact of corrosion on the braking system is paramount, affecting both braking performance and the emission of particulate matter. The issue becomes more severe, especially when the brakes are left stationary or unused for extended durations in humid conditions, as seen with electric vehicles (EVs). Brake disc corrosion amplifies the risk of corrosion adhesion between contacting surfaces, leading to substantial damage, increased quantity and mass of non-exhaust particulate emissions, and decreased braking effectiveness. In addition, brake pads' friction material plays a crucial role in generating the necessary stopping force, creating friction that transforms kinetic energy into heat. However, heightened pressure during braking elevates rotor temperatures, contributing to the degradation of the friction material. This degradation manifests in decreased mechanical strength, heightened

Nousir, Saadia, Winter, Karl-Michael

Sustainable Propulsion in a Post-Fossil Energy World: Life-Cycle Assessment of Renewable Fuel and Electrified Propulsion Concepts

2024-01-3013

07/02/2024

In response to the challenge of climate change, the European Union has developed a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Extensive research has been conducted on the CO2 life cycle analysis of propulsion systems. However, achieving net-zero CO2 emissions requires adjusting key performance indicators for the development of these. Therefore, we investigated the ecological sustainability impacts of various propulsion concepts integrated in a C-segment sports utility vehicle assuming a 100% renewable energy scenario. The propulsion concepts studied include a hydrogen-fueled 48V mild hybrid, a hydrogen-fueled 48V hybrid, a methanol-fueled 400V hybrid, a methanol-to-gasoline-fueled 400V plug-in hybrid, an 800V battery electric vehicle (BEV), and a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). To achieve a comprehensive and objective comparison of various propulsion concepts that meet the same pre-defined customer requirements for system design, we conducted an integrated and

Kexel, Jannik, Pischinger, Stefan, Balazs, Andreas, Schroeder, Benedikt, Wegner, Hagen

Experimental and Simulation Study of Zero Flow Impact on Hybrid Vehicle Emissions

2024-37-0036

06/12/2024

Combustion engines in hybrid vehicles start and shut off several times during a typical passenger car trip. Each engine restart may pose a risk of excessive tailpipe emissions in real-drive conditions if the after-treatment system fails to maintain an adequate temperature level during engine off mode. In view of the tightening worldwide tailpipe emissions standards and real-world conformity requirements, it is important to detect and resolve such risks via reliable and cost-effective engineering tools that can perform accurate analysis of the thermal and chemical behavior of exhaust systems. In this work, we present a catalyst model that predicts the 3D thermal and chemical behavior under normal and zero flow conditions. Particular emphasis is given to the phenomena of free convection and thermal radiation dominating the heat transfer at zero flow. Next, we examine the impact of zero-flow duration on the exhaust system temperature and subsequent emissions risk and we validate the

Emmanouil, Valesia, Koltsakis, Grigorios, Kotoulas, Costas

Using ALPHA v3.0 to Simulate Conventional and Electrified GHG Reduction Technologies in the MY2022 Light-Duty Fleet

2024-01-2710

04/09/2024

As GHG and fuel economy regulations of light-duty vehicles have become more stringent, advanced emissions reduction technology has extensively penetrated the US light-duty vehicle fleet. This new technology includes not only advanced conventional engines and transmissions, but also greater adoption of electrified powertrains. In 2022, electrified vehicles – including mild hybrids, strong hybrids, plug-ins, and battery electric vehicles – made up nearly 17% of the US fleet and are on track to further increase their proportion in subsequent years. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has previously used its Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) full vehicle simulation tool to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of light-duty vehicles. ALPHA contains a library of benchmarked powertrain components that can be matched to specific vehicles to explore GHG emissions performance. Recently, EPA has updated the ALPHA model with key changes including the addition

Moskalik, Andrew, Kargul, John, Butters, Karla, Bhagdikar, Piyush

Evaluation of Engine and Aftertreatment Concepts for Proposed Tier 5 off-Road Emission Standards

2024-01-2628

04/09/2024

The global push towards reducing green-house gas and criteria pollutant emissions is leading to tighter emission standards for heavy-duty engines. Among the most stringent of these standards are the California Air Resource Board (CARB) 2024+ HD Omnibus regulations adopted by the agency in August 2020. The CARB 2024+ HD Omnibus regulations require up to 90% reduction in NOx emissions along with updated compliance testing methods for on-road heavy-duty engines. Subsequently, the agency announced development of new Tier 5 standards for off-road engines in November 2021. The Tier 5 standards aim to reduce NOx/PM emissions by 90%/75% respectively from Tier 4 final levels, along with introduction of greenhouse gas emission standards for CO2/CH4/N2O/NH3. Furthermore, CARB is also considering similar updates on compliance testing as those implemented in 2024+ HD Omnibus regulations including, low-load cycle, idle emissions and 3-bin moving average in-use testing. While multiple technologies

Fnu, Dhanraj, Joshi, Satyum, Koehler, Erik, Franke, Michael, Tomazic, Dean

Simulation Methodology for Failure Analysis of Catalytic Converter Mounting on Commercial Vehicles

2024-01-2247

04/09/2024

Catalytic converters have been considered as an integral part of the vehicle powertrain for over a decade now, their application along with the engines increased significantly with the constant evolution of emission standards. Recent regulations keep a strict control on the major four pollutants of engine exhaust gas, i.e., Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC) & Particulate Matter (PM), which demands a highly efficient aftertreatment system. Efforts are continuously being made to downsize the engine for better fuel economy and low emissions, this puts additional requirement of designing a compact aftertreatment system equipped with Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). Compact catalytic converters experience larger vibration force transferred from the vehicle and hence the durability of the product is significantly impacted. Vibration sources are a) Engine, b) Road Load, using a long flex pipe

Gupta, Bipin, Li, Jiangong, Singaravel, Vinothkumar

Post-Oxidation Phenomena as a Thermal Management Strategy for Automotive After-Treatment Systems: Assessment by Means of 3D-CFD Virtual Developmen t

2024-01-2629

04/09/2024

The target of the upcoming automotive emission regulations is to promote a fast transition to near-zero emission vehicles. As such, the range of ambient and operating conditions tested in the homologation cycles is broadening. In this context, the proposed work aims to thoroughly investigate the potential of post-oxidation phenomena in reducing the light-off time of a conventional three-way catalyst. The study is carried out on a turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline engine by means of experimental and numerical activities. Post oxidation is achieved through the oxidation of unburned fuel in the exhaust line, exploiting a rich combustion and a secondary air injection dedicated strategy. The CFD methodology consists of two different approaches: the former relies on a full-engine mesh, the latter on a detailed analysis of the chemical reactions occurring in the exhaust line. The coupling between experimental data and simulation results provides a complete assessment of the investigated

Barillari, Loris, Pipolo, Mario, Della Torre, Augusto, Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco, Kulzer, André

Leveraging DOConFilter to Improve Exhaust System Packaging

2024-01-2131

04/09/2024

Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) made of cordierite are generally used for diesel engine aftertreatment systems in both on-road and commercial off-highway vehicles to meet today’s worldwide emission regulations. PM/PN and NOx emission regulations will become more stringent worldwide, as represented by CARB2027 and Euro7. Technologies that can meet these strict regulations are required. As a result, aftertreatment systems have become more complex with limited space. Recently, off-highway OEMs have been interested in downsizing the aftertreatment system using concepts such as DOConFilter in an effort to reduce the size of the exhaust system. DOConFilter can effectively replace DOC + CSF or DOC + bare DPF systems with a single zone coated particulate filter. DOConFilter systems have an increased amount of coating compared to CSF as higher-filtration filters will become the norm. An undesirable increase in pressure drop is expected by adopting this new technology. In addition, soot

Kinoshita, Takashi, Tanaka, Katsunori, Furuta, Yasuyuki, Aoki, Takashi, Sakamoto, Hirofumi, Fakih, Hussein, Fukumi, Yuki, Yoshioka, Fumihiko, Kato, Kyohei

Oxygenated Fuels as Reductants for Lean NOx Trap Regeneration

2024-01-2132

04/09/2024

The push for environmental protection and sustainability has led to strict emission regulations for automotive manufacturers as evident in EURO VII and 2026 EPA requirements. The challenge lies in maintaining fuel efficiency and simultaneously reducing the carbon footprint while meeting future emission regulations. Alcohol (primarily methanol, ethanol, and butanol) and ether (dimethyl ether) fuels, owing to their comparable energy density to existing fuels, the comparative ease of handling, renewable production, and suitable emission characteristics may present an attractive drop-in replacement, fully or in part as an additive, to the gasoline/diesel fuels, without extensive modifications to the engine geometry. Additionally, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. Modern internal combustion engines typically employ various in-cylinder emission reduction techniques along with a multi

Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Ting, David, Zheng, Ming

RDE PN Emission Challenges for a China 6 PHEV

2024-01-2386

04/09/2024

With more stringent CO2 emission regulation in the world, Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV, also known as off-vehicle charging hybrid electric vehicle, OVC-HEV) plays a more important role in the current modern market, such as in China. At the same time, Real Driving Emission (RDE) was introduced in both Euro 6d and China 6b regulation, which covers more factors in the real driving practice including altitude, environment temperature, fuel quality, driving behaviors, and so on, which could potentially impact the pollutant emissions. Besides above mentioned, for PHEV, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is also considered as one important factor, which could impact the engine load and emissions. Thus, this paper discusses some testing results of a PHEV (1.5L MPI engine) from a Chinese OEM, which was tested in the laboratory with different initial SOC points (charge sustaining - CS mode and charge depleting - CD mode) and different environment temperature (230C, 00C & -100C) as

Liu, Yi, Li, Chunbo, Boger, Thorsten, Feng, Xiangyu, Li, Weiwei, Chen, Xiaolang

Numerical Investigation on Hydrogen Enrichment and EGR on In-Cylinder Soot and NOx Formation in Dual-Fuel CI-Engine

2024-01-2098

04/09/2024

To mitigate the NOx emissions from diesel engines, the adoption of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) has gained widespread acceptance as a technology. Employing EGR has the drawback of elevating soot emissions. Using hydrogen-enriched air with EGR in a diesel engine (dual-fuel operation), offers the potential to decrease in-cylinder soot formation while simultaneously reducing NOx emissions. The present study numerically investigates the effect of hydrogen energy share and engine load on the formation and emission of soot and NOx from hydrogen-diesel dual-fuel engines. The numerical investigation uses an n-heptane/H2 reduced reaction mechanism with a two-step soot model in ANSYS FORTE. A reduced n-heptane reaction mechanism is integrated with a hydrogen reaction mechanism using CHEMKIN to enhance the accuracy of predicting dual-fuel combustion in a hydrogen dual-fuel engine. The results show that hydrogen enrichment plays a significant role by decreasing the soot precursor concentration

Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Development of the New V6 Twin-Turbocharged Engine for Flagship SUV

2024-01-2095

04/09/2024

As part of Nissan’s strategy of electrification and the shift to smart technologies, our powertrain department has two main pillars: zero emissions and ICE Evolution. As a core unit of ICE Evolution, we have developed a brand new 3.5L V6 Twin turbocharged gasoline engine for Nissan’s next generation full-size flagship SUV to deliver luxury and toughness at the highest level. This brand-new engine will be applied to vehicles in all corners of the world and must have strong performance in every corner. More specifically, it has to meet the latest emissions and fuel efficiency regulations, have strong power performance beyond expectation, and provide reliable drivability on rough roads and deserts. To achieve these requirements, the new engine is incorporating many cutting-edge technologies. Stoichiometric combustion range has been expanded by Nissan’s latest high-speed combustion technology, which is enhanced by a higher pressure 35MPa injection system, an increased cooling efficiency

TAKAHASHI, Sho, KOJIMA, Shuji, HAKAMADA, Yuya, YOSHIDA, Takahiro, KATSUMA, Seiji

A Rapid Catalyst Heating System for Gasoline-Fueled Engines

2024-01-2378

04/09/2024

Increasingly stringent tailpipe emissions regulations have prompted renewed interest in catalyst heating technology – where an integrated device supplies supplemental heat to accelerate catalyst ‘light-off’. Bosch and Boysen, following a collaborative multi-year effort, have developed a Rapid Catalyst Heating System (RCH) for gasoline-fueled applications. The RCH system provides upwards of 25 kW of thermal power, greatly enhancing catalyst performance and robustness. Additional benefits include reduction of precious metal loading (versus a ‘PGM-only’ approach) and avoidance of near-engine catalyst placement (limiting the need for enrichment strategies). The following paper provides a technical overview of the Bosch/Boysen (BOB) Rapid Catalyst Heating system – including a detailed review of the system’s architecture, key performance characteristics, and the associated impact on vehicle-level emissions

Disch, Christian, O'Donnell, Ryan, Singh, Ripudaman, Chutipassakul, Somjai, Krein, William, Heinzelmann, Frank, Oesterle, Matthias

Experimental Study on Engine Performance Fueled with Ammonia-Hydrogen Blend Ignited by Diesel Pilot

2024-01-2365

04/09/2024

The global energy crisis and drastic climate change are continuously promoting the implementation of sustainable energy sources. To meet the emission standards and carbon-neutrality targets in vehicle industry, ammonia is considered to be one of the promising carbon-neutral fuels. However, running the engines on high amounts of ammonia may lead to significantly high ammonia slip. This originates huge safety concerns. Therefore, hydrogen is added in certain ratio with ammonia to promote combustion and reduce ammonia slip. Furthermore, adding diesel as a pilot fuel further facilitates the combustion reactions. This experimental study investigated the effect of different ammonia-hydrogen blend ratios on in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), indicated thermal efficiency (ITE), CA5 and CA50. This effect of blend ratios was tested for varied diesel pilot amounts and timings. The results show that increasing the hydrogen

Akram, Muhammad Saad, Cheng, Qiang, Yeganeh, Maryam, Kaario, Ossi, Larmi, Martti

Engine-out Gaseous Emissions in a Diesel Engine using Methanol as a Low-carbon Fuel under Dual-fuel Operation

2024-01-2364

04/09/2024

In this study, engine-out gaseous emissions are reviewed using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurement of methanol diesel dual fuel combustion experiments performed in a heavy-duty diesel engine. Comparison to the baseline diesel-only condition shows that methanol-diesel dual fuel combustion leads to higher regulated carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). However, NOX emissions were reduced effectively with increasing methanol substitution rate (MSR). Under dual-fuel operation with methanol, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX), including nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O), indicate the potential to reduce the burden of NOX on diesel after-treatment devices such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Other unregulated gaseous emissions, such as formaldehyde (CH2O) methane (CH4), increased with higher MSR, but their emissions can be mitigated if advanced injection timing or increased intake temperature is

Cung, Khanh, Wright, Nolan, Briggs, Thomas, Smith, Edward, Michlberger, Alexander, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher, Bachu, Pruthvi, Meruva, Prathik, Aussi, Yehya

Impact of Deposit Control Additives on Particulate Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Pre-used Vehicles with Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

2024-01-2127

04/09/2024

Injector nozzle deposits can have a profound effect on particulate emissions from vehicles fitted with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. Several recent publications acknowledge the benefits of using Deposit Control Additives (DCA) to maintain or restore injector cleanliness and in turn minimise particulates, but others claim that high levels of DCA could have detrimental effects due to the direct contribution of DCA to particulates, that outweigh the benefits of injector cleanliness. Much of the aforementioned work was conducted in laboratory scenarios with model fuels. In this investigation a fleet of 7 used GDI vehicles were taken from the field to determine the net impact of DCAs on particulates in real-world scenarios. The vehicles tested comprised a range of vehicles from different manufacturers that were certified to Euro 5 and Euro 6 emissions standards. In a first phase, the vehicles were fuelled on EN228 compliant gasoline treated with a high dose of DCA and were driven

Mitchell, Benji, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Chahal, Jasprit, Buttery, Ian, Williams, Rod, Cracknell, Roger, Pery, Luke, Aradi, Allen

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