A newly formulated fiber-based material was developed to offer a sustainable alternative to foam-based vehicle acoustic products. The fiber-based material was designed to be used in multiple vehicle acoustic applications, with different blends of the material available depending on the application. It performs well as an engine bay sound absorber due to its high heat tolerance and good absorption performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the sound absorption performance of this fiber-based material, specifically the engine bay blends, in comparison to that of current foam-based products. The results from this study show that the sound absorption performance of this new fiber-based material can match that of current foam-based materials while providing a sustainable and fully recyclable product, unlike the foam.

Krugh, Jack

Optimization of Combustion Efficiency and Conversion Efficiency of Catalytic Converter in Spark-Ignited Engine using Taguchi Methods Robust Optimization Technique for Flex Fuel Application

2024-32-0123

04/18/2025

Flex fuel vehicles (FFV) can operate effectively from E5 (Gasoline 95%, ethanol 5%) fuel to E100 (Gasoline 0%, ethanol 100%) fuel. It is necessary to meet the performance, drivability, emission targets and regulatory requirements irrespective of fuel mixture combination. This research work focuses on optimizing the combustion efficiency and conversion efficiency of catalytic converter of a spark-ignited less than 200 cc engine for FFV using Taguchi methods robust optimization technique. The study employs an eight-step robust optimization approach to simultaneously minimize engine out emissions and maximize catalytic converter efficiency. Six control factors including type of fuel, catalyst heating rpm, lambda (excess-air ratio), injection end angle, lambda controller delay, and ignition timing are optimized. Four noise factors like compression ratio, clearance volume, catalyst noble metal loading, and catalyst aging are also considered. Through approximately 100 physical experiments on

Vaidyanathan, Balaji, Arunkumar, Praveenkumar, Shunmugasundaram, Palani, Murugesan, Manickam, Jayajothijohnson, Vedhanayagam

Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission

2024-32-0025

04/18/2025

Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water

Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram

Evaluation of Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) Accuracy by Simultaneous Measurement of PEMS and Laboratory-Based Analyzers ^*

2024-32-0113

04/18/2025

With growing concern to protect the atmosphere, the stringency of vehicle emission regulations is increasing annually [1,2]. Notably, evaluations of real driving emissions (RDEs) using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) have been mandated for light duty vehicles (LDVs) in regions, such as the EU, China, India, and Japan [3,4]. Additionally, RDEs have attracted attention in motorcycles and was investigated in the effect study of the environmental step Euro 5 [5]. However, some inherent problems remain with RDE measurements using the PEMS on motorcycles. Due to the smaller engine displacement and fewer cylinders associated with motorcycles, resulting in lower exhaust gas flow rates, the measurement accuracy of the PEMS may be lower than that of the LDVs. Furthermore, exhaust emissions can be affected by the additional weight of the PEMS when mounted on motorcycles. This study investigated the accuracy of the PEMS in measuring motorcycle emissions by simultaneously measuring

Matsuoka, Masahiro, Hirai, Hiroshi, Ito, Takayuki

Studying the Lean Burn Operation in Two-Wheelers to Increase Fuel Efficiency and Investigate the Use of Lean NOx Trap Catalyst (LNT) for Lean Burn System

2024-32-0058

04/18/2025

This study offers an overview of the impact of lean burn technology in two-wheeler vehicles, specifically concentrating on enhancing the fuel economy and addressing the challenges associated with its adoption. Lean burn systems, characterized by a fuel-air mixture with a higher air content than stoichiometric ratio. The study focuses on technology which meets stringent emission standards while enabling the optimization of fuel efficiency. The lean burn system employs strategies to optimize air-fuel ratio using electronic fuel injection, ignition timing control, and advanced engine control algorithms like - updated torque modulation control algorithm for drivability, lambda control algorithm for rich and lean switch and NOx modelling algorithm for LNT catalyst efficiency tracking. The challenges related to lean burn systems, includes issues related to combustion stability, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and their impact on drivability, is summarized in the study. Mitigation strategies

Somasundaram, Karthikeyan, Sivaji, Purushothaman, John Derin, C, Vishal, Karwa, Manoj Kumar, S, Maynal, Rajesh

Techniques and Analysis Methods Used in Development of 13.4kW Horizontal Water-Cooled Diesel Engine

2024-32-0116

04/18/2025

Horizontal water-cooled diesel engines are single-cylinder engines equipped with all the necessary components for operation such as a fuel tank and a radiator. Due to their versatility, there are used in a wide range of applications in Asia, Africa, South America, etc. It is necessary to comply with strengthened emissions regulations year by year in countries where environmental awareness is increasing such as China, India, etc. We have developed a new compact and high-power 13.4kW(18HP) engine which meets these needs. We realized a high-power density by using our unique expertise to maintain an engine size and increase a displacement. In addition, by optimizing a layout of crankcase ribs through structural analysis, we have achieved a maximum bore and “Reduction of the weight of the crankcase and lubricating oil consumption (LOC), and reduction of friction with narrow-width low-tangential load piston rings”. Furthermore, by designing an intake port using 3D CFD, we have optimized a

Shiomi, Kenta, Hosoya, Ryosuke, Komai, Yoshinobu, Takashima, Yusuke, Kitamura, Takahiro, Fujiwara, Tsukasa, Suematsu, Kosuke

Numerical Comparison of TPMS Structures for the Design of an Automotive Engine Oil Cooler

2025-01-8155

04/01/2025

Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures offer the possibility of reinventing structural parts and heat exchangers to obtain higher efficiency and lighter or even multi-functional components. The crescent global climate concern has led to increasingly stringent emissions regulations and the adoption of TPMS represents a resourceful tool for OEMs to downsize and lighten mechanical parts, thereby reducing the overall vehicle weight and the fuel consumption. In particular, TPMS structures are gaining growing interest in the heat exchanger field as their morphology allows them to naturally house two separate fluids, thus ensuring heat transfer without mixing. Moreover, TPMS-based heat exchangers can offer countless possible design configurations. These structures are obtained by periodic repetitions in the three spatial dimensions of a specific unit cell with defined dimensions and wall thickness. By tuning their characteristic parameters, the structure can be tailored to obtain

Torri, Federico, Berni, Fabio, Martoccia, Lorenzo, Marini, Alessandro, Merulla, Andrea, Giacalone, Mauro, Colombini, Giulia

Fundamental Science on Oxygen Storage Capacity of Cerium Complex Oxides for Advanced On-Board Diagnostics (2) Quantitative Observation of Oxygen Released from Cerium Complex Oxides

2025-01-8476

04/01/2025

In order to comply with the tightening of global regulations on automobile exhaust gas, further improvements to exhaust gas control catalysts and upgrades to on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems must be made. Currently, oxygen storage capacity (OSC) is monitored by front and rear sensors before and after the catalyst, and deterioration is judged by a decrease in OSC, but it is possible that catalyst deterioration may cause the rear sensor to detect gas that has not been sufficiently purified. It is important to observe the activity changes when the catalyst deteriorates in more detail and to gain a deeper understanding of the catalyst mechanism in order to create guidelines for future catalyst development. In this study, we used a μ-TG (micro thermogravimetric balance) to analyze in detail how differences in design parameters such as the type of precious metal, detection temperature, and mileage (degree of deterioration) affect the OSC rate in addition to the OSC of the ceria-based

Hamada, Shota, Uegaki, Shinya, Tanabe, Hidetaka, Nakayama, Tomohito, Jinjo, Itsuki, Kurono, Seita, Oishi, Shunsuke, Narita, Keiichi, Onishi, Tetsuro, Yasuda, Kazuya, Matsumura, Daiju, Tanaka, Hirohisa

Potential for Reduction in NRMM Real-World Emissions

2025-01-8489

04/01/2025

The pollutant emission regulation for Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) is currently under consideration, both in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). In Europe a Stage V review is expected within 2025 and in the US, the California Air Resource Board (CARB) has released their Tier 5 proposal in late 2024. It is expected that there will be further focus on covering a wide variety of operation conditions in actual use cases, including continuous low load scenarios. In addition, CO2-neutral fuels are being investigated to reduce the carbon footprint of NRMM Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which remains an important powertrain for the sector. The objective of the work presented is to assess the potential for emissions reductions in the future, both NOx and CO2. A simulation study is conducted, modelling a 9l class engine with 8-10 g/kWh engine-out NOx emission level. Three different emission control systems are investigated: an enhanced stage V system with single SCR, a

Demuynck, Joachim, Bosteels, Dirk, Michelitsch, Philipp, Noll, Hannes

Analysis of Trapped Gases within an Aftertreatment System Reacting over a TWC after Engine Is Stopped

2025-01-8499

04/01/2025

Measurements of Hydrogen emissions from vehicle exhaust have been often substituted for prediction models, partly due to the lack of Hydrogen analyzers targeted for combustion gases. A previous study using a Hydrogen mass spectrometer revealed that the ratio of Hydrocarbons entering a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and Hydrogen leaving the catalyst was inconstant throughout a standardized driving cycle. Although Hydrogen by itself is not currently a target of emission regulations, its omission during catalyzer optimization may disrupt the intended performance of the integrated aftertreatment system. The highest emissions of unwanted gases are commonly seen during vehicle cold start. Thus, this study focuses on intermittent operation of an engine, such as that of full hybrid vehicles. In particular, this study measures how the gases trapped in the aftertreatment system continue to react over the TWC as it cools down after the engine stops. Hydrocarbons, NOx, NH3 and H2 are measured before and

Lamas, Jorge Eduardo, Lacdan, Ma Camille, Hara, Kenji, Otsuki, Yoshinori

Sensor Cluster for Recording the Spread of Emissions in the Wake of a Vehicle

2025-01-8492

04/01/2025

Progressive emission reductions and stricter legislation require a closer look at the emission behaviour of a vehicle, in particular non-exhaust emissions and resuspension. In addition to the analysis of emissions in isolation, it is also necessary to consider the impact of transport routes and dispersion potential. These factors provide insight into the movement of dust particles and, consequently, the identification of particularly vulnerable areas. Measurements using low-cost environmental sensors can increase the level of detail of dispersion analyses and allow a statement on the distribution of emissions in the vehicle's wake, as several measuring points can be covered simultaneously. A newly developed measurement setup allows vehicle emissions to be recorded in a plane behind the vehicle in a measurement area of 2 by 2 metres. The measuring grid consisting of 16 sensors (4x4 grid) can be variably positioned up to 1 metre from the rear of the vehicle. The sensors detect fine dust

Kunze, Miles, Ivanov, Valentin, Gramstat, Sebastian

Development of a Zeolite-Based (HC Trap Type) Cold-Start Catalyst (CSC) for the Future more Stringent Vehicle Tailpipe Emission Standards, Part III

2025-01-8481

04/01/2025

This is a follow-up paper to the two previous reports [1, 2] regarding the development of a zeolite-based, hydrocarbon (HC) trap-type cold-start catalyst (CSC) as a method to meet future vehicle tailpipe emission standards. In this paper, vehicle tests at a low ambient temperature of -7°C have been performed and the CSC has been shown to further decrease the tailpipe cold start non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions by 59% when compared to a standard 23°C WLTC test. This work has proven that the increased presence of condensed water at low ambient temperatures within the exhaust system does not affect the ability to provide a NMHC reduction, in fact the lower ambient temperature enables an increase in the reduction capability due to the ability to retain and then release the stored NMHC in a more controlled manner. Additionally, the impact of the zeolite loading level was investigated and the high zeolite loading within a CSC did improve the cold-start NMHC but the benefits did

Xu, Lifeng, Zhao, Fucheng, Wei, Hong, Zhao, Pengfei, Zhao, Jiajia, Ma, Ruibo, Newman, Philip, Wang, Lin, Qian, Wangmu, Qian, Menghan

High-Efficient and Cost-Effective Three-Way Catalyst Substrate Design for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2025-01-8528

04/01/2025

China 6b regulation was fully implemented since July 2023 with very strict emission standards for HC, NMHC, NOx, and CO. The country is now also in the process of developing China 7 regulation, which will perhaps impose even stricter emission limits and extra criteria pollutants including NH3. Moreover, increasingly strict fuel consumption regulation has been implemented as well and it is highly possible that greenhouse gas emission limits will be included in the China 7 regulation. With the hybrid technology innovation, PHEVs are effective in fuel economy and emission reduction, which are favored by manufacturers and consumers, and leading to a rapid increase in market share. Through the optimization of hybrid architecture and the synergy of electric motors, the operating conditions of the hybrid engine have been optimized, making it more stable and avoiding extreme engine operating conditions compared to traditional ICE, which also provides possibilities for optimizing the after

Wang, Jiming, Li, Chunbo, Feng, Xiangyu, Chen, Xiaolang, Boger, Thorsten, Tian, Lichen, Hu, Xianli, Zeng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Gao, Bojun, Li, Dacheng, Liu, Shicheng, Jiang, Fajun

Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application

2025-01-8532

04/01/2025

In recent years, the stronger push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has challenged vehicle manufacturers globally. In USA, Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles released by EPA in April 2023 aims to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032 from 2026 levels. It also includes the NMOG+ NOx standards, which require a 60 – 76% reduction by 2032 from 2026 levels for light to medium-duty vehicles. Europe also aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study

Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Effect of Catalyst Coating Strategy on NOx Reduction and Passive Soot Oxidation for Selective Catalytic Oxidation-Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst on Diesel Particulate Filter

2025-01-8490

04/01/2025

Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. The previous research of the research group showed that compared with SDPF coated with Cu-SSZ-13, the SDPF coated with novel selective catalytic oxidation-selective catalytic reduction (SCO-SCR) catalyst, which combined MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13, can simultaneously improve NOx reduction and soot oxidation performance. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the performance of SDPF. In this study, the effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the performance of NOx reduction and soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, as the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions first decrease and then increase, NOx conversion efficiency first increases and then decreases, and the rich-NO2 area, NH3 oxidation rate, N2O, CO, CO2

Chen, Ying-jie, Tan, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming

Emissions Savings from Efficient Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) Systems in Passenger Vehicles

2025-01-8156

04/01/2025

Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) systems are a substantial source of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in passenger vehicles, particularly for electrified vehicles under real-world operating conditions. Enhancing the efficiency of such systems is imperative to achieving greater energy efficiency and maintaining occupants’ comfort. In recognition of their significance, MAC systems can be classified as eco-innovative technologies under EU Regulation 2019/631, effective from 2025. This study lays the groundwork for a methodology to calculate CO₂ savings from eco-innovative MAC systems in passenger cars. The approach compares CO₂ emissions between baseline and eco-innovative vehicles under active and inactive MAC systems. Literature-derived indicative ambient conditions are applied to reflect realistic MAC usage scenarios in Europe. The testing protocol follows the WLTP procedure under controlled ambient conditions, including temperature, humidity, and solar irradiation, which can either

Di Pierro, Giuseppe, Currò, Davide, Gil-Sayas, Susana, Fontaras, Georgios

Nanocomposites Made with Poly(Lactic Acid)/Cellulose Nanofibers for Automotive Applications: The Impact of Annealing on 3D Printed Parts

2025-01-8328

04/01/2025

The advance of regulatory emission standards for light-duty vehicles, trucks and motorcycles, coupled with rising sustainability concerns, particularly United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production), has created an urgent need for lighter, stronger, and more ecological materials. Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer derived from plant sources, offers promising mechanical tensile strength and processability. Nanocomposites, a solution that combines a base matrix with a nanoreinforcing filler, provides a path toward developing sustainable materials with new properties. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are a valuable nanofiller obtained through industrial waste or vegetal fibers, offer a promising avenue for strengthening PLA-based materials. Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained popularity due to its ability to create complex parts, prototyping designs, and to evaluate new nanocomposite materials such as PLA/CNF, showing significant

de Oliveira, Vinícius, Horiuchi, Lucas Nao, Goncalves, Ana Paula, De Andrade, Marina, Polkowski, Rodrigo

High Performance DPF to Tackle Nano Particulate Emissions for Off-Highway Applications

2025-01-8501

04/01/2025

Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) have been used extensively worldwide as a Particle Mass (PM) / Particle Number (PN) reduction technology for various diesel applications. Based on CARB’s latest Tier 5 regulation workshop, PM emission targets are expected to become a lot more stringent; from 0.02 g/kWh to 0.005 g/kWh (75% reduction compared to Tier 4 Final (Tier 4f)). Also, CO2 emission targets are expected to be introduced for Tier 5. In parallel, EU Stage VI emission regulation standards and implementation timing could be announced sometime in late 2024. It is expected that PN emission standards will be tightened such as extending measurement range of PN from 23 nm to 10 nm. With Tier 5 and EU Stage VI regulations approaching, several OEMs are considering implementing a common aftertreatment system that can meet emission targets for both regions. High filtration efficiency and low backpressure DPFs will be required to meet PM/PN and CO2 emission standards. NGK has developed several

Fakih, Hussein, Elizondo, Zachery, Ishikawa, Hiroaki, Yoshioka, Fumihiko, Kato, Kyohei, Suzuki, Hiroaki, Aoki, Takashi, Ito, Yoshitaka

Experimental Study of DOC-on-Filter Using Next Generation Filter Solutions for Non-Road Applications

2025-01-8479

04/01/2025

Upcoming California Tier 5 non-road limits mandate 90% and 75% reductions in NOx and PM respectively, from current Tier 4F emission standards. Similarly, lower NOx and PN/PM limits can be expected from a next round of European Non-Road regulations. To meet these limits, more SCR volume for greater NOx reduction, and better filtration efficiency filters for greater PN/PM reduction, may be required. The challenge is to accommodate larger SCR volume while maintaining oxidation (DOC) and filtration (DPF) functionality of the aftertreatment system within a limited packaging space on non-road machineries. Consolidating DOC and DPF into a single component as DOC-on-filter instead of separate DOC and DPF substrates to achieve space saving has been previously discussed in literature. This study expands on the current understanding and explores various functional performance characteristics of the DOC-on-filter concept in comparison with DOC + bare DPF, DOC + PGM coated DPF. The three test

Dam, Mrinmoy, Warkins, Jason, He, Suhao

Investigation of Dimethyl Ether Injection Profiles in High-Pressure Direct Injection System

2025-01-8464

04/01/2025

The majority of transportation systems continue to rely on internal combustion engines powered by fossil fuels. Heavy-duty applications, in particular, depend on diesel engines due to their high brake efficiency, power density, and robustness. Despite significant advancements in diesel engine technology that have reduced emissions and improved efficiency, complex and costly after-treatment systems remain necessary to meet the stringent emission regulations. Dimethyl ether (DME), which can be produced from various renewable feedstocks and possesses high chemical reactivity, is a promising alternative for heavy-duty applications, particularly in compression ignition direct injection engines. Its high reactivity, volatility, and oxygenated composition offer significant potential to address emission challenges while reducing reliance on after-treatment systems. However, DME’s lower energy density requires adjustments in injection parameters (such as injection pressure and duration) or

Cong, Binghao, Leblanc, Simon, Tjong, Jimi, Ting, David, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming

Calculation of Airflow through the Air Cycle Technology’s Turboexpander and Its Effects on a Diesel Engine—Part I

2025-01-5023

03/31/2025

Amidst escalating climate change, the sustainability of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, particularly in heavy transport, remains a critical challenge. Despite emission reductions from 1990 to 2020, ICEs, particularly diesel engines in Europe, continue to pose environmental challenges, notably in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. This study proposes a novel solution to address the problem of NOx emissions by incorporating Air Cycle Technology’s (ACT) turboexpander into diesel engines. Acting as a second-stage compressor, intercooler, and expander, the turboexpander aims to lower intake air temperature, thereby mitigating NOx formation. The study utilizes a 4.4-l JCB-TCA-74 turbocharged diesel engine retrofitted with the ACT turboexpander as the experimental platform. The methodology involves using empirical formulae to calculate the key parameters of engine airflow for a standard turbocharged diesel engine followed by repeating the calculations for the same engine fitted with a

Fayaz, Farheen, Brace, Jordan, Allport, John, Javanbakht, Gina

Research on NOx Emission Prediction Model for Delivery Trucks Based on Machine Learning and Its Application in Smart Transportation

2025-01-7180

02/21/2025

With the rapid development of smart transport and green emission concepts, accurate monitoring and management of vehicle emissions have become the key to achieving low-carbon transport. This study focuses on NOx emissions from transport trucks, which have a significant impact on the environment, and establishes a predictive model for NOx emissions based on the random forest model using actual operational data collected by the remote monitoring platform.The results show that the NOx prediction using the random forest model has excellent performance, with an average R2 of 0.928 and an average MAE of 43.3, demonstrating high accuracy. According to China's National Pollutant Emission Standard, NOx emissions greater than 500 ppm are defined as high emissions. Based on this standard, this paper introduces logistic regression, k-nearest neighbor, support vector machine and random forest model to predict the accuracy of high-emission classification, and the random forest model has the best

Lin, Yingxin, Li, Tiezhu

Emission and Economic Characteristics of Diesel/PODE Blended Fuel in Actual Road Driving

2025-01-7115

01/31/2025

Diesel/Polymethoxy Dimethyl Ether (PODE) blend fuel can significantly reduce emissions from diesel engines. However, emission levels often vary due to high transients during real-world driving conditions. To evaluate the emission and economic performance of diesel/PODE blend fuel, this study analyzed the real-world driving behavior of heavy tractors using different blend ratios (0%, 20%, 30%) across urban, suburban, and expressway road sections, in compliance with the national VI emission standard. Based on Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) bins, the study compared carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter, and fuel consumption rates between pure diesel and blended fuels, providing insights into their performance under varying driving conditions. In addition, specific emissions of pollutants, effective fuel consumption, and effective thermal efficiency for urban, suburban, and expressway sections, as well as for the entire test process, are analyzed to quantify the

Liu, He, Yang, Yajing, Farooq, Muhammad Shahid, Liu, Shenghua, Wei, Yanju

Hydrogen Energy and Dongfeng Hydrogen Engine Development

2025-01-7113

01/31/2025

Hydrogen energy is the best form of energy to achieve "carbon peak, carbon neutrality", and is known as the most promising clean energy in the 21st century because of its diverse sources, clean and low-carbon, flexible and efficient, and wide application sce-narios. Hydrogen internal combustion engine has the advantages of zero carbon emission, high efficiency, high reliability and low cost, and has become one of the important directions of hydrogen energy application. The paper first analyzes the development and application of hydrogen energy industry in recent years, covering many aspects such as laws and regulations, energy structure, realization path, and development status. Then, the research and development process of the hydrogen engine of the technical team of Dongfeng Motor Group Co., Ltd. R&D Institute Department is introduced, and the effective thermal efficiency of 45.04% is achieved. Finally, the future of hydrogen engine is further prospected.

Jin, Xiaoyan, Zhang, Shemin, Duan, Shaoyuan, Liu, Cong, Zhou, Hongli

Development of an Automated Testbench for Functional Testing of Dosing Unit

2024-28-0202

12/05/2024

Increasingly stringent emission regulations continue to be legislated around the world to significantly minimize pollutants released to the air by internal combustion engines. After Treatment Systems (ATS) meant for reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust into non-harmful species have evolved at a rapid pace over the past two decades. Stringent emissions requirements have driven complex ATS architecture through sensors to measure delta-pressure, NOx, and temperatures. Accurate and precise performance of individual components as well as the integrated ATS is required to ensure regulatory compliance and efficient performance. Both of which require substantial amounts of performance and validation testing. Manufacturers have been developing the ability to accurately and efficiently test the ATS components. To meet the norms for tail pipe or stack emissions of NOx in ‘as new’ condition and during the entire ‘emissions useful life (EUL)’ of the ATS, all components of an ATS must

Raut, Pratiksha C, Ottikkutti, Pradheepram, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Magar, Vijay A.

Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine

2024-28-0134

12/05/2024

Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and

Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul

Machine Learning Approach to Control Thermal Strategies and Mitigate Sensor Failure Penalty on Emissions

2024-28-0170

12/05/2024

As vehicle emission standards are becoming stringent worldwide because of the looming climate crisis, it is important to control the pollutants that vehicles emit. To achieve the stringent emission target, it has become a priority to enhance the capability of Emission Control System (ECS) which consist of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) sub-systems. One of the bottlenecks is the limited operating temperature range of the after-treatment system. In modern emission control systems, the temperature characteristics should always be optimized to have the best efficiency involving chemical conversions. To achieve this optimal operating temperature, different thermal control strategies are followed in the Engine and emission control unit. Temperature sensor values are one of the primary inputs for thermal management strategies. In the event of temperature sensor malfunction, the ECS performance is affected due to

Kumar, Amit, V H, Yashwanth, Kumar, Raman, Hegde, Karthik, Manojdharan, Arjungopal

Emissions Analysis for a Hydrogen-Fueled Low-Pressure-Ratio Split-Cycle Engine

2024-01-4312

11/05/2024

Recuperated low-pressure-ratio split-cycle engines represent a promising engine configuration for applications like transportation and stand-alone power generation by offering a potential efficiency as high as 60%. However, it can be challenging to achieve the stringent NOx emission standard, such as Euro 6 limit of 0.4 gNOx/kWh, due to the exhaust cylinder high intake temperature. This paper presents experimental investigation of hydrogen-air combustion NOx emissions for such engines for the first time. Experiments are carried out using a simplified constant-volume combustion chamber with glow-plug ignition. Two fuel injection techniques are performed: direct injection and injection via a novel convergent-divergent injector. For the direct injection scenario, NOx levels are unsatisfactory with respect to the Euro 6 standards over a range of operating temperatures from 200 °C to 550 °C. Recorded NOx levels can reach twice the permissible limit which necessitates the implementation of

Eldakamawy, Mohamed Hossam, Picard, Mathieu

Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance from Fresh to Full Useful Life

2024-01-4311

11/05/2024

The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a durable solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as a viable technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, the proposed “Multipollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”. The goal of this study was to track the evolution of tailpipe particulate emissions of a modern GTDI light duty vehicle under typical North American mileage accumulation; from a fresh state to 4000-mile, and finally to its full useful life of 150,000-miles. For this purpose, a production TWC + GPF after-treatment system was installed in place of the T3B85 TWC-only system. Chassis dyno emissions testing was performed at the pre-determined mileage points with on-road driving conducted for the necessary mileage accumulation. This report will show the outstanding filtration durability and enhanced particulate control and of the current GPF technology all the way to 150,000 miles for

Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason, Beattie, James, Nipunage, Sanket, Moser, David, Day, Ryan, Banker, Vonda

Ensemble Machine Learning Techniques for Particulate Emissions Estimation from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine Fuelled by Different Gasoline Blends

2024-01-4306

11/05/2024

Light-duty vehicle emissions regulations worldwide impose stringent limits on particulate matter (PM) emissions, necessitating accurate modelling and prediction of particulate emissions across a range of sizes (as low as 10 nm). It has been shown that the decision tree-based ensemble machine learning technique known as Random Forest can accurately predict particle size, concentration, and accumulation mode geometric standard deviation (GSD) for particulate emission diameters as low as 23 nm from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine operating on a single fuel, while also offering insights into the underlying factors of emissions production because of the interpretable nature of decision trees. This work builds on the prior Random Forest research as its basis and further investigates the relative performance of five decision tree-based machine learning techniques in predicting these particulate emission parameters and extends the work to 10 nm particles. In addition to

Stangierska, Marta, Bajwa, Abdullah, Lewis, Andrew, Akehurst, Sam, Turner, James, Leach, Felix

Effect of Premixing Ratio on the Deterministic Characteristics of Combustion Dynamics Butanol-Diesel RCCI Engine

2024-01-4292

11/05/2024

The rising demand for vehicles has increased CO and HC emissions, worsening air quality and contributing to climate change, key issues under the clean development mechanism and UN SDG 13: Climate Action. Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) offers a promising solution to reduce PM and NOx while maintaining fuel efficiency. However, the cyclic variation of the RCCI engine remains an underexplored area in control strategies, necessitating further research for optimization in line with sustainable development goals. This study explores the impact of premixing ratios on RCCI engines fueled with butanol and the nature of cyclic variation to know the controllability. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine at 1500 rpm and constant engine load. The experiments reveal that increasing the premixing ratio from 45% to 60% decreases the heat release rate by 15%, Pmax by 10%, and IMEP by 12%. Recurrence Quantitative Analysis (RQA) confirmed strong deterministic

Yadav, Ratnesh Kumar, Mohite, Avadhoot Abaso, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Emission Characteristics of TCR Diesel Fuels in Comparison to Diesel Fuels Derived from other Sources

2024-01-4289

11/05/2024

In this work we demonstrate the influence of different refined TCR refining diesel fuels on emission, power and efficiency in comparison to reference Diesel fuel (homologation fuel for Euro 6 emission testing), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and a blend of poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3) with reference Diesel. The emission characteristics of such TCR fuels used in a production type Diesel engine with modern common rail system has up to now not been tested. The comparison was performed at an engine test bench equipped with a Hatz 4H50 TIC direct injection common rail Diesel engine. For different engine operation points exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters were measured and the results analyzed.

Seeger, Jan, Taschek, Marco

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Effect of Urea Pulse Injection Strategies to Reduce NOx Emission in Urea-SCR Catalysts

2024-01-4304

11/05/2024

A major challenge for auto industries is reducing NOx and other exhaust gas emissions to meet stringent Euro 7 emission regulations. A urea Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) after-treatment system (ATS) commonly uses upstream urea water injection to reduce NOx from the engine exhaust gas. The NOx emission conversion rate in ATSs is high for high exhaust gas temperatures but substantially low for temperatures below 200°C. This study aims to improve the NOx conversion rate using urea pulse injection in a mass-production 2.2 L diesel engine equipped with an SCR ATS operated under low exhaust gas temperature. The engine experimental results show that, under 200°C exhaust temperature and 3.73x104 h-1 gross hourly space velocity (SV), the NOx conversion rate can be improved by 5% using 5-sec ON and 12-sec OFF (denoted as 5/12 s) urea pulse supply compared to the constant supply under time-averaged 1.0 urea equivalence ratio. It is experimentally observed that the urea pulse supply’s

Yoshida, Fuka, Takahashi, Hideaki, Kotani, Yuya, Zu, Qiuyue, Sok, Ratnak, Kusaka, Jin

Effects of Fuels Properties on Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of Light Duty GCI Engine

2024-01-4279

11/05/2024

Our research group developed Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) fuel matrix based on the fuel properties, specifications and fuel sources in an effort to standardize the GCI fuel. This study attempts to experimentally validate the standardized GCI fuels to comply with the operational regimes of GCI engine. Two of the formulated GCI fuels (GCI7 and GCI8) with varying physical and chemical properties, and composition were investigated in a single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. In addition to fuel effects, the engine variables were parametrically varied at low (3 bar IMEP) and medium (7 bar IMEP) load conditions. At low loads, the fuel chemical effects played a crucial role in governing the combustion while physical effect had a negligible impact. Due to lower cetane number of GCI8 fuel, combustion is predominantly premixed for GCI8 fuel but GCI7 fuel shows a more pronounced diffusion combustion phase. The low temperature heat release (LTHR) is evident only for GCI8 fuel due

Qahtani, Yasser Al, Raman, Vallinayagam, Viollet, Yoann, Alhajhouje, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah

Critical Mass: The One Thing You Need to Know About Green Cars

R-57510/23/2024

In an era where climate change dominates global discourse, Felix Leach and Nick Molden dive deep into the complexity of vehicle emissions in their groundbreaking new book. Building on the insights from Felix's previous work, Racing Toward Zero, this new release confronts the bewildering landscape of automotive pollution with a clear, rigorous approach: what one piece of information can best describe the environmental impact of cars? Our digital age bombards us with information, yet meaningful understanding often eludes us, particularly when it comes to climate issues like road vehicle emissions. As simple solutions to such a complex problem remain elusive, Leach and Molden advocate for a sophisticated, yet accessible perspective. They propose a radical simplification of how we consider the environmental impact of cars and explore the multifaceted impacts of various vehicle powertrains, pushing beyond CO2 emissions to address broader environmental and societal concerns. The authors

Leach, Felix, Molden, Nick

SAETruck & Off-Highway Engineering: October 2024

24TOFHP1010/10/2024

Brownout for commercial-vehicle electrification? Outsized costs for charging infrastructure could slow implementation of battery-electric CVs. Detailing the 2027 Cummins X15 The next-gen 15-liter diesel engine meets all 2027 EPA emissions regulations while boosting fuel efficiency. Off-highway hybrids are entering prime time Increased performance and lower emissions explain why hybrid technology is an appealing option for certain off-highway vehicles. Just ask John Deere. Editorial Making machines software-defined no simple task Navigating the future of AI in the CV industry Bemis, BASF develop lightweight hydraulic tank for compact excavators Mercedes: H2-ICE is a viable path for commercial trucks Sinonus carbon-fiber structural batteries could extend range of electric CVs Case launches 'industry first' electric backhoe loader HD Hyundai introduces new dozer and a bevy of excavators ASV rolls out a pair of new compact track loaders SPOTLIGHTS: Connectors; Power generation Q&A Shell

Q&A

24TOFHP10_13

10/01/2024

Shell Rotella hosted journalists at the National Tractor Pulling Championships in Bowling Green, Ohio, in August, where the company was sponsoring tractors run by Koester Racing in the mini-modified division. Karin Haumann, OEM technical manager of Shell Global Solutions, was onsite and spoke with TOHE about the approaching proposed category 12 (PC-12) heavy-duty diesel engine oil category. PC-12 engine oils are in development and will be licensed for use on January 1, 2027. The current engine oil categories, CK-4 and FA-4, were introduced in 2016. Development of the new category is necessary due to advancements in engine technology, and it aligns with stricter emissions regulations that begin in 2027, said Haumann, who serves as chairperson of the API new category development team. “As diesel engine technology evolves, they require oils that offer increased oxidation performance and wear reduction, can handle higher temperatures, and improve fuel economy,” she said. Lubricant

Gehm, Ryan

Detailing the 2027 CUMMINS X15

24TOFHP10_02

10/01/2024

The next-gen 15-liter diesel engine meets all 2027 EPA emissions regulations while boosting fuel efficiency. Cummins provided extensive details of the design and engineering efforts involved in developing the new HELM version of its X15 diesel engine. The company says its new engine will offer up to a 7% improvement in fuel economy compared to the current EPA 2024-certified X15 while also meeting all 2027 emissions targets. Truck & Off-Highway Engineering was invited to tour the company's headquarters in Columbus, Indiana, where journalists were given a comprehensive update on the hardware powering the latest X15.

Wolfe, Matt

Optimization of a Virtual H2 Engine Using a 1D Simulation Tool Targeting High Engine Performance along with Near-Zero Emission Levels

2024-24-0015

09/18/2024

Hydrogen engines are currently considered as a viable solution to preserve the internal combustion engine (ICE) as a power unit for vehicle propulsion. In particular, lean-burn gasoline Spark-Ignition (SI) engines have been a major subject of investigation, due to their reduced emission levels and high thermodynamic efficiency. Lean charge is suitable for passenger car applications, where the demand of mid/low power output does not require an excessive amount of air to be delivered by the turbocharging unit, but can difficulty be tailored in the field of high-performance engine, where the air mass delivered would require oversized turbocharging systems or more complex charging solutions. For this reason, the range of feeding conditions near the stochiometric is explored in the field of high-performance engines (20 BMEP), leading to the consequent issue of abatement of pollutant emissions. In this work, a 1D model is applied to the modeling of a four cylinder engine fueled with direct

Marinoni, Andrea, Montenegro, Gianluca, Cerri, Tarcisio, Della Torre, Augusto, Onorati, Angelo

Neural-Network-Based Modeling of SCR Systems for Emission Simulation: A Comprehensive Approach

2024-24-0042

09/18/2024

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems are crucial for automotive emissions control, as they are essential to comply with stringent emissions regulations. Model-based SCR controls are used to minimize NOx emissions in a broad range of real-word driving scenarios, constantly adapting the urea injection to diverse load and temperature operating conditions, also accounting for different catalyst ageing status. In this framework, Neural Networks (NN) based models offer a promising alternative to reduced-order physical models or map-based controls. This study introduces a hybrid modeling approach for SCR systems, leveraging the integration of machine learning techniques with detailed physics-based models. A high fidelity 1D-CFD plant model of a SCR catalyst, previously calibrated on experimental data, was used as digital twin of the real component. A standardized simulation protocol was defined to virtually characterize the SCR thermal and chemical behavior under the full range of

Sapio, Francesco, Aglietti, Filippo, Ferreri, Paolo, Savuca, Alexandru

Dual Injection Concept and Lean Burn Characteristics with Methanol on a SI-Engine

2024-24-0030

09/18/2024

The research for sustainable alternative fuels for combustion engines was driven by the urgency to meet future emission regulation norms and mitigate climate change and dependency on fossil fuels. In this context, methanol emerges as a promising candidate due to its potential for greenhouse gas-neutral production methods and its advantageous characteristics for employment in SI engines. Adverse effects, such as elevated emissions due to incomplete combustion along with liner impingement and oil dilution as a consequence of the high injected fuel mass and the large enthalpy of vaporization, can be improved by a dual injection concept. The tests were conducted on a single-cylinder research engine derived from a common passenger vehicle engine. The exhaust gas composition was measured with an FTIR-analyzer employing a methanol-specific evaluation method, standard exhaust gas analyzers, and a solid particle counter system with 10 and 23 μm cut-off sizes. The ratio of DI mass to total mass

Fitz, Patrick, Fellner, Felix, Rößlhuemer, Raphael, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

Enhancing Brake Performance: FNC-Smart-ONC® Technology to Address Corrosion Challenges and Extend the Durability of GCI Rotors

2024-01-3044

09/08/2024

The most used rotor material is gray cast iron (GCI), known for its susceptibility to corrosion. The impact of corrosion on the braking system is paramount, affecting both braking performance and the emission of particulate matter. The issue becomes more severe, especially when the brakes are left stationary or unused for extended durations in humid conditions, as seen with electric vehicles (EVs). Brake disc corrosion amplifies the risk of corrosion adhesion between contacting surfaces, leading to substantial damage, increased quantity and mass of non-exhaust particulate emissions, and decreased braking effectiveness. In addition, brake pads' friction material plays a crucial role in generating the necessary stopping force, creating friction that transforms kinetic energy into heat. However, heightened pressure during braking elevates rotor temperatures, contributing to the degradation of the friction material. This degradation manifests in decreased mechanical strength, heightened

Nousir, Saadia, Winter, Karl-Michael

An Archive-Based Micro Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimizing Wheel Bearing Performance and Reducing Friction

2024-01-3046

09/08/2024

Cars and vans are accountable for 14.5% of the total CO2 emissions in the European Union, exerting a significant impact on public health and the environment. To align with the climate objectives set by the Council and the European Parliament, the Fit for 55 package encompasses a series of proposals aimed at revising and modernizing EU legislation while introducing new initiatives. The ultimate goal is to ensure that EU policies are in harmony with the climate targets, specifically the EU’s aspiration to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. To meet the fleet average emissions targets, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are compelled to reduce emissions from their vehicles by addressing various components. The urgent need for car makers to reduce their carbon footprint, combined with the imperative to improve the mileage range of electric vehicles, has led to the creation of a novel

Bogliacino, Fabio, Re, Paolo, Ferrero, Alessandro

Sustainable Propulsion in a Post-Fossil Energy World: Life-Cycle Assessment of Renewable Fuel and Electrified Propulsion Concepts

2024-01-3013

07/02/2024

In response to the challenge of climate change, the European Union has developed a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Extensive research has been conducted on the CO2 life cycle analysis of propulsion systems. However, achieving net-zero CO2 emissions requires adjusting key performance indicators for the development of these. Therefore, we investigated the ecological sustainability impacts of various propulsion concepts integrated in a C-segment sports utility vehicle assuming a 100% renewable energy scenario. The propulsion concepts studied include a hydrogen-fueled 48V mild hybrid, a hydrogen-fueled 48V hybrid, a methanol-fueled 400V hybrid, a methanol-to-gasoline-fueled 400V plug-in hybrid, an 800V battery electric vehicle (BEV), and a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). To achieve a comprehensive and objective comparison of various propulsion concepts that meet the same pre-defined customer requirements for system design, we conducted an integrated and

Kexel, Jannik, Pischinger, Stefan, Balazs, Andreas, Schroeder, Benedikt, Wegner, Hagen

Experimental and Simulation Study of Zero Flow Impact on Hybrid Vehicle Emissions

2024-37-0036

06/12/2024

Combustion engines in hybrid vehicles start and shut off several times during a typical passenger car trip. Each engine restart may pose a risk of excessive tailpipe emissions in real-drive conditions if the after-treatment system fails to maintain an adequate temperature level during engine off mode. In view of the tightening worldwide tailpipe emissions standards and real-world conformity requirements, it is important to detect and resolve such risks via reliable and cost-effective engineering tools that can perform accurate analysis of the thermal and chemical behavior of exhaust systems. In this work, we present a catalyst model that predicts the 3D thermal and chemical behavior under normal and zero flow conditions. Particular emphasis is given to the phenomena of free convection and thermal radiation dominating the heat transfer at zero flow. Next, we examine the impact of zero-flow duration on the exhaust system temperature and subsequent emissions risk and we validate the

Emmanouil, Valesia, Koltsakis, Grigorios, Kotoulas, Costas

A Rapid Catalyst Heating System for Gasoline-Fueled Engines

2024-01-2378

04/09/2024

Increasingly stringent tailpipe emissions regulations have prompted renewed interest in catalyst heating technology – where an integrated device supplies supplemental heat to accelerate catalyst ‘light-off’. Bosch and Boysen, following a collaborative multi-year effort, have developed a Rapid Catalyst Heating System (RCH) for gasoline-fueled applications. The RCH system provides upwards of 25 kW of thermal power, greatly enhancing catalyst performance and robustness. Additional benefits include reduction of precious metal loading (versus a ‘PGM-only’ approach) and avoidance of near-engine catalyst placement (limiting the need for enrichment strategies). The following paper provides a technical overview of the Bosch/Boysen (BOB) Rapid Catalyst Heating system – including a detailed review of the system’s architecture, key performance characteristics, and the associated impact on vehicle-level emissions.

Disch, Christian, O'Donnell, Ryan, Singh, Ripudaman, Chutipassakul, Somjai, Krein, William, Heinzelmann, Frank, Oesterle, Matthias

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