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Advanced 3D Simulations of a Four-Stroke High-Performance Engine Valvetrain for the Analysis of the Mechanical Stresses and Energy Losses2025-32-0010To be published on 11/03/2025
Enhancing the performance of naturally aspirated 4-stroke engines relies heavily on improving trapping efficiency, increasing maximum engine speed, and reducing friction losses. In this regard, the valvetrain plays a critical role. Achieving high volumetric efficiency at higher engine speeds necessitates very steep valve opening and closing ramps, making this aspect pivotal in the design process. At high engine speeds, significant dynamic phenomena arise, including valve float, during the lift phase, and valve bounce, during the closing phase. These effects not only induce substantial modifications to the valve lift curve but also increase the mechanical stress on critical components such as the valve and rocker arm, thereby elevating the risk of failure. Moreover, the timing system substantially contributes to overall engine losses due to frictional energy dissipation, which results from the numerous interactions between moving components. The present works aims at developing a
Tarchiani, Marco, pizzicori, Alessio, Raspanti, Sandro, Romani, Luca, Meli, Enrico, Ferrara, Giovanni, Trassi, Paolo
Technical Paper
Analysis of Combustion Process in HVO-Hydrogen Dual-Fuel Operation Using Simultaneous Imaging of OH* and CH* Chemiluminescence2025-32-0053To be published on 11/03/2025
This study aims to clarify the effect of pilot spray ignition position and pilot flame size on combustion in hydrogen dual-fuel operation. For this purpose, the number and diameter of pilot injection nozzle holes, pilot injection quantity, and pilot injection pressure were varied in a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM) to visualize flame propagation through simultaneous imaging of OH* and CH* chemiluminescence. The bore and stroke of the RCEM are 102 and 105 mm, respectively. A hydrogen premixture was introduced into the cylinder, and the pilot fuel was directly injected into the cylinder using a common-rail injection system. Four pilot injectors were employed, featuring ten 0.103 mm nozzle holes, eight 0.100 mm nozzle holes, six 0.100 mm nozzle holes, and 0.123 mm nozzle holes, respectively. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) was utilized as the pilot fuel. The RCEM was operated at a constant speed of 900 rpm with a compression ratio of 15.4. The in-cylinder pressure and
Yukitani, Takumi, Une, Naoto, Mukhtar, Ghazian, Horibe, Naoto, Kawanabe, Hiroshi, Koda, Kazuyuki, Hiraoka, Kenji
Technical Paper
Temperature effect on the static and fatigue performance of thermoset and thermoplastic composites2025-32-0006To be published on 11/03/2025
The growing demand for lightweight, durable, and high-performance materials in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy has driven the development and evaluation of thermoset and thermoplastic composites. This study investigates the static and fatigue behavior of one thermoset material and two thermoplastic composites at varying temperatures (-30°C, 22°C, and 120°C) to simulate extreme environmental conditions. Experimental tests were conducted to evaluate mechanical performance and fatigue strength, focusing on the influence of temperature on strength and life cycles. The results highlight the significant impact of temperature on static properties and fatigue behavior, offering critical insights into their application in temperature-sensitive environments. A numerical modeling approach was applied to predict fatigue behavior by incorporating the effects of mean stress and temperature. Different fatigue damage models, including temperature-dependent formulations, were
Chiocca, Andrea, Sgamma, Michele, Franceschini, Alessandro, Vestri, Alessio, mancini, Simone, Bucchi, Francesco, Frendo, Francesco, Squarcini, Raffaele
Technical Paper
Establishing the method for simulation of electric potential in cooling water passages of outboard motors2025-32-0008To be published on 11/03/2025
Producing 3D models of cooling water passages of outboard motors, and calculating distribution of electric potential on the water passage surfaces using BEM, we have developed the new method for simulation of electric potential distribution. The outboard motor is a propulsion system attached to the transom of the boat with steering function. As the water around the boat is drawn in for cooling of the engine, the engine parts are susceptible to severe corrosion. As a means to help prevent corrosion, a part referred to as the anode metal, which has a lower natural potential, is provided. Such a method is called the sacrifice protection because the anode metal corrodes before the engine parts due to the difference of electric potential. Since anti-corrosion currents occur preferentially to areas close to the anode metal, the anode metal is required to be located at the most effective place for corrosion protection. However, there are certain restrictions in the layout of anode metal from
Shibuya, Ryota, Suzuki, Hiroki
Technical Paper
Experimental analysis of wheel bearing friction losses under realistic driving cycles on a component and roller test bench2025-32-0100To be published on 11/03/2025
The ongoing electrification of vehicle powertrains brings attention to components with a minor contribution to overall friction losses in research and development. To optimize the overall energy efficiency, it is essential to analyze and reduce the losses in these components. Wheel bearings are of particular interest in this context, as their friction losses affect both the driving and recuperation phases. These losses are dependent on temperature, mechanical loads and the bearing mounting situation into the vehicle. The analysis of friction losses and their dependency on the factors mentioned above is usually conducted by measurements on component test benches to allow an isolated evaluation. In contrast, the friction losses of the complete drive system are measured on powertrain or roller test benches. In this context, the factors affecting the losses in wheel bearings may deviate from the measurements obtained on component test benches. The purpose of this paper is to analyses the
Hartmann, Lukas, Erxleben, Lars, Rebesberger, Ron, Henze, Roman, Sturm, Axel
Technical Paper
Development of Integrated Forming of New "NMAX" YECVT Parts Using the Plate Forging Method2025-32-0005To be published on 11/03/2025
Yamaha Motor Engineering Co., Ltd. provides plastic processing technology based on fuel tank press forming technology, and is developing various plastic processing methods, including forging, and developing mold equipment to realize them. This time, the core parts of the YECVT unit mounted on Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.'s small premium scooter "NMAX" were not made by welding individual parts to each other, but by integrally forming them from a single thick plate using the cold forming method, resulting in lightweight, compact, high-strength, high-precision parts. By incorporating a composite plastic processing method that takes advantage of the characteristics of the material while making full use of analysis technology and mold technology, we were able to develop a composite plastic processing method (plate forging method) that creates new added value and mass produce it. In addition,this development has made it possible to achieve a thickness increase of 1.7 times the standard material
Hongo, Hironari, Tamaru, Shogo, Uda, Shinnosuke
Technical Paper
Simulation study of wheel bearing friction losses at vehicle level2025-01-0399To be published on 10/07/2025
With the ongoing electrification of vehicles, components contributing a minor share of overall drivetrain losses are coming into focus. Analyzing these losses is crucial for enhancing the energy efficiency of modern vehicles and meeting the increasing demands for sustainability and extended driving range. These components include wheel bearings, whose friction losses are influenced by parameters such as temperature, mechanical loads, and mounting situation. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the resulting friction losses and their dependence on the mentioned influencing parameters at an early stage of development, both through test bench measurements and with the help of simulation models. To achieve these objectives, this submission presents a methodology that combines test bench measurements with a measurement-based simulation of the friction losses of wheel bearings occurring in the vehicle as a complete system under varying driving cycles and parameters. For this purpose, an
Hartmann, Lukas, Sturm, Axel, Henze, Roman, Notz, Fabian
Technical Paper
Understanding End-of-Line NVH Scatter Bands in Electric Drives with High-Precision Simulations2025-01-0406To be published on 10/07/2025
An important characteristics of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is their noise signature. Besides tire and wind noise, noise from auxiliaries as pumps, the electric drive unit (EDU) is one of the major contributors. The dynamic and acoustic behavior of EDUs can be significantly affected by production tolerances. The effects that lead to these scatter bands must be understood to be able to control them better and thus guarantee a consistently high quality of the products and a silent and pleasant drive. The paper discusses a simulation driven approach to investigate production tolerances and their effect on the NVH behavior of the EDU, using high precision transient multi-body dynamic analysis. This approach considers the main effects, influences, and the interaction from elastic structures of electric motor and transmission with accurate gear contact models in a fully coupled way. It servs as virtual end of line test, applicable in all steps of a new EDU development, by increasing
Klarin, Borislav, Schweiger, Christoph, Resch, Thomas
Technical Paper
Development of an SSP-180 Synchronizer Durability Test2025-01-0408To be published on 10/07/2025
Synchronizers are designed to provide smooth, efficient and safe transfer of torque between mechanical gears. Friction level, durability, and consistency of the fluid / friction lining system are crucial to ensuring crisp gear engagements without clashing and noise, vibration and/or harshness (NVH) for the life of the transmission. Excellent wear control of gears, synchronizer ring and cone surfaces is also critical to protecting the life of moving mechanical parts. The SSP-180 synchronizer rig measures friction durability and wear up to 100,000 engagements, using a variety of fluids and friction materials. Methodology for the development of a synchronizer durability procedure using the SSP-180 rig is presented for qualifying fluids for dry dual clutch (DCT) and manual transmission (MT) applications for General Motors. It will be shown that the new SSP-180 Synchronizer Durability Test in Appendix C of the dDCT fluid specification [1] satisfies four key conditions for new mechanical
Glasgow, Michael B., Zreik, Khaled, Ezanno, Philippe Nicolas, Shelton, Robert W.
Technical Paper
Design Considerations for Wheel Bearing Outer Ring for Electric Vehicles2025-01-0367To be published on 09/15/2025
Electric vehicles demand better drag performance from wheel bearings in order to achieve longer range. Electric vehicles are heavier than their corresponding ICE vehicles. They also have higher torque output. Due to this there would be higher loads at bearing to knuckle joint. The higher loads may require higher clamp loads to keep the joint secure. The higher clamp load may increase wheel bearing outer ring distortion or out of roundness. The outer ring distortion would increase the drag permanently and reduce the bearing life. So, it is critical to minimize outer ring distortion even after the assembly with higher clamp load and throughout the life. In this paper it is planned to cover the design considerations for wheel bearing outer ring and knuckle interface to keep distortion minimum. A DOE will be used to understand the effects of M12 vs. M14 mounting bolts, knuckle stiffness, OR mounting area, knuckle bolt PCD, bearing outer ring flange thickness. A 2nd DOE will investigate the
Mandhadi, Chaitanya Reddy, Callaghan, Kevin, Sutherlin, Robert, Lee, Seungpyo, Lee, Yeonsik, Bovee, Benjamin
Technical Paper
Dynamic analysis of automotive wheel bearings2025-01-0366To be published on 09/15/2025
Bearings are mechanical components that support loads and transmit rotational motion. With the increasing demand for high-value-added products, such as semiconductors, aerospace components, and robotics, the need for more precise and diverse applications has grown. Consequently, accurate bearing performance prediction and evaluation technologies have become essential. Bearing performance prediction is generally classified into static and dynamic approaches. Traditionally, research has primarily focused on static and quasi-static predictions based on bearing theory. However, these methods have a significant limitation in that they fail to accurately consider the actual behavior of bearings. As a result, the necessity for prediction methods based on numerical analysis, which can account for the time-dependent behavior of bearings, has been increasingly recognized. In this study, dynamic analysis of bearings was conducted to evaluate their behavior over time. First, dynamic analysis of
Lee, Seungpyo
Technical Paper
Active Online Estimation of the Electromechanical Brake Coulomb Friction2025-01-0342To be published on 09/15/2025
Electro-mechanical braking (EMB) system has emerged as a potential candidate that serves the brake-by-wire technology. Several mechanisms [1] are used to transmit the clamp force, where each has efficiency losses due to static friction and viscous damping. Compensating these losses is essential for accurate responses whether for meeting the performance goal for EMB and improving the stopping distance. Mathematical and empirical models [1,2,3] are used to estimate these losses so that clamp force is accurately estimated and controlled. However, none of these models are capable of addressing the part-to-part variation or predicting the impact of other noise factors on these losses such as operating temperature and degradation. The purpose of this work is to online estimate the EMB coulomb friction by introducing an external torque command over a period of time while observing the system’s response. This approach continuously measures the coulomb friction while the system is in normal
Aljoaba, Sharif, Ramakrishnan, Raja, Dobbs, Jeremy
Technical Paper
Influence of Various Fuel Nozzle Hole Designs on Cavitation: A Diesel and Biodiesel Comparison2025-24-0064To be published on 09/07/2025
Cavitation plays a critical role in reducing the effective flow area of fuel nozzles, leading to increased pressure losses and potential mechanical degradation. This study enhances previous research by incorporating a comparative analysis of diesel and biodiesel to examine how cavitation behavior varies under different nozzle geometries. A three-dimensional computational analysis is performed using OpenFOAM® to investigate the relationship between nozzle shape, cavitation intensity, and fuel atomization. While prior investigations have primarily emphasized conical spray holes with tapered outlets and rounded inlets to counteract cavitation, this work explores alternative geometries, including constricted, expanded, and progressively widening nozzle hole designs. The simulations demonstrate that cavitation intensity and fuel atomization are highly dependent on both nozzle geometry and fuel properties. Due to its higher viscosity, the cavitation patterns of biodiesel, compared to those
Gutierrez, Marcos, Taco, Diana, Bösenhofer, Markus
Technical Paper
A Novel Nozzle Orifice Design of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine to Achieve Higher Thermal Efficiency with Significantly Reduced Heat Loss2025-24-0037To be published on 09/07/2025
Recently, it has been widely recognized that increasing compression ratio is one of the essential technologies for improving thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, while a higher compression ratio contributes to improved thermal efficiency, it also causes increased heat loss, which can surpass the efficiency gains. Therefore, more effective heat loss reduction technologies should be developed. Despite various attempts, including thermal barrier coatings which are well known as the measure for surface temperature swing, no existing technology has successfully achieved a significant reduction in heat loss while simultaneously improving thermal efficiency across a wide operating range. In this study, a novel nozzle orifice design to improve thermal efficiency was investigated. The offset orifice nozzle has holes drilled offset of less than 0.5 mm from the radial center of the nozzle. The experimental results demonstrated that the offset orifice nozzle achieved
Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Uchida, Noboru
Technical Paper
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 202525TOFHP0808/14/2025
A model of design efficiency How Cummins used modeling and other advanced design software to create its most efficient engines yet. Solving problems and seeking big ideas PACCAR's Phil Stephenson previews SAE COMVEC 2025 and offers insights into powertrain diversification, the role of AI, a software-defined future and the importance of people. Refurbishing high-voltage batteries for electric trucks Mercedes-Benz Trucks employs "like-new" reworked batteries to expand its spare parts portfolio and to inform future battery designs that are more sustainable. Editorial Hydrogen's humming in power generation Bosch invested in large-scale metal 3D printing Schaeffler optimizes rolling bearings for hydraulic and axle drives Natural gas infrastructure is scaling fast for HD fleets Cummins powers up the S17 genset SAE J3400/2 update brings quicker NACS charging Workhorse's W56 is the people's champ of electrified work vans Komatsu logs a new timber machine Product Briefs SPOTLIGHTS: Power
Magazine Issue
Optimal Weight Design of Spur Gear Using a Modified Jaya Algorithm05-19-02-001508/14/2025
Gears are essential components in industrial machinery, and their design needs to be optimized to ensure the proper functioning of mechanical systems across various industrial applications. In this study, an optimization approach is proposed to determine the optimal design of a spur gear. This approach is based on an improved Jaya algorithm, which features a straightforward formulation without any algorithm-specific control parameters. Utilizing a simple and parameter-free updating mechanism, the strength of this algorithm lies in its iterative ability to enhance candidate solutions by moving them toward the best solution while avoiding the worst one, providing a flexible framework for optimization. However, since the original Jaya algorithm was primarily designed for continuous optimization problems, this research incorporates adjustments to adapt it effectively for mixed-variable optimization problems and to manage multi-objective functions. The effectiveness of the proposed
Rezki, Ines, Ferhat, Djeddou, Hamouda, Abdelatif, Abderazek, Hammoudi
Journal Article
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS) Handbook - 2025 - Volume IB-993_VOLUME108/13/2025
The Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization MMPDS-2025 supersedes MMPDS-24 and prior editions of the MMPDS Handbook as well as all editions of MIL-HDBK-5, Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures Handbook that were maintained by the U.S. Air Force. The last edition, MIL-HDBK-5J was cancelled by the U.S. Air Force in March 2006. This document contains design information on the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials and joints commonly used in aircraft and aerospace vehicle structures. All information contained in this Handbook has been reviewed and approved using a standardized process. The development and ongoing maintenance process involves certifying agencies, including the FAA, DoD, and NASA, and major material suppliers and material users worldwide. The information and procedures in this Handbook are continuously reviewed and modified or removed as determined to be appropriate. With advances in materials and fastener
Handbook
REDUCER, EXTERNAL THREAD, FLARELESS TUBEAS21916H (Historical)08/11/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Aerospace & Defense Technology: August 202525AERP0808/07/2025
Are Military Avionics Systems Ready for Artificial Intelligence? Reclaiming Readiness: Advancing US Defense Through Scalable Additive Manufacturing When Innovation Outpaces Infrastructure: R&D's New Reality in Aerospace Confidence Through Testing: How to Design a Practical Structural Test Program The Tug-of-War Between Speed and Strength How to strike a balance between cable performance and resilience. 101st Combat Aviation Brigade Makes History with First MUOS Connectivity in a Helicopter New Laser Technique Revolutionizes Ultra-High Ceramic Manufacturing for Spacecraft Researchers have demonstrated a new technique that uses lasers to create ceramics that can withstand ultra-high temperatures, with applications ranging from nuclear power technologies to spacecraft and jet exhaust systems. A Twist in Topology Optimization Leads to High-Performing Heat Exchanger Researchers used an innovative approach to the geometry and design of pipes that flow hot and cold fluids through heat
Magazine Issue
Mitigating High Steering Effort in Power Steering Pumps through Manufacturing Process Improvement02-19-01-000308/01/2025
Power steering pumps are the heart of any hydraulic power steering system. They provide the heavy lifting power required in the form of high-pressure fluid flow that is utilized in powered steering gears or steering racks to assist drivers in vehicle maneuvers, specifically in low-speed situations. Failure of the power steering pump will inevitably increase work needed from the driver to steer a vehicle and decrease the driver comfort at the same time. This article covers investigations into a customer return issue, affecting more than 20% of pumps, for one particular failure mode, pump input shaft seal leakage, and how the failure is not caused by failure at the input shaft nor by failure of the input shaft seal. It was found that internal damage to the pump rotating assembly allows high-pressure oil to overcome the input shaft seal sealing effect. The cause of the failure was determined to be rooted in the manufacturing process, which was re-ordered to reduce the failure rate to an
Bari, Praful Rajendra, Kintner, Jason
Journal Article
Hose Assembly PTFE Heavy Duty, -65 To 400 °F (-55 To 204 °C) 8000 psi (56 000 kPa) Hydraulic and PneumaticAS4388A (Current)07/28/2025
This Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) heavy duty hose assemblies suitable for use in aircraft and missile hydraulic fluid systems service to 8000 psi and -65 to 400 °F. Gaseous service shall be limited to 150 °F.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Aircraft Flexible Tanks General Design and Installation RecommendationsAIR1664A (Current)07/28/2025
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) includes general information about the various types and styles of flexible tanks and the tank-mounted fittings that adapt the tank to the surrounding structure and fluid-system plumbing. Recommendations are given relative to the dimensional layout of the tank when these recommendations serve to avoid tank fabrication problems and tank/structure interface problems. As a part of these recommendations, critical dimensions of plumbing adapter fittings are discussed and recommendations made. Tank manufacturing tolerances are given. Recommendations are made relative to cavity design and preparation to facilitate a reliable installation. The special installation requirements of nonself-sealing, self-sealing, and crash-resistant tanks are discussed. This document is not intended to replace the information or requirements of the military and commercial procurement specifications listed in Section 2. No attempt has been made, except in a very general
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Information Report
HOSE ASSEMBLY, POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE, CRES REINFORCED, 400 °F, 3000 PSI, LIGHTWEIGHT, BEAM SEAL, 45 TO 45°AS1912E (Current)07/25/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
O-Ring Machined from AMS3617 MaterialAS9772A (Current)07/17/2025
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings machined from AMS3617 polyamide material. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
O-Ring Molded from AMS7274 MaterialAS3570A (Current)07/17/2025
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7274 rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
O-Ring Machined from AMS3650 MaterialAS9770A (Current)07/16/2025
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings machined from AMS3650 material. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Aerospace Size Standard for Oversize O-RingsAS5798A (Current)07/16/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the dimensions, tolerances and size codes (dash numbers) for O-rings with a larger cross-section than those to AS568, for use in glands per MIL-G-5514 where squeeze at low temperature is often insufficient to provide a leak-tight seal.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Retainers (Backup Rings), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ResinAS8791D (Current)07/16/2025
This specification and part standard specifies polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin material and the dimensional requirements for scarf-cut retainers (backup rings) previously specified by MIL-R-8791 and MIL-R-8791/1. The retainers are intended for use in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with seals and O-rings.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Manufacturing and Inspection Standards for Preformed Packings (O-Rings)AS871B (Current)07/16/2025
This specification controls surface condition, manufacturing defects and inspection requirements, and defines methods of measurement for elastomeric toroidal sealing rings (O-rings) for static (including gasket) applications.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
BOLT, MACHINE-DOUBLE HEXAGON, EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, PD SHANK, CRES AMS5643, .3125-24 UNJF-3AAS9734D (Current)07/16/2025
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Technical Standard
Optimizing Engine Coolant Hose Joint Performance through Taguchi Design of Experiments and Computer-Aided Engineering Analysis2025-01-505007/15/2025
This article presents a design of experiments (DOE) approach to analyze automobile engine coolant leakage from hose joints. The data includes force measurement at hose joints through physical validation and computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulation results. The proposed approach involves utilizing digital validation data, which simulates the entire experiment using CAE. The novelty of this approach lies in its reliance on digital validation data rather than conventional physical measurements, thus providing cost and time savings for the organization. In this study, the authors investigated the force at the coolant hose joint, which results in oil leakage as the response variable. Nine independent factors were evaluated in this experiment. The study concluded through the identification of critical parameters and opposed regression model to predict force at hose joints.
Koulage, Dasharath Baliram, Mondal, Kanchan, Manerikar, Dattatray Shriniwas
Technical Paper
Clamp Assembly, Loop Type, Cushioned, General Specification forAS85052C (Current)07/14/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for loop-type clamps primarily intended for general clamping of tubing for aircraft hydraulic systems.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Dynamic Test Procedure for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) Composition SealsAS6944/1 (Current)07/14/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides a standardized test procedure that can be used to evaluate material capability in a dynamic sealing application. This procedure will be utilized by applicable elastomer material specifications which are used for production of O-rings and other seals. This specification is applicable to the dynamic testing requirements for aerospace elastomer parts utilizing materials conforming to AMS7XXX series specifications, user specifications, or print on a Purchase Order (PO) that calls out this document for aerospace applications. This procedure is intended for testing NBR. Other elastomers may have different requirements which will require a separate procedure.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Technical Standard
Sleeve, Bite Type, 24° Cone Flareless FittingAS4444/1A (Current)07/11/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for bite type sleeves for use with 24° cone flareless fluid connection fittings per AS4444.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Balancing Machines: Tooling Design CriteriaARP4163A (Historical)07/09/2025
This document establishes general design criteria, tolerances, and limits of application for tooling, fixtures, and accessories for mounting and driving gas turbine engine rotors on horizontal and vertical balancing machines.
EG-1A Balancing Committee
Recommended Practice
Dispenser Nozzle Spouts for Liquid Fuels Intended for Use with Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition EnginesJ285_202507 (Current)07/09/2025
This SAE Recommended Practice provides standard dimensions for liquid fuel dispenser nozzle spouts and a system for differentiating between nozzles that dispense liquid fuel into vehicles with spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines for land vehicles. Current legal definitions only distinguish between “Unleaded Fuel” and “All Other Types of Fuel.” These definitions are no longer valid. This document establishes a new set of definitions that have practical application to current automobile liquid fuel inlets and liquid fuel dispenser nozzle spouts.
Fuel Systems Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Investigation of Expansion Characteristics of Convergent–Divergent Nozzles with a Variable Geometry Sudden Expanded Duct01-18-02-001007/09/2025
In recent years, there has been a significant rise in research focused on estimating the base pressure (Pb) characteristics of convergent–divergent nozzles with sudden expansion regions. This study explores the use of geometrical parameters as a control strategy for nozzles experiencing abrupt expansion at supersonic Mach numbers within an axisymmetric duct. It focuses on four distinct novel expansion duct configurations: square nozzle (SN), step square nozzle (SSN), curved nozzle (CN), and double curved nozzle (DCN). In this work, the high-speed compressible flow investigation is carried out numerically using control volume method on the nozzle with a fixed area ratio (AR) and L/D nozzle. Standard k-ε turbulence model is used in the analysis to access the recirculation region formed near the nozzle walls. The recirculation zone directly influences the Pb and shock cell. For NPR range from 2 to 10, SSN and CN shows an increase in Pb, which further increases the thrust and decreases the
Raj, R. Jini, Kumar, P. Deepak, Panchksharayya, D. V., Kousik Kumaar, R., Praveen, N.
Journal Article
800P3-2 Cabin Connectors and Cables, Part 3, Specification of CablesARINC800P3-2 (Current)07/07/2025
This specification describes the general cable and wire characteristics recommended for use in cabin systems for commercial aircraft. Supplement 1 adds new definitions of 26 AWG 2-pair (Quad), 4-pair (Oct) data cables, and copper-fiber optic hybrid composite cables. Supplement 2 includes definitions of shielded twisted pair ethernet over single pair for data rates up to 1000Base-T1.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
Fittings, 24° Cone Flareless, Fluid Connection, 5000 psiAS4444A (Current)07/07/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for 24° cone flareless fluid connection fittings and nuts and bite type flareless sleeves for use in aircraft fluid systems at an operating pressure of 5000 psi for the fittings and nuts and 3000 psi for the bite type sleeves.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Improving Gearbox Acoustics through Elastomer-Based Bearing Damping2025-01-032307/02/2025
This study analyses the effect of external damping of roller bearings on the acoustic behaviour of gearboxes in electric powertrains. The growing use of electric vehicles has increased the importance of reducing gearbox noise, as the lack of noise masking from internal combustion engines and the higher operating speeds of electric motors exacerbate the acoustic challenges. Gearbox noise, which is primarily caused by tooth mesh excitation and its transmission through shafts and bearings, requires strategies to minimise its impact on vehicle comfort and performance. External damping is achieved through the integration of specific elements at the circumference of the outer bearing ring. These elements are utilised to modify the vibration transfer behaviour of the bearing assembly. This, in turn, can lead to a reduction in both structure-borne and airborne noise emissions at the gearbox housing. A test design was created to quantify the effects of different damping configurations. This
von Schulz, Kai, Linde, Tilmann, Jäger, Steffen
Technical Paper
Refrigeration Tube Fittings - General SpecificationsJ513_202507 (Current)07/01/2025
This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for refrigeration tube fittings of the flare type specified in Figures 1 to 42 and Tables 1 to 15. These fittings are intended for general use with flared annealed copper tubing in refrigeration applications. Dimensions of single and double 45 degree flares on tubing to be used in conjunction with these fittings are given in Figure 2 and Table 1 of SAE J533. The following general specifications supplement the dimensional data contained in Tables 1 to 15 with respect to all unspecified details.
Air Brake Tubing and Tube Ftg Committee
Technical Standard
TUBING, PLASTIC, FLEXIBLE, CONVOLUTED, ANNULAR POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF), THERMALLY STABILIZED, STANDARD CONVOLUTIONSAS81914/8C (Current)06/30/2025
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Technical Standard
Welded, Flash-Controlled, Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Normalized for Bending, Double Flaring, Beading, Forming, and BrazingJ356_202506 (Current)06/30/2025
This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded flash-controlled single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, double flaring, beading, forming, and brazing. Material produced to this specification is not intended to be used for single flare applications, due to the potential leak path caused by the Inside Diameter (ID) weld bead or scarfed region. Assumption of risks when using this material for single flare applications shall be defined by agreement between the producer and purchaser. This specification also covers SAE J356 Type-A tubing. The mechanical properties and performance requirements of SAE J356 and SAE J356 Type-A are the same. The SAE J356 or SAE J356 Type-A designation define unique manufacturing differences between coiled and straight material. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 for metric tubing, and SAE
Metallic Tubing Committee
Technical Standard
Grease: Wide Temperature Range Lithium or Lithium Complex Thickened for Aircraft Wheel BearingsAMS3058B (Current)06/30/2025
This specification covers grease for use on aircraft wheel bearings. It also defines the quality control requirements to assure batch conformance and materials traceability and the procedures to manage and communicate changes in the grease formulation and brand. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in 2.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a qualified products list (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before a grease is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific grease in aero and aero-derived marine and industrial applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builder and/or governmental authorities and is not implied by compliance with or qualification to this
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Impulse Testing of Hydraulic Tubing and Fittings, S-N CurveAS4265A (Current)06/30/2025
This aerospace test standard establishes the requirements and procedures for evaluating and comparing the impulse fatigue performance of high pressure hydraulic fittings and tubing. This test method may be used to test similar fluid system components, if desired.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
FITTING END, FLARED, TUBE CONNECTION, DESIGN STANDARDAS4395C (Current)06/17/2025
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Titles, SAE Subcommittee G-3E Aerospace Tubing Installation Documents, Selection OfARP1987/3A (Current)06/17/2025
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to establish the procedure for creating titles of aerospace tubing and clamp installation documents generated by SAE Subcommittee G-3E.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Recommended Practice
Gland Design Criteria and Dimensions for Static Radial O-Ring Seal Applications Without Anti-Extrusion Devices Specifically for Engine and Engine Control SystemsARP1232D (Current)06/17/2025
This document recommends standard gland dimensions for static radial O-ring seal applications specifically for engine and engine control systems and provides recommendations for modifying these glands in special applications.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Recommended Practice
Steel Tubing, Seamless, Round 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) 95 ksi (655 MPa) Tensile Strength Aircraft QualityAMS6374F (Current)06/17/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of round, non-welded tubing free from OD surface seams.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Material Specification
SCREW - OVAL FILLISTER DRILLED HEAD, .138-32AS116961D (Current)06/17/2025
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Technical Standard
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