Browse Topic: Mountings

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Ergonomically Enhanced Loop Frame Bicycle Featuring a Modular Carrier-Cum-Stand System2026-28-0003To be published on 02/01/2026
This project introduces an ergonomically enhanced loop frame bicycle integrated with a modular carrier-cum-stand system, designed to improve accessibility, comfort, and practicality for everyday users. Bicycles remain a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and health-conscious mode of transportation, widely adopted by students, delivery personnel, commuters, and fitness enthusiasts in both rural and urban settings. The loop frame design simplifies mounting and dismounting, particularly benefiting elderly users and women by promoting greater accessibility and comfort. The key innovation is the multi-functional rear carrier, which incorporates foldable arms that serve as a stable stand when deployed. This eliminates the need for a traditional side stand, thereby reducing both weight and cost while enhancing stability during parking. For design and simulation, CATIA V5 was utilized for 3D modelling of the frame and carrier mechanism, UG NX (Siemens NX) enabled detailed part modelling and
S, Naveenkumar
Optimization of Electric Drive Unit Mounting for Vibration Isolation in EV Powertrains Using Multibody Dynamics2026-26-0080To be published on 01/16/2026
With growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs), their powertrains—while naturally quieter than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains—pose new NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) challenges. These are triggered mainly from high-frequency disturbances caused by electric motors and gear interactions. Isolation of such excitations is essential for securing cabin refinement and customer expectations for acoustic comfort. This paper offers a simulation-based approach to optimal placement of the electric drive unit (EDU), which houses the electric motor and gearbox, with the objective of reducing vibration transfer to the chassis of the vehicle. The methodology explores the effect of spatial mount repositioning under actual dynamic load conditions through multibody dynamics (MBD) modeling and integrated optimizer using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The suggested workflow helps in effective investigation of mount positioning within packaging
Shah, Swapnil, Mane, Prashant, Back PhD, Arthur, Emran, Ashraf
Tailgate Stiffness Mitigation and Engineering Strategy for Y-to-Y Tailgate-Mounted Tail Lamp Integration2026-26-0494To be published on 01/16/2026
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Y-to-Y tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension volume, reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper explores a comprehensive approach
Beryl, Joshua, Mohanty, Abhinab, Unadkat, Siddharth, Selvan, Veera
Optimization of Propeller shaft design to eliminate Launch Undulation (Lateral shake) and Vibration level2026-26-0334To be published on 01/16/2026
During vehicle launches in 1st gear, a lateral shake (undulation) and a pronounced metallic hitting noise were observed in the underbody. The noise was identified as the propeller shaft's second universal joint (UJ) yoke striking the fuel tank mounting bracket. Sensitivity to these issues varied with acceleration inputs: light pedal input during a normal 1st gear launch on a flat road resulted in minimal undulation, whereas wide open throttle (WOT) conditions in 1st gear produced significant lateral shake and intensified hitting noise. Further investigation revealed that the problem persists across all gears and occurs consistently during normal driving conditions, with continuous impact between the propeller shaft yoke and the fuel tank mounting bracket. Extensive experimental measurements at the vehicle level indicated that these issues were primarily caused by the center-mounted propeller shaft joint deviating from its central position and rotating eccentrically under torque. This
Sanjay, L, S, Manickaraja, Kumar, Sarvesh, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Senthil Raja, T, B, Prem Prabhakar, M, Kiran
Sound quality refinement and vibration reduction during Horn Application in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0338To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper focuses on the cabin sound quality refinement and the tactile vibration reduction during horn application in the electric vehicle. Horn cracking sound is perceived in the cabin while pressing the horn. Higher vibrations are also perceived in accelerator pedal during the particular event. Sound diagnosis is carried out to identify the frequencies contributing to cracking noise. Transfer path analysis is conducted to identify the nature of noise and the predominant path through which forces transfer. Based on finding from TPA, various recommendations are evaluated which reduced the noise to a certain extent. Operational Deflection Shape(ODS) is conducted on the horn, horn mounting bracket and on the body to identify the component having higher deflection at the problematic frequencies . Based on the outcome of ODS, recommendations like dynamic stiffness improvement on the horn bracket and the body is assessed and the effect of each outcome is discussed. With all the
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi, R, Ashwin sathya, S, THARAKESWARULU, Raghavendran, Prasath
Packaging the HPTS Airbag in a Second-row bench seat2026-26-0033To be published on 01/16/2026
Seats of modern cars should necessarily meet the regulatory safety norms along with aesthetics and comfort. In the existing passenger cars prevailing across the Indian subcontinent, the measure of safety has been a challenging one. The stringent regulatory norms thereby make the Airbag very promising. In the domain of automotive safety, certain features hold exceptional importance, with airbags taking a forefront position. Their fundamental objective is to provide an advanced level of safety for both the driver and passengers in the unfortunate event of a collision. This is accomplished through the automatic deployment of an inflatable airbag, engineered to swiftly respond during a crash and furnish the necessary sophisticated cushioning to enhance overall passenger safety. The technology has been practiced widely upon a many vehicles seat. However, the present work highlights a novel approach of packaging the HPTS air bag in second row seat. This Air bag unit is fitted in the seat
Buradkar, Rajat, BOSE, KARTHIK, JADHAV, DEEPIKA, Balakrishnan, Gangadharan
An investigation into the Structural Impacts of Off-Road Manoeuvres on Rear Axle upper Link Mounting Bracket2026-26-0490To be published on 01/16/2026
Multi-link rigid axle suspension is widely used as a rear suspension system for body-on-frame SUVs. The upper link in a multi-link rear suspension plays a critical role in managing the vertical and longitudinal positioning of the axle, while the lower link ensures stability by regulating the axle's movement in the horizontal plane. This coordinated functionality of upper and lower link allows for controlled axle dynamics during compression and rebound, significantly enhancing ride comfort and improving vehicle handling characteristics. This study examines the failure of an upper link mounting bracket on the rear axle of an SUV during off-road events, despite no failures observed in other durability tests. Root cause analysis is conducted on failed samples to determine the specific reasons for failure only in off-road conditions. Additionally, the investigation focuses on understanding the dynamic loads experienced by the upper link during vehicle operation across various durability
J, Akhil, Senthil Raja, T, Ghumare, Dheeraj, Chilakala, Raghavendra, Kundan, Lal, Mohapatra, Durga Prasad
UNIQUE HYBRID PANORAMIC HEADLINER CLIP WITH HIGH TOLERANCE TO REPLACE DUAL LOCK FASTENERS2026-26-0299To be published on 01/16/2026
Mounting strategies for vehicles with panoramic sunroofs remains a challenge owing to its high complexity to balance cost, performance and assembly efficiency. Achieving efficient and reliable headliner mounting solutions is one of the conundrums where cost optimization must go together with uncompromised performance. Traditional methods like Dual Lock Fasteners (DLFs), have set high benchmarks for robustness but at the cost of increased manufacturing complexity and expense. In pursuit of a more economical and production-friendly alternative, various plastic clip designs were explored. However, these solutions posed significant challenges during validation due to the stringent requirements for mounting feasibility, tolerance management, and long-term durability This paper introduces a novel hybrid plastic-metal clip solution that addresses those challenges comprehensively. The new design achieves precise tolerance control, ensuring reliable headliner installation under varying Body-in
D, GOWTHAM, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, Shoeb, Mohd, Chauhan, Aarti
Machine Learning based Engine Mount NVH Life Health Monitoring System2026-26-0359To be published on 01/16/2026
Refinement for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance, and long-term vehicle reliability are rapidly evolving in today’s automotive industry. Engine mounts play a central role in isolating powertrain-induced vibrations; their deterioration can significantly affect cabin comfort, powertrain integrity, and customer satisfaction. Prior work in this area has primarily focused on direct mount sensors and physical inspection at service centre after failure. While effective in controlled environments, such methods are not scalable, add system complexity, and increase vehicle cost due to sudden breakdowns—challenges that restrict practical OEM deployment. This paper introduces a novel indirect health monitoring method that leverages a driver seat rail-mounted accelerometer to capture driver specific vibrational responses. By analyzing these signals using machine learning models and domain-specific analytical features, engine mount health is inferred without requiring sensors on the
Iqbal, Shoaib, Dusane, Mangesh
Adaptive Control Algorithms for Active Mounts on Diesel Powertrains in Passenger Cars2026-26-0324To be published on 01/16/2026
Diesel powertrains are inherently characterized by high vibration levels and low-frequency excitations, which are extremely demanding for passenger comfort and vehicle refinement. Conventional passive engine mounts often fall short in mitigating such vibrations effectively across a wide range of operating conditions. Passive mounts are inadequate for effectively isolating vibrations in powerful, lightweight vehicles or those without a balancer shaft 3-cylinder engine ordiesel engines. Consequently, this has prompted the consideration of active engine mounts as an alternative solution for solving NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness)-related issues. This paper explores the application of adaptive control algorithms in active engine mount systems for diesel powertrains in passenger vehicles. Through the integration of real-time feedback loops with smart control strategies the system adaptively controls mount stiffness and damping to minimize engine-induced vibrations. The study presents
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava, more, Vishwas
An Engineering Perspective on Cradle and Saddle Mount Configurations2026-26-0313To be published on 01/16/2026
The evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) demands optimized powertrain mounting systems to achieve superior Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) performance. This study presents a comparative evaluation of cradle-type and saddle-type mounting systems in EV applications. Experimental modal analysis and vehicle-level vibration testing were conducted to assess structure-borne and airborne noise transmission across operating conditions. Key factors such as mount stiffness, isolation efficiency, and dynamic load distribution were analyzed. Cradle systems exhibited better low- to mid-frequency isolation, whereas saddle systems offered advantages in packaging flexibility, high-frequency noise control, and reduced load distribution on supporting structures. These findings provide valuable guidance for selecting optimal mount strategies to enhance occupant comfort and acoustic quality in future EV designs. Recommendations for mount system improvements considering evolving EV architectures are
Hazra, Sandip, more, Vishwas, Naik, Sarang Pramod
Contradictions of Automotive NVH with other Vehicle Performance and TRIZ tools for Innovative problem solving2026-26-0347To be published on 01/16/2026
For safety towards Automotive engineering often faces design contradictions, particularly in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) optimization. Traditional approaches rely on trade-offs, but TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) offers a structured methodology to resolve contradictions innovatively. This paper explores in depth the TRIZ-based solutions for 2 key NVH challenges: (1) exhaust systems requiring noise reduction while maintaining low engine back-pressure, (2) engine mounts requiring both softness for vibration isolation and hardness for durability& vehicle stability. By applying principles such as segmentation, dynamization, parameter change, cheap short living objects or mechanics substitution, the novel solutions are proposed to achieve superior performance without traditional compromises. Tuneable valves in the path of the exhaust gas flow and the power-train mounting focused on its Torque Roll Axis were shown to exemplify the TRIZ problem solving effectiveness
A, Milind Ambardekar
Uncertainty Optimization of Vibration Characteristics in Engineering Machinery Powertrain Mounting Systems Using Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithms10-10-01-000611/22/2025
With the rising demand for high performance and reliability in engineering machinery, the vibration isolation performance and robustness of the powertrain mounting system (PMS) have become critical to overall machine performance. However, during service, rubber mounts are prone to environmental influences, causing significant stiffness deviations that render traditional optimization and analysis methods inadequate. To address this, this article proposes an uncertainty optimization strategy combining Monte Carlo and genetic algorithm (MC-GA), applied to design optimization accounting for stiffness uncertainty due to mount aging, to enhance vibration isolation robustness under large-scale stiffness fluctuations. The study first establishes a Monte Carlo analysis framework based on the statistical characteristics of retired mount stiffness and a dynamic model, systematically evaluating the impact of varying stiffness deviations on vibration characteristics under the original PMS
Xiang, Xingyu, Yi, Hongwei, Hou, Jie, Peng, Cheng, Huang, Haibo, Huang, Xiaorong
Development of Test Methodology for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Engine Pulley Bolt2025-28-023411/06/2025
Engine is the prime mover of an automobile. Tractor is also equipped with engine of higher capacity to meet the power requirement. Apart from powering the wheels, engine also runs different accessories such as water pump, alternator, AC pump, Oil pump and so on. The power from the engine is transferred to accessories via chain drive or belt drive through the crankshaft pulley. During field testing, in one of the tractors, engine pulley mounting bolt failure was reported. The failure resulted in immediate seizure of the engine making the tractor standstill in the field. The root cause of the failure was unknown. Hence, there was a need to develop a component or subsystem level test methodology to address the issue quickly. In the current scope, an attempt was made to develop a subsystem level laboratory test methodology to simulate the failure mode and to validate the design modifications in an accelerated manner. The failure mode was simulated in lab and different design iterations
Chakraborty, Abhirup
Integrating Self-Hydraulic Jacks Under the Chassis for Off-Road Vehicles, and Utility Task Vehicles2025-28-026411/06/2025
A futuristic vehicle chassis rendered in precise detail using state-of-the-art CAD software like Blender, Autodesk Alias. The chassis itself is sleek, low-slung, and aerodynamic, constructed from advanced materials such as high-strength alloys or carbon-fibre composites. Its polished, brushed-metal finish not only exudes performance but also emphasizes the refined form and engineered details. Underneath this visually captivating structure, a sophisticated system of self-hydraulic jacks is seamlessly integrated. These jacks are situated adjacent to the four shock absorber mounts. These jacks are designed to lift the chassis specifically at the tyre areas, and the total vehicle, ensuring that underbody maintenance is efficient and that, in critical situations, vital adjustments or emergency lifts can be performed quickly and safely. The design also incorporates an intuitive control system where the necessary buttons are strategically placed to optimize driver convenience. Whether
Gogula, Venkateswarlu
Multi-Objective Design Optimization and Pugh Matrix Analysis to Develop Exhaust Tail Pipe Mounting for EU6 Heavy Trucks2025-28-029311/06/2025
The key performance evaluation criteria for any automotive exhaust system are pass-by noise (PBN), exhaust backpressure, durability and reliability, exhaust brake performance, aesthetics (if visible from outside the chassis), cost, weight and safety. Also, with changes in emission norms, emission from Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems (EATS) is one of the crucial parameters while designing the exhaust system. This paper covers a critical problem faced during the Beta Proto Build and Testing phase of exhaust tail pipe assembly. The exhaust tail pipe assembly had loose fitting issues, which can cause problems during the functioning of the truck. Parameters like material of the pipe, length of strap, tightening torque and tolerance of the pipe diameter were considered to resolve the fitment issue. The resolution is done with the help of Design of Experiments (DoE) and Pugh Matrix Analysis based on QDCFSS (Quality, Design, Cost, Feature, Safety and Sustainability). Design for Assembly (DFA
P, Balu Mukesh, Rokade, Aditya, Biswas, Sanjoy
Simulation Study of Wheel Bearing Friction Losses at Vehicle Level2025-01-039910/07/2025
With the ongoing electrification of vehicles, components contributing a minor share of overall drivetrain losses are coming into focus. Analyzing these losses is crucial for enhancing the energy efficiency of modern vehicles and meeting the increasing demands for sustainability and extended driving range. These components include wheel bearings, whose friction losses are influenced by parameters such as temperature, mechanical loads, and mounting situation. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the resulting friction losses and their dependence on the mentioned influencing parameters at an early stage of development, both through test bench measurements and with the help of simulation models. To achieve these objectives, this submission presents a methodology that combines test bench measurements with a measurement-based simulation of the friction losses of wheel bearings occurring in the vehicle as a complete system under varying driving cycles and parameters. For this purpose, an
Hartmann, Lukas, Sturm, Axel, Henze, Roman, Notz, Fabian
2025 RISING STAR AWARDS Aerospace and Defense Winner - Keshika Warnakula25AERP10_0410/01/2025
Keshika Warnakula is a Senior Flight Mechanics Engineer at Syos Aerospace Limited and the winner of the 2025 Rising Stars Award Aerospace and Defense category. Syos Aerospace is based in Mount Maunganui, New Zealand, specializing in robotics engineering and the development of autonomous air, land, and sea vehicles. The company also has an office located in Fareham, UK, and was recently named New Zealand's “Hi-Tech Company Of the Year.”
Design Considerations for Wheel Bearing Outer Ring for Electric Vehicles2025-01-036709/15/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) require improved drag performance from wheel bearings to achieve a longer range. EVs are heavier and have higher torque output compared to internal combustion-powered vehicles. Due to the increased weight and torque of EVs, there will be higher loads at the bearing-to-knuckle joint. These increased loads may necessitate higher clamp loads to maintain joint integrity. However, higher clamp loads can lead to distortion or reduced roundness of the wheel bearing outer ring. Such distortion permanently increases drag and reduces bearing life. Therefore, after vehicle corner assembly with higher clamp loads, it is critical to minimize outer ring distortion during the initial assembly and throughout the bearing's lifespan. This paper will cover the design considerations for the wheel bearing outer ring to minimize distortion, utilizing Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis for various designs. A Design of Experiments (DOE) will be conducted to understand the
Mandhadi, Chaitanya Reddy, Callaghan, Kevin, Sutherlin, Robert, Lee, Seungpyo, Lee, Yeonsik, Bovee, Benjamin
Mitigating High Steering Effort in Power Steering Pumps through Manufacturing Process Improvement02-19-01-000308/01/2025
Power steering pumps are the heart of any hydraulic power steering system. They provide the heavy lifting power required in the form of high-pressure fluid flow that is utilized in powered steering gears or steering racks to assist drivers in vehicle maneuvers, specifically in low-speed situations. Failure of the power steering pump will inevitably increase work needed from the driver to steer a vehicle and decrease the driver comfort at the same time. This article covers investigations into a customer return issue, affecting more than 20% of pumps, for one particular failure mode, pump input shaft seal leakage, and how the failure is not caused by failure at the input shaft nor by failure of the input shaft seal. It was found that internal damage to the pump rotating assembly allows high-pressure oil to overcome the input shaft seal sealing effect. The cause of the failure was determined to be rooted in the manufacturing process, which was re-ordered to reduce the failure rate to an
Bari, Praful Rajendra, Kintner, Jason
Balancing Machines: Tooling Design CriteriaARP4163A (Current)07/09/2025
This document establishes general design criteria, tolerances, and limits of application for tooling, fixtures, and accessories for mounting and driving gas turbine engine rotors on horizontal and vertical balancing machines.
EG-1A Balancing Committee
Noise Management in Electric Vehicle Compressors for Superior Cabin Comfort2025-01-019106/16/2025
This research addresses the issue of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in electric buses, which can hinder their widespread adoption despite their environmental benefits. With the absence of traditional engines, NVH control in electric vehicles focuses on auxiliary components like the air compressor. In this study, the air compressor was identified as a major source of vibration, causing harsh contact between its oil sumps and mounting bracket. Analyzing the vibrations revealed that the sump and bracket were not moving freely, increasing noise. Modifying the bracket design to allow more movement between the components successfully reduced both noise and vibration. The paper details the experimental process, findings, and structural damping methods to mitigate NVH in electric buses.
Paroche, Sonu, Patel, Shubhanshi, Patidar, Ashok Kumar
Numerical Simulation and Parametric Optimization of Engine/Powertrain Mounts: Identifying Key Design Variables to Reduce NVH Noise2025-01-025106/16/2025
Engine and powertrain mounts are vital for isolating vibrations and reducing the transmission of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) from the engine to the vehicle structure. Despite technological advancements, addressing NVH issues related to tribological factors continues to pose significant challenges in automotive engineering. This study aims to systematically identify and optimize design parameters of engine/powertrain mounts to minimize NVH levels using CAE tools and parametric optimization techniques in Abaqus and Isight, respectively. The purpose of this research is to investigate the correlation between various design parameters of powertrain mounts and their impact on NVH characteristics. Specific attention is focused on noises such as clunking, banging, or thumping that emerge from the engine bay under dynamic conditions like acceleration, braking, or turning. These sounds often occur as the engine moves excessively due to worn mounts, making unintended contact with other
Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Seok, Sang Ho
Road Noise Analysis using Component TPA and FBS with Vehicle Component Modifications2025-01-005505/05/2025
Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and rubber bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this
Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije
NVH Improvement of the BEV Transmission by Altering Bearing Mounting Arrangement2025-01-010405/05/2025
As per metaphor, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease,” and in the case of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the transmission system has become the focal point for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) improvements. With the engine being replaced by the near-silent electric motor, the noise generated by the transmission has become more prominent, demanding greater attention to noise reduction. This shift has created a pressing need for innovations in both design and manufacturing processes to enhance the overall quietness of the vehicle. As a result, ongoing advancements are being made to address and improve the NVH characteristics of BEV transmissions. Following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design innovation in the way bearings are installed and demonstrated a significant amount of improvement. We have used SMT MASTA as a simulation tool to predict the expected results and a Transmission Dyno test bench in an anechoic chamber to test the NVH performance
Pingale, Abhijeet, Soni, Jaldeep
Asymmetric Gear Blank Optimization to Reduce Gear Noise for Electric Drive Units2025-01-007905/05/2025
Gear whine has emerged as a significant challenge for electric vehicles (EVs) in the absence of engine masking noise. The demand from customers for premium EVs with high speed and high torque density introduces additional NVH risks. Conventional gear design strategies to reduce the pitch-line velocity and increase contact ratio may impact EV torque capacitor or its efficiency. Furthermore, microgeometry optimization has limited design space to reduce gear noise over a wide range of torque loads. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of transfer gear blanks in a single-speed two-stage FDW electric drive unit (EDU) with the objective of reducing both mass and noise. A detailed multi-body dynamics (MBD) model is constructed for the entire EDU system using a finite-element-based time-domain solver. This investigation focuses on the analysis and optimization of asymmetric gear blank design features with three-slot patterns. A design-of-experiment (DOE
He, Song, Bahk, Cheonjae, Li, Bo, Du, Isaac, Patruni, Pavan Kumar, Baladhandapani, Dhanasekar
Effects of Acoustic Dissipative Material in Applications with Acoustic Leakage2025-01-011705/05/2025
This paper investigates the performance of a dissipative material compared to conventional acoustic materials under conditions that simulate real-world vehicle applications with acoustic leakage. Various acoustic materials were evaluated through laboratory experiments, which included acoustic leakage in both the steel panel and the acoustic materials. Acoustic leakages commonly occur in actual vehicle conditions at pass-throughs or fastener mounting locations. The study also presents in-vehicle test results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the dissipative material in managing acoustic leakage.
Yoo, Taewook, Maeda, Hirotsugu, Sawamoto, Keisuke, Anderson, Brian, Gan, KimTong, Herdtle, Thomas
Recommended Wheel Tie Bolt Preload ProcedureARP5481A (Current)04/14/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides the recommended procedure for obtaining desired preloads in aircraft wheel tie bolts when mounting tires and assembling the wheel. It is generally referred to as the snug-angle bolted joint assembly procedure. It is also known as the “torque-turn” procedure in the heavy equipment ground vehicle industry.
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
Single-Shot Polarization Imaging System Provides Complete PictureTBMG-5281604/01/2025
Companies have invested heavily to improve color in digital imaging, but wavelength is just one property of light. Polarization — how the electric field oscillates as light propagates — is also rich with information, but polarization imaging remains mostly confined to table-top laboratory settings, relying on traditional optics such as waveplates and polarizers on bulky rotational mounts.
Optimization Method for Powertrain Mounting Systems Based on Enhanced Genetic Algorithms2025-01-864404/01/2025
A methodology for optimizing natural properties of a powertrain for an electric vehicle has been presented. A model with six-degree-of-freedom was proposed utilizing ADAMS, and the natural frequencies and energy distribution of the powertrain are estimated using the proposed model. The calculated natural frequencies and energy distribution shown that the initial design of mount stiffness does not meet requirements of natural frequency and decoupling ratio, and vibration isolation standards. To overcome the limitations of conventional optimization techniques, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) was adopted for the enhancement optimization the mounts parameters. The optimization objectives included the refinement of the decoupling rates and frequency distribution at all mounting directions. Stiffness parameters of the mounts were optimized via the NSGA. The optimized results confirmed significant improvements for powertrain natural characteristics. This study presented an
Jin, Yang, Li, Dewei, Zhao, Yang, Xiao, Lei, Guo, Yiming
Headliner Design Considerations to Meet Safety and Regulations2025-01-824504/01/2025
Headliners are one of the largest components inside an automobile, stretching from the front windshield to the rear windshield. Besides its aesthetic purpose, it contributes to multiple other purposes like housing different components, helps in NVH, defines the interior roominess, and plays a crucial role in defining the deployment of curtain airbag. The headliner also plays a role in meeting regulatory requirements like upward visibility and headroom requirements of the occupants. During the deployment of curtain airbag, it is important that the headliner-pillar interface aids in the easy opening of airbag, with the least hindrance. This is defined by multiple factors like the location of headliner-pillar interface, its distance from the airbag ramp bracket, the position of the inflator, the mountings of the headliner and pillar trims, to name a few. Also, during the deployment of the airbag, it is important that parts such as grabhandle, speaker grilles, etc which are fitted on the
Sabesan, Arvind Kochi, D., Anantha, Kakani, Phani Kumar
Integrated Bracket Design Optimizations to Resolve Issues in Vehicle Prototype Stage2025-01-861404/01/2025
The integrated bracket is a plastic part that packages functional components such as the ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) camera, rain light sensor, and the mounting provisions of the auto-dimming IRVM (Inner Rear View Mirror). This part is fixed on the windshield of an automobile using double-sided adhesive tapes and glue. ADAS, rain light sensors, and auto-dimming IRVM play an important part in the safety of the driver and everyone present in the automobile. This makes proper functioning of the integrated bracket very integral to occupant safety. Prior to this work, the following literature; Integrated Bracket for Rain Light Sensor/ADAS/Auto-Dimming IRVM with provision of mounting for Aesthetic Cover [1] outlines the design considerations and advantages of mounting several components on the same bracket. It follows the theme where the authors first define the components packaged on the integrated bracket and then the advantages of packaging multiple components on a single
Chandravanshi, Priyansh, Dharmatti, Girish
A Study on Powertrain Modes for Optimizing the NVH Performance2024-28-018712/05/2024
The stiffness and positioning of engine mounts are crucial in determining the powertrain rigid body modes and kinetic energy distribution. Therefore, optimizing these mounts is essential in the automotive industry to separate the torque roll axis (TRA) and minimize vibration. This study aims to enhance mount locations by isolating the engine rigid body modes and predicting the inter-component force (ICF) and transfer function of the vehicle. The individual ICFs for engine mountings are calculated by applying a unit force at the bearing location. Critical frequencies are identified where the amplification exceeds the unit force at the mounting interface between the engine and the frame. The transfer function approach is utilized to assess the vibration at the handlebar. Both ICF and transfer functions analyze the source and path characteristics linked to critical response frequencies. This understanding aids in enhancing mounting positions to minimize vibration levels, thereby enhancing
Jha, Niraj Kumar, Yeezaku, Antony Neomin, Victor, Priyanka Esther, Krishnamurthy, Govindasamy
“Smart Testing Methodology for Air Suspension System of Buses”2024-28-020112/05/2024
In the fast growing automotive sector, reliability & durability are two terms of utmost importance along with weight and cost optimization. Therefore it is important to explore new technology which has less weight, low manufacturing cost and better strength. It also seek for a quick, cost effective and reliable methodology for its design validation so that any modification can be made by identifying the failures. This paper presents the rig level real world usage pattern simulation methodology to validate and correlate the vehicle level targets for micro strain, wheel forces and displacement on suspension components like optimized Z spring, torque rods, pan hard rod & mounting brackets of newly developed air suspension for buses.
Tangade, Atul Bandu, Babar, Sunil, Bankar, Milind Achyutrao, Mehendale, Ravindra, Dhumal, Kailas, Bhusari, Deepak, Sonawane, Ravindra, Shinde, Saurabh
These Speedy Cold Spray Machines Can 3D Print Vehicle Parts in War Zones24AERP12_0412/01/2024
As “point of need” additive manufacturing emerges as a priority for the Department of Defense (DoD), Australian 3D printing provider SPEE3D is one of several companies demonstrating that its machines can rapidly produce castings, brackets, valves, mountings and other common replacement parts and devices that warfighters often need in an on-demand schedule when deployed near or directly within combat zones. DoD officials describe point of need manufacturing as a concept of operations where infantry and squadron have the equipment, machines, tools and processes to rapidly 3D print parts and devices that are being used in combat. Based in Melbourne, Australia, SPEE3D provides cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) machines that use a combination of robotics and high-speed kinetic energy to assemble and quickly bind metal together into 3D-printed parts without the need for specific environmental conditions or post-assembly cooling or temperature requirements. Over the last two years, the
Modelling and Simulation Approach for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Components in Passenger Car Engine Mounting Brackets2024-28-001610/17/2024
The functionality of the Powertrain mount is to securely anchor the engine and gearbox within a vehicle, and effectively absorb vibrations, while simultaneously shielding the vehicle's body from powertrain movements and road irregularities. The mounts are supported by engine mount brackets, which serve as connectors between the engine mount and the vehicle's body-in-white (BIW), providing a structural link that secures the engine and gearbox assembly. Conventionally made with materials such as aluminum, sheet metal, or cast iron, a recent surge has been seen toward using a viable substitute in Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). This transition is driven by the potential to reduce weight and cost, while also improving Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the relative strengths of existing brackets compared to those made of FRP, with a focus on their modal response and crash resistance. Due to the absence of a standardized method for modelling
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip
Research on the Strength Calculation Method of Rubber Mount Housing for Heavy Truck Powertrain2024-01-508008/14/2024
A method of overall modeling and step-by-step solution was proposed to verify and analyze the strength of the mount shell. First, a reliable finite element simulation model was established based on testing of the mechanical properties of rubber materials, constitutive model construction, and stiffness tests of the mounts. Second, the displacement of the mount system under preloading and crash loads was calculated separately through the modeling of the powertrain mount simulation, which provided accurate load conditions of the mount for the following work. Finally, the strength calculation and evaluation of the mount shell was completed with the quasi-static solution method. This calculation method could consider the influence of complex factors comprehensively, such as assembly load distribution, large deformation of rubber, and contact nonlinearity on the stress distribution of the mount shell. In addition, the calculation method could solve the problem of balance between solution
Li, Keliang, Chen, Guozheng, Sun, Wanyu, Yan, Shanheng, Li, Ming, Liu, Baoguo
Liftgate Slam by Bilinear Quasistatic Approach Using Modal Transient Method under Equivalent Static Loads2024-01-507708/05/2024
Automotive closure slam is the most crucial attribute affecting the closure structure and its mountings on BIW due to its high occurrence in real-world usage. Thus, virtual simulation of closure slam becomes necessary and is generally carried out using explicit codes with associated technical hitches like all-requisite inputs availability, FE modeling and analysis techniques, substantial human effort, high solution time, human and computational resource competence, or even access to suitable expensive explicit FE solver. Hence it becomes challenging to virtually analyze the design at every design phase of product development cycle under strict timelines leading to possibilities of both over- and under-designed parts, sometimes resulting in physical testing or even field failures. So, the need for an alternative simplified representation of closure slam, addressing the typical issues faced during explicit dynamic simulation and producing acceptable analysis outputs, gains significance
Chatterjee, Suprakash
Unique Approach of Modern Automotive Exhaust System Mountings Design for NVH Improvement02-17-03-001507/22/2024
Minimizing vibration transmitted from the exhaust system to the vehicle’s passenger compartment is the primary goal of this article. With the introduction of regulatory norms on NVH behavior and emissions targets, it has become necessary to address these issues scientifically. Stringent emissions regulations increased the complexity of the exhaust system resulting in increased size and weight. Exhaust system vibration attenuation is essential not only from the vehicle NVH aspects but also for the optimized functionality of the subsystems installed on it. Based on earlier studies, this work adopts a more thorough strategy to reduce vehicle vibration caused by the exhaust system by adjusting it to actual operating conditions. To achieve this, a complete vehicle model of 22 DOF is considered, which consists of a powertrain, exhaust system, chassis frame, and suspension system. A method for evaluating static and dynamic vibration response is proposed. Through the use of the vehicle’s rigid
Sarna, Amit Kumar, Singh, Jitender, Kumar, Navin, Sharma, Vikas
Minimization of High Temperature Oxidation, Aluminum Alloy Heat TreatmentARP7500 (Current)07/03/2024
This recommended practice provides recommendations for minimizing high temperature oxidation (HTO) during the heat treatment of aluminum alloy products and parts. HTO leads to deterioration of properties.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Mount - ThermocoupleARP464A (Current)06/25/2024
Scope is unavailable.
E-32 Aerospace Propulsion Systems Health Management
Optimization Methods to Enhance Performance of a Powertrain Mounting System at Key on and Key off2024-01-238904/09/2024
To enhance the transient vibration performance of the vehicle at key on and key off, a method for optimizing mount parameters of a powertrain mounting system (PMS) is proposed. Uncertainties of mount parameters widely exist in a PMS, so a method for optimizing mount parameters of a PMS, which treats the mount parameters of a PMS as uncertain, is also proposed in this paper. Firstly, a 13 degrees of freedom (DOFs) model including car body with 3 DOFs, a PMS with 6 DOFs and unsprung mass with 4 DOFs is established, and the acceleration of the active side of mounts is calculated. An experiment is carried out to measure the accelerations located at active and passive sides of each mount and the accelerations of seat track. A comparison is made between the measured and estimated accelerations, and the proposed model is validated. Two optimization methods for the PMS are proposed based on the developed 13 DOFs model. One method treats mount parameters as deterministic variables, while
Lin, Shuo, Yin, Zhi-Hong, Jiang, Yong-Feng, Song, Yan-Ping, Shangguan, Wen-Bin
Integrated Bracket for Rain Light Sensor/ADAS/Auto-Dimming IRVM with provision of mounting for Aesthetic Cover2024-01-222404/09/2024
Plastic design is one of the upcoming fields of interest when it comes to weight optimization, sustainability, strength, and overall aesthetics of an automobile. What is often ignored is the amount of flexibility a plastic designer has, of integrating and packaging various components of an automobile into a single part and still make it an integral part of its complex aesthetics. This paper highlights upon one such part that is being developed: An integrated bracket which packages ADAS camera, Rain Light Sensor, and an Auto-dimming IRVM. Apart from packaging the mentioned components, this bracket also has mounting provisions for an aesthetic cover (also referred to as beauty cover). The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of integration of several parts into a single part for packaging multiple components that need to be placed in a close proximity with each other. This paper includes the demonstration of old design which consisted of multiple parts along with how we
Chandravanshi, Priyansh, Parthiban, Mohan, Bable, Shubham, Dharmatti, Girish
Optimization of Structural Rigidity of the Door Module Mounting part2024-01-222304/09/2024
The recent surge in platforms like YouTube has facilitated greater access to information for consumers, and vehicles are no exception, so consumers are increasingly demanding of the quality of their vehicles. By the way, the door is composed of glass, moldings, and other parts that consumers can touch directly, and because it is a moving part, many quality issues arise. In particular, the door panel is assembled from all of the above-mentioned parts and thereby necessitates a robust structure. Therefore, this study focuses on the structural stiffness of the door inner panel module mounting area because the door module is closely to the glass raising and lowering, which is intrinsically linked to various quality issues.
Cho, Kyeongkuk, Choi, JEWON
Electric Motor Noise Reduction with Stator Mounted NVH Insert Ring2024-01-220504/09/2024
Electric motor noise mitigation is a challenge in electric vehicles (EVs) due to the lack of engine masking noise. The design of the electric motor mounting configuration to the motor housing has significant impacts on the radiated noise of the drive unit. The stator can be bolted or interference-fit with the housing. A bolted stator creates motor whine and vibration excited by the motor torque ripple at certain torsional resonance frequencies. A stator with interference fit configuration stiffens the motor housing and pushes resonances to a higher frequency range, where masking noise levels are higher at faster vehicle speeds. However, this comes with additional cost and manufacturing process and may impact motor efficiency due to high stress on stators. In this paper, a thin sheet metal NVH ring is developed as a tunable stiffness device between the stator and the motor housing. It is pre-compressed and provides additional torsional rigidity to mitigate torsional excitations. A CAE
He, Song, Tran, Xuan, Naismith, Gregory, Du, Isaac, Patruni, Pavan Kumar, Baladhandapani, Dhanasekar
Parameter Identification of Hyper-Elastic Model Based on Improved PSO-BPNN2024-01-235404/09/2024
Rubber mount as an important element can reduce the vibration transmitted by the engine to the frame. And under small and medium deformation conditions, Mooney-Rivlin model can well describe the mechanical properties of the rubber mount. The accurate parameters of Mooney-Rivlin model are the basis of describing the mechanical properties of the mount. First, taking powertrain rubber mount as the research object, the influence of preload on the static characteristics of the mount is studied by the preload test rig. Second, Particle swarm optimization-Back propagation neural network (PSO-BPNN) model and Back propagation neural network (BPNN) model was established. After the number and step length of hidden layer neurons were determined, the prediction accuracy of the two models is compared. Then, combined with finite element analysis and crow search algorithm, a parameter identification model considering preload is established, the constitutive parameters corresponding to preload and non
Sun, Jiawei, Zhao, Renfei, Sun, Hongjie, Ma, Qiang
CAE Transfer Path Analysis and Its Accuracy Evaluation Using a Validation Method2024-01-274004/09/2024
In-cabin Noise at low frequency (due to engine or road excitation) is a major issue for NVH engineers. Usually, noise transfer function (NTF) analysis is carried out, due to absence of accurate actual loads for sound pressure level (SPL) analysis. But NTF analysis comes with the challenge of having too many paths (~20 trimmed body attachment locations: engine and suspension mounts, along with 3 directions for each) to work on, which is cumbersome. Physical test transfer path analysis (TPA) is a process of root cause analysis, by which critical contributing paths can be obtained for a problem peak frequency. In addition to that, loads at the attachment points of trimmed body of test vehicle can be derived. Both these outputs are conventionally used in CAE analysis to work on either NTF or SPL. The drawback of this conventional approach is that the critical bands and paths suggested are based on the problem peak frequency of test vehicle which may be different in CAE. Secondly, the force
Pimpalkhare, Ninad, Mochizuki, Shinei
Parameters Affecting Torsional Stiffness of Vehicle Doors2024-01-222604/09/2024
Side doors are pivotal components of any vehicle, not only for their aesthetic and safety aspects but also due to their direct interaction with customers. Therefore, ensuring good structural performance of side doors is crucial, especially under various loading conditions during vehicle use. Among the vital performance criteria for door design, torsional stiffness plays an important role in ensuring an adequate life cycle of door. This paper focuses on investigating the impact of several door structural parameters on the torsional stiffness of side doors. These parameters include the positioning of the latch, the number of door side hinge mounting points on doors (single or double bolt), and the design of door inner panel with or without Tailor Welded Blank (TWB) construction. The findings of this study reveal that the change in latch position has the most significant influence on torsional stiffness, followed by the removal of TWB from the inner panel, upon implementation of suitable
Goyal, Vinay Kumar, Selvan, Veera, Pandurangan, Venugopal, Unadkat, Siddharth, Almeida, Neil Ricardo
A Study on Optimizing Headlining Open-Structure for Face-to-Face Roof-Airbag Deployment2024-01-239404/09/2024
In this study, an optimized structure for opening the headlining considering the deployment of the face-to-face roof airbag was studied. It was confirmed that the deployment performance differs depending on the skin of the headlining, and a standardized structure with mass production was proposed. Non-woven fabric and Tricot skin, which are economical and high-end specifications, satisfy the performance of PVC fusion application specifications after cutting 80% of the skin. The structure that satisfies the entire body including the knit specifications is a type that separates the roof airbag area piece, the corresponding soft piece is separated, and the deployment performance is satisfied with safety. Therefore, the structure is proposed as a standardized structure. This structure is expected to be applicable to roof DAB (Driver Airbag), PAB (Passenger Airbag), and Sunroof Airbag, which will be necessary technologies to secure indoor space. Regardless of which area the airbag will be
Park, Jiseob
Mitigation of Underslung Engine Induced Rail Coach Floor Vibration2024-01-272604/09/2024
The underslung arrangement consists of a 500kVA (kilovolt amperes) diesel generator set mounted below a railway passenger coach. To meet stringent vibration requirement in passenger compartment, dual vibration isolation arrangement is proposed for underslung arrangement. Such type of arrangement provides a high degree of isolation from engine induced vibration. Performance of dual stage isolation depends on stiffness and mass ratio of genset mass to intermediate bracketry mass. High vibration excitations are observed on rail coach floor during testing of baseline design. These vibration levels are more than rail prescribed limits and passenger can easily feel these vibrations. Study of dual stage (2 degree of freedom) isolation system frequencies and transmissibility is performed. Root cause for existing system is assessed through vibration transmissibility analysis. Modal analysis was performed to understand mode shapes and interaction between the mounting structure and isolators
Kumar, Mukesh, Jadhav, Yogesh, Bhagat, Gokul V., Mahanta, Bibhu, Kumar, Prashant B.
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