Browse Topic: Bearings

Items (3,146)
In manual transmission, bearing preload is a vital factor for optimum durability and performance of tapered roller bearings (TRB). To achieve better optimization of bearing preload, a precise measurement method is a minimum requisite. This technical paper investigates multiple ideas and develops a novel methodology for accurate bearing preload measurement, overcoming the challenges produced by the complexity of transmission design. This paper provides a systematic approach to bearing preload measurement in manual transmission along with identification of key parameters responsible for influencing bearing preload, such as rigidity and fit of the components. A comprehensive experimental study at both part level and system level was conducted to quantify the effects of above-mentioned parameters on preload and transmission performance. Furthermore, the paper explores the effect of bearing preload optimization on the durability performance of the transmission unit
Gaurav, KumarKumar, ArunSingh, Maninder PalDhawan, SoumilSingh, KulbirKumar, KrishanSingh, Manvir
The stiffness and positioning of engine mounts are crucial in determining the powertrain rigid body modes and kinetic energy distribution. Therefore, optimizing these mounts is essential in the automotive industry to separate the torque roll axis (TRA) and minimize vibration. This study aims to enhance mount locations by isolating the engine rigid body modes and predicting the inter-component force (ICF) and transfer function of the vehicle. The individual ICFs for engine mountings are calculated by applying a unit force at the bearing location. Critical frequencies are identified where the amplification exceeds the unit force at the mounting interface between the engine and the frame. The transfer function approach is utilized to assess the vibration at the handlebar. Both ICF and transfer functions analyze the source and path characteristics linked to critical response frequencies. This understanding aids in enhancing mounting positions to minimize vibration levels, thereby enhancing
Jha, Niraj KumarYeezaku, Antony NeominVictor, Priyanka EstherKrishnamurthy, Govindasamy
This standard covers the requirements for non-separable, airframe antifriction needle bearings and corrosion-resistant and traditional materials intended for use in flight vehicle control systems with radial loads
ACBG Rolling Element Bearing Committee
This standard covers the requirements for spherical, self-aligning, self-lubricating bearings that are for use in the ambient temperature range of -65 to +160 °F (-54 to +71 °C) at high cyclic speeds. The scope of the standard is to provide a liner system qualification procedure for helicopter sliding bearings defined and controlled by source control drawings. Once a liner system is qualified, the source controlled bearings may be further tested under application conditions
ACBG Plain Bearing Committee
ABSTRACT Curtiss-Wright has developed an acoustic based sensor technology for measuring friction, shock, and dynamic load transfer between moving parts in machinery. This technology provides a means of detecting and analyzing machine structure borne ultrasonic frequency sounds caused by friction and shock events between the moving parts of the machine. Electrical signals from the sensors are amplified and filtered to remove unwanted low frequency vibration energy. The resulting data is analyzed as a computed stress wave energy value that considers the amplitude, shape, duration and rates of all friction and shock events that occur during a reference time interval. The ability to separate stress waves from the lower frequency operational noise makes this technology capable of detecting damaged gears/bearings and changes in lubrication in equipment earlier than other techniques, and before failure progression increases cost of repair. Already TRL9 in adjacent industries, this technology
Reichenfeld, Curtis
ABSTRACT This report documents the investigation of a vibration-based diagnostic approach developed for automotive transmissions. Data was recorded throughout three durability tests that were conducted by the transmission OEM. Rebuilt transmissions were operated around the clock under the most demanding speed and load set-points until critical gear or bearing failures resulted in loss of operability. The analysis results indicate that an embedded diagnostic and predictive capability can be implemented for military ground vehicle transmissions using vibration-based techniques. The results also specifically show an early indication of a fault condition is possible three weeks before failure for the test transmission. A technique for detecting solenoid faults using only the existing control signals rather than response measurements comparison that does not require the installation of additional sensors was also developed through this effort and will be discussed. This paper highlights the
Lebold, MitchellPflumm, ScottHines, JasonBanks, JeffreyBednar, JonathanMarino, LarryBechtel, Jim
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, mechanical tubing, forgings, and forging stock
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Rolling bearings play a critical role in rotating machinery, with their fatigue life directly impacting equipment’s operational reliability. This underscores the significant engineering application value of “fault diagnosis” (FD) technology for rolling bearings in mechanical, automation, and aerospace domains. Literature reviews highlight that a substantial portion of failures in machinery such as jet turbine engines, wind turbines, gear reducers, and induction machines are attributable to bearing issues. Early fault detection and preventive maintenance are therefore imperative for ensuring the smooth operation of rotating machinery. This paper focuses on rolling bearings, delving deep into FD technology using machine learning principles. It analyses the structure and common failure modes of rolling bearings, discussing an FD method based on machine learning. Specifically, the SE-DRN (“squeeze-exclusion deep residual network”) approach is employed, leveraging “variational modal
Muin, Abdullah-AlKhan, ShahrukhMiah, Md Helal
A bearing is a mechanical component that transmits rotation and supports load. Depending on the type of rotating mechanism, bearings are categorized into ball bearings and tapered-roller bearings. Tapered-roller bearings are superior to ball bearings in load-bearing capabilities. They are used in applications where high loads, such as, the wheel bearings for commercial vehicles and trucks, aircraft, high-speed trains, and heavy-duty spindles for heavy machinery must be supported. The demand for reducing the friction torque in automobiles has recently increased owing to carbon-emission regulations and fuel-efficiency requirements. Therefore, research on the friction torque of bearings is essential; studies have been conducted on lubrication, friction, and contact in tapered-roller bearings. There have also been studies on lip friction, roller misalignment, and so on; however, research on the influence of roller geometries and material properties is scarce. This study investigated the
Lee, SeungpyoAn, Hyun Gyu
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have evoked a keen interest in recent times for their potential applications in automotive and aerospace industry components. One such particulars include dry sliding bearings, which have widespread applications in various industries due to their self-lubricating properties, high wear resistance, and low maintenance requirements. The wear as a consequence of metal-to-metal friction can have a detrimental effect, expediting malfunctions or much more adverse spin-offs on the whole system. This study focuses on the development and characterization of a novel dry bearing material composed of a MMC consisting of aluminum (Al), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and silicon carbide (SiC). Tribological tests revealed a low friction coefficient, ensuring efficient and reliable operation. The results indicate the enhancement of MMC’s performance and durability in dry bearings, contributing to the efficiency and reliability of engineering systems. The study not only
Ravi Raj, V.Dhivya Praban, S. V.Jayasooriya, M.Sairam, T. S.
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This document defines the criteria used for the selection and placement of landing gear shock strut upper and lower bearings (see Figure 1). Common problems associated with shock strut bearings are presented herein
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Electric vehicles offer cleaner transportation with lower emissions, thus their increased popularity. Although, electric powertrains contribute to quieter vehicles, the shift from internal combustion engines to electric powertrains presents new Noise, Vibration, and Harshness challenges. Unlike traditional engines, electric powertrains produce distinctive tonal noise, notably from motor whistles and gear whine. These tonal components have frequency content, sometimes above 10 kHz. Furthermore, the housing of the powertrain is the interface between the excitation from the driveline via the bearings and the radiated noise (NVH). Acoustic features of the radiated noise can be predicted by utilising the transmitted forces from the bearings. Due to tonal components at higher frequencies and dense modal content, full flexible multibody dynamics simulations are computationally expensive. Based on previously developed metrics for sound quality, a methodology is proposed with the requirements
Ricardo Souza, MarcosOffner, GuenterMohammadpour, MahdiAndreou, PanagiotisTheodossiades, Stephanos
The commitment to environmentally friendly transportation calls for efficient solutions with the evolution of automotive industry. Turbochargers are an important part of this development. The application of Gas or Air Foil Bearings (GFB) instead of traditional hydrodynamic bearings is recently very noticed, with which the fuel consumption, and emissions can be minimized as well as decreasing the maintenance costs and increasing the reliability. However, low viscosity of gas leads to lower dynamic stiffness and damping characteristics resulting in low load carrying capacity and instability at higher speeds. Gas bearings can be enhanced by adding a foil structure commonly known as gas foil bearings whose dynamic stiffness can be tailored by modifying the geometry and the material properties resulting in better stability and higher load carrying capacity. A detailed study is required to assess the performance of high-speed rotor systems supported on GFBs, therefore in this study a bump
Mandapalli, Prithvi RajuHoefler, DieterRohani, Rezvan
In the contemporary industrial landscape, machinery stands as the cornerstone of various sectors. Over time, these machines undergo wear and tear due to extensive use, leading to the introduction of subtle faults into the machine readings. Recognizing the pivotal role of machinery in diverse industries, the timely detection of these faults becomes imperative. Early fault detection is crucial for preventing costly downtimes, ensuring operational efficiency, and enhancing overall safety. This paper addresses the need for an effective condition monitoring and fault detection system, focusing specifically on the application of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) deep learning model for fault detection in bearings using accelerometer data. The preprocessing phase involves extracting time domain features, encompassing normal, differentiated, integrated, and carefully selected signals, to create an informative dataset tailored for the LSTM model. This model is then meticulously trained on the
Vaishnavi, A.Sharma, AnjuNaidu, VPS
The purpose of this document is to provide detailed requirements to preclude the acquisition and use of suspect counterfeit or counterfeit bearings and/or bearing components/materiel. The term bearings referenced throughout this document includes bearings and/or bearing components/materiel (e.g., balls, races, lubricant, cage, seal). The requirements of this document supplement the requirements of a higher-level quality standard (e.g., AS/EN/JISQ9100, ISO 9001, ANSI/ASQ E4, ASME NQA-1, AS9120, AS9003, and IATF 16949 or equivalent) and other quality management system documents. All appendices are provided for guidance and are not mandatory
G-21 Counterfeit Materiel Committee
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
The study focuses on understanding the air and oil flow characteristics within a ball bearing during high-speed rotation, with a particular emphasis on optimizing frictional heat dissipation and oil lubrication methods. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are employed to analyze the intricate three-dimensional airflow and oil flow patterns induced by the motion of rotating and orbiting balls within the bearing. A significant challenge in conducting three-dimensional CFD studies lies in effectively resolving the extremely thin gaps existing between the balls, races, and cages within the bearing assembly. In this research, we adopt the ball-bearing structured meshing strategy offered by Simerics-MP+ to meticulously address these micron-level clearances, while also accommodating the rolling and rotation of individual balls. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of different designs of the lubrication ports to channel oil to other locations compared to the ball bearings. This
Mohapatra, Chinmoy K.Schlautman, JeffPandey, AshutoshWang, ChengjieSrinivasan, Chiranth
Churning loss is an important energy loss term for rolling bearings at high-speed condition. However, it is quite challenging to accurately calculate the churning loss. A CFD study based on unsteady Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes that resolves the gas-liquid interface was performed to examine the unsteady multiphase flow in a roller/ball bearing. In this study, the rotating motion of the cage, races, rollers/balls about the shaft as well as self-rotation of rollers/balls about their own axis were accounted to accurately predict the oil distribution in various parts of the bearings. A novel meshing strategy is presented to resolve thin gaps between the roller/balls and the races/cage while preserving the shape of balls/rollers, races and cage. Five rotational speeds of the shaft have been examined for roller bearing and ball bearing respectively. Additionally, effect of clearance between roller/balls and races is investigated. Of particular interest is to examine the mechanisms
Pandey, AshutoshTao, MingyuanLiu, YuchuanWu, RanShandilya, AnandWang, Chengjie
Recently, there has been a new method for setting bearing preload on tapered roller bearings in a power transmission system. To move this new method into production, an analytical model that relates the bearing preload to the stiffness of the bearing was developed. This work develops an analytical model that links the preload on multi-row tapered roller bearings to the stiffness of the power transmission system. This study also validates the proposed analytical model by comparing it to both previous work and commercially available simulation software. The analytical model has shown that it is highly sensitive to the number of rollers in the bearing, which is discussed in this work
Gruzwalski, DavidMynderse, James
The process of assembling the bearing and crimp ring to the steering pinion shaft is intricate. The bearing is pressed into its position via the crimp ring, which is tipped inward and fully fitted into a groove on the pinion shaft. Only when the bearing is pressed to a low surface on the pinion shaft, the caulking force for the crimp ring is achieved. The final caulking distance for the crimp ring confirms the proper bearing position. Simulating this transient fitting process using CAE is a challenging topic. Key factors include controlling applied force, defining contact between bearing and pinion surface, and defining contact between crimp ring and bearing surface from full close to half open transition. The overall CAE process is validated through correlation with testing
Song, GavinVlademar, MichaelVenugopal, Narayana
One often reported roadblock to consumer acceptance of electric vehicles is driving range, which is a function of powertrain efficiency and vehicle mass. Electric vehicle gearbox design often is based on multiple parallel shafts, thereby creating significant packaging constraints. Industry perception holds that deep groove ball bearings (DGBB) are more efficient than tapered roller bearings (TRB), and standard spin-loss testing confirms those beliefs. However, spin-loss efficiency testing does not accurately reproduce typical real-world driving. A more realistic comparison of bearing efficiency is required to properly select bearings during the powertrain design stage. Recently completed testing focused on recreating application conditions (including bearing loads, speeds, misalignment, and load zones) for electric vehicle gearbox intermediate shafts. These conditions varied between TRB and DGBB as a result of application bearing setting and reaction load changes and were faithfully
Feltman, John W.
As part of the development of its new powertrain consisting of two electric motors, a combustion engine and a gearbox, Renault SAS followed an original approach to achieve an assembly with an optimized, robust, and reliable link between the main electric motor and the gearbox. The running operation optimization as well as the high reliability is achieved by processing the following topics: filtration of vibrations and operating jolts; solving of tribological problems specific to splined connections, such as fretting corrosion and abrasive tooth wear; avoidance of potential seizure of elements with cyclic relative slippage under load; and eventually, control of wear and tear on the sealing and damping O-rings, which must accept oscillating translational movements at the same time as torque transfer. The aim of this article is to retrace the main steps taken to achieve the desired reliability and performance targets for this type of product. The most remarkable points of this approach
Hay, MaximeDutfoy, LaurentLigier, Jean-louisMerçay, Patrice
Threaded joints are considered the most basic of components. Although in use for over a century, significant problems still exist with their usage. Wheel bolt loosening in overloaded segments such as HD tippers and high-speed intercity buses poses a safety challenge for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Wheel nut loosening is a notable cause of service, fretting, and cracks in the mating components; contributing a significant chunk of warranty cost to the company. The need of the hour is to reinforce these joints while keeping resources at bay. This paper establishes a methodology for the evaluation and design of a safe wheel bolt joint interface including key parameters such as embedding, axial forces, and shear forces. It is necessary to obtain the minimum preload requirement for a wheel bolt joint to hold the clamped surfaces intact, which if not maintained otherwise would cause relative movement, play, shear load onto the bolt, and eventually failure. For physically auditing
Raghatate, ShreyasSharma, SuchitSindal, Vinayak
In order to study the tire friction characteristics under wet skid surface, the “pseudo” hydrodynamic pressure bearing effect is used to be equivalent to the hydrodynamics of water film, and an advanced Lugre tire hydroplaning dynamic model is developed by combining the arbitrary pressure distribution function. The water hydroplaning dynamic tests were carried out for 285/70R19.5 tire under wet of different water film thickness and dry conditions, and the parameters of the advanced Lugre tire dynamic model were identified. The results show that the tire water-skiing model proposed in this paper can effectively simulate the friction characteristics of tires under different water film thicknesses. Under dry conditions, 0.5mm water film and 1mm water film road conditions, the relative errors of the maximum tire friction coefficient between the tested and advanced Lugre tire model are 1.11%, 0.12% and 0.16%, respectively. The root mean square (RMS) relative errors of tire friction
Zhu, HengjiaQi, KaiWang, LliwenZhang, Wei
Heavy vehicles such as construction machinery generally require a large traction force. For this reason, axle components are equipped with a final reduction gear to provide a structure that can generate a large traction force. Basic analysis of vertical load, horizontal load (traction force), centrifugal force, and torsional torque applied to the wheels of heavy vehicles such as construction machinery and industrial vehicles, as well as actual working load analysis during actual operations, were conducted and compiled into a load analysis diagram. The loosening tendency of wheel bolts and nuts that fasten the wheel under actual working load was measured, and the loosening analysis method was presented. The causes of wheel fall-off accidents in heavy trucks, which have recently become a problem, were examined. Wheel bolts are generally tightened by the calibrated wrench method using a torque wrench. The method is susceptible to variations in friction coefficient and tightening torque
Hareyama, SoichiManabe, Ken-ichiKobayashi, Satoshi
Nowadays, Bismuth (Bi) is being applied as an overlay material for engine bearings instead of Lead (Pb) which is an environmentally harmful material. Bi overlay has already been a solid performer in some automotive engine sectors due to its superior load carrying capacity and good robustness characteristic which are necessary to maintain its longevity during the lifetime of engines. The replacement is also seen on relatively larger size engines, such as Trucks and Off-highway heavy duty applications. Basically, these applications require higher power output than passenger cars, and the expected component lifecycle becomes longer. Though Bi has similar material characteristic to traditional Pb, it becomes challenging for the material alone to satisfy these requirements. Polymer overlay is known for its superior anti-wear performance and longer lifetime due to less adhesion against a steel counterpart than metallic materials (included Bi). However, for heavy duty applications where clean
Haneda, YumaKato, KentaYasuda, ErinaNogami, AkiraHayashi, Masaki
Optimized half-shaft design is paramount to deliver power from a drive unit and gearbox to the wheels of a vehicle. An intermediate shaft must be able to deliver rotational force to the wheel with acceptable efficiency to prevent any sort of torque losses or torque steer when coupled with another shaft. Intermediate shafts must be optimized for torque delivery, stiffness, weight, and efficiency relative to the CV shaft it is coupled to. For the unique switched reluctance motor that is utilized in this study, the shaft will be supported by a fixed housing in which a bearing will be affixed. It is critical that through these studies an attempt is made to optimize all these conditions by selecting the best materials as well as study the effects of having a tubular shaft as opposed to one that is solid using computer software. This analysis was completed with specific constraints in mind with respect to both shaft performance as well as packaging constraints. Processes include design for
Fares, George Maher AlfiGleeson, AdamRajotte, LucasEmadi, Ali
Effective design of the lubrication path greatly influences the durability of any transmission system. However, it is experimentally impossible to estimate the internal distribution of the automotive transmission fluid (ATF) to different parts of the transmission system due to its structural complexities. Hybrid vehicle transmission systems usually consist of different types of bearings (ball bearings, thrust bearings, roller bearings, etc.) in conjunction with gear systems. It is a perennial challenge to computationally simulate such complicated rotating systems. Hence, one-dimensional models have been the state of the art for designing these intricate transmission systems. Though quantifiable, the 1D models still rely heavily on some testing data. Furthermore, HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) desire a more efficient lubrication system compared to their counterparts (Internal combustion engine vehicles) to extend the range of operation on a single charge. Thus, this paper includes a
Mohapatra, Chinmoy K.Schlautman, JeffLiu, ZheRaj, GowthamGao, Haiyang
With the use of the stepped surface of the friction pairs of the stepped bearings (SB) in the high-speed centrifugal pumps, its liquid film thickness is suddenly changed and it was discontinuously distributed in the direction of motion of pump. To ensure the continuity of the liquid film thickness and enhance the lubrication efficiency of the pump, based on the lubrication model of the SB, two other structures of the inclined surfaces [inclined bearings (IB)] and curved surfaces [curved bearings (CB)] used to replace stepped surfaces of the SB are investigated, respectively. Under the same conditions of the minimum thickness of the liquid film and initial dimensions of the sliding friction pairs, the influence of both the thickness ratio (α) of the liquid film and dimension ratio (β) in the direction of motion of SB, IB, and CB on the bearing capacity and friction coefficient of the liquid film are simulated and analyzed, respectively. Based on the optimal ratios {α and β} of SB, IB
Chen, HanxinGuo, XiaoyanNguyen, Vanliem
As a car OEM, we continuously strive to set the bar for competitors with every product. Consumer travel experiences are enhanced by increasing passenger cabin silence. There is only one steering system opening in the firewall panel, which is used for allowing intermediate shaft's fitment on the pinion shaft of the steering gear. The steering grommet is the sole component that covers the firewall cut-out without disrupting steering operations, which has a substantial impact on the NVH performance of the vehicle. It is typically used in cars to eliminate engine noise and dust entering to passenger compartment. The part is assembled inside the vehicle where the steering intermediate shaft passing through BIW firewall panel. We use a bearing, plastic bush, or direct rubber interference design in the steering grommet to accommodate the rotational input the driver provides to turn the automobile. However, occasionally noise may be produced due to uneven bearing or plastic bush loading or a
J, SadhishVijayarangan, DeepakS, SenthilKole, Shantinath
Advent of EV powertrain has considerable effect on transmission development activities as competed to regular ICE transmission. Conventional ICE transmission and the transmission for an e-powertrain differ on fundamental level. The conventional transmission has number of gear ratios, shift mechanism which enables the transmission to deliver a smooth power output as per demand from the driver. Whereas the e-powertrain transmission is mostly a single gear ratio transmission (reducer) which primarily depends on speed and torque variation from the motor to cater the driver requirement. Hence, the operating speeds of such e-transmissions can vary from 0 to 20000 rpm in both forward and reverse directions. Such a large speed variation as compared with conventional transmission calls for special attention towards the lubrication of internal components. High speeds and lower oil viscosities tend to disrupt the oil films in between contact surfaces causing metal to metal contact. This situation
Kushwaha, RakeshBhosale, VikasNavale, PradeepPatel, Hiral
Wheel rims and wheel hub bearings are critical components of Heavy Commercial Vehicle (HCV) suspension systems and are subjected to extensive fatigue loading throughout their operational life. Actual loading conditions on wheels are a combination of radial loads (vertical loads) and cornering loads (lateral loads) acting simultaneously and are directly influenced by payload and road conditions. Currently for Indian usage, there are test guidelines [1] only for separate uniaxial Radial Fatigue Test (RFT) and Cornering Fatigue Test (CFT) for wheel rims which might not represent realistic combined loading conditions, and no generic guidelines are available for testing of wheel hub bearings. There is a biaxial test guideline defined for European usage scenario, but no guidelines defined for Indian usage scenario [5] Thus, there was a need to define test guidelines for biaxial fatigue testing of wheel rims and wheel hub bearings, based on data acquired for Indian roads and usage conditions
Bakal, Nikhil R.Kuwar, Virendra S.Shinde, Vikram V.Thorat, Omkar A.Pawar, Prashant R.
Automotive wheel bearings have the primary function of translating the rotating motion of the wheels into linear vehicle motion while supporting the vehicle weight. As vehicle lives continue to increase, there is a need for longer service lives than those of existing products. There is an even greater need for performance-related reliability during usage. Lateral stiffness, one of the main parameters of wheel bearing design, has a significant influence on ride comfort and steering feel. In this study, reliability-based weight optimization considering geometric uncertainty for automotive wheel bearings was investigated. Deterministic design optimization (DDO) and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) were performed. For optimization, the following three key relationships were chosen: wheel bearing specification and geometry for design variables, weight for cost function, and stiffness for constraint. A Monte Carlo simulation considering the probability distribution of the
Lee, Seungpyo
During validation of a new brake lining on a light duty truck application, the brake rotor exhibited high lateral runout on the friction surfaces. As the engineering team investigated the issue more carefully, they noticed the rotor lateral runout was also changing from revolution to revolution. The team ran testing on multiple light pickup vehicles and found differences in the amount of rotor runout variation. The rotor lateral runout and runout variation can cause vibration and pulsation of the passenger seat and the steering wheel. To identify the root cause of the high level of rotor lateral runout and runout variation, measurement data was collected and analyzed from the vehicle level test. During further analysis, some of the runout variation corresponded to a wheel bearing internal frequency. The bearing internal geometry was studied to confirm what factors affected the runout variation. The team also conducted testing to see how the mating components may have affected the wheel
Hwang, HyungdooKuehl, PaulSutherlin, RobertGrubaugh, Kelly
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