Browse Topic: Titanium

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This study investigates the characterization and dry machining performance of advanced physical vapor deposition (PVD) aluminum titanium nitride (AlTiN) and aluminum chromium titanium nitride (AlCrTiN) coatings deposited using three techniques: cathodic arc evaporation (CAE), high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), and scalable pulse power plasma (S3p). The coatings were evaluated for thickness, microstructure, surface roughness, coefficient of friction (CoF), adhesion strength, and microhardness. Among the tested coatings, the S3p-deposited AlCrTiN showed the best performance, exhibiting the highest microhardness (40 GPa), the strongest adhesion (108 N), and the lowest CoF (0.25), along with a defect-free microstructure. Under the selected dry turning condition of 150 m/min cutting speed, 0.15 mm/rev feed rate, and 0.7 mm depth of cut, the S3p-deposited AlCrTiN coating achieved a maximum tool life of 10,800 mm, nearly three times higher than the CAE-deposited AlTiN coating. In contrast, CAE coatings showed comparatively lower hardness and weaker adhesion, with minimum values of 25 GPa and 68 N for C1, along with higher CoF values of 0.58–0.60. Furthermore, AlCrTiN coatings produced by HiPIMS and S3p provided 20–30% longer tool life than AlTiN coatings under identical cutting conditions, highlighting the importance of deposition technique.
Dinkar Sonawane, Gaurav
To facilitate the development and application of bulb-flat titanium alloys in aerospace and automotive industries, this study selects TC4 as the research material and employs finite element simulation software to simulate the hot rolling process of TC4 bulb flat titanium. The temperature field, strain field, and metal flow velocity in each rolling pass are analyzed, and rolling experiments are conducted after optimizing the roll pass system. The results indicate that during the rolling process of TC4 bulb flat titanium, the head undergoes relatively smaller deformation, resulting in a slower temperature decrease, whereas the waist experiences greater deformation and a faster temperature drop. A significant temperature difference exists between the core and surface, which can be mitigated by appropriately increasing the roll temperature to reduce heat transfer. Prior to the K4 pass, the billet temperature drops to a level that may affect rolling performance, necessitating furnace reheating. Strain increases progressively with each rolling pass, with higher values observed at the waist compared to the head. A gradual strain transition occurs at the interface between the head and waist. Furthermore, the irregular design of the roll pass leads to a considerable difference in metal flow velocity between the upper and lower surfaces. During the K1 pass rolling, this imbalance can cause the guide guard to be displaced upward and result in roll wrapping. Without altering the roll diameter, shifting the entire roll pass system toward the side with higher metal flow velocity effectively reduces the linear velocity and prevents these issues, ensuring stable billet rolling. Rolling experiments successfully produced the final TC4 bulb flat titanium, thereby validating the feasibility of the optimized roll pass system and the rationality of the selected rolling parameters. It provides the possibility for its development and application in fields such as aircraft and automobiles.
Wu, XiaojuanLiu, DongmingWen, Mingyue
The impact of a titanium nitride (TiN) coating by the cathodic arc deposition (CAD) technique on a 316L stainless steel (SS) 316L substrate is examined in this experimental work. The X-ray diffraction study showed that TiN made the osbornite phase grow in the coated specimen. The SS 316L sample had a hardness of 217.66 HV, and the samples with CAD coatings were five times harder than the uncoated disc. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer under dry and wet conditions at loading conditions of 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N with the counterpart of grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Wear resistance improved significantly, with the wear rate decreasing markedly after coating compared to the uncoated sample. The wear morphology of the wear on the contact surfaces was identified by SEM analysis of the images. The biocompatibility of the ceramic-coated SS 316L sample with the normal cell line was proved by a cell viability test. The demand for SS 316L and the use of CAD coatings to reduce friction and wear in bio-implant applications were the main topics of the current study.
Gopi, R.Devaraju, A.Sivasamy, P.Raju, M.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Additive Manufacturing Certified for Aerospace135736/22/2026
When aircrafts are lighter, they use less fuel and are easier to maintain. That's why major airline manufacturers are increasingly using titanium and carbon in their construction. Norsk Titanium is the only high deposition rate additive manufacturing company that is FAA-approved and OEM-qualified for structural titanium parts--and their wire-based manufacturing process reduces material waste by up to 50%. Listen in as we sit down with Philip Riegler, Product Quality Manager, to explore how additive manufacturing is transforming aerospace production, from lightweight titanium structural components to large-format printed parts for commercial and defense aircraft. From serial production programs with Airbus and Boeing to future applications in aerospace, defense, and space, this conversation dives into the realities of certifying 3D-printed flight hardware, scaling additive manufacturing globally, and why titanium supply chain pressures are pushing the industry toward a new era of production. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, X, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, X, and Instagram.
Patterson, Lori
Materials innovations are shaping the next generation of medical devices. In this Q&A, Jeremy Schaffer, director of research and development at Fort Wayne Metals, discusses how advances in titanium, nickel-titanium, surface engineering, and smart materials are helping device developers improve performance, miniaturization, durability, and patient outcomes. He also addresses sustainability, scale-up challenges, and the collaborations needed to move promising materials from research into real-world medical use.
This specification covers established manufacturing tolerances applicable to sheet, strip, and plate of corrosion- and heat-resistant steels, iron alloys, titanium, and titanium alloys. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted. The term “excl” is used to apply only to the higher figure of the specified range.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification establishes the engineering requirements for producing an anodic coating on titanium and titanium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
A pacemaker is a small device that helps control your heartbeat so you can return to your normal life. It has three main parts: a pulse generator that creates electrical signals, a controller-monitor that manages these signals, and leads that deliver the signals to the heart. One key benefit of the pacemaker is its strong titanium casing. Titanium is very strong and lightweight, and it is biocompatible, meaning it works well with the body without causing harmful reactions. This metal is highly resistant to corrosion, which helps keep the casing intact and protective even when exposed to bodily fluids.
This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and flash-welded rings up to 5.000 inches (127.00 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides and stock for forging or flash-welded rings (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers the requirements for the application and properties of a titanium nitride coating on metal parts applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD).
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through 1.000 inch (25.40 mm), inclusive (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a remarkably effective technique for producing detailed designs in materials that can conduct electricity, regardless of their level of hardness. As the desire for high-quality products and the necessity for rapid design changes grow, decision-making in the industrial sector becomes increasingly intricate. This work focuses on Titanium Grade 19 and proposes the development of prediction models using regression analysis to estimate performance measurements in ECM. The experiments are designed using Taguchi's methodology, employing a multiple regression approach to produce mathematical equations. The Taguchi technique is utilized for the purpose of single-objective optimization in order to determine the optimal combination of process parameters that will optimize the rate at which material is removed. ANOVA is a statistical method used to assess the relevance of process factors that impact performance indicators. The suggested prediction technique for Titanium Grade 19 exhibits higher flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy in comparison to existing models, providing improved monitoring capabilities. The validated models demonstrate a robust link between empirical data and expected outcomes. This study investigates the possible uses of Titanium Grade 19 in the automotive sector, with a focus on its significance in industries that demand robust materials for demanding environments.
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanRamesh Naik, MudeSilambarasan, RD, Palanisamy
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in electrically conductive materials, irrespective of their hardness. Due to the growing need for superior products and quick design adjustments, decision-making in production has become increasingly complex. This study focuses on Titanium Grade 19 and proposes creating predictive models using a Taguchi-grey technique to achieve multi-objective optimization in ECM. The experiments are structured based on Taguchi's principles, utilizing Taguchi-grey relational analysis (GRA) to simultaneously optimize several performance indicators, including the material removal rate, surface roughness, and geometric tolerances. ANOVA is employed to assess the significance of process variables affecting these measures. The proposed predictive technique for Titanium Grade 19 outperforms current models in terms of flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy, providing enhanced capabilities for monitoring and control. Additionally, the research explores the use of Titanium Grade 19 in automotive applications, highlighting its importance in industries that require strong, corrosion-resistant materials. Experimental validation confirms a strong correlation between the projected results and actual performance, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanKrishnamachary, PCKatta, Lakshmi NarasimhamuSilambarasan, R
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in materials that conduct electricity, irrespective of their level of hardness. With the rising demand for superior products and the necessity for quick design modifications, decision-making in the industrial sector becomes increasingly complex. This study specifically examines Titanium Grade 7 and suggests creating prediction models through regression analysis to estimate performance measurements in ECM. The experiments are formulated based on Taguchi's ideas, utilizing a multiple regression approach to deduce mathematical equations. The Taguchi method is utilized for single-objective optimization in order to determine the ideal combination of process parameters that will maximize the material removal rate. ANOVA is a statistical method used to determine the relevance of process factors that affect performance measures. The suggested prediction technique for Titanium Grade 7 exhibits superior flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy in comparison to current models, providing expanded monitoring capabilities. The validated models demonstrate a robust link between empirical data and projected results. This study investigates the potential uses of Titanium Grade 7 in the automotive industry, highlighting its importance in sectors that need strong materials for challenging conditions.
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeKumar, VKrishnamachary, PCSomsole, Lakshmi NarayanaSilambarasan, R
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in materials that conduct electricity, regardless of their level of hardness. Due to the growing demand for superior products and the necessity for quick design adjustments, decision-making in the manufacturing industry has grown increasingly intricate. This study specifically examines Titanium Grade 7 and suggests the creation of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model for predictive modelling in ECM. The study employs a Taguchi-grey relational analysis (GRA) methodology to attain multi-objective optimization, with the goal of concurrently maximizing material removal rate, minimizing surface roughness, and achieving precise geometric tolerances. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to assess the relevance of process characteristics that impact these performance measures. The ANFIS model presented for Titanium Grade 7 provides more flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy in comparison to conventional approaches, allowing for greater monitoring and control in ECM operations. Moreover, the study investigates the potential uses of Titanium Grade 7 in the automotive industry, emphasizing its crucial function in sectors that demand resilient materials in corrosive surroundings. The experimental validation demonstrates a strong correlation between the projected results and the actual performance, so confirming the effectiveness of the ANFIS-based strategy.
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeD, PalanisamyKiruthika, JothiSilambarasan, R
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in electrically conductive materials, regardless of their hardness. Due to the growing demand for superior products and the necessity for quick design adjustments, decision-making in the manufacturing industry has become increasingly complex. This study specifically examines Titanium Grade 19 and suggests the creation of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model for predictive modeling in ECM. The study employs a Taguchi-grey relational analysis (GRA) methodology to attain multi-objective optimization, with the goal of concurrently maximizing material removal rate, minimizing surface roughness, and achieving precise geometric tolerances. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to assess the relevance of process characteristics that impact these performance measures. The ANFIS model presented for Titanium Grade 19 provides more flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy in comparison to conventional approaches, allowing for greater monitoring and control in ECM operations. Moreover, the study investigates the potential uses of Titanium Grade 19 in the automotive industry, emphasizing its crucial function in sectors that demand resilient materials in corrosive environments. The experimental validation demonstrates a strong correlation between the projected results and the actual performance, confirming the effectiveness of the ANFIS-based strategy.
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanRaju, DhanasekarKiruthika, JothiKatta, Lakshmi NarasimhamuSilambarasan, R
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a highly efficient method for creating intricate structures in materials that conduct electricity, irrespective of their level of hardness. Due to the growing need for superior products and the requirement for quick design adjustments, decision-making in production has become more complex. This study focuses on Titanium Grade 7 and suggests creating predictive models utilizing a Taguchi-grey technique to achieve multi-objective optimization in ECM. The trials are structured based on Taguchi's principles, utilizing Taguchi-grey relational analysis (GRA) to simultaneously maximize several performance indicators. This entails optimizing the pace at which material is removed, decreasing the roughness of the surface, and attaining precise geometric tolerances. ANOVA is used to assess the relevance of process variables that affect these measures. The suggested predictive technique for Titanium Grade 7 outperforms current models in terms of flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy, providing improved capabilities for monitoring and control. In addition, the research investigates the use of Titanium Grade 7 in automotive applications, emphasizing its importance in industries that require strong materials for conditions that are prone to corrosion. The experimental validation confirms a strong correlation between the projected results and the actual performance, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the suggested approach.
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanKumar, VSagaya Raj, GnanaKrishnamachary, PCSilambarasan, R
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought titanium and titanium alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This study presents the mechanical characterization studies on 3 wt.% graphene (Gr) filled magnesium matrix composite reinforced with different weight fractions (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 wt.%) of titanium carbide (TiC) particles. The matrix is AZ91 alloy, and the nano magnesium composite (NMC) is fabricated via a squeeze casting approach. The lightweight NMC is a potential solution for the automobile industry, as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to environmental sustainability. Gr is added to enhance the composite's thermal endurance and mechanical strength. Mechanical and corrosion studies are performed as per the ASTM standards. The inclusion of Gr and 16 wt.% TiC tends to enhance the mechanical durability and corrosion resilience of the NMC when compared with other fabricated composites and cast alloys. The uniform dispersal of NC and TiC and better mould properties lead to better strength. Higher inclusion of TiC (20 wt.%) leads to brittleness, thereby decreasing the overall wear loss by resisting abrasive, which lowers the composite's flexibility and strength. The potential mechanism of adhesive wear is shown by the fact that TiC and Gr decrease the intimate contact region between the composite and the EN31 counter-disc. Compared with as-cast alloy, AZ91+3%Gr+16%TiC produced 64.31% higher porosity, 19.50%, 26.69%, 59.45%, and 19.66% higher UTS, micro-hardness, impact, and flexural strength.
Senthilkumar, N.
High-strength, lightweight aluminium-based composites show great potential for future weight-reduction applications. The aluminium alloy (AA5052) is commonly used in various engineering applications and serves as the primary matrix material for this study. The objective of this research is to produce and improve the properties of the AA5052 alloy composite by integrating titanium (Ti) and nano silicon carbide (SiC) particles using an advanced vacuum stir casting process. Additionally, an inert atmosphere is used to minimize voids, porosity, and oxidation. The final developed composites include AA5052, AA5052/3wt% Ti, AA5052/5wt% SiC, and AA5052/3wt% Ti/5wt% SiC, which were subjected to metallographic, tensile, elongation, and hardness studies. The mechanical evaluation is carried out following ASTM E8 and E384 standards. Microstructural analysis revealed uniform dispersion of Ti &SiC particles with no significant casting defects. The composite with AA5052/3wt% Ti/5wt% SiC exhibited the highest tensile strength, elongation, and hardness, measuring 243MPa, 34%, and 93HV, respectively. The contribution of Ti and SiC with an effective interface with the AA5052 matrix is the reason for the enhancement of mechanical behaviour.
Venkatesh, R.Kaliyaperumal, GopalManivannan, S.Karthikeyan, S.Mohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi MohammadKarthikeyan, N.
Grain refinement of aluminium and its alloys is a common industrial practice, particularly for automobile casting. The grain refines with titanium agent influence better mechanical behaviour such as higher yield and ultimate tensile strength rather than monolithic alloy. Present study, the halide salt method has been used to produce the Al-Ti-B grain refiners with different Ti/B ratios. The prepared grain refiner is added in A356 alloy and observed its grain refining efficiency. The addition of grain refiner to A356 aluminium alloy at different holding times, such as 10, 20, and 30 min, allowed it to solidify. It is found that 30 min of holding time with 5Ti1B improves the hardness (40%) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value (63.56%). A high degree of grain refinement was observed in a 30-minute holding time with 5Ti1B with improved grain refining efficiency of 3 %. Its microstructural observation and tensile properties helped us understand this grain refinement.
Venkatesh, R.Manivannan, S.Das, A. DanielMohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
Purified nickel and a large number of MgTi2 / NiO2 catalysts with various MgTi2 loadings were produced using the traditional incipient wetness method. X-ray crystallography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the catalysts. To understand the material's microstructure better, the researchers investigated oxygen adsorption at 90K. The amine titration method was used to investigate the acidic characteristics of these catalysts. In a study on cumene cracking, these catalysts were employed. The catalyst was found to be amorphous up to a loading of 12 weight percent MgTi2, but at higher loadings, crystalline MgTi2 phase formed on an amorphous silica substrate. When NiO2 is doped with more MgTi2, there are significant differences in the structure, surface acidity, and catalytic activity of the catalysts. Catalysts with a higher MgTi2 loading are noticeably more acidic than those with a lower MgTi2 loading. A correlation between the amount of cracking activity and the number of acid sites on the catalyst surface has been shown in numerous studies. Cumene cannot be cracked over the investigated catalysts unless the catalyst contains extremely acidic sites. Unmistakably Bronsted acid sites, with the breaking action attributed to a mechanism involving chromium ions. The results were validated by comparing them with relevant studies in the existing literature. These comparisons demonstrate consistency with similar research, confirming the effectiveness of the MgTi2/NiO2 catalysts.
Ashok Kumar, B.Dhiyaneswaran, J.Selvaraj, MalathiPradeepkumar, M.Shajeeth, S.
The grain refinement of aluminium alloy has the potential for various engineering utilization like automotive, marine, and aviation. Besides, the choice of grain refinement influences better performance and compatibility action. Aluminium alloy processed with zirconium grain refinement, high cost and risk of grain coarsening reasons, this research focused on Ti-C grain refinement with sodium modifier for T6 processing by aluminium alloy (AA6013) made by stir cast route. Impacts of Ti-C grain refinement with sodium modifier T6 processing on microstructural behaviour, hardness, and tensile performance are investigated, and the hardness and tensile are followed by ASTM E384 and ASTM E8 standards. The AA6013-T6 (1:1 Ti/C) with 0.15Na is found to have better grain refinement and found the TiC particle during the casting process, which leads to better enhancement of overall mechanical behaviour. The hardness, ultimate tensile, elongation percentage, and Young's modulus of AA6013-T6 (1:1 Ti/C) with 0.15Na are 71%, 72%, 28%, and 23 % better than the value of the base alloy. This grain refined aluminium alloy is utilized for automotive top roof frame usage.
Venkatesh, R.Manivannan, S.Daniel Das, A.Mohanavel, VinayagamSoudagar, Manzoore Elahi Mohammad
The dissimilar welding of titanium to steel enables the integration of the advantageous properties of both metals, facilitating the design of lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and high-strength multifunctional composite structures. However, significant differences in their thermophysical properties pose substantial technical challenges in practical welding scenarios, necessitating careful selection of process parameters to enhance the quality and performance of the weld joint. This article establishes a support vector machine (SVM) model with laser power, welding speed, and laser spot diameter as independent variables, and the maximum residual stress and minimum yield strength of the weld joint as dependent variables. To improve prediction accuracy, the SVM model is optimized using the beluga whale optimization (BWO) algorithm. Taking the established model as the objective function, the multi-objective salp swarm algorithm (MSSA) is employed to optimize the laser welding process parameters for titanium–steel dissimilar metal welding. Simulation experiments validate the efficacy of this optimization approach.
Zhu, YubinMeng, XiangliZhang, Xinran
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
This specification covers procedures for identifying wrought products of titanium and titanium alloys.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
The paramount importance of titanium alloy in implant materials stems from its exceptional qualities, yet the optimization of bone integration and mitigation of wear and corrosion necessitate advanced technologies. Consequently, there has been a surge in research efforts focusing on surface modification of biomaterials to meet these challenges. This project is dedicated to enhancing the surface of titanium alloys by employing shot peening and powder coatings of titanium oxide and zinc oxide. Comparative analyses were meticulously conducted on the mechanical and wear properties of both treated and untreated specimens, ensuring uniformity in pressure, distance, and time parameters across all experiments. The outcomes underscore the efficacy of both methods in modifying the surface of the titanium alloy, leading to substantial alterations in surface properties. Notably, the treated alloy exhibited an impressive nearly 12% increase in surface hardness compared to its untreated counterpart. Moreover, the study elucidated significant reductions in the coefficient of friction for the treated specimens—both shot-peened (0.11) and powder-coated (0.12)—in contrast to the untreated specimen with a maximum coefficient of friction of 0.15. These findings highlight the potential of shot peening and coating techniques to enhance the tribological properties of titanium alloys, crucial for implant applications. The investigation delves into elucidating the likely mechanisms underlying the surface attribute development facilitated by shot peening and coating processes. By emphasizing their transformative impact on the properties of titanium alloy, the study sheds light on avenues for improving implant materials, thus advancing the field of biomaterials and contributing to enhanced patient outcomes in medical implantation procedures.
Balasubramanian, K.Bragadeesvaran, S. R.Raja, R.Jannet, Sabitha
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
The Electroimpact Automatic Fan Cowl Riveter exhibits new and unique design features and automated process capabilities that address and overcome three primary technical challenges. The first challenge is satisfying the customer-driven requirement to access the entire fastening area of the fan cowl doors. This necessitates a unique machine design which is capable of fitting ‘inside’ a fan cowl door radius. The second challenge is determining drill geometry and drill process parameters which can produce consistent and high-quality countersunk holes in varying mixed-metal stack-up combinations consisting of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. The third challenge is providing the capability of fully automatic wet installation of hollow-ended titanium rivets. This requires an IML-side countersinking operation, depositing sealant throughout the OML and IML countersinks and the hole, automatically feeding and inserting a rivet which is only 5mm long and 6mm in head diameter and flaring the rivet tail to a ‘sub-flush’ condition.
Merluzzi, JamesSchultz, RichErnsdorff, BryanPeterman, RandyLuker, ZacharyStansbury, ErinMurakonda, Sai Krishna
Researchers have created electrostatic materials that function even with extremely weak ultrasound, heralding the era of permanent implantable electronic devices in biomedicine. Recent research explores implantable medical devices that operate wirelessly, yet finding a safe energy source and protective materials remains challenging. Presently, titanium (Ti) is used due to its biocompatibility and durability. However, radio waves cannot pass through this metal, necessitating a separate antenna for wireless power transmission. Consequently, this enlarges the device size, creating more discomfort for patients.
Solid rods of dissimilar metals are easily welded by friction welding. This process is a solid-state process where no fumes or gases are released which is friendly to the environment. In advanced engineering practice, joining Titanium (Ti) alloy and stainless steel (SS) is very important due to poor bonding strength in direct joining. These materials are easily joined by an interlayer technique using materials like nickel, silver, niobium, aluminum, and copper. Special surface geometry techniques hold the interlayer materials between dissimilar metals in different forms like coating, foils, and solid metals. In this investigation, the finite element method is used for modeling the process, and the Johnson-cook equation was used to find the analysis of output values with the defined material properties. The heat generated is calculated and numerically compared and analyzed with experimental results. Observations such as metallography, hardness, and tensile test were studied. The results are best suitable for the optimization of future design and improvement. It's important to note that while friction welding is a promising option, it's always recommended to perform feasibility studies and conduct tests on representative samples to ensure that the joint's mechanical properties meet the required standards for automobile applications like ball link joint, piston rod, air compressor piston, ball screw, butterfly valve, clutch hub, steering rack gear, trailer axles, etc. A maximum temperature of 11500C was observed at the interface and the highest tensile strength of 348MPa was obtained.
Balasubramanian, M.Prathap, P.Madhu, S.
Sustainable manufacturing, a term that has been used in the recent past on numerous occasions. A primary reason for it being in limelight, is that it does not cause any damage to the environment and also to the personal involved. Additionally, another important parameter of concern is the energy consumed during the machining process. One major reason for higher energy consumption is because of the presence of tool vibration. There have been several attempts made to reduce vibration and though they have been proved to be effective, they could be not classified under sustainable manufacturing. When used as a semi-active damper in metal cutting, magnetorheological fluid (MRF) has proven to be successful in vibration suppression. MRF is an intelligent non-Newtonian fluid that can change its viscosity instantly when a magnetic field is applied to it. They've utilised it as a damper in a number of areas because of this quality and its toughness. One significant drawback is the settling of magnetic particles floating in a non-magnetic fluid. When the current provided to the coil is increased, the settling rate becomes much worse. Increased current increases the amount of heat created in the coil, which heats the non-magnetic fluid and reduces its viscosity. Stabilizers are added to MRF to address this issue, and particle size has an immediate impact on settling. In this study, activated carbon and titanium were used as stabilisers, and the size of the magnetic particles was adjusted to see how it affected the viscosity of MRF. The testing results showed that adding stabilisers to MRF enhanced the viscosity and thus the cutting capability of SS410 steel during dry hard turning.
Ajay Vasanth, X.Sam Paul, P.Lawrance, G.Rajkumar, V.Senthilkumar, K.
In fast breeder reactors, materials such as 10Zr-15Si titanium modified austenitic stainless steel are utilised for the cladding and wrapping of the fuel. Using Al/Zn ratios of 8 and 12 and a constant carbon content of 0.05%, the temperature dependency of the improved alloy's low cycle fatigue life was studied throughout a temperature range of 433-764 K. This evaluation was carried out over the whole temperature range. Under both of these circumstances and at all temperatures, cyclic hardening was seen in the alloy. Based on the cyclic stress response and micro processes of deformation, three temperature regions in the range of 433-764 K have been discovered for the alloy with an Al/Zn ratio. These temperature domains are as follows: predynamic strain ageing regime, dynamic strain ageing regime, and regime with active precipitation processes. All of these temperature domains occur between 433 and 764 K. The temperature dependence of fatigue life in both alloys revealed a peak at 573 K and a sharp decrease in life as temperature increased.f At temperatures less than 965 K, the alloy with an Al/Zn ratio of 12 had a lower cycle fatigue life that was longer than the alloy with an Al/Zn ratio of 8. Both alloys' fatigue lifetimes were found to be equal at temperatures over 965 K. The deformation substructure that emerged in both alloys throughout the fatigue deformation process has been connected to both the cyclic stress response and the short cycle fatigue life.
Francis Xavier, J.Katherasan, D.Jayabalakrishnan, D.Maniyarasan, M.John Solomon, I.
Over the years the vehicle population has drastically grown which increases the number of road accidents. The accident severity caused fatality and disability being reduced by introducing energy absorption materials (Crash tube). Over the years, researchers have used aluminium, magnesium, and titanium crash tubes to enhance the energy absorption characteristics during different crash scenarios. However crash tube will possess sufficient rigidity to absorb the impact force during collision but it is still challenging to identify the right material. At the same time, this paper aims to examine the energy absorption characteristics of Aluminium-Magnesium hybrid material (Al-Mg 5456) crash tube designs. Three designs were considered square, cylindrical, and hexagonal designs along with different notch designs to minimize the weight percentage of tubes. The LSDYNA results the oval notches performed better in energy absorption when compared to other designs. Hence, the present findings can satisfy the future needs that are required for electric vehicles and can be a leading-edge innovation in the upcoming automotive industry.
Krishnasamy, PrabuRajamurugan, G.Agarwal, Vyomrai, Ritesh
This document defines the requirements for weld fittings and machine weldments using an orbiting welding head suitable for use on cold worked 3AL-2.5V titanium, 21Cr-6Ni-9Mn CRES, and 718 nickel alloy tubing. Fitting standards covered by this specification include non-separable welded elbow, tee, and reducer fittings, and reconnectable 24-degree cone fittings, such as sleeves and unions.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Surface integrity is an important factor in the effective functioning of a component. For this reason, the surface finish is given as meticulous attention as possible, while quality checks are rigorous. The process parameters affecting surface roughness are carefully controlled, with many preventive measures enforced to avoid deviation from the tolerance limits. Surface finish is an important part of the load-bearing properties of a surface as the asperities on its surface first come into contact with the mating surfaces. On contact, the asperities are flattened, and there is debris formation. These asperities are critical in joint replacements where Titanium is a material of choice, as the debris can react with bones and even cause necrosis of bone. The surface finish of Titanium is important as the asperities can function as points of stress when subjected to loads. Stress concentrators are detrimental to a material’s life; therefore, a part’s surface finish becomes critical. This research work has studied the surface finish of a titanium grade 5 alloy by grinding it with a novel grinding wheel with 6% carbon nanotubes (CNTs) electroplated along with cubic boron nitride (CBN) grits in a nickel matrix. The surface finish has improved from the commercially available grinding wheel and has increased the load-bearing capacities of the Titanium workpiece significantly.
Stephen, Deborah SerenadeV, PraveenaAv, RamanathanS, Sujith
Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a variant of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process, which represents an innovative method for the removal of material from a workpiece. The aforementioned process is frequently employed for the machining of harder materials that possess intricate geometries. Titanium alloys are a class of lightweight materials that find extensive utilization in many technical applications. Titanium Grade-5 is a titanium-based alloy that exhibits enhanced mechanical strength and improved resistance to corrosion. The objective of this exploratory analysis is to establish empirical correlations between the selected input variables, namely ‘Pulse on,’ ‘Pulse off,’ and peak current, and the desired output measures, which are material removal rate and surface roughness. The experimental design employed the Taguchi method to effectively organize the combination of tests by considering input factors. Multiple regression analysis has been developed to establish the relationship between selected input and output variables. Contour and interaction analysis were done to divulge the interaction effect of independent factors on individual output metrics. The results of the multiple regression analyses were then analyzed to ascertain the link amongst the various input factors and the outputs.
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeD, PalanisamyUmapathi, DKiruthika, JothiKotapati, Gowthami
In the 1st generation Toyota "MIRAI" fuel cell stack, carbon protective surface coating is deposited after individual Ti bipolar plate being press-formed into the desired shape. Such a process has relatively low production speed, not ideal for large scale manufacturing. A new coating concept, consisting of a nanostructured composite layer of titanium oxide and carbon particles, was devised to enable the incorporation of both the surface treatment and the press processes into the roll-to-roll production line. The initial coating showed higher than expected contact resistance, of which the root cause was identified as nitrogen contamination during the annealing step that inhibited the formation of the composite film structure. Upon the implementation of a vacuum furnace chamber as the countermeasure, the issue was resolved, and the improved coating could meet all the requirements of productivity, conductivity, and durability for use in the newer generation of fuel cell stacks.
YAMASAKI, TakenoriIKEDA, KotaroSATO, Toshiki
This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of welded tubing.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of sheet, strip, and plate 1.000 inch (25.40 mm) and under in nominal thickness (see 8.5).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.032 to 0.310 inch (0.81 to 7.87 mm), inclusive, in thickness, clad on both sides (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up through 1.000 inch (25.40 mm), inclusive.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of Alclad sheet and plate 0.010 to 0.499 inch (0.254 to 12.67 mm), inclusive, in thickness, supplied in the -T81/-T851 temper (see 8.5).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars up through 4.000 inches (101.60 mm) inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides, forgings of thickness up through 4.000 inches (101.60 mm), inclusive, and stock for forging of any size (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of bars and rods 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) and under in nominal diameter.
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This research paper determines the vibrational response of different weight percentages of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on carbon/epoxy composite tubes. The modal analysis was performed using Ansys Composite PrepPost (ACP) with fixed-fixed and cantilever boundary conditions. The models were analyzed with a winding angle of ±55° and compared with winding angles ±65° and ±75°. Modal analysis was also performed by embracing flax fibers on Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) nanocomposite tubes with different layering sequences such as Carbon/Carbon/Carbon/Flax (C/C/C/F), Carbon/Flax/Carbon/Flax (C/F/C/F), and Carbon/Flax/Flax/Flax (C/F/F/F). The results indicated that, by the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles, the natural frequency of CFRP nanocomposite tubes gets increased. The natural frequencies were found to be higher in the fixed-fixed case than in cantilever conditions. The natural frequency of nanocomposite tubes with a winding angle of ±55° had shown approximately 4% and 6% higher when compared to nanocomposite tubes with winding angles ±65° and ±75°, respectively. With the inclusion of flax fibers on CFRP nanocomposite tubes, natural frequencies get diminished by approximately 2%.
Praveenbabu, A.R.Naveen, Jesuarockiam
This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of forgings up through 4.0 inches (102 mm) and under in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides and 16 square inches (103 cm2) and under in cross-sectional area and stock of any size for forging (see 8.6).
AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee
This specification covers established manufacturing tolerances applicable to corrosion- and heat-resistant steel, iron alloy, titanium, and titanium alloy bars and wire. These tolerances apply to all conditions, unless otherwise noted. The term “excl” is used to apply only to the higher figure of the specified range.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
An ultrathin display for holographic images consists of a thin film of titanium filled with tiny holes that precisely correspond with each pixel in a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. This film acts as a “photon sieve” — each pinhole widely diffracts light emerging from them, resulting in a high-definition 3D image observable from a wide angle.
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of the composition of cast or wrought nickel, nickel alloy, and cobalt alloy parts and material acquired from a producer.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
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