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Specifications for Low Carbon Cast Steel ShotJ2175_202608 (Current)8/19/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice describes chemical analysis, hardness, microstructure, and physical characteristic requirements for low carbon cast steel shot to be used for shot peening or blast cleaning operations.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 17Cr (SAE 430), AnnealedAMS5503H (Current)8/18/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Forgings and Forging Stock, 12.5Cr (SAE 410), Enhanced Fracture Toughness, AnnealedAMS5867D (Current)8/17/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of forgings and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel Corrosion-Resistant Investment Castings, Vacuum Melted, Vacuum Cast, 13Cr - 8.0Ni - 2.2Mo - 1.1Al (PH 13-8 Mo), Homogenized, Solution, and Precipitation Heat Treated (Condition H1000)AMS5412C (Current)8/14/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Finite Element Analysis of New Energy Vehicle Chassis Using ANSYS2026-99-03438/14/2026
Amid the rapid development of the new energy vehicle industry, the vehicle frame, as the core load-bearing component of the entire vehicle, plays a direct role in the vehicle’s safety, lightweight design, and power performance through its design and performance. Although research on new energy vehicle frames has matured, issues related to the lightweighting of drive shaft-associated structures and the balance between weight reduction and strength/stiffness still require in-depth exploration. This study focuses on the chassis of new energy vehicles, utilizing Q295 low-alloy high-strength steel. Based on the vehicle’s dimensions and mass parameters, a simplified 3D model was constructed using SolidWorks. Static analysis under bending and torsion conditions, along with a 6th-order modal analysis, was conducted using ANSYS software. Based on the analysis results, optimizations were implemented at both structural and material levels: structurally, the central crossbeam was widened, holes were opened on the crossbeam’s vertical plane to reduce weight, and the longitudinal beam welding process was optimized; materially, Q295 steel was retained in high-stress zones, while aluminum alloy replaced it in low-stress zones. The optimized frame achieved a 15% reduction in torsional stress, a 16% decrease in bending stress, a 2% reduction in torsional deformation, and a 3% decrease in bending deformation. Total mass decreased by 12.7 kg, with both strength and stiffness meeting design requirements. This approach synergistically enhances frame lightweighting and performance, providing technical support for optimizing the overall performance of new energy vehicles.
Guo, Lihong, Wang, Yiyou, Yang, Zihao
Reliability Calculation and Analysis of Influencing Factors for Girth Welds in High-Grade Steel Pipelines Based on HMC-SS2026-99-03428/14/2026
Fracture failure of girth welds in high-grade steel pipelines poses a critical threat to pipeline integrity. Leveraging enhanced digitalization in pipeline engineering, a statistical database has been developed to support reliability analysis based on actual operational data. This study utilizes real project data to analyze the failure probability and key influencing factors of girth welds containing crack defects, thereby providing theoretical support for safety design and risk management. To overcome the conservatism of traditional deterministic methods, a probabilistic reliability model was established, incorporating a modified PRCI-CRES ultimate tensile strain criterion. Addressing the inefficiency of standard Monte Carlo (MC) simulation in high-dimensional low-probability contexts, an efficient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo-Subset Simulation (HMC-SS) strategy was introduced. Results show that HMC-SS improves computational efficiency by 99.95% over MC, with only 0.90% relative error. Key findings include: crack depth has the strongest influence – variation from 0.92 mm to 3.68 mm, which increases failure probability by 103 times; the strength matching coefficient is dominant, and higher values reduce failure risk; strain demand exhibits a positive correlation with failure probability and couples with material properties. It is concluded that high- or equal-strength material matching should be emphasized in welding, and reliability-informed design should account for multi-parameter interactions to ensure global safety.
Yang, Kai, Wang, Kaihong, Wang, Bin, Shao, Jia, Yu, Weichao, Zhang, Dong
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Wire, 17Cr - 7.1NI - 1.1Al (17-7 PH®), Cold Drawn, Precipitation-HardenableAMS5678H (Current)8/10/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of wire 0.007 to 0.625 inch (0.18 to 15.88 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter, cold drawn to Condition C, and capable of being precipitation heat treated to Condition CH900.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
SCREW, MACHINE - STEEL, DIFFUSED NICKEL-CADMIUM PLATED, DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, DRILLED, UNS K14675, 195 KSI MIN, .1640-36 UNJF-3AAS9216D (Current)8/10/2026
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
BOLT, MACHINE - STEEL, DIFFUSED NICKEL-CADMIUM PLATED, DOUBLE HEXAGON EXTENDED WASHER HEAD, UNS K14675, 195 KSI MIN, .3125-24 UNJF-3AAS9210D (Current)8/10/2026
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Research on the Cumulative Damage Mechanism of Special Equipment Steel Structures Based on Complex Load2026-99-10118/7/2026
Steel structures subjected to complex loading conditions undergo various types of damage, including fatigue, crack propagation, plastic deformation, and corrosion. As time and loads accumulate, these damages may lead to structural failure. The investigation of the damage mechanisms and constitutive models for special equipment steel structures under complex loading has been a significant challenge in engineering. This study develops a constitutive model for steel structure damage under static and dynamic loads, as well as vibration disturbances, through a normalization approach. The proposed model is validated via simulation to assess its feasibility. The findings offer a theoretical foundation for the design, life prediction, and health monitoring of steel structures in special equipment, aiming to enhance their safety and reliability. This research provides critical insights into damage analysis, failure prediction, and the optimization of repair strategies for steel structures, with significant practical implications in engineering applications.
Wang, Jun, Yu, Zhen, Huang, Yong-qiang, Chen, Wei-bi
Research on Corrosion and Friction Behaviors of 8Cr4Mo4V Bearing Steels in Corrosive Medium Environments2026-99-10068/7/2026
Corrosion-wear damage behavior affects the bearing life and reliability seriously in a corrosive environment. The accurate evaluation of the tribocorrosion behavior of 8Cr4Mo4V bearing steel samples is critical for the application and protection of bearings. The present work seeks to establish the relationship between laboratory salt spray accelerated experiments and the corrosion of 8Cr4Mo4V steel samples in real outdoor marine atmosphere exposure, and investigate the tribological behavior in the corrosion-wear process under artificial seawater. Results show that salt spray corrosion tests can well simulate the corrosion of 8Cr4Mo4V steels in marine atmospheric exposure. The tribocorrosion performance of 8Cr4Mo4V steels under artificial seawater conditions is affected by the temperature effect of the corrosive liquid and the working conditions. Increased normal load and reduced rotational speed can improve the anti-friction performance. This work offers the possibility and reference of precise control of corrosion-wear-coupled damage failures for bearings.
Zhao, Chao, Ying, Lixia, Nie, Chongyang, Zhu, Tianlin, Sun, Dong
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Wire, 17Cr - 12Ni - 2.5Mo (SAE 316), Solution Heat TreatedAMS5690P (Current)8/5/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock, Nitriding, 1.4Cr - 1.2Mo - 0.3V (0.29 - 0.36C) (32CrMoNiV5), Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted, Premium Aircraft-Quality for Bearing ApplicationsAMS6497C (Current)8/3/2026
This specification covers a nitriding grade of premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock. AMS6496 and AMS6498 cover UNS K23280 with other quality levels.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire, 16.4Cr - 4.8Ni - 0.22Cb (Nb) - 3.6Cu, (17-4 PH), Consumable Electrode or Vacuum Induction MeltedAMS5803J (Current)8/3/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Iron-Nickel Alloy, Strip, 49Fe - 5.3Cr - 42Ni - 2.5Ti - 0.55Al (Ni-Span-C® 902), Solution Heat Treated, Cold Rolled, 50% ReductionAMS5225H (Current)8/3/2026
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.250 inch (0.51 to 6.35 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Welding Wire, 12.5Cr (SAE 410)AMS5776J (Current)8/3/2026
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of welding wire.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Extrusions, Rings, and Forging Stock 5.0Mn - 22Cr - 12.5Ni - 2.2Mo - 0.20Cb - 0.30N - 0.20V (SAE XM-19), Solution Heat TreatedAMS5764G (Current)8/3/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, extrusions, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, extruding, or flash-welded rings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Generating a New Class of Ultra-High-Strength Ductility Steel for 3D PrintingTBMG-555488/1/2026
A machine-learning strategy has generated a new class of ultra-high strength and ductility steel for 3D printing that costs less, resists rust, and requires only a fraction of the usual processing time.
Simulation Research on Non-Destructive Testing of Pipeline Based on Ultrasonic Guided Wave2026-99-01437/31/2026
Ultrasonic guided waves enable long-range, low-intrusion inspection of pipelines. This study examines how array topology and axial spacing influence the quality of defect echoes when the longitudinal axisymmetric mode L(0,2) is used. We build COMSOL finite-element models of a steel pipe and excite it with PZT-4 at 80 kHz; three practical layouts are compared: (i) odd–even receiving, (ii) 8-transmit/8-receive, and (iii) 16-transmit/8-receive, arranged as two axially separated groups. The spacing between the groups is chosen to suppress parasitic modes such as L(0,1) and to strengthen L(0,2). Results show that the two-group configuration sharpens the defect echo and reduces modal interference; increasing the number of transmitters further raises the defect-wave amplitude and improves the separation from end-reflection echoes. Among the schemes, 8×8 performs well for small-defect identification, while 16×8 yields the clearest boundaries and fastest defect indication. These findings clarify how sensor number and placement govern modal purity and sensitivity, and they offer practical guidance for designing guided-wave arrays that improve the reliability of long-range pipeline inspection. - Ultrasonic guided waves Pipeline non-destructive testing L(0,2) mode; Sensor array layout; Finite element simulation; Guided wave signal processing.
Liao, Wei, Li, Tengfei, Zhang, Wenhui, Lin, Qingming, Guo, Yanbing
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Vacuum Laser Welded Joints in 42CrMo Thick Plate2026-99-01327/31/2026
Vacuum laser welding trials were carried out on 42CrMo steel, a material widely utilized in the defense sector. By employing a 30 kW fiber laser system, complete penetration welds were successfully produced on 20 mm thick 42CrMo steel plates. The resulting joints displayed satisfactory surface quality on both the top and bottom sides, with no evident defects such as cracks or porosity. A comprehensive analysis of the joint microstructure and mechanical properties was conducted. Findings reveal that the weld zone (WZ) is predominantly composed of lath martensite, accompanied by minor quantities of plate martensite, organized as columnar crystals. The joints demonstrated high tensile strength at ambient temperature, with fracture consistently occurring within the base metal (BM). Microhardness measurements indicated higher values within the weld relative to the base metal, and no pronounced softening was detected in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Additionally, the joints exhibited commendable impact toughness, suggesting overall superior mechanical performance.
Shi, Haicheng, Zhang, Guoyu, Li, Wuhong, Cao, Dongxu, Liu, Tianlei
The Protective Mechanism of Polyurea/Aramid Fiber Reinforced Steel Pipes against Implosion-Induced Multi-Physical Field Loads2026-99-01357/31/2026
This paper studies the protective performance of polyurea-coated steel pipes and aramid fiber-wound steel pipes under the multi-physical field load of internal explosion by combining experiments with numerical simulation. The experimental results show that applying aramid fiber winding has a limited effect on improving the anti-explosion performance of steel pipes, while polyurea-coated steel pipes exhibit better anti-explosion performance under the coupled load of shock waves and fragments. Simulation analysis reveals the protective mechanism of composite structures in terms of energy absorption and stress distribution, providing a theoretical basis for the optimal design of blast-resistant vessels.
Tian, Xiangpeng, Wang, Tao, Bian, Xiaobing, Huang, Guangyan
Development and Technical Verification of A Lunar Dust Environment Simulation Mechanism2026-99-01757/31/2026
Lunar dust consists of extremely fine particles and exhibits electrostatic charging properties and electrostatic adhesion. These characteristics cause lunar dust to be highly susceptible to mobilization during lander touchdowns, rover traversals, and human activities, forming widely distributed dust clouds. Lunar dust contamination not only abrades spacecraft and equipment to impair their performance but also poses a threat to astronauts’ safety. To verify the impact of the lunar dust environment on exploration equipment components, a simulation mechanism adaptable to the thermal vacuum test environment was designed. This mechanism is integrated into the lunar environment simulation system and uses a vacuum stepper motor to drive a ratchet mechanism, enabling precise vibrational injection of simulated lunar dust. It mainly consists of a pretreatment mechanism, a particle sedimentation mechanism, a shielding mechanism, and an ultraviolet (UV) irradiation system. Considering the vacuum operating environment, alternating high and low temperature conditions, as well as the strict requirements for the mechanism’s compact size and high reliability, this paper analyzes in detail a series of problems encountered during the development of the mechanism and their corresponding solutions. Stainless steel and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were selected as the main materials for the mechanism. Meanwhile, active temperature control measures were adopted to actively regulate the temperature of components such as the motor. Ultimately, the mechanism can withstand alternating high and low temperatures ranging from -150°C to 150°C and a vacuum environment of 5 × 10^–6 Pa. Under this environment, the mechanism can achieve vibration frequency adjustment within the range of 1-5 Hz, and realize the sedimentation of simulated lunar dust particles with a particle size of less than 200 μm over an area of 150 mm × 150 mm. After sedimentation, the simulated lunar dust particles can be charged through the photoelectric effect.
Xu, Menglong, Lv, Shizeng, Li, Guohua, Gong, Jie
The Cylindrical Component Impacts the Honeycomb Structure2026-99-01017/31/2026
High-performance composite materials are widely used in the main structural components of satellites. Various cylindrical components will hit the satellite at the time. The cartridge is fixed and unchanging. Honeycomb structure and ceramic honeycomb structure are the same, the cylindrical component is lighter and can attack satellites at a greater speed under the same conditions as the propellant. In terms of mass quality, the speed can reach over 1.6 times, and ceramic honeycomb structure can have minimal kinetic energy loss and can face enemies in combat with thicker steel plates, allowing for continuous destruction. Cylindrical component remaining kinetic energy (∆E) is 3.2968e3 J, but ceramic cylindrical component ∆E is 2.082e3 J, and ceramic cylindrical component have more advantages, and there are fewer arbitrary steel balls flying.
Xu, Jian, Yang, Zhen, Chang, Xuefang, Li, Qiang, Zhang, Kun, Qu, Dandan
Microstructure and Properties of 316L Stainless Steels Modified with C and Cr Elements2026-99-02177/31/2026
SiC-based power devices are favored for high-voltage and high-power applications due to their superior material properties. However, the demand for higher breakdown voltages and improved channel mobility presents significant challenges to the etching process, especially the micro-trenching effect. In this study, etching results from inductively coupled plasma (ICP) have been presents, which focused on using various SF6/O2/Ar gas ratios to eliminate micro-trenching effect. The profile analysis of micro-trench was taken by cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that micro-trenches primarily originate from the coupling effect between ion multi-reflection from sidewalls and redeposition of etch byproducts. Based on this mechanism, we propose a quasi-Bosch process: a combined polymerization and etching step in oxygen-fluorine-rich plasma deposits polymer on exposed SiC and the mask, while removing it from the structure bottom via ion bombardment to enable etching and passivation; then alternates with a short fluorine-plasma step, which consumes sidewall polymer through ion incidence and prevents SiFxOy charge accumulation, cycle etching gradually deepens the structure without micro-trenches. Different gas ratios and etching time not only change the plasma energy distribution but also affect the temporal synchronization between etching and passivation steps. This approach reduces the special demands on ICP equipment capabilities while achieving superior trench profiles. The optimal etching conditions produced a micro-trench-free SiC structure with a vertical sidewall angle and a surface roughness of less than 1 nm. This methodology and resulting structures significantly advance the manufacturability of high-performance SiC power devices, enabling next-generation applications in electric vehicles and grid infrastructure where device yield and reliability are paramount.
Zhao, Yingfan, Dong, Shuang, Sun, Xiaoxu, Chang, Xiangpeng, Liang, Yiwei, Tong, Weiping
Microstructure and Property Evolution of T91 Steel under Deep Peak-Shaving Service Conditions2026-99-01687/31/2026
To address the safety assessment challenges of T91 steel heating surface components in the context of coal-fired power plant transformation toward deep peak-shaving, this study systematically investigates the evolution laws of microstructure and mechanical properties of in-service T91 pipes from different positions in a power plant after peak-shaving operation. Material properties were evaluated in accordance with standards such as GB/T 5310-2017 through metallographic analysis, tensile testing, impact testing, and hardness measurement, while the mechanisms linking microstructure to property degradation were explored. Results show that oxidation and decarburization occur on the outer surface of T91 pipes at all positions, with differences in the thickness of oxide/decarburized layers between the fire-facing and back-fire surfaces; the oxide layer exhibits fracture characteristics. After service, the tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness of the material still meet national standards. The performance at the platen and final superheater inlet is superior to that at the final reheater inlet, consistent with differences in operating temperature and pressure. This study indicates that the T91 steel provided in this study is in the early stage of its service life, providing a theoretical basis for the safe operation of the unit.
Huang, Liming, Li, Zutao, Zhang, Jie, Liu, Yaoren
Adaptive Attitude Adjustment Mountain Transport Vehicle for Electric Tower Material2026-99-08507/30/2026
Transporting large steel materials for mountain electric towers is challenging due to steep gradients, narrow roadways, and uneven terrain. To address these issues, this study designs an adaptive attitude adjustment mountain transport vehicle. This mountain transport vehicle has a compact structure, measuring 1.4 meters in length and 1.1 meters in width, which enhances its suitability for confined mountainous environments. This vehicle adopts a design scheme that combines hydraulic lateral adjustment, load-bearing platform follow-up adjustment and frame adaptive adjustment mechanisms. The transportation of tower materials, measuring 12 meters in length and 1.2 tons in weight, is accomplished by employing two vehicles working in coordination. The three-dimensional model of the entire vehicle is established by using SolidWorks software. The lateral stability of the mountain vehicle and the limit working conditions of its adjustment mechanism are analyzed through theoretical calculation. The dynamic simulation of the virtual prototype is carried out using Adams software, including the processes of lateral leveling, follow-up adjustment and frame adjustment. The results show that the leveling mechanism can achieve an adjustment range of more than ±25°. The results confirm the vehicle’s excellent stability and adaptability to mountainous conditions. This study provides a more effective and more reliable solution for the construction of mountain electric towers than traditional manual or animal-powered transportation methods.
Zhang, Rui, Kong, Fanfang, He, Yuling, Lv, Jiahui, Chen, Changlong, Zhan, Lulin, Liang, Ke
Influence of Roll Gap Control under Acceleration Conditions2026-99-08677/30/2026
During the cold rolling process, when the rolling speed enters the acceleration stage, the rolling force often exhibits a linear decline accompanied by fluctuations. This leads to a decrease in the uniformity of steel strip thickness distribution, resulting in the failure of the outgoing strip to meet quality requirements in terms of shape and thickness. In this paper, a three-dimensional model of a six-high rolling mill is established using Abaqus, and the influence of gap control during the acceleration stage on strip shape is systematically investigated. By analyzing the relationship between rolling force and roll gap variations, a gap compensation strategy based on a dynamic stiffness model is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that implementing gap compensation during the acceleration stage effectively improves the consistency of strip thickness, with significant reductions in both thickness range and standard deviation.
Tang, Yingxin, Yan, Zhuwen, Cao, Wenjun, Wu, Jiawei
Experimental Study on the Temperature Impact of a Typical Cabin Fire on Adjacent Cabins2026-99-08667/30/2026
The cabins of ships are mainly made of steel. When a fire breaks out, the temperature inside the cabin rises rapidly, and an extensive body of heat spreads through the bulkheads to adjacent cabins. Understanding the variation law of the temperature field in adjacent compartments after a fire occurs in the compartments is of great significance for the research on the thermal safety of ship compartments. This paper designs an L-shaped cabin test system. We conduct fire tests of different scales and obtain the temperature distribution of adjacent compartments. The test results show that as the fire area in the pool keeps rising, the temperature in the adjacent compartments keeps rising. Due to the fact that an extensive body of high-temperature smoke produced by combustion is suspended at the ceiling of the compartment of fire, the temperature of the vertically adjacent compartments is higher than that of the horizontally adjacent compartments.
Hu, Wei-guo, Hu, Yang, Wei, Jin, Yuan, Ya-long
Characterization and Fatigue Life Validation of a Mass-Reduced Drum Brake Spider Made from a Modified and Nanostructured Cast Iron2026-36-03037/30/2026
This study aimed at the characterization and validation of a drum-brake spider with mass reduction, using a new concept of a nanostructured ductile cast iron alloy. There is a well-known effort in developing lighter, more competitive products with higher safety and longer service life for brake systems. One of the approaches that enables this type of development is the use of new materials capable of delivering superior performance. Conventional ductile cast iron alloys used in brake spiders exhibit limited mechanical properties, which restricts mass reduction while still ensuring high durability in service. One way to obtain high-performance ductile cast iron alloys is through heat treatments such as austempering (ADI), which provides significant gains in mechanical strength but involves high cost and environmental liabilities due to the use of salt baths. The modified and nanostructured ductile cast iron alloy proposed in this work exhibited mechanical properties in the as-cast condition that meet the standards for ADI-treated ductile irons, showing an increase of 102% in tensile strength and 78% in yield strength compared to the baseline spider. Based on this new material, a topology optimization was performed on the baseline spider model, resulting in an optimized design with a 40% mass reduction. The model was validated using casting simulation software, and tooling was manufactured for producing the new optimized spider samples in the nanostructured ductile cast iron alloy. Static mechanical properties and microstructure were determined and approved, allowing the fatigue testing phase to proceed. Initially, the spider samples were instrumented with electrical strain gauges and subjected to the standard structural bench test known as the Chuker test, which can simulate real operating conditions of the brake system. Considering that this test requires extended bench time, an accelerated durability test was developed for the new spider model using three servo-controlled hydraulic cylinders, based on the stress levels obtained. The results from the accelerated durability bench test demonstrated superior fatigue life for the optimized spider compared to the baseline model, also validating the new testing procedure.
Titton, Angelo Pradella, Tuzzin, Matheus, Lopes, Carlos H. R., Marcon, Lucas, Pereira, Leonardo, Tedesco, Jaime Luiz, Boaretto, Joel, Vieceli, Alexandre, Klein, Aloísio N.
Innovative Friction Modifier for Copper-Free Brake Pad Applications2026-36-03137/30/2026
The development of copper-free brake pads poses a significant challenge because copper plays a critical role in tribofilm formation and friction stability. This study proposes a novel approach using a recycled flake iron oxide material, characterized by high thermal stability and a unique plate-like morphology, as a sustainable alternative. The material acts as a friction modifier, promoting the formation of stable tribofilms and serving either as a copper substitute or a functional additive. Its iron-oxide composition ensures strong compatibility with the counterface tribofilm, enhancing adhesive friction, while its role as a primary plateau contributes to friction stability and reduced wear. Three application scenarios were investigated: (i) copper substitution in Low-Steel (LS) and Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) formulations, (ii) partial replacement of steel fibers in copper-free LS formulations, and (iii) synergistic use with iron sulfide in copper-free NAO formulations. Tribological performance was evaluated using a tribometer, and worn surfaces were analyzed by SEM and EDS to characterize tribofilm formation. Results demonstrate that the proposed material provides friction stability and wear resistance comparable to copper in both LS and NAO formulations. Partial substitution of steel fibers improved wear resistance by up to 75%, while synergistic addition with iron sulfide further enhanced friction and wear performance in copper-free NAO pads. These findings highlight the potential of this recycled material as a sustainable and effective alternative for copper-free brake pads, offering both environmental benefits and high tribological performance while reducing reliance on critical raw materials.
Jara, Diego Chávez, Lorenzana, Carlos
Research on the Hysteresis Performance of Welded Hollow Spherical Joints under Low Temperature2026-99-16417/24/2026
The extreme cold environment has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of welded hollow ball nodes, which are crucial components in large-span steel structures. In this paper, based on the comprehensive test data of drum-shaped welded hollow sphere nodes from Beijing Daxing International Airport, a sophisticated finite element model incorporating welding residual stress is established. Through detailed static loading analysis and systematic hysteresis performance studies, the research thoroughly explores the influence mechanisms of low temperature on node bearing capacity, deformation capability, and energy dissipation performance. The investigation reveals that while the bearing capacity of the nodes increases significantly in low-temperature environments, both their plastic deformation capacity and energy consumption performance are notably reduced. These findings provide valuable theoretical references for the design and optimization of large-span mesh frame structures in cold regions, enabling engineers to better account for temperature effects in structural calculations and safety assessments. The results have important implications for improving the reliability and durability of steel structures in extreme cold environments.
Luo, Yanzhi, Jin, Changming
Research on Magnetic Measurement and Evolution Characterization of Fatigue Damage in Ferromagnetic Materials2026-99-16517/24/2026
To address the detection and monitoring needs of fatigue damage in ferromagnetic materials, this paper proposes a nondestructive testing method based on the evolution of magnetic hysteresis characteristics. By constructing a hysteresis loop measurement system, the variation patterns of coercivity (Hc) in Q235 steel specimens under cyclic loading were investigated, revealing three-phase characteristics of fatigue damage: the initial linear growth phase (N ≤ 8,000), the rapid rise phase (8,000 < N ≤ 12,000), and the stable oscillation phase (N > 12,000). Experimental results demonstrate that the relationship between coercivity and damage degree (D) can effectively characterize the processes of crack initiation, propagation, and instability, with significant inflection points observed at D = 0.6 and D = 0.8. The quantitative model based on coercivity provides a novel method for early warning and condition assessment of fatigue damage, offering advantages such as non-contact operation and high sensitivity. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical support for the health monitoring of engineering structures.
Chen, Li, Ding, Keqin
Research on the Microstructure and Properties of X80 Steel Circumferential Welds Under Different Automatic Welding Processes2026-99-16367/24/2026
Two sets of X80 pipes with a diameter of 1219 mm × 27.5 mm were welded using a fully automatic welding process (GMAW) and a combined automatic welding process (GTAW + FCAW-G), respectively. By analyzing the microstructure, strength, impact toughness, and fracture toughness of welded joints, the differences in microstructure and properties of circumferential weld joints under different automatic welding processes were studied. The results showed that the design of multi-layer and multi-pass welding and appropriate heat input controlled the microstructure of the weld seam and heat-affected zone area of the circumferential weld joint. Both automatic welding processes obtained welded joints with finer microstructure, thereby ensuring the strength and toughness of the joint. The tensile strength and yield strength of the welded joints under two automatic welding processes reach over 680 MPa and 600 MPa, respectively. The welded joints under both automatic welding processes have good impact toughness and fracture toughness at - 10 °C, with a ductile-brittle transition temperature below -50 °C and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) values greater than 0.254 mm. The tensile strength, yield strength, impact toughness, and fracture toughness of the fully automatic welding ring weld joint are better than those of the combined automatic welding.
Liu, Jian, Niu, Huli, Wang, Hong, Sun, Xinyan, Yang, Huaqing, Bai, Qian
NOx Tracking Parameter AccuracyJ3349_202607 (Current)7/23/2026
This SAE Information Report provides SAE’s recommendations for meeting the requirements for Real Emissions Assessment Logging (REAL) oxides of nitrogen (NOx) accuracy demonstration and for the implementation of REAL NOx binning requirements as defined in onboard diagnostics (OBD) regulations 13 CCR 1971.1 and 13 CCR 1968.2.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Surface Engineering Approach to Enhance the Tribological Performance of Titanium Nitride–Coated Stainless Steel against Ti6Al4V under Wet Condition2026-01-50607/22/2026
The impact of a titanium nitride (TiN) coating by the cathodic arc deposition (CAD) technique on a 316L stainless steel (SS) 316L substrate is examined in this experimental work. The X-ray diffraction study showed that TiN made the osbornite phase grow in the coated specimen. The SS 316L sample had a hardness of 217.66 HV, and the samples with CAD coatings were five times harder than the uncoated disc. The wear test was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer under dry and wet conditions at loading conditions of 2 N, 4 N, and 6 N with the counterpart of grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). Wear resistance improved significantly, with the wear rate decreasing markedly after coating compared to the uncoated sample. The wear morphology of the wear on the contact surfaces was identified by SEM analysis of the images. The biocompatibility of the ceramic-coated SS 316L sample with the normal cell line was proved by a cell viability test. The demand for SS 316L and the use of CAD coatings to reduce friction and wear in bio-implant applications were the main topics of the current study.
Gopi, R., Devaraju, A., Sivasamy, P., Raju, M.
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 15Cr - 6.5Ni - 0.75Mo - 0.60Cb - 1.5Cu (Custom 450®), Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation HardenableAMS5863G (Current)7/21/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Investment Castings, 13Cr (Alloy 60416), Free Machining; Hardened and TemperedAMS5349G (Current)7/21/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Heat Treatment, Precipitation-Hardening Corrosion-Resistant, Maraging, and Secondary Hardening Steel PartsAMS2759/3K (Current)7/21/2026
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements for heat treatment of precipitation-hardening corrosion-resistant, maraging, and secondary hardening steel parts. Parts are defined in AMS2759. Parts made from steels other than those specified in this specification may be heat treated in accordance with the applicable requirements herein using processing temperatures, times, and other parameters recommended by the material producer unless otherwise specified by the cognizant engineering organization. General ordering instructions are specified in AMS2759.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate, 9.0Mn - 20Cr - 6.5Ni - 0.28N (21-6-9LC), Solution Heat TreatedAMS5595J (Current)7/15/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock, 4.1Cr - 3.4Ni - 4.2Mo - 1.2V (0.11 - 0.15C) (M50 NIL), Premium Aircraft-Quality for Bearing Applications, Double Vacuum MeltedAMS6278G (Current)7/13/2026
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Study on Mechanical Performances and Fatigue Life of the Compensation Ropes in High-Speed Railway Contact Network2026-99-05157/10/2026
The compensation rope is a special steel wire rope used as a driving component in the ratchet device. The compensation rope will endure severe random cycling loading during service time, which will lead to fatigue failures and catastrophic disasters. Experimental studies are hard to mimic the practical working conditions and time consuming, therefore, this study establishes a finite element model of the compensation rope and simulates the stress distribution under axial tensile and bending loads. Fatigue life is analysed based on both stress and strain fatigue theories under alternating tensile and bending loads. The results indicate that under axial tensile loads, the stress in the outermost wires of the core strands of the compensation rope is the largest, with the minimum fatigue life. As the stress ratio of the alternating tensile load increases, the fatigue life also improves due to smaller stress amplitudes. Under the conditions of bending loads, the outermost wires of the outermost strands experience the largest stress and the minimum fatigue life. As the amplitude of the bending load increases, the fatigue life decreases rapidly.
Du, Fei, Cong, Jiajia, Bian, Haoxiang, Zhu, Junchen, Zhao, Aiguo
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.45Cr (0.93-1.05C) (SAE 52100) Special Aircraft-Quality CleanlinessAMS6479F (Current)7/8/2026
This specification covers a special aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Optimization of a Halbach array as NVH Mitigation Technique in a Yokeless and Segmented Armature Axial Flux Machine2026-01-07547/1/2026
This paper presents the optimization of a Halbach magnet array applied to an axial flux machine (AFM) in a 12-pole, 18-slots yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) topology, evaluated in the torque–speed characteristics diagram. AFMs offer significant advantages in terms of compact design and high torque density compared to other permanent magnet machine topologies. However, noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance is strongly influenced by cogging torque, electromagnetic torque ripple, and tooth forces. While Halbach magnet arrays are well established in high-performance radial flux machines, only limited research has investigated their influence in AFMs. A Halbach array concentrates magnetic flux on one side of the magnet arrangement, leading to increased air gap flux density and a strongly reduced need of a back iron yoke under the magnets. By using a Halbach array, the magnetic field distribution in the air gap becomes more sinusoidal, thereby reducing harmonic components. Previous studies have primarily focused on further torque enhancement or mass reduction through the elimination of back iron. Given that AFMs already exhibit high torque and power density, the objective of this paper is the reduction of NVH factors such as cogging torque, torque ripple amplitudes and tooth forces while minimizing the required magnet mass and maintaining the specified performance criteria. In the optimization process, in addition to the segmentation of the pole and transition magnets, the magnet height as well as the required thickness of the back iron yoke are optimized. For the design and optimization of the Halbach array, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite-element (FE) models are combined with surrogate modeling techniques. In addition to the impact on torque ripple, further potential benefits of the Halbach configuration, including improvements in efficiency and reductions in overall motor weight, are analyzed and discussed.
Müller, Karsten, Schulz, Fabian, Bremer, Martin, Burkhardt, Yves, De Gersem, Herbert
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, and Forgings 12Cr - 9Ni - 2Mo – 0.7Al – 0.3Ti Vacuum Induction Plus Vacuum Consumable Electrode Melted Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation HardenableAMS5928 (Current)6/24/2026
This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, and forging stock.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
High-Strength Carbon and Alloy Die Drawn SteelsJ935_202606 (Current)6/22/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to provide basic information on properties and characteristics of high-strength carbon and alloy steels which have been subjected to special die drawing. This includes both cold drawing with heavier-than-normal drafts and die drawing at elevated temperatures.
Metals Technical Committee
Chord Method of Evaluating Surface Microstructural CharacteristicsARP1820C (Current)6/18/2026
This practice provides a method for evaluating microhardness and microstructure very close (0.002 inch (0.051 mm) or less) to the surface of a disk specimen. Specific accept/reject criteria for partial decarburization (3.7.1), inadvertent carburization/nitriding (3.7.3), total decarburization/intergranular oxidation (3.8), and other characteristics evaluated are to be found in the applicable specification where this ARP is referenced.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock, 1.4Mn - 1.5Si - 0.30Cr - 1.8Ni - 0.40Mo (0.23 - 0.28C) (HY-TUF), Premium Aircraft-Quality, Consumable Electrode Vacuum MeltedAMS6425G (Current)6/15/2026
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and mechanical tubing 225 square inches (1452 cm2) and under in cross-sectional area and forging stock of any size.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Chemical Check Analysis Limits, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant Steels and Alloys, Maraging and Other Highly Alloyed Steels, and Iron AlloysAMS2248H (Current)6/15/2026
This specification defines limits of variation for determining acceptability of composition of cast and wrought corrosion and heat-resistant steels and alloys, maraging and other highly alloyed steels, and iron alloy parts and materials acquired from a producer.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Carburizing and Heat Treatment of Carburizing Grade Steel PartsAMS2759/7F (Current)6/15/2026
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements and procedures for three classes of gas, vacuum, liquid, and low-pressure carburizing (LPC) and related heat treatment of parts fabricated from carburizing-grade steels. Parts made from steels other than those specified in the detail specifications may be heat treated in accordance with the applicable requirements using processing temperatures, times, and other parameters recommended by the material producer. This specification does not cover pack carburizing.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Quantifying Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Emerging Aluminum High-Pressure Die Cast (HPDC) Mega-Castings Replacing Stamped Steel Solutions13-07-01-00046/4/2026
Over the last few years, there has been an uptick in the exploration and implementation of aluminum high-pressure die casting (HPDC) mega-castings as replacements for conventional stamped steel parts in vehicles. This trend is expected to increase with common justifications, including claims of reduced costs and lower environmental impacts associated with the replacement of dozens of individual parts with a single casted piece, along with reduced demands on associated tooling and machinery. However, the data and literature to support these claims are limited and at times contradictory, with some studies showing increased costs and energy demands for mega-casting technologies. This study presents the results of a literature review and a gate-to-gate life cycle inventory (LCI) adapted from conventional HPDC aluminum casting unit processes that may be used to quantify potential life cycle global warming potential (GWP), cumulative energy demand (CED), and other environmental impacts of aluminum mega-castings. A set of cradle-to-gate example calculations is also provided to demonstrate the application of the inventory and significance of the findings, which point to significantly higher GWP and CED for aluminum mega-castings versus stamped steel parts and warrant further study to inform vehicle design decision makers.
Sebastian, Brandie, Balzer, Russ
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