Browse Topic: Engine mechanical components

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Computational fluid dynamic and fatigue analysis of turbocharger turbine wheel2026-28-0070To be published on 02/12/2026
Turbochargers are essential for improving engine efficiency by compressing air and delivering it to the engine at higher pressure, thereby increasing power output. The turbine wheel in a turbocharger operates under severe mechanical and thermal stresses, making it highly susceptible to fatigue failure, which can occur even under conditions below the rated operating load. To ensure long-term reliability, detailed analysis of the turbine’s fatigue life is essential. This study combines computational fluid dynamics with fatigue analysis to predict the performance and lifespan of a turbocharger's turbine wheel, with a focus on Inconel alloys known for their durability in extreme conditions. A numerical mesh analysis, employing 1,165,610 nodes, was conducted to achieve convergence for both temperature and stress evaluations, leading to the selection of a 2 mm mesh size. Pressure contours at the turbine-fluid interface revealed a pressure range between 1.09 and 1.05 bar, with most of the
Chelladorai, Prabhu, Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, G, Naresh, T J, Sreejaun
Engine Management System Strategies for Mitigating Dual Mass Flywheel Resonance in Gasoline Powertrains2026-26-0052To be published on 01/16/2026
In today’s fast paced and competitive automotive market, meeting the customer’s expectation is the key to any OEM. This has led to development of downsized high performance engines with refinement as an important deliverable. However developing such high output engines do come with challenges of refinement, especially higher torsional vibrations leading to transmission noise issues. Hence, it becomes important to isolate the transmission system from these high torsional vibration input. To address this, one of the most common method is to adopt Dual Mass flywheel (DMF) as this component dampens torsional vibrations and isolates the transmission unit from the same. While Dual Mass Flywheel assemblies do great job in protecting the transmission units by not allowing the oscillations to pass through them, they do have their own natural resonance frequency band close to the engine idle (low) engine speeds, which must be avoided for a continuous operation otherwise it may lead to Dual Mass
Raiker, Rajan, viswanatha, Hosur C, Jadhav, Aashish, Jain, Ojase, Jadhav, Marisha
Improving Cold Start and Transient Performance of Medium BMEP CEV Stage V Engines at Low Ambient Temperature and Pressure2026-26-0142To be published on 01/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges, particularly concerning cold startability. Low ambient temperatures and pressures intensify the cold start difficulties which are characterized by prolonged cranking, incidences of misfiring, compromised transient response and overall engine performance. This paper highlights the strategies and technologies employed to enhance cold start and transient performance of medium BMEP engines under such demanding environmental conditions. Investigations were conducted up to an altitude of 4500m and ambient temperatures as low as-20°C, utilizing only air heater at intake manifold as the sole cold start aid. This cost effective approach is integrated with an optimized combustion chamber design, along with minimal pilot injection timing and quantity to facilitate smooth ignition and stable combustion during cold start. The paper also explore the techniques to improve the
Saxena, Harshit, Lokare, Prasad, Santhosh, Ajith, Gandhi, Naresh, Shinde, Prashant
A Mathematical Modelling Approach Based on Artificial Neural Network for Estimation of Key Parameters in Internal Combustion Engine2026-26-0659To be published on 01/16/2026
In a conventional powertrain driven by Internal combustion (IC) engines, various sensors are used to monitor engine performance and emissions. Along with physical sensors, virtual sensors or modelled values of key parameters play an important role for enabling various diagnostics strategies and engine monitoring. Conventional strategies for modelling incorporate the use of regression models, map-based models and physics-based models which have few drawbacks in terms of accuracy and model calibrations efforts. Data driven models or neural networks have fairly better accuracy and reliability for estimating complex parameters. Representing the neural network with a mathematics-based model would help to eliminate drawbacks associated with conventional modelling approach. The proposed methodology uses artificial intelligence technique called artificial neural network (ANN) for estimation of temperature at turbine inlet (TTI) in typical diesel engine. The data driven model is built in Python
Jagtap, Virendra Shashikant, Shejwal, Sanket, Mitra, Partha
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-0441To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Optimization of a Positive Displacement Type Supercharger Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM)2026-26-0429To be published on 01/16/2026
Air suction in a naturally aspirated engine is a crucial influencing parameter to dictate the specific fuel consumption and emissions. For a multi-cylinder engine, a turbocharger can well address this issue. However, in a single or two-cylinder engine, the usage of turbocharger is not recommended, due to the lack of availability of continuous exhaust energy pulses. A supercharger solution comes handy in this regard for a single or two-cylinder engine. In this exercise, we explore the possibility of the usage of a positive displacement type supercharger, to enhance the air flow rate of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, diesel engine for genset application, operating at 1500 rpm. The supercharger parametric 3D CAD model was prepared in Creo, with (a) Generating radius, (b) depth of blower and (c) clearance between lobes & lobe and casing, being treated as three parameters. The optimum supercharger design was expected to (a) generate a boost pressure of minimum 0.4 bar (gauge), (b
Satre, Santosh Dadasaheb, Mukherjee, Nalini, Rajput, Surendra, Nene, Devendra
Condition-Based Monitoring for Prompt Identification of Component Failures to Safeguard the Entire System.2026-26-0576To be published on 01/16/2026
Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a transformative approach in predictive maintenance, enabling the proactive identification of potential component failures. It offers numerous advantages like Cost Savings, Increased Equipment Lifespan, RCA of failed parts, Optimized Resource Utilization, Reduced Disruptions, Enhanced Reliability and Safety and many more making it a vital approach for effective maintenance and operational efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for monitoring and analyzing vibration trends to predict and prevent the breakdown of critical components in IC Engine in its testing phase. The good part here is that this methodology is not just limited to IC Engine but can be applied across wide range of industries and mechanical systems as from the literature and past vibration data, it was observed that before any such failure engine vibration increases. If the engine is stopped at that moment, it can be preserved, allowing for further
Gupta, Gaurav, Verma, Vivek
Structural analysis and Design optimization of Cylinder Head of Cummins Light duty Engine for Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck2026-26-0495To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design, structural analysis, and risk assessment done by Cummins to evaluate the structural integrity of Light Duty engine cylinder head for a Medium Wheelbase (MWB) pick-up truck. Initially, Cummins used F2.5L (4-cylinder) engine that has 154hp, but rising market demands for more power, fuel efficiency, lower cost and weight, and future emission compliance led to customer requirements for 177hp (Drive New F2.5L, 15% uprate) and 197hp+ (Drive New F3.0L, 22% uprate) from the same base engine. The increase in power requirement possesses challenges on critical components, especially cylinder heads in terms of thermal and structural limits. This paper addresses the challenges and risks in current cylinder head design driven by new power demands, specifically reduced fatigue margins in the water jacket area and increased temperatures on the combustion face under high thermomechanical loads. It explores the design modifications made to the cylinder head design to
Pathak, Arun Jyoti, Adiverekar, Vaidehi, Singh, Rahul, Biyani, Mayur
AI-Driven Stress and Fatigue Life Prediction of Engine Connecting Rods using Geometric Deep Learning2026-26-0633To be published on 01/16/2026
The connecting rod is one of the critical components of the engine which is subjected to complex cyclic loading, demanding precise evaluation of stress distribution and fatigue life. Conventional Finite Element Method (FEM)-based simulations, while accurate, are computationally expensive and time-intensive—especially when iterating through multiple design variations. To address this, we present an AI/ML-based predictive framework using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) and Geometric Deep Learning (GDL) techniques to efficiently predict stress and fatigue life of the connecting rod. The methodology involves representing FEM mesh data as graph structures, where nodes and edges capture geometric and physical relationships. GNN architectures, including MeshCNN and PointNet++, are trained on historical simulation data to learn spatial dependencies and nonlinear mappings between geometry, load conditions, and resulting stress/life outputs. The framework significantly reduces computation time
Pathan, Mohammed Shakil, K, Karthikeyan, Pilla, Sashanka, S Kangde, Suhas
Simulation based optimization of the NVH characteristics in modern high speed engine during development phase2026-26-0326To be published on 01/16/2026
Engine noise mitigation is paramount in powertrain development for enhanced performance and occupant comfort. Identifying NVH problems at the prototype stage leads to costly and time-consuming redesigns and modifications, potentially delaying the product launch. NVH simulations facilitate identification of noise and vibration sources, informing design modifications prior to physical prototyping. Early detection and resolution of NVH problems through simulation can significantly shorten the overall development cycle and multiple physical prototypes and costly redesigns. During NVH simulations, predicting and optimizing valvetrain and timing drive noise necessitates transfer of bearing, valve spring, and contact forces to NVH simulation models. Traditional simulations, involved continuous force data export and NVH model evaluation for each design variant, pose efficiency challenges. In this paper, an approach for preliminary assessment of dB level reductions across design iterations is
Rai, Ankur, Deshpande, Ajay Mahadeo, Yadav, Rakesh
Optimization of Negative Crankcase Pressure Mechanism to Minimize Oil Pumping into Combustion chamber and Ensure Particulate Number Compliance in Euro VI Emission for Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine.2026-26-0223To be published on 01/16/2026
Emissions regulations, such as Euro VI, drives the Automotive industry to innovate continuously in Engine development. One significant challenge is the engine oil pumping from the crankcase into the combustion chamber, where it participates in combustion, which contributes to increased Particulate Numbers and fails to meet Euro VI emission compliance. This issue is most noticeable during engine idling and motoring conditions. During this time, a higher negative pressure difference develops between the intake manifold, which is acting above the combustion chamber and the engine crankcase. This pressure difference drives oil-laden blow-by aerosols past piston rings during the intake stroke and through the valve stem seals, allowing oil into the combustion chamber. The impact of the pressure difference between the intake manifold and crankcase was studied by varying the crankcase pressure through crankcase ventilation system. The results confirm that oil entry into the combustion chamber
R, Mahesh Bharathi, Bondfale, Shubham, Jeyaprakasan, Dharoon Gautham
Source Level Vibration Control of a Tractor Engine Through Inertial Force Balancing2026-26-0323To be published on 01/16/2026
Controlling the source vibrations in internal combustion engines is a crucial approach to minimizing the vibration levels experienced by the driver. The driver's subjective perception of vibration is primarily dictated by the vehicle's low-frequency response (<100 Hz). In IC engines used in agricultural tractor applications, the primary sources of vibration include (a) first-order inertial force, (b) couples generated by rotating and reciprocating components such as the piston assembly, connecting rod, and crankshaft, and (c) in-cylinder combustion. In this study, an order ranking analysis was conducted on a single-cylinder, air-cooled, naturally aspirated tractor engine within the driver's operating range to identify the dominant contributors to source vibrations. The first-order inertial force was observed to be the dominant contributor to the engine's vibration levels. Subsequently, an attempt was made to mitigate the unbalanced forces by implementing counterweight-based balancing
Bhuntel, Ajay, Rajput, Surendra, Rawat, Ashish
Simulation driven design of robust Crank-train systems for elevated In-cylinder combustion pressure2026-26-0400To be published on 01/16/2026
The need for increased in-cylinder pressure to meet the higher engine rating and stringent emissions norms requires special attention on the Main moving components torsional behaviour and the bearing performance. The work presented in this paper utilizes the 1D and 3D simulation potential of AVL EXCITE for the assessment of design changes required in Crank-Train system for the increased in-cylinder pressure from 170bar to 220bar. The key feature of the executed work was that all the design changes were accommodated with minimal changes in packaging / layout interfaces. The given work was executed on 6-Cylinder Turbocharged In-cylinder with Type V valve-train configurations. Initial brain storming & 0d calculation helped in understanding the design optimization required in each and every crank-train parts. Considering the guidelines available in terms of L/d ratio for the bearing, connecting rod length, the overall linkage specification was set up for starting with design work for
Khandelwal, Meha, Kaundabalaraman, Kaarthic, Rathi, Hemantkumar
Evaluation of Intercooler Effectiveness with No Fan, Single Fan, and Dual Fan: A Simulation and Experimental Study2026-26-0579To be published on 01/16/2026
Turbochargers play a crucial role in modern engines by increasing power output and fuel efficiency through intake air compression, thereby improving volumetric efficiency by allowing more air mass into the combustion chamber. However, this process also raises the intake air temperature, which can reduce charge density, lead to detonation, and create emissions challenges-such as smoke limits in diesel engines and knock in gasoline spark-ignited (GSL) engines. To mitigate this, intercoolers are used to cool the compressed air. Due to packaging constraints, intercoolers are typically long and boxy, limiting their effectiveness, especially at low vehicle speeds where ram air flow is minimal. This study investigates the use of auxiliary fans to enhance intercooler performance. Two methodologies were adopted: 1D simulation using GT-Suite and experimental testing on a vehicle under different fan configurations-no fan, single fan, and dual fans (positioned near the intercooler inlet and outlet
Patra, Somnath, Hibare, Nikhil, Ganesan, Thanigaivel, Gharte, Jignesh Rajendra
EVALUATION OF DRIVELINE NVH PERFORMANCE USING LINEAR DYNAMIC FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION2026-26-0322To be published on 01/16/2026
Automotive driveline design plays an important role in the NVH characteristics of the overall vehicle. Driveline systems are an integral part of delivering torque from the engine/transmission to the tires which propel the vehicle and drivelines often experience a wide frequency of excitation which poses unique NVH challenges. With the increasing trend in the automotive industry to introduce turbocharged engines with fewer cylinders while delivering the same torque / power, the driveline systems are excited with increased lower frequency torsional vibration in addition to other vibrations transmitted from powertrain and road. In this paper, we address the key design consideration for developing an optimal driveline system with consideration to NVH while keeping durability and other functional requirements in perspective. We consider the example of a front wheel drive-based vehicle architecture with independent suspension. The effect of fundamental prop shaft frequency to determine
Joshi, Atul Kamalakarrao, Subramanian, MANOJ
Comprehensive Engine Testing Methodologies for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Validation with Combustion & Performance Evaluation techniques2026-26-0256To be published on 01/16/2026
Validation of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine (H2 ICE) is critical to assess its feasibility as sustainable transportation with zero carbon emissions. This experimental analysis conducted on Ashok Leyland's 6cylinder 2V engine to evaluate the engine performance & durability with hydrogen fuel. Combustion behaviour of hydrogen ICE needs to be closely monitored during continuous operation of validation testing, due to its unique properties compared to other conventional fuels. During engine run, a pre-ignition source can cause knock event leading to instant failure of critical parts like piston assembly, spark plug, liner, valves & cylinder head. Also, hotspots inside IMF leads to backfire affecting the air intake & fuel injection assembly. This study emphasizes the significance of precise instrumentation of thermocouples across engine on cylinder head, intake manifold & exhaust manifold, to detect performance detoriation and combustion abnormalities causing knocking
Vasudevan, Sindhuja, J, Narayana Reddy, Bolar, Yogesh Ganesh, Pandey, Sunil, N, Harish, N R, Varatharaj, Karthikeyan, K, Kumar D, Kishore
Design & analysis of Dual Mass flywheel during Engine startup condition in 3 Cylinder Gasoline application2026-26-0349To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern automotive powertrains are increasingly adopting engine downsizing and down speeding to meet stringent emission regulations and improving fuel efficiency However, these changes result in higher torsional vibrations and excitation amplitudes makes more challenge in NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) refinement. With growing customer expectations for premium driving experiences conventional clutch are no longer sufficient. To meet the NVH performance targets of the vehicle Dual Mass Flywheels (DMFs) are used In DMF due to lower stiffness and inertia separation there is a great advantage on torsional filtration in normal drive and idle condition. but the resonance frequency of the connected DMF is lower than the idle RPM. Engine startup is a key drawback with DMF equipped vehicles. The proper tuning of starter motor performance & DMF stiffness is required to cross the resonance zone faster otherwise it will lead to DMF to stay in the resonance zone for a longer time leading to
Jayachandran, Suresh Kumar, Vijayaragavan, Thirupathi, M, Devamanalan, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman
Key Parameters for Turbocharger selection & experimental validation for Off-Highway Applications2026-26-0104To be published on 01/16/2026
Customers in off-highway industry are increasingly seeking high-performance capabilities for their tractors due to increasing penetration of mechanisation and labour scarcity. One effective solution to achieve enhanced performance is turbocharging of engines, while meeting emission and highly dynamic transient response of tractor field applications. The process of selecting and validating a suitable turbocharger for tractor field application suitability is significantly time and resources consuming activity due to extensive testbed and field trials. This study focuses on the selection of turbocharger for tractor engines through analytical calculations to freeze key parameters like lambda, boost pressure ratio & temperature within boundaries of exhaust temperature and turbo efficiency maps to deliver best field transient performance and fuel consumption. The selected parameters are further validated under real-world transient operating conditions, involving tractors and their implements
Kumar, Harish Kumar, Rawat, Saurabh, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Singh, Amarinder
Development of high BMEP natural gas engine with knock mitigation2026-26-0121To be published on 01/16/2026
The stringent emission norms over the past few years have driven the need to use low carbon fuels and after treatment technology. Natural gas is a suitable alternative to diesel for heavy duty engines with applications in power generation and transportation sectors. Stoichiometric combustion mode offer the advantages of complete combustion and low carbon dioxide emissions. The combination of turbocharging and cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology enhances the power density along with reduced exhaust emissions simultaneously. However, there are several constraints in the operation of natural gas spark ignition engine such as exhaust gas temperature (EGT) limit of 750 °C, sufficient before turbine (BT) pressure for EGR drivability, boost pressure (2.5 bar), peak cylinder pressure limit and knocking. These limits may restrict the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of the engine. In the present study, tests were conducted on a V12, 24 litre, dedicated heavy duty natural gas
Khaladkar, Omkar, Marwaha, Akshey
Unveiling the Dynamics of Methanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Compression Ignition Combustion: A Synergistic Experimental and Numerical Study2026-26-0110To be published on 01/16/2026
The pressing global need for de-fossilization of the transport sector, especially within the heavy-duty segment, has intensified the exploration of alternative clean fuels. While light-duty applications are rapidly transitioning towards electrification, the heavy-duty sector remains a challenging frontier due to its high-power demand and extended runtimes. In this context, methanol gained traction due to their renewable production pathways, carbon-neutrality, and are being highly promoted by the Indian government to reduce CO2 emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the dual direct injection compression ignition (DDICI) strategy using methanol as primary fuel and diesel as a pilot for ignition assistance. In contrast to spark-ignited premixed methanol engines, this strategy involves a diffusion combustion of the methanol flame, thereby eliminating the knocking issue and running with high compression ratios. The work benchmarks the
Singh, Inderpal, Dhongde, Avnish, Raut PhD, Ankit, Güdden, Arne, Emran, Ashraf, Berry, Sushil
Improving Late Pilot Injection Strategy in Dual-Fuel Diesel/Methane Engines through Supercharging and Hydrogen Enrichment03-18-08-004912/24/2025
In this study, a novel dual-fuel combustion strategy is investigated, employing late pilot injection in diesel–methane engines to improve performance and reduce emissions. The engine was first tested with conventional diesel and methane, exploring a wide range of pilot injection timings, injection pressures, and intake boost pressures. Subsequently, experiments were repeated using a methane/hydrogen blend to assess the influence of hydrogen addition. Results show that, when using only methane, delayed pilot injections have minimal effects on engine performance. In naturally aspirated operation, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are reduced, while in supercharged conditions, emissions increase; however, they remain within acceptable limits. Nitrogen oxides and particulate matter reach their lowest levels with delayed injection. Introducing hydrogen reduces engine performance and hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions; notably, it suppresses the typical nitrogen oxides
Carlucci, Antonio Paolo, Strafella, Luciano, Ficarella, Antonio
Combustion Chamber Pressure and Temperature Analysis Based on Heat Release Rate Parameters of a Spark Ignition Engine2025-36-008212/18/2025
Internal combustion engines have been developed and widely used since the last century, and they continue to be extensively employed today. Engine development has progressed significantly, and due to the environmental impacts caused by their use, new technologies are being developed to reduce pollutant formation after the combustion process and to increase thermal efficiency. Computational modeling is a tool that has supported this development and can be categorized into three types: zero-dimensional, quasi-dimensional, and three-dimensional models. The 0D and 1D models offer a good balance between computational processing time and result uncertainty when compared to three-dimensional models. The Wiebe function is a simple analytical approach capable of describing the fuel burn rate in combustion engines. Previous studies have shown that applying this function yields results that accurately describe the apparent heat release rate in PFI engines.The present study aims to determine the
Souza Pereira, Felipe Augusto de, Araújo Moreira, Thiago Augusto de, Filho, Fernando Antônio Rodrigues
Combustion Chamber Geometry Comparison in Natural Gas Engines under Conventional and Dethrottled Operation2025-36-021712/18/2025
Growing interest in cleaner energy has spurred progress in engine technology, focusing on greater efficiency and lower emissions. Methane-based fuels, like compressed natural gas (CNG), have become an alternative for spark-ignition engines, especially in Brazil. Among performance strategies, dethrottled operation stands out by reducing intake restrictions and minimizing pumping losses, a major inefficiency in conventional spark ignition engines. This improves thermal efficiency and reduces both fuel consumption and emissions. This study experimentally examines the performance and combustion of a CNG-powered Hyundai HR 2.5 16V engine, converted from diesel to spark ignition with natural gas, comparing factory (omega) and custom (reentrant) piston geometries under both conventional and dethrottled modes. The research evaluates how piston design affects combustion stability, efficiency, and emissions across different load strategies. Tests were conducted at 7, 8, and 9 bar loads, as well
Silva, Cristian Douglas Rosa da, Garlet, Roberto Antonio, Dapper, Jackson Mayer, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Lanzanova, Thompson Diórdinis Metzka, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos
Method to Determine the Indicated Power in a Combustion Engine2025-36-003012/18/2025
This study investigates a method for determining the indicated power of a combustion engine. To accomplish this, it was necessary to obtain the combustion pressure curve for each cylinder as a function of the crankshaft’s angular position, along with the geometric data of the connecting rod and crank mechanism. The combustion pressure was used to calculate the work transferred from the gas to the engine piston. Pressure measurements were obtained using a piezoelectric pressure transducer, which operates on the piezoelectric effect: a quartz crystal subjected to pressure generates an electrical signal. This signal is then converted into a proportional and linear signal that can be analyzed by a data acquisition system. Once acquired, the data were evaluated using a log P–log V diagram to verify quality and ensure the measurements accurately represented the physical phenomenon. The pressure versus volume (P–V) diagrams were generated, and the area under these curves during the
da Silva, Nerivaldo Rodrigues, Glauco, Caio
Methodology Development of an Internal Combustion Engine Intake Manifold Analysis via 1D-3D Coupled Simulation2025-36-015812/18/2025
The objective of this work was to develop an analysis methodology for engine intake manifolds in Formula SAE prototypes, addressing the three-dimensional (3D) airflow characteristics within these complex geometries. Air flow modelling via one-dimensional (1D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software does not capture properly the manifold airflow characteristics and may lead to unrealistic engine performance prediction. On the other hand, the use of purely 3D-CFD simulations of intake manifold isolated from engine, without adequate boundary conditions, also does not conduct to realistic behavior. To address these issues, a 1D-CFD transient analysis model was created using GT-Suite software from Gamma Technologies, which provided boundary conditions for the engine’s airflow demand to Ansys Fluent, the 3D-CFD simulation software. Ansys Fluent, in turn, returned the actual conditions imposed by the manifold geometry to the 1D model, enabling a bidirectional simulation that enhances the
Piotto, Gustavo Fernando, Santos Souza, Thiago Cavalheri, Foz, Tiago Alcantara, Pegoraro, Bruno Coimbra, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos
Failure Analysis and Redesign of a 3D Printed Intake Manifold in a Formula SAE Racing Team Using High-Performance Polymers2025-36-023412/18/2025
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing has proven to be an affordable method for producing customized and lightweight parts and an accessible method to validate new composite materials. As a rapid prototyping method, it can be used to manufacture and replace defective and/or damaged parts in places with limited infrastructure or logistical support. However, the layer-by-layer deposition inherent to the FFF process introduces anisotropy and residual stresses, which can compromise part performance under high temperatures or vibrational loads. This article aims to analyze the failure of a 3D printed intake runner and address the problems found. The analyzed part was 3D printed in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which had a high volumetric contraction during the printing process. Although ABS exhibits a high heat deflection temperature (HDT) compared to other polymers, prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures during operation led to unintentional embrittlement, reducing
Oliveira, Vinícius de, Horiuchi, Lucas Nao, Magalhaes, Gabriel, Alcantara, Nathan de, Gonçalves, Ana Paula, Souza, Mariana, Polkowski, Rodrigo
Methodology for Characterizing the Spray of an Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Injector2025-36-019412/18/2025
This study presents a methodology for characterizing the spray of an internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel injector, focusing on direct injection (DI) systems. It addresses the knowledge gap in academic research regarding injector spray patterns by conducting experimental tests and numerical simulations. Using a Bosch HDEV 1.1 pressure swirl injector and EXXSOL D60 test fluid, spray characteristics were captured with a high-speed camera under varying injection pressures and ambient/counterpressure conditions. These experimental data were used to calibrate a numerical model for simulating spray dynamics within the combustion chamber. The research examines the impact of parameters such as breakup length and breakup size constant on spray behavior, revealing that the breakup size constant significantly affects spray penetration. The study successfully developed and validated a methodology for characterizing and modeling fuel injector sprays, providing a valuable reference for optimizing
Paula Araújo, Gabriel Heleno, Assis, Marcelo Suman Silva, Malaquias, Augusto Cesar Teixeira, Carvalho Torres Filho, Marcos, Baeta, José Guilherme Coelho
The Technological Concept of a Self-Adjusting Segmented Ceramic Sealing System for a Turboshaft Engine with Isochoric Combustion03-18-08-004612/08/2025
The article presents self-adjusting segmented ceramic seals designed for a novel turboshaft engine operating according to the Humphrey thermodynamic cycle. The sealing system is an integral part of the developed engine concept, which features rotating isochoric combustion chambers. The seals utilize centrifugal force as the sealing force, enabling uniform sealing regardless of thermal conditions and associated deformations. The sealing consists of segments with adjustable dimensions in both circumferential and transverse directions. The sealing elements should be made of Si3N4 ceramic, characterized by high thermal resistance (1300°C) and low thermal expansion (3.2•10−6/°C). The article presents three different variants of sealing systems, differing in terms of the technological possibilities of their manufacturing. Special treatments must be applied to ensure high machining accuracy of the sealing elements. The proposed sealing system is a critical point in the design of an engine
Tarnawski, Piotr
Knock Phenomenon Investigation in SI Engine Fuelled with Ammonia-Hydrogen Mixture2025-01-053211/25/2025
Ammonia has emerged as a compelling carbon-free alternative fuel for applications in sectors such as power generation and heavy-duty transportation, where thermal energy conversion plays a dominant role. Its potential lies in its high hydrogen content, carbon-free combustion, and the feasibility of large-scale storage and transport. However, ammonia’s combustion behavior poses significant challenges due to its low reactivity, characterized by a low laminar burning velocity, high autoignition temperature, and narrow flammability range. These properties hinder stable and efficient operation in conventional internal combustion engines. A common strategy to mitigate these limitations involves blending ammonia with hydrogen—often generated via on-board catalytic cracking of ammonia—which improves ignition and flame speed. Despite these benefits, the presence of hydrogen increases the risk of knock, particularly in high-compression-ratio engines designed to improve thermal efficiency. This
Hurault, Florian, Brequigny, Pierre, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Ammonia Combustion with Active Pre-Chamber Spark Plug - A CO 2 -Free Combustion Process2025-01-052711/25/2025
As a zero-carbon fuel, ammonia has the potential to completely defossilize combustion engines. Due to the inert nitrogen present in the molecule, ammonia is difficult to ignite or burn. Even if the ammonia can be successfully ignited, combustion will be very slow and there is a risk of flame quenching, i.e. the flame going out before the ammonia-air mixture has been almost completely converted. Both the difficult flammability and the slow combustion result in high ammonia slip, which should be avoided at all costs. The engine efficiency is also greatly reduced. Safe ignition and burn-through can be achieved by drastically increasing the ignition energy and/or using a reaction accelerator such as hydrogen. The planned paper will use detailed 1D and 3D CFD calculations to show how high the potential of ammonia combustion in an internal combustion engine is when an active pre-chamber is used as the ignition system. As a result of the flame jets penetrating into the main combustion chamber
Sens, Marc, von Roemer, Lorenz, Rieß, Michael, Fandakov, Alexander, Casal Kulzer, Andre
Sustainable Engines with Carbon-Neutral Fuels – Fast Adaptation for Efficient Multi-Fuel Operation by Tailored Charge Motion Design2025-01-053411/25/2025
As a fundamental element of measures to reduce the carbon footprint of commercial applications, carbon-neutral fuels are increasingly coming into focus for heavy installations. In addition to diesel substitute fuels, alternative energy carriers like NG, H2, MeOH and NH3 are gaining increasing attention. The energy conversion of these fuels is typically taking place on the principle of premixed combustion, which places different demands on fuel injection and mixture formation, as compared to optimized diesel-like combustion. Accordingly, the demand to layout multi-fuel capable engine designs centers to a high share on the above-mentioned design that can burn these different fuels with high efficiency and support a high degree of commonality with the in-series engine to carry over reliable operation and to maintain attractive cost figures. FEV has developed the Charge Motion Design (CMD) process, which can be applied to design the intake ports and combustion chambers for multi-fuel
Koerfer, Thomas, Dhongde, Avnish, Boberic, Aleksandar, Zimmer, Pascal, Pischinger, Stefan
Investigation of Active Pre-Chamber Ignition on an Optically Accessible Ultra-Lean DI Hydrogen Engine2025-01-052411/25/2025
Hydrogen is a promising alternative to conventional fuels for decarbonizing the commercial vehicle sector due to its carbon-free nature. This study investigates the ignition and flame propagation characteristics of hydrogen in a 2-liter single-cylinder optical research engine representative of the commercial vehicle sector. The main objective was to enable high power density operation while minimizing NOx emissions. For that, ultra-lean combustion was employed to lower in-cylinder temperatures, addressing the challenge of NOx formation. To counteract delayed and unstable combustion under lean conditions, an active pre-chamber ignition system was implemented. It uses a gas-purged pre-chamber with separate hydrogen injection and spark plug ignition. Turbulent hot gas jets from the pre-chamber ignite the fresh mixture in the main combustion chamber, enabling faster and more stable ignition compared to conventional spark plugs. Additionally, the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen
Borken, Philipp, Bill, Daniel, Link, Lukas, Dinkelacker, Friedrich, Hansen, Hauke
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension Optimization for Mining Explosion-Proof Vehicles in Underground Coal Mines2025-99-010611/11/2025
This study investigates the critical factors influencing the performance of hydro-pneumatic suspension systems (HPSS) in mining explosion-proof engineering vehicles operating in complex underground coal mine environments. To address challenges such as poor ride comfort and insufficient load-bearing capacity under harsh mining conditions, a two-stage pressure HPSS was analyzed through integrated numerical modeling and field validation. A mathematical model was established based on the structural principles of the suspension system, focusing on key parameters including cylinder bore (195–255 mm), piston area (170–210 mm), damping orifice diameter (7–8 mm), check valve flow area, and accumulator configurations (low-pressure: 1.2 MPa, high-pressure: 6 MPa). Experimental trials were conducted in active coal mines, simulating typical mining scenarios such as uneven road surfaces (120 mm obstacles), heavy-load gangue transportation, and confined-space operations in thin coal seams (<1.5 m
Song, Yan, Liang, Yufang
Optimization of Injection Parameters for a Free-Piston Engine Equipped with Flat-Head Combustion Chamber2025-01-507511/11/2025
The free-piston engine represents a paradigm shift in internal combustion engine technology, with its unique structure promising efficiency gains. However, injection parameters are one of the core elements of free-piston engine performance. This study employs computational fluid dynamics analysis to optimize the spray cone angle and start of injection timing for a two-stroke dual-piston opposed free-piston engine equipped with a flat-head combustion chamber. A three-dimensional transient model incorporating dynamic adaptive mesh refinement was constructed by using CONVERGE 3.0 software. The results indicate that a spray cone angle of 25° achieves optimal fuel distribution, yielding a peak indicated thermal efficiency of 42.14% and an indicated mean effective pressure of 9.08 bar. Crucially, advancing the ignition timing to 215°CA improves mixture homogeneity but simultaneously increases peak cylinder temperatures and NOx. Conversely, delayed start of injection timings reduces NO
Xu, Zhaoping, Yang, Shenao, Liu, Liang
An Open-Source Solenoid Injector Driver Circuit for Fuel Injection Research03-18-07-004111/10/2025
Common rail, high-pressure electronic fuel injection is one of the primary technologies enabling high-efficiency and low emissions in modern diesel engines. Most fuel injectors utilize an actively controlled solenoid valve to actuate a needle that modulates the fuel supply into the combustion chamber. The electrical drive circuit for the injector requires extensive development costs, and thus, most designs are proprietary in nature, making it difficult to perform academic studies of the fuel injection processes. This research presents an injector driver circuit to control one or more solenoid injectors simultaneously for research-based injector development efforts. The electrical circuit was computationally modeled and optimized iteratively, and then, electronic hardware was developed to demonstrate control of a Bosch CRIN3 solenoid diesel injector as proof of concept. In addition, the injector performance was quantified by the fuel rate of injection (ROI) profiles obtained in a test
Bogdanowicz, Edward, Agrawal, Ajay, Lemmon, Andrew N., Bittle, Joshua
Development of Test Methodology for Accelerated Fatigue Testing of Engine Pulley Bolt2025-28-023411/06/2025
Engine is the prime mover of an automobile. Tractor is also equipped with engine of higher capacity to meet the power requirement. Apart from powering the wheels, engine also runs different accessories such as water pump, alternator, AC pump, Oil pump and so on. The power from the engine is transferred to accessories via chain drive or belt drive through the crankshaft pulley. During field testing, in one of the tractors, engine pulley mounting bolt failure was reported. The failure resulted in immediate seizure of the engine making the tractor standstill in the field. The root cause of the failure was unknown. Hence, there was a need to develop a component or subsystem level test methodology to address the issue quickly. In the current scope, an attempt was made to develop a subsystem level laboratory test methodology to simulate the failure mode and to validate the design modifications in an accelerated manner. The failure mode was simulated in lab and different design iterations
Chakraborty, Abhirup
Effective Power Management on Diesel Engine Using Electrified Turbocharger2025-28-024211/06/2025
The growing demand for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions in diesel engines has led to significant advancements in power management technologies. This paper presents a dual-mode functional strategy that integrates electrified turbochargers to enhance engine performance, provide boost and generate electrical power. This helps in optimizing the overall engine efficiency. The engine performance is enhanced with boosting mode where the electric motor accelerates the turbocharger independent of exhaust flow, effectively reducing turbo lag and provides immediate boost at low engine speeds. This feature also improves high altitude performance of the engine. Conversely, in generating mode, the electric turbocharger recovers or harvest energy from exhaust gases depending on engine operating conditions, converting it into electrical energy for battery recharging purpose. Advanced control systems enable real-time adjustments to boost pressure and airflow in response to dynamic driving
Borle, Shraddha, Prasad, Lakshmi, Couvret, Sebastien, Fournier, Hugo, Chenuet, Laurent
Monitoring of Long Drill Wear Status through Vibration Analysis Using Time and Frequency Domain2025-28-025211/06/2025
Hard carbon steel is used for drilling deep holes, such as C19, which has dimensions of 630 mm in length, 50 mm in breadth, and 125 mm in depth. Long twist drills with a diameter of 8 mm are used. Such drills are manufactured with larger helix than the traditional drills for increasing penetration efficiency. But, Prediction of long drill & tool replacement strategies during metal cutting are mostly depend on conservative estimation given by manufacturer’s catalog. Hence, long drill while drilling cam shaft in automobile applications may be underutilized or over utilized. Now a day, Diagnostics software in advanced CNC machines are indicating hours of utilization of tools in bar chart. On the other hand, Utilization of long drill wear beyond the recommended range affects the quality of workpiece. As a result, several researchers have proposed the reliable approach of vibration-based online monitoring of drill flank wear over the past 20 years. In these works, the vibration sensor is
R. S., Nakandhrakumar, Raja, Selvakumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Velmurugan, Ramanathan, M, Ramakrishnan
“Reduction in Product Development Time by Field-To-Lab Simulation”2025-28-028211/06/2025
Puddling is a crucial process in rice cultivation, involving the preparation of the soil in a flooded field to create a soft, muddy seedbed. There are two classifications for puddling: full cage and half cage. Full cage puddling involves replacing the rear wheels of the tractor with steel paddle wheels, which are used to till the rice paddies directly without any additional implement. In the half cage puddling, the rear wheels remain on the tractor, and a smaller cage or paddle wheel is attached to the outside. Considering the field size, the operator often releases the clutch very quickly after a speed or direction change. This generates torque spikes, which are harmful to Transmission Gears and Clutches. This can lead to gear teeth bending fatigue failure due to repeated higher bending stresses. In this paper, a study related to how to reduce overall product development time by simulating bending fatigue failure of gear in lab environment is presented. A systematic approach is used
Pathan, Irfan Hamidulla, Bardia, Prashant
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Turbocharger Aerodynamics and Thermal Behaviour in Automotive Applications2025-28-022911/06/2025
Turbocharging is a vital technology for enhancing internal combustion engine (ICE) performance and efficiency while enabling engine downsizing to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This research analyzes turbocharger systems by examining their components—turbine, compressor, intercooler, and waste-gate—and their roles in boosting engine efficiency. It explores how exhaust energy drives the turbine to compress intake air, improving power output. The study evaluates turbocharger impact on fuel economy, emissions, and engine response under various driving conditions. It also considers wheel design, material selection, and durability under high temperatures and speeds. Advanced simulations using CFD and FEA analyze airflow, pressure, and thermal behavior to optimize performance. This research affirms turbocharging’s role in creating high-performance, fuel-efficient, and environmentally sustainable engines, offering insights that support the design of next-generation automotive
Chandrashekar, B. Aditya, Bhaduria, Abhishek
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2025-28-022411/06/2025
Alcohol is being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. Although alcohol generally has lower cetane numbers, which makes them more favorable for premixed combustion, they also offer potential for lowering emissions in internal combustion engines, particularly when combined with strategies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This research focuses on enhancing the performance of a single-cylinder, four- stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake phase. Diesel and rubber seed biodiesel were used as primary fuels and were directly injected into the combustion chamber. The findings indicated that adding ethanol to rubber seed biodiesel, along with 10% EGR, led to improved brake thermal efficiency and a reduction in NOX emissions. The ethanol injection timing and duration were optimized for effective dual-fuel operation. At full engine load, the highest
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan, Bungag, Joel Quendangan, T, Karthi
Order Dispersion Method by Crankpin Arrangement into Enhancements of Structural Reliability and Sound Quality for V8 Outboard Motor2025-32-002111/03/2025
This paper provides insight into the theory and the applications of the order dispersion by crankpin arrangement, especially focusing on the enhancements of the structural reliability of the crankshaft and the sound quality of the outboard motor. In previous research, we developed the crankshaft which can balance by itself for V8 outboard motor with V bank angle of 60 degrees. We specifically showed the theoretical basis of the balancing and the measurement results of actual vibration levels on boat. Meanwhile, note that the crankshaft has a distinctive structure of crankpin offset angle of 60 degrees, so that combustion interval becomes unequal. As to the combustion, however, we just mentioned the effects on the engine output, not the practicality. In this paper, we firstly clarify the following dual benefits of the combustion in terms of the structural reliability and the sound quality. One is that the order dispersion resulting from unequal interval combustion can reduce the
Takanishi, Kentaro, Muramatsu, Hideta, Kondo, Takashi, Naoe, Gaku
Effect of Hydrogen Injection Timing in a Compression Ignition Engine Operating in Hydrogen Diesel Dual Fuel Mode2025-32-005111/03/2025
Stringent European carbon dioxide (CO2) emission regulations have stimulated the development of alternative technologies such as Dual Fuel (DF), which involves partially replacing fossil fuel with a low-carbon alternative. Hydrogen represents an ideal candidate for DF due to its properties, including the absence of carbon, high flame propagation speed, and high diffusivity. This study analyzes the combustion and performance of a 1.0L, naturally aspirated, three-cylinder in-line compression ignition off-road engine with a 17.5:1 compression ratio, originally equipped with a conventional diesel system and modified for diesel-hydrogen dual fuel operation. Three Port Fuel Injectors (PFI) are installed in the intake manifold for hydrogen injection. Additionally, they are strategically positioned to minimize the volume between the intake valve and injector tip. Tests were conducted at a fixed engine speed of 2000 rpm, varying the engine load from 30% to 85% of maximum torque. The diesel
Rossetti, Salvatore, Mancaruso, Ezio
Measurement of the Liquid Fuel Film on the Combustion Chamber Wall of a Gasoline Engine using a Novel Capacitive Sensor2025-32-001811/03/2025
The reduction of exhaust emissions and particulate matter from internal combustion engines remains a critical challenge, particularly under cold start and warm-up conditions, where a significant portion of total emissions is generated. In spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engines, the formation of liquid fuel films on intake ports wall, piston and cylinder wall surface significantly contributes to unburned hydrocarbon and particulate emissions. Also, the fuel film adhering to the wall can be a cause of the lubricating oil dilution. To address these issues, a novel capacitive sensor, fabricated using MEMS technology, was developed and applied to investigate the behavior of liquid fuel films formed inside the combustion chamber of a single-cylinder engine. The sensor detects changes in capacitance caused by fuel film adhesion to the sensor surface. The sensor was installed in a single-cylinder test engine along with a direct fuel injector allowing for the controlled formation of fuel films on
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Nakajima, Takeru, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Visualization Study on Combustion Characteristics of Ammonia/Methane/Air Mixtures Ignited by Diesel Pilot in Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine2025-32-005411/03/2025
The application of ammonia fuel in engines can significantly reduce carbon emissions, serving as a crucial method for achieving carbon neutrality. However, its potential is hindered by the challenges of ammonia's difficulty in ignition and slow combustion rate. An effective solution to these drawbacks is to blend methane into ammonia mixtures and use a small amount of diesel for ignition. This study investigates the effects of mixture equivalence ratio and gas composition on the combustion characteristics of diesel-ignited NH3/CH4/Air mixtures. Pressure measurements and visual observations were conducted using a rapid compression expansion machine (RCEM). Experimental results reveal that the combustion process exhibits two distinct stages: initial intense diesel combustion followed by mixture combustion. Higher equivalence ratios prolong ignition delay while accelerate secondary combustion. Pure ammonia mixtures show incomplete lean combustion, while richer mixtures achieve more
Yin, Shuo, Dai, Zhizhuo, Zhou, Qingxing, Cui, Zechuan, Zhang, Xiaolei, Ye, Mingyuan, Ren, Yifang, Wang, Zhanpeng, Nishida, Keiya
Diesel Combustion Parameter Estimation via Machine Learning – A Comparative Study2025-32-004111/03/2025
This paper presents an analysis and comparison of distinct approaches for data-driven combustion parameter estimation for Diesel engines. Thereby, characteristic quantities are modelled by a set of selected regression models and via a convolutional neural network (CNN). While the former use settings from the Engine Control Unit (ECU) as input, the latter works by processing the raw crankshaft vibration signal. The central point of this study is a broad evaluation of data-driven modelling for Diesel combustion. This includes whether using a signal recorded from individual combustion cycles achieves better representation of the target values than using operational parameters from the ECU which cannot reflect unforeseeable, stochastic phenomena within the combustion chamber. This was evaluated by assessing predictions of six combustion characteristics: the crank angle of 10, 50 and 90 percent mass fraction burned, Peak-Firing-Pressure, Combustion Duration, and Ignition Delay. In two
Ofner, Andreas Benjamin, Sjoblom, Jonas, Geiger, Bernhard, Haghir Chehreghani, Morteza
Development of a Combined Injection and Ignition Unit for a Gas Engine with Direct Hydrogen Injection Integrated into the Standard Spark Plug Access Hole2025-32-005911/03/2025
To achieve the desired fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen in internal combustion engines for combined heat and power units, it is necessary to make some adjustments to the fuel supply system. External gas mixers increase the probability of backfiring when natural gas is replaced by hydrogen. In addition, the low density of hydrogen results in a loss of power. Therefore, direct gas injection is preferred when using hydrogen. A drawback of direct injection is the requirement of higher injection pressures to achieve the desired fuel mass and mixture homogeneity as well as the additional access to the combustion chamber for the direct gas injector in the cylinder head. This paper proposes an alternative approach that does not necessitate the implementation of a high-pressure direct injection system nor additional access to the combustion chamber via the cylinder head. A combined injection and ignition unit, called HydroFit, was developed which uses a sleeve inside the spark plug bore
Rischette, Nic, Holzberger, Sascha, Helms, Sven, Kettner, Maurice
Advanced 3D Simulations of a Four-Stroke High-Performance Engine Valvetrain for the Analysis of the Mechanical Stresses and Energy Losses2025-32-001011/03/2025
Enhancing the performance of naturally aspirated 4-stroke engines relies heavily on improving trapping efficiency, increasing maximum engine speed, and reducing friction losses. In this regard, the valvetrain plays a critical role. Achieving high volumetric efficiency at higher engine speeds necessitates very steep valve opening and closing ramps, making this aspect pivotal in the design process. At high engine speeds, significant dynamic phenomena arise, including valve float during the lift phase and valve bounce during the closing phase. These effects not only induce substantial modifications to the valve lift curve but also increase the mechanical stress on critical components such as the valve and the rocker arm, thereby elevating the risk of failure. Moreover, the timing system substantially contributes to overall engine losses due to frictional energy dissipation, which results from the numerous interactions between moving components. The present work aims to develop a numerical
Tarchiani, Marco, Pizzicori, Alessio, Raspanti, Sandro, Romani, Luca, Meli, Enrico, Ferrara, Giovanni, Trassi, Paolo
Ca Additive and In-Cylinder Condition on Promotion of Abnormal Combustion in Supercharged SI Engine2025-32-000411/03/2025
Recently, global warming is becoming seriously. In the field of internal combustion engine, the thermal efficiency has to improve in the practical use. One of the current trends with spark ignition engine (SI engine) is “downsizing” which is equipped supercharger with the downsized displacement. The downsizing engine is popular in the field of the SI engine. However, one of the problems is the abnormal combustion so called Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) [1]. The LSPI occurs the engine operation which is low speed and high load condition. It has to be avoided, because the SI engine is broken and the improvement of thermal efficiency is obstructed. A lot of researchers have been reported about the mechanism of LSPI [2, 3]. One of the sources of LSPI would be the lubricating oil droplets in cylinder. One of the methods to avoid LSPI, it has been adjusted the ingredients of oil additive in lubricating oil. The state of the art of lubricating oil standard has been established anti-LSPI
kitano, Kaito, Tanaka, Junya
Development of CAE Technology for the Design Support of Piston Pin Circlip2025-32-001511/03/2025
This study focuses on the technology for establishing design criteria for the piston pin circlip (hereinafter referred to as "circlip"), which is a component that holds the engine piston pin. During the development of high-revving engines, failure of the piston sometimes becomes a problem, and the main factors are fatigue failure of the piston and falling of the piston pin. The falling of the piston pin is caused by the circlip disengaging from the groove by the inertial force due to the vertical motion of the piston. The circlip is compressed to the size of the piston circlip groove and assembled to the piston. Therefore, in order to prevent the circlip from falling out, it is necessary to compress it more and increase the reaction force acting on the groove. However, this measure raises concerns about the deterioration of the ease of assembly of the circlip. Therefore, it is necessary to establish evaluation criteria that prevent the circlip from disengaging and deterioration of its
Ishizuka, Atsushi, Watanabe, Naoto
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