Browse Topic: Engine mechanical components

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Numerical Analysis of Directly Injected Hydrogen into a High-Pressure Chamber2026-01-0745To be published on 07/01/2026
Due to the historical use of fossil fuels, the transportation sector has been one of the major producers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and harmful pollutants. Because of its high specific energy content and the potential for zero carbon-based emissions, Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines have emerged as an option for decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation. However, injecting high-pressure gas into pressurized combustion chambers induces complex compressible flow phenomena, including choked flow and under-expanded supersonic jet structures, which challenge conventional modeling approaches. Accurate prediction of the resulting fuel-oxidizer mixing process is critical for optimizing engine performance and emissions. This study conducts a numerical investigation of transient hydrogen injection into a high-pressure argon environment, benchmarking a 2D axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model against high-fidelity experimental optical measurements. Utilizing Ansys Fluent
Castilla Batun, Uriel Isaac, Alzahrani, Fahad
NVH Design and Refinement of Dedicated Hybrid Engine on Range Extender Electric Vehicle2026-01-0688To be published on 06/20/2026
Traditional NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) refinement is reactive, addressing issues post-prototype. In contrast, this work establishes NVH as the primary driver in early engine development for range extender electric vehicles (REEVs). Customer demands for imperceptible engine operation [1] - intensified by absent masking noise in electrified powertrains [2] - necessitate a proactive methodology: Usage-Driven Operating Profile: Analysis of >500,000 km fleet driving data identified statistically dominant operating conditions. This enables precise NVH focus areas and proactive avoidance-zone definition in the engine operational map. Vehicle-Driven Target Setting: Subsystem-level NVH targets (e.g., <58 dB(A) idle noise → engine-level) were rigorously derived from vehicle imperceptibility requirements and the dominant usage profile. Preventive Design Optimization: Architectural choices (stiffness-enhanced bedplate block), component tuning (crankshaft/flywheel dynamics), and subsystem
Wang, Hao, Zhang, Guiqiang
Rapid Fuel Distribution Prediction in RCCI Marine Engines Using CFD-Informed, Active Learning Framework2026-37-00176/9/2026
Accurate prediction of in-cylinder fuel distribution (FD) is fundamental to reduced-order combustion modeling and emissions prediction yet remains computationally prohibitive with high-fidelity CFD alone. This work develops a CFD-informed machine-learning surrogate for spatial FD in a large-bore diesel engine, based on a Wärtsilä W20 injector and representative engine conditions. A fully coupled injector–spray–engine CFD framework under engine-like RCCI inert conditions determines the needle-lift profile and resolves the combined effects of injector geometry, needle dynamics, and operating conditions on in-cylinder flow, capturing physical phenomena not reproducible by isolated free-spray simulations. A high-fidelity database is generated using Latin Hypercube Sampling, from which FD is extracted at 15 CAD before top dead center within an annular multi-zone (MZ) representation consistent with reduced-order combustion models. A multi-output Random Forest (RF) surrogate, augmented with
Moradi, Jamshid, Salahi, Mahdi, Heidarabadi, Shadab, Andwari, Amin, Konno, Juho, Wik, Christer, Mikulski, Maciej
Effects of Engine Geometries on the Combustion Characteristics of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine2026-37-00466/9/2026
For heavy-duty applications, hydrogen (H2) internal combustion engines offer a practical solution for future transportation. However, the influence of cylinder head flow characteristics and piston geometry on lean H2 combustion remains insufficiently understood. This study presents a comprehensive computational investigation of three engine configurations characterized by distinct in-cylinder flow dynamics: mild swirl and tumble (Engine a), strong tumble (Engine b), and strong swirl (Engine c). High-fidelity three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed for both port-fuel injection (PFI) and direct injection (DI) strategies. The impact of piston geometry was evaluated by comparing the baseline piston with a flat piston, while the spark timing was optimized to achieve favorable combustion phasing. Combustion and NOx formation were modeled using a G-equation-based combustion framework incorporating diffusive-thermal instability effects and a validated in-house
Liu, Xinlei, Menaca, Rafael, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Qahtani, Yasser A., Pei, Yuanjiang, Turner, James W.G., Im, Hong G.
Investigating the Potential of Two Individually Controlled Injectors per Rotor for a Direct Injection Hydrogen Wankel Engine2026-37-00086/9/2026
Hydrogen-fueled rotary engines offer a promising zero-emission solution for compact commercial powertrains. This study reports experimental results from the further development of a naturally aspirated, direct-injection hydrogen rotary engine by HTM. Initial applications, such as an airport baggage tractor, demonstrated technical feasibility but revealed pre-ignition that limited maximum torque. To address this, mixture formation was investigated using an experimental setup with two independently controlled injectors feeding a single rotor injection channel. The effects on operating behavior, efficiency, and NOx emissions were evaluated. The dual-injector configuration significantly shortens injection duration and improves spatial distribution of hydrogen within the combustion chamber. Enhanced mixture control suppresses pre-ignition and enables higher mean effective pressure. Systematic variation of injection timing under representative steady-state conditions also shows potential for
Endres, Jonas, Beidl, Christian, Herold, Tim, Lavall, Philipp, Schmidt, Marvin, Hofmann, Silas, Kahl, Jonas
Numerical Simulation of Spark-Ignited Flame Kernels towards Prospective Application to Hydrogen SI Engines2026-37-00156/9/2026
The ongoing energy transition demands the decarbonization of the transport sector, for which the use of premixed hydrogen in spark-ignition (SI) engines appears very promising. However, modeling the combustion of the lean hydrogen/air mixtures required for safe, efficient, and low-NOx engine operation involves multiple open issues. Correct prediction of flame kernel initiation and growth is a difficulty that hydrogen shares with hydrocarbon fuels, while properly accounting for the instabilities that characterize lean hydrogen flames is an additional demanding task. In this work, a 1D kernel expansion model of general validity recently proposed by the authors is implemented into OpenFOAM, an open-source 3D CFD software package, to enable numerical simulation of expanding spark-ignited flame kernels. Firstly, the OpenFOAM framework is presented focusing on XiFluid, its flame propagation model based on a regress variable whose evolution depends on the laminar flame speed. Then, the
Dotteschini, Enrico, Pretto, Marco, Giannattasio, Pietro, Gadalla, Mahmoud
On Natural Gas Combustion Split into Diesel Like Architecture of a Compression Ignition Engine Retrofitted for Spark Ignition Operation2026-37-00296/9/2026
In commercial areas that no longer favor diesel engines, such as Europe, it might be interesting to convert an existing compression ignition engine to the spark ignition operation and to use natural gas (NG) because of its advantages: availability of still abundant supplies worldwide and environmental benefits compared to conventional liquid fossil fuels. This paper first presents experimental results on NG combustion inside such a converted engine with diesel-like architecture dedicated to light-duty vehicles and passenger cars. Particularly, our study carried out at the engine test bed revealed that in certain operating points (low speed and load, stoichiometric mixture and rather high spark advance), the combustion is split into two distinct events (first, a fast combustion inside the cylinder and piston bowl and then, a slower combustion occurring outside the bowl-in combustion chamber, in other words, in the squish region), which is not specific to the standard spark ignition
Clenci, Adrian F., Popa, Robert, Berquez, Julien, Iorga-Siman, Victor, Magheru, Catalin, Punov, Plamen, Niculescu, Rodica
Performance and Combustion Characteristics of Coryton SUSTAIN Classic Super 80 Carbon-Neutral Fuel versus EN 228 in a 1980s Fiat 500 Engine2026-37-00336/9/2026
The energy transition requires a rapid reduction in the use of fossil fuels, whose combustion generates substantial greenhouse-gas emissions. In Europe, transport alone accounts for roughly a quarter of total greenhouse-gas emissions, with road transport being the predominant component. In this context, the use of biofuels has emerged as a potential solution for limiting further increases in CO₂ emissions. However, most studies available in the literature evaluate the performance of these fuels on modern engines, while their effects on historic carburetted engines remain largely unexplored. This is particularly significant given the large fleet of historic vehicles across Europe, supported by a long-standing tradition of vehicle preservation, associations, and classic car collectors. The main historic-vehicle federations advise caution and the use of low-ethanol formulations so as not to damage elastomers, fuel tanks, and carburettor float bowls. For this reason, a few suppliers have
Tarchiani, Marco, Fossati, Federico, Raspanti, Sandro, Baroni, Alberto, Ferrara, Giovanni, Romani, Luca
A Predictive Methodology for 3D-CFD Simulation of Piston Thermal Field in Sustainable High-Performance Engines2026-37-00026/9/2026
In recent years, especially in high-performance spark-ignition engines, the thermal stress of pistons has gradually increased due to the implementation of various technologies, aimed at meeting emission reduction and specific power increase requirements. If the heat is not properly dissipated, cracking and plastic deformation of the material as well as formation of hot spots triggering pre-ignition in the combustion chamber mixture can occur. This last aspect is even more true considering innovative fuels such as hydrogen. To overcome these problems, one or more jets of oil are directed towards the piston under-crown region, impacting at high speed. This technique ensures immediate cooling and allows the engine performance to be increased without compromising the useful life. In order to optimize the oil jet effectiveness, 3D-CFD can be proficiently adopted. In this regard, the aim of this work is to define a robust numerical methodology able to simulate oil jet impingement and piston
Duni, Andrea, Berni, Fabio, Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Gilioli, Filippo
CFD Modelling of an Asymmetric Hydrogen Injector Cap for Direct Injection Applications: Design Impact on Jets Structure and Momentum Flux2026-37-00116/9/2026
The adoption of hydrogen as a carbon-neutral sustainable fuel for internal combustion is regarded as a promising solution to reduce greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions. In this framework, the injection system plays a crucial role, being responsible for delivering a large amount of fuel to the combustion chamber. Currently, low-pressure direct injection is considered one of the best solutions to ensure the appropriate fuel delivery. The use of caps has proven particularly effective, as they enable a potentially unlimited range of geometries while minimizing modifications to the injector hardware. Experimental campaigns and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used together as complementary tools to speed up the development process and explore multiple combinations of parameters, thereby optimizing the overall design of both the engine and the caps. In the present paper, a single-hole GDI-derived hydrogen prototype injector equipped with a two-hole asymmetric cap
Pavan, Nicolo, Breda, Sebastiano, Duni, Andrea, Martino, Manuel, Fontanesi, Stefano, Postrioti, Lucio
Development and Validation of a One-Dimensional Model for an Opposed-Piston Free-Piston Engine Generator with Parametric Analysis2026-37-00216/9/2026
Opposed-piston free-piston engine generators (OFPEGs) are emerging as a promising technology for next-generation hybrid and electrified transportation systems due to their high efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and improved noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics. However, due to eliminating the conventional crankshaft mechanism and directly coupling a free-piston engine with linear generators, performance of OFPEG systems is governed by a strong coupling between piston dynamics, in-cylinder combustion processes, and electrical loading conditions. This coupling presents substantial challenges for system design, control, and optimization, limiting the further development and application of OFPEGs. Existing researches lack a comprehensive numerical model that integrates detailed in-cylinder thermodynamic process with control system of linear generator, and quantitative analysis of the effect of piston motion trajectory on system performance remains insufficiently
Wang, Jiayu, Morandi, Nicola, Lucchini, Tommaso, FENG, HUIHUA, Jia, Boru, Ren, Peirong
Methane Emission Mitigation in Large-Bore Dual-Fuel Engines via Negative Valve Overlap Diesel Injection: Thermochemical Pathways and Reactivity Control2026-37-00456/9/2026
Low-load natural gas–diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) in medium-speed marine engines is constrained by an insufficient charge thermal state. This limitation leads to partial fuel oxidation, producing high methane emissions. This work evaluates the use of negative valve overlap (NVO) combined with NVO diesel injection as an in-cylinder reactivity enhancement strategy. The simulation study was performed using the University of Vaasa’s advanced thermo-kinetic multi-zone model (UVATZ), extended for reactive simulations during NVO. The extended framework was validated against test-bench data from a prototype Wärtsilä 6L20 dual-fuel engine operating in RCCI mode. The baseline low-load operating point for reforming simulations was defined by reducing the intake manifold temperature to replicate conditions close to partial misfire with 52% combustion efficiency. The parametric sweeps of NVO injection timing and ratio showed that the strategy can be used for in-cycle
Soleimani, Amir, Nurmi, Mikael, Hunicz, Jacek, Kim, Jeyoung, Hyvonen, Jari, Mikulski, Maciej
Investigation into Cooling Loss Reduction Associated with Changes in In-Cylinder Flame Distribution by Offset Orifice Nozzle2026-37-00036/9/2026
An increase in compression ratio has been widely recognized as one of the essential technologies for improving the thermal efficiency of heavy-duty diesel engines. However, a higher compression ratio tends to result in increased cooling loss, which could diminish the thermal efficiency gains. It was found that an offset orifice nozzle, in which the orifices are drilled with a small offset from the radial center of the nozzle, improves thermal efficiency and reduces cooling loss simultaneously. This study investigates the mechanism of cooling-loss reduction associated with changes in flame distribution when using an offset orifice nozzle, through in-cylinder combustion observations, two-color method image analysis, and local heat-flux measurements. High-speed combustion visualization was conducted to capture the growth of luminous flames. Radial profiles of the mean and standard deviation were computed at each crank angle to quantify spatial temperature non-uniformity. Furthermore
Mukayama, Tomoyuki, Enomoto, Yoshiteru, Mikami, Naotaka, Nomoto, Shigeru, Uchida, Noboru
TOC99-08-02-0TOC4/13/2026
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Ultra-Low NOx Technologies for Heavy-Duty Applications with Reduced Total Cost of Ownership2026-01-02944/7/2026
The utilization of gasoline engines in heavy-duty vehicles for the purpose of continental transportation is in direct competition with conventional diesel engines. It’s imperative that the operating performance of the gasoline engine is equivalent to the diesel engine, and that the gasoline engine shows efficiency benefit to both cost segments, the product manufacturing costs and total cost of ownership (TCO). The 11.6-liter gasoline engine developed has been designed and applicated in such a way that it operates at a stoichiometric combustion air ratio (λ = 1) across the entire engine map range without exception. In combination with external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) this strategy does not result in a substantial decrease in the absolute NOx concentration in raw emissions compared to the diesel engine with 15.0-liter displacement, but it facilitates the cost-efficient utilization of the three-way catalyzer as the main exhaust aftertreatment system, thereby reducing NOx emissions
Medicke, Mario, Arnold, Thomas, Bohme, Jan, Krause, Matthias, Leesch, Mirko
Investigation of CDI and TCI Ignition Characteristics for Lean Hydrogen-Air Mixtures in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2026-01-03274/7/2026
The discharge characteristics of ignition systems critically influence flame kernel formation and ignition stability under lean-burn conditions. This study experimentally compares a transistor coil ignition (TCI) and a capacitor discharge ignition (CDI) system in a constant-volume combustion chamber using hydrogen–air mixtures. The electrical behavior of both systems was first characterized through synchronized measurements of voltage, current, and high-speed imaging under various operating conditions with a resistive spark plug. The CDI system exhibited high-current (≈750 mA), short-duration (≈250 μs) discharges with strong instantaneous power but limited total spark-gap energy (≈5 mJ), while the TCI system produced lower-current, longer-duration (≈3 ms) discharges with higher cumulative energy (≈30 mJ). Flow-field tests revealed that the TCI discharge duration and energy release were strongly influenced by airflow, whereas CDI discharge behavior remained largely unchanged at flow
Cong, Binghao, Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Tjong, Jimi, Zheng, Ming
Accelerated Computed Tomography for Spray Characterization2026-01-03414/7/2026
Computed tomography (CT) is a valuable diagnostic technique for visualizing spray plume direction and assessing mixture quality within combustion chambers under engine-relevant conditions. High-speed extinction imaging followed by tomographic reconstruction enables temporally and spatially resolved measurements of liquid volume fraction and plume evolution in multi-plume sprays. Traditionally, tomographic reconstruction requires capturing multiple angular views by rotating the injector and averaging over numerous injections to ensure statistical convergence. This process is time-intensive, particularly due to the large volume of data acquisition and the corresponding delays in data saving, particularly when acquiring many injections per view angle. In this study, we investigate the minimum number of injections required to achieve sufficient CT image quality, thereby significantly reducing experimental time. Two injectors are evaluated: a symmetric 8-hole Spray M injector from the
Yi, Junghwa, Wan, Kevin, Pickett, Lyle
Development and Preliminary Combustion Experiments of a Prototype Engine with Sleeve Valves Based on the Focusing Compression Principle2026-01-02954/7/2026
Our laboratory has proposed the focusing compression principle which employs pulsed super-multi jets of gas colliding around the chamber center. This principle aims to achieve high thermal efficiency by reducing both exhaust and cooling losses. Exhaust loss is minimized due to relatively-silent high compression. Cooling loss is reduced due to thermal insulation caused by fuel-air mixture being confined to the chamber center and the compressible flow effect. In previous studies, we conducted fundamental gasoline combustion experiments on a proof-of-concept opposed-piston engine which incorporated this principle. This engine featured eight intake nozzles in an octagonal configuration and utilized non-sinusoidal and strongly asymmetric piston movements. The results indicated the possibility of high thermal efficiency based on less knocking under high compression, and the potential for stable combustion under lean-burn conditions. As a next step towards practical application with
Nishizawa, Tomohiko, Naitoh, Ken, Baba, Shotaro, Ukegawa, Hiraku, Yamada, Sota, Ozono, Yuka, Abiko, Mirei, Suzuki, Yosuke, Hara, Namito, Ito, Yoshikuni, Matsubara, Kosaku, Uenoyama, Kazuyuki
Model-Based Development of a Heavy-Duty H 2 -ICE and Integrated, Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) System2026-01-04264/7/2026
Changing global economic conditions and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are driving the need to develop efficient, near-term, alternative propulsion system technologies for heavy-duty vehicles. This study combines a hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) with electrically assisted turbocharging, exhaust energy recovery, and mild hybridization to maximize propulsion system efficiency and reduce NOx emissions. To reduce cost and packaging impact of integration of these technologies on an engine, the study presents a model-based development and optimization of an Integrated Turbogeneration, Electrification, and Supercharging (ITES) system that combines the enabling components into a single compact unit. In the first phase of this study, a H2-ICE and aftertreatment concept for a MY2027 7.7L medium heavy-duty on-road engine was developed and evaluated through 1D simulation. The concept was to convert a diesel engine by changing the cylinder head to implement a port fuel
Bustamante, Oscar, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael
Relative Knocking Intensity to Discuss Similarities and Differences between Low- and High-Speed Knocking Phenomena2026-01-03124/7/2026
Knock intensity, the maximum half-amplitude of pressure oscillation, reaches 1 MPa once in thousands of cycles under a certain boosted high-load condition at the engine speed of 5000 min-1, which is named high-speed super knock. In the present study, a mass-production turbo-charged direct-injection gasoline engine is operated for the indicated mean effective pressure of 1.7 MPa at the engine speed of 1500 to 5000 min-1. Unburned-zone autoignition timing is estimated using Livengood-Wu integral coupled with a small set of ignition delay time equations, which matches that detected from the differential value of net heat release rate, with a difference below 2 degrees in the whole range of engine speed. As unburned-zone autoignition timing advances, ignition delay time in an unburned zone at the autoignition timing shortens. Whenever autoignition occurs at 15 degrees after TDC, the ignition delay time is the period of about 10 degrees, regardless of engine speed. Knock intensity divided
Zeng, Changzhi, Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Yatsufusa, Tomoaki, Okuyama, Shota, Kuwahara, Kazunari
Persistent Elevated Soot Emissions Induced by Clustered Stochastic Preignition Events2026-01-03144/7/2026
Stochastic Preignition (SPI) is an abnormal combustion phenomenon that can occur in spark-ignition engines particularly under high-load operation. SPI is characterized by uncontrolled initiation of combustion prior to spark discharge, an abnormal combustion process that can lead to severe knock events and significant engine damage. SPI has been associated with fuel properties, lubricant composition, and engine design and operation. In this work, a single-cylinder test engine with a dry-sump oil system was utilized to study the SPI response of E10 and E25 fuels with a range of Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP). An automated test procedure was employed, consisting of ten square-waved load profile segments, with each segment composed of 5 min of low-load operation followed by 25 min of sustained high-load operation. These tests were replicated across multiple days of testing including a lubricant triple flush between tests, and an online Fuel in Oil diagnostic measurement. Exhaust particulate
Splitter, Derek, Jatana, Gurneesh, DelVescovo, Dan, Douvry-Rabjeau, Julien, Fioroni, Gina, Chapman, Elana, Salyers, John
CFD-Guided DoE-ML Optimization Methods in a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Engine2026-01-03264/7/2026
This study introduces a CFD-guided design of experiments (DoE) and machine learning (ML) framework for the co-optimization of piston and pre-chamber geometries in a passive pre-chamber heavy-duty hydrogen engine operating at medium and low loads. Starting from a reference configuration, an omega-type piston and a methane-optimized pre-chamber, the design space was parameterized using seven geometric variables. A Sobol sequence was employed to generate 96 randomized design variants in the DoE, each evaluated through high-fidelity 3D-CFD simulations to capture key combustion and performance metrics. The resulting dataset served as the foundation for developing and evaluating several ML regression models. A rigorous ML workflow was adopted, featuring 5-fold cross-validation and hyperparameter tuning via Bayesian optimization to ensure generalization and robustness. Model selection was based on multi-metric performance criteria including prediction accuracy, error stability, and
Menaca, Rafael, Shakeel, Mohammad Raghib, Liu, Xinlei, Mohan, Balaji, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Cenker, Emre, Silva, Mickael, Zhang, Anqi, Pei, Yuanjiang, Im, Hong
Challenges to Ranking Diesel Fuels for NO x Emissions Using a Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber2026-01-03484/7/2026
The market is witnessing an unprecedented proliferation of low-emission fuel components. To effectively evaluate the suitability of these novel fuels for engine applications, fuel blenders and original equipment manufacturers require rapid and reliable assessment methodologies. Traditionally, such evaluations rely on comprehensive engine testing, which, while thorough, is both time-intensive and costly. In response to the growing diversity of emerging fuel options, this work aims to establish a streamlined screening approach capable of effectively replicating the outcomes of full-scale engine testing. We examined the use of a constant volume combustion chamber for the measurement of fuel effects on NOx emissions, with the goal of developing a method to rapidly screen or rank fuels in a small - volume experiment. A small amount of fuel was injected into air at 650°C and 20 bar, where it ignited and burned. The chamber was sampled post-combustion using a chemiluminescence NOx analyzer
Luecke, Jon, Rahimi, Mohammad, Mohamed, Samah, Naser, Nimal, Chausalkar, Abhijeet, McCormick, Robert
Achieving 70% Urban Fuel Consumption Reduction: An Opposed-Piston Engine-Based Mild-Hybrid Powertrain Architecture for Light Commercial Vehicles (JLA-2/JLA-T)2026-01-04324/7/2026
This paper proposes a novel powertrain architecture for the urban Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) segment, leveraging the compact JLA-2 opposed-piston (OP) engine paired with the reconfigurable JLA-T mild-hybrid architecture. Within SAE literature, OP engines are consistently associated with simplicity. As highlighted by Tom Ryan III (2008 SAE President) in the foreword of Opposed Piston Engines: Evolution, Use, and Future Applications, this architecture is characterized by its manufacturing simplicity” and described as a “relatively simple, robust, and cost effective” power unit solution. The present work builds on this established view. The JLA-2 engine solves traditional packaging constraints by reducing the block width by 30% for horizontal installation and is volumetrically self-sufficient, eliminating external compressors. Although the gear train required for crank synchronization introduces design challenges, explicitly accounted for in our model, the elimination of the cylinder
Nigro, Norberto, Aguerre, Horacio, Carignano, Mauro Guido, Alonso, José Luis, Juni, Carlos A.
Passive Soot Regeneration Observations on a GPF Equipped Vehicle for PM Exhaust Emission Control2026-01-03664/7/2026
An on-road study has been conducted where a modern vehicle with a 3L turbocharged, PFDI gasoline engine was upfitted with appropriately sized uncoated GPFs for soot capture in a dual-bank exhaust line. The tested GPFs, whether clean or pre-loaded, were weighed to track their soot-load trends between representative real-world driving routes, where sensor data and exhaust temperature data was recorded. Thus, characterization of the passive soot regeneration process in the uncoated GPF was linked to elevated temperatures and vehicle drive cycles speeds.
Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason
Analyzing Fastened Joints in Hydraulic Dampers Using Simulation and Experimental Methods2026-01-05854/7/2026
The main purpose of this study is to develop and validate an accurate calculation model for a hydraulic damper piston valve joint, enabling reliable torque specification and clamp behavior without full prototype iteration. Joint stiffness is a primary interest point. The joint features a bolted interface with a laminated shim stack of many thin disks with varying outer diameters. Analysis of such joints are uncommon in literature, making it challenging to quantify the effects of load distribution, truncation, and surface contact effects between members. The proposed models discussed in this paper are based on frustum load distribution combined with annular-plate bending and elastic-foundation effects to capture the effects of washer cupping. Concrete outputs of the calculator include member load distribution, bolt and member stiffnesses, torque-to-preload relationships, and an external-load simulation that predicts when individual members lose clamp load. Detailed internal hydraulic
Dresen, Gabriel, Vollmar, Race, Roy Chowdhury, Sourav
Investigation of In-Cylinder Cycle-to-Cycle Variation Using PIV, LIF and RANS Simulation2026-01-02994/7/2026
Cycle-to-cycle variation (CCV) of combustion is an issue that inevitably arises in internal combustion engines. There is a need to clarify and improve the situation, as well as predict it using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This study involved carrying out experimental analyses of the factors that cause combustion cycle fluctuations, as well as predicting the CCV of gas flow using RANS. To elucidate the CCV in gas flow and combustion within gasoline engine, simultaneous TR-PIV, PLIF and direct-photography of flame propagation were performed using an optical single-cylinder engine, CCV prediction model for gas flow using RANS was verified. The results revealed the following: The variation in the equivalence ratio per cycle has little effect on initial combustion but does influence IMEP. Evaluating the laminar flame speed, SL and turbulent flame speed, ST as factors determining initial combustion revealed almost no correlation with SL, while moderate correlations were observed
Hokimoto, Satoshi, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Kuboyama, Tatsuya
Flame Velocity and Combustion Behaviour of Ammonia–Hydrogen Blends: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Study2026-01-03204/7/2026
Ammonia is emerging as a promising energy vector for decarbonising the maritime sector. However, its low flame speed can lead to incomplete combustion, reduced engine efficiency, and increased emissions of unburned ammonia (NH3). Blending hydrogen with ammonia helps to address these issues, but the fundamental combustion characteristics of such mixtures remain insufficiently understood. This study examines the combustion dynamics of an NH3–H2 blend containing 30% hydrogen at 3 bar initial pressure. Experiments were performed in a 1.2 L optically accessible constant-volume combustion chamber fitted with a wall-mounted surface spark plug. High-speed shadowgraph imaging with 6,000 fps captured the flame evolution throughout the combustion process. The pressure and temperature values were monitored using piezoresistive pressure transducers and K-type thermocouples. Combustion times and flame extensions were extracted via post-processing of flame images using custom MATLAB algorithms. The
Bodur, Tuna Murat, Bowling, William, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Fuel Consumption for Off-Road Powertrains2026-01-02964/7/2026
Simultaneously reducing criteria pollutants and fuel consumption is important for clean air and improving vehicle total cost of ownership. The goal of this effort was focused on a 90% NOx reduction and 10% fuel savings for an off-road 407 kW diesel engine. The baseline was a production Fiat Powertrain 13L engine and aftertreatment system meeting 0.4 g/kW-hr NOx. The baseline system was quantified over the NRTC, RMC, new low load cycle and five field cycles. A next generation engine was built incorporating several fuel-efficient design features, including a higher compression ratio, increased fuel-rail pressure, low-friction piston rings, and a high-efficiency variable-geometry turbocharger. Cylinder deactivation and EGR pump technologies were added to this engine as well. The combination was optimized prior to adding advanced aftertreatment systems, showing the trade-off of engine out NOx and exhaust temperature. Two next-generation catalyst technologies were employed into a LO-SCR
McCarthy, Jr.,, James, Wine, Jonathan, Bradley, Ryan, Hasseman, Andy, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Howell, Thomas
Upstream Oxygen Sensor Signal Improvement Using the DFSS and Virtual Validation Approach2026-01-04864/7/2026
Combustion stability and emission control remain key challenges for gasoline engines, requiring robust oxygen sensing strategies. The primary function of the upstream exhaust oxygen sensor is to detect the oxygen concentration in exhaust gas for accurate air–fuel ratio control. However, poor signal visibility from individual cylinders across engine speeds can lead to improper combustion prediction and reduced engine efficiency. This work applies a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach to optimize the upstream oxygen sensor configuration in a 2.0 L four-stroke gasoline engine. Conventionally, sensor placement is completed by iterative testing and calibration, which is both time-consuming and cost intensive. The DFSS framework uses input, output, control, and noise factors. Exhaust gas mass flow rate from engine cylinders at different speeds is treated as the input, while the detected oxygen mass fraction is the output. Design parameters such as pipe length, pipe diameter, sensor
Dixit, Manish, Raja, Vinayak, Annabattula, Pallavi
Optimal Strategies for SI H2 Combustion System and Pre-Ignition Investigation through Advanced Optical Techniques2026-01-03244/7/2026
The rapidly transforming mobility sector is confronted with a dual challenge: achieving market expansion while significantly reducing emissions. Even if vehicle electrification tends to be favored in developed nations, it is widely acknowledged that no single solution is universally optimal. Within this context, hydrogen emerges as a compelling energy vector. It can be used both in fuel cells and internal combustion engines. This latter benefits from a well-known architecture and existing production infrastructures constituting a viable short-term and cost-effective solution especially for light or heavy-duty and off-road applications. In this context, investigation on the hydrogen spark-ignited internal combustion engine was performed, focusing especially on critical abnormal combustions. Indeed, during early development phase, abnormal combustion management was a challenge requiring the identification of the root cause of these issues. This work, based on the use of a versatile
Londos, Benoit, Bardi, Michele, Serrano, David, Laget, Olivier, Gautrot, Xavier, Bramoullé, Clément, Cordier, Matthieu
On-Engine Measurement of Automotive Turbocharger Turbine Blade Vibration2026-01-02014/7/2026
Automotive turbochargers are carefully designed to avoid resonance of the turbine blades and backwall, which can result in High Cycle Fatigue failures. Blade Tip Timing is an established technique which utilizes fiber optic probes to measure turbine blade displacements in real time on turbochargers spinning at upwards of 150,000 RPM. Historically, Blade Tip Timing measurements of automotive turbochargers have been made under steady-state conditions using a Hot Gas Stand. In an industry first, General Motors conducted testing of a turbocharger on a running gasoline engine to capture realistic exhaust pressure dynamics. A reference turbocharger was measured on an engine testbed running a production calibration; the same turbocharger was then tested on a Hot Gas Stand to observe how the blade behavior changed. Blade displacements were found to be lower on engine, because the dynamics of engine pulsation reduced the in-phase work available to drive the turbine blades, resulting in lower
SCHWARZ, JORDAN, Goodheart, Rachel, Tappert, Peter, DePaoli, Dominic, Longacre, Christian
Experimental Evaluation of After-Treatment Solutions for Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Vehicles to Meet Future CNVII Regulations2026-01-03764/7/2026
The heavy-duty truck market in China has seen a significant increase in the adoption of natural gas-powered engines over the past two years. Simultaneously, the anticipated release of the China VII emissions regulation proposal by the end of 2025 is expected to impose stricter emissions limits on all heavy-duty engines, including new particulate number (PN10) thresholds analogous to those in the Euro 7 regulation. While tailpipe oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and methane (CH4) emissions from natural gas engines can be mitigated through tighter lambda control and adjustments to catalyst volume and precious metal (PGM) loading, addressing NOx and particulate number (PN) emissions necessitate more advanced after-treatment solutions. Although natural gas combustion is virtually soot-free, the entrainment of lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, especially during cold-start conditions, poses a challenge, leading to potential exceedance of the proposed future China VII limits. Additionally
Gao, Jiahui, Besch, Marc, Ding, Ning, He, Suhao, Zhao, Yuxin, Yixiao, Li, Shen, Ye
Improving Transient Diesel Performance with E-Supercharging and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Controls2026-01-04444/7/2026
Torque transients are challenging for turbocharged diesel engines. Engine torque response is limited by the lag in air flow, restricting the rate at which fuel can be delivered to avoid high engine-out soot emissions. Electrified forced induction systems (EFIS) offer a solution to address this challenge. In this study, an electrified supercharger (e-supercharger) is utilized in addition to the stock turbocharger on a 4.5-L 4-cylinder diesel engine to create a two-stage boosting system. Two control strategies were studied for e-supercharger control during engine transients, a model-based single-input single-output (SISO) controller and a model-based robust multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller. Constant speed load acceptance (CSLA) experiments and emulated drive-cycles were performed to evaluate the performance of each control method. In-cylinder pressure measurements were acquired and apparent heat release calculations were performed and analyzed to better understand the
Vang, Nicholas, Rothamer, David, Ghandhi, Jaal, Ashta, Shubham, Qiu, Weijin, Rayasam, Sree Harsha, Shaver, Greg, Frushour, Bryan, Dou, Danan
Physics-Based Simulation for Sustainable Fuels Part 1: Simulation-Driven Hydrogen Engine Power Cylinder Unit Optimization and Experimental Confirmation2026-01-02784/7/2026
The demand for sustainable mobility and transportation is accelerating the adoption of alternative fuels, particularly hydrogen, in internal combustion engines. However, these engines present specific risks, such as flammable crankcase gas accumulation from blow-by and irregular combustion resulting from oil transport into the combustion chamber. Addressing these challenges requires advanced simulation tools to optimize power-cylinder-unit performance, specifically piston ring and gas dynamics. This study demonstrates the success of physics-based 2D simulation for hydrogen PCU design optimization, focusing on blow-by reduction and control of gas-flow-driven oil transport. Unlike commercial codes with adjustment and fitting parameters, the 2D simulation code – developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology and successfully applied by MAHLE over decades – is fundamentally physics-based, enabling direct predictive capability without empirical calibration. Leveraging the validated
Köser, Philipp, Moreira, Rui, Deuß, Thomas, Morgado, Leonardo
Development and Testing of a Concentric Tube Camshaft for Continuous Adjustment of Intake Valve Duration and Timing in Otto and Miller Cycle Operations03-19-02-00104/1/2026
The development of technologies capable of expanding the operational flexibility of internal combustion engines—particularly through advanced valve actuation strategies—has become essential for improving energy efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions. This work presents the design, manufacturing, and experimental evaluation of a novel, mechanically simple, and low-cost valve control system intended for spark-ignition engines originally designed to operate under the Otto cycle. The proposed innovation, designated VVT-D (Variable Valve Timing—Duration), introduces continuous and independent control of intake valve opening duration using a concentric tube camshaft architecture. Unlike conventional variable valve timing systems limited to phase control, the VVT-D concept enables continuous transition between Otto- and Miller-equivalent operating conditions by modulating intake valve duration as a function of engine load. This approach allows engine load control via Late Intake Valve
Alvares, Gabriel Coelho Rodrigues, Woiski, Emanuel Rocha, dos Santos, Paulo Sergio Barbosa, Kashani, Masoud Ghanbari, Gasche, José Luiz
Development of BYD Flat Engine for Luxury Hybrid Vehicles03-19-02-00072/24/2026
To meet the requirements of luxury hybrid vehicles regarding engine power, torque, size, and NVH performance, BYD independently developed a 2.0 T flat engine. Designs such as increased intake valve lift, widened intake valve profile, swept piston bowl, and extended exhaust backflow region optimized in-cylinder airflow, enabling the BYD flat engine to achieve a maximum power of 180 kW and a peak torque of 380 N·m. This engine is 820 mm in length, 430 mm in width, and 420 mm in height, saving approximately 45% in volume compared to a competitor engine. The lubrication challenges of the flat engine were addressed through the coordinated implementation of a dry sump system, a multifunctional oil pump, and piston ring orientation design. A novel parameterized modal analysis methodology (considering phase and amplitude) was used for optimizing NVH performance. In synergy with the sandwich-type soundproof plates and four-sided acoustic encapsulation, the noise level (1-m sound pressure level
Pan, Shiyi, Zhang, Nan, Wang, Qiang, Liu, Jun, Liu, Jing, Xu, Zhiqin, Zheng, Junli, Li , Cunshuo
Control Strategy and Dynamic Characteristics of a Hydrogen Opposed-Cylinder Free-Piston Engine Generator2026-01-50172/23/2026
Free-piston engine generator (FPEG), as a novel energy conversion device, has the advantages of good fuel adaptability and high energy utilization. Combustion variation between cycles poses a significant challenge to the running control of an FPEG. A hierarchical control strategy, including motion, combustion, and generation power controllers, is designed in this paper to achieve the stable and efficient running of a hydrogen-fueled opposed-cylinder FPEG prototype. Piston motion is controlled by adjusting the generation current, which is adjusted through iterative learning using piston displacement feedback and adaptive control using piston velocity feedback. Generating power is regulated by controlling the throttle opening angle, which is adjusted through iterative learning. A multidisciplinary joint mathematical model is developed to simulate the dynamic characteristics and verify the control strategy. The simulation results reveals that the dead center position accuracy can be
Wang, Jiesheng, Liu, Liang, Xu, Zhaoping
The Membrane Engine: Concept, Model, and First Results03-19-01-00032/12/2026
This study investigates the feasibility of a novel internal combustion engine (ICE) architecture, termed the membrane engine, in which the conventional piston is replaced by a flexible elastic membrane. Although the concept appears in several patent documents proposing reduced friction, improved sealing, and lower heat losses, no empirical data has been published to support these claims. To the authors’ knowledge, this work presents the first membrane engine built and experimentally tested. The primary aim is to verify whether such an engine can operate as a functional ICE, regardless of its current efficiency or performance level. To support concept validation, a simplified mathematical model was developed to describe the membrane’s deformation and its effect on combustion chamber volume. Unlike conventional piston engines, the membrane introduces a pressure-dependent geometry, enabling a variable compression ratio. The model is not intended to predict performance but to assist in
Allmägi, Roland, Ilves, Risto
Computational Fluid Dynamic and Fatigue Analysis of Turbocharger Turbine Wheel2026-28-00702/12/2026
Turbochargers are essential for improving engine efficiency by compressing air and delivering it to the engine at higher pressure, thereby increasing power output. The turbine wheel in a turbocharger operates under severe mechanical and thermal stresses, making it highly susceptible to fatigue failure, which can occur even under conditions below the rated operating load. To ensure long-term reliability, detailed analysis of the turbine’s fatigue life is essential. This study combines computational fluid dynamics with fatigue analysis to predict the performance and lifespan of a turbocharger's turbine wheel, with a focus on Inconel alloys known for their durability in extreme conditions. A numerical mesh analysis, employing 1,165,610 nodes, was conducted to achieve convergence for both temperature and stress evaluations, leading to the selection of a 2 mm mesh size. Pressure contours at the turbine-fluid interface revealed a pressure range between 1.09 and 1.05 bar, with most of the
Chelladorai, Prabhu, Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, G, Naresh, T J, Sreejaun
Experimental Study of Entrainment by Hydrogen-Like Impinging Jets of Various Types in a Confined Compartment03-19-01-00062/9/2026
Recent literature has highlighted significant heat transfer losses and elevated particle formation in direct-injection hydrogen engines, particularly when compared to hydrocarbon fuels such as methane. These challenges are attributed to hydrogen’s unique physicochemical properties, notably its short flame quenching distance and high diffusivity, as well as the interaction between the hydrogen jet and lubricated cylinder surfaces, which promotes lubricant entrainment into the combustion chamber. Consequently, a fundamental understanding of these entrainment mechanisms is a prerequisite for developing engineering strategies to enhance thermal efficiency and mitigate particle formation. The reported study investigates gaseous jet–air interaction in a confined volume to elucidate the influence of injector geometry on jet propagation and air entrainment. Three distinct jet configurations were examined: the wide hollow-cone, the narrow hollow-cone, and the round jets. The jet evolution and
Ben David Holtzer, Ben Binyamin, Tartakovsky, Leonid
TwinAV: Valve Timing Strategy for Divided Exhaust Periods in Turbocharged Spark-Ignition Engines: A Simulation-Based Evaluation03-19-01-00022/6/2026
Turbocharging is a common and simple method to utilize the exhaust heat of an internal combustion engine. However, conventional turbocharging exhibits the drawback of exhaust gas backpressure and thus increased residual gas mass in the cylinder. A promising concept to increase optimum efficiency is found in the TwinAV concept, which assigns divided exhaust valve cam timing and exhaust manifold configuration. This concept is hypothesized to reduce the static backpressure in the gas exchange loop and the residual exhaust gas amount in the gas exchange phase. In this article, a 1D simulation model was adapted to an existing 4-cylinder gasoline TC engine. Subsequently, the engine concept was applied to this engine model, whereas the focus was to achieve an engine layout for the entire engine speed range applicable for use in passenger vehicles. The results were compared at the full RPM range. Also, a load variation was conducted and benchmarked. The found results show an additional
Gotter, Andreas, Gotter, Alexander
Rewriting the engineer's playbook: What OEMs must do to spin the AI flywheel26AUTP02_042/1/2026
The automotive industry's future hinges on a new AI-native engineering workflow that accelerates iteration, strengthens system thinking, and preserves human judgment. Automotive development cycles are compressing at a pace the industry has never seen. The shift to all-electric fleets of software-defined vehicles is moving faster than traditional processes can absorb. In parallel, regulatory pressure and customer expectations keep rising, demanding greater performance, higher safety, better energy efficiency, and sharper competitiveness. In this environment, OEMs R&D competitiveness depends on three factors: How quickly teams can explore and iterate on design choices while delivering differentiated value, product performance, and cost efficiency. How early system-level interactions can be detected, before they turn into delivery friction or costly late-stage failures. How effectively a company can encode and scale its internal engineering know-how into lean development processes.
Allard, Théophile
Unveiling the Dynamics of Methanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Compression Ignition Combustion: A Synergistic Experimental and Numerical Study2026-26-01101/16/2026
The pressing global need for de-fossilization of the transport sector, especially within the heavy-duty segment, has intensified the exploration of alternative clean fuels. In this context, methanol gained traction due to their renewable production pathways, carbon-neutrality, and are being highly promoted by the Indian government to reduce CO2 emissions. Dual direct injection compression ignition (DDICI) is an effective combustion strategy to use methanol in heavy-duty engines, which combines the advantage of high-efficiency compression ignition with the clean-burning potential of methanol. In contrast to spark-ignited premixed methanol engines, this strategy involves a diffusion combustion of the methanol flame, thereby eliminating knocking and enabling running with high compression ratios. This experimental and numerical study presents a comprehensive investigation into the DDICI strategy using methanol as primary fuel and diesel as a pilot for ignition assistance. The work
Singh, Inderpal, Dhongde, Avnish, Raut, Ankit, Güdden, Arne, Emran, Ashraf, Berry, Sushil
Engine Management System Strategies for Mitigating Dual Mass Flywheel Resonance in Gasoline Powertrains2026-26-00521/16/2026
In today’s fast paced and competitive automotive market, meeting the customer’s expectation is the key to any OEM. This has led to development of downsized high performance engines with refinement as an important deliverable. However developing such high output engines do come with challenges of refinement, especially higher torsional vibrations leading to transmission noise issues. Hence, it becomes important to isolate the transmission system from these high torsional vibration input. To address this, one of the most common method is to adopt Dual Mass flywheel (DMF) as this component dampens torsional vibrations and isolates the transmission unit from the same. While Dual Mass Flywheel assemblies do great job in protecting the transmission units by not allowing the oscillations to pass through them, they do have their own natural resonance frequency band close to the engine idle (low) engine speeds, which must be avoided for a continuous operation otherwise it may lead to Dual Mass
Raiker, Rajan, viswanatha, Hosur C, Jadhav, Aashish, Jain, Ojase, Jadhav, Marisha
Evaluation of Driveline NVH Performance Using Linear Dynamic Finite Element Simulation2026-26-03221/16/2026
Automotive driveline design plays an important role in defining a vehicle’s Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) characteristics. Driveline system, responsible for torque transfer from the engine/transmission to the wheels, is exposed to a wide spectrum of vibrational excitations. The industry’s shift toward turbocharged engines with fewer cylinders while maintaining the equivalent torque and power has led to increased low-frequency torsional vibrations. This paper presents some key design considerations to drive the NVH design of a driveline system using linear dynamic FE simulations. Using an E-W All-Wheel Drive driveline architecture with independent suspension as a case study, the influence of various subsystem modes on driveline NVH performance is examined. The paper further explores the strategies for vibration isolation, motion control, and mode management to identify the optimal bushing rates and its location. Furthermore, it examines the ideal bushing specifications for
Joshi, Atul Kamalakarrao, Subramanian, MANOJ
Design & Analysis of Dual Mass Flywheel During Engine Startup Condition in 3 Cylinder Gasoline Application2026-26-03491/16/2026
Modern automotive powertrains are increasingly adopting engine downsizing and down speeding to meet stringent emission regulations and improving fuel efficiency However, these changes result in higher torsional vibrations excitation amplitudes and NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) refinement more challenging. With growing customer expectations for premium driving experiences conventional clutch is no longer sufficient. To meet the NVH performance targets of the vehicle Dual Mass Flywheels (DMFs) are used In DMF due to lower stiffness and inertia separation there is a greater advantage on torsional filtration in normal drive and idle condition. But the torsional resonance frequency of the connected DMF is lower than the idle RPM. Engine startup is a key drawback with DMF equipped vehicles. The proper tuning of starter motor performance & DMF stiffness is required to cross the resonance zone faster otherwise it will lead to DMF to stay in the resonance zone for a longer time leading
Jayachandran, Suresh Kumar, Vijayaragavan, Thirupathi, M, Devamanalan, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Ahire, Manoj, Vellandi, Vikraman
Improving Cold Start and Transient Performance of Medium BMEP CEV Stage V Engines at Low Ambient Temperature and Pressure2026-26-01421/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges, particularly concerning cold startability. Low ambient temperatures and pressures intensify the cold start difficulties which are characterized by prolonged cranking, incidences of misfiring, compromised transient response and overall engine performance. This paper highlights the strategies and technologies employed to enhance cold start and transient performance of medium BMEP engines under such demanding environmental conditions. Investigations were conducted up to an altitude of 4500m and ambient temperatures as low as-20°C, utilizing only air heater at intake manifold as the sole cold start aid. This cost effective approach is integrated with an optimized combustion chamber design, along with minimal pilot injection timing and quantity to facilitate smooth ignition and stable combustion during cold start. The paper also explore the techniques to improve the
Saxena, Harshit, Lokare, Prasad, Santhosh, Ajith, Gandhi, Naresh, Shinde, Prashant
Optimization of a Positive Displacement Type Supercharger Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM)2026-26-04291/16/2026
Air suction in a naturally aspirated engine is a crucial influencing parameter to dictate the specific fuel consumption and emissions. For a multi-cylinder engine, a turbocharger can well address this issue. However, due to the lack of availability of continuous exhaust energy pulses, in a single or two-cylinder engine, the usage of turbocharger is not recommended. A supercharger solution comes handy in this regard for a single or two-cylinder engine. In this exercise, we explore the possibility of the usage of a positive displacement type supercharger, to enhance the air flow rate of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, diesel engine for genset application, operating at 1500 rpm. The supercharger parametric 3D CAD model has been prepared in Creo, with three design parameters i.e. (a) Generating radius, (b) depth of blower and (c) clearance between lobes & lobe and casing. The optimum roots blower design is expected to fulfil the target boost pressure, power consumption and
Satre, Santosh Dadasaheb, Mukherjee, Nalini, Rajput, Surendra, Nene, Devendra
AI-Driven Stress and Fatigue Life Prediction of Engine Connecting Rods Using Geometric Deep Learning2026-26-06331/16/2026
The structural integrity and fatigue life of engine connecting rods are critical to ensuring reliability and performance in internal combustion (IC) engines. Traditional Finite Element Analysis (FEA) methods for stress and life prediction are computationally expensive, requiring extensive simulation time for varying loading conditions. This study proposes an Advanced AI-driven approach using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) which is subset of Geometric deep learning (GDL) to predict stress distribution and fatigue life of a connecting rod based on historical simulation data. The methodology involves training on past high-fidelity FEA results, enabling the model to learn spatial stress patterns and fatigue behavior across different design variations and loading conditions. Unlike traditional models, GNNs effectively captures the geometric and topological dependencies inherent in the connecting rod structure, providing robust predictions with minimal computational overhead. Experimental
Pathan, Mohammed Shakil, K, Karthikeyan, Pilla, Sashanka, S Kangde, Suhas
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