Browse Topic: Manifolds

Items (1,337)
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, KaleemuddinChaudhari, SandipKhairnar, GirishKatariya, RahulJagtap, PranjalBhoite, Vikram
Noise pollution is a significant concern for global automotive industries which propels engineers to evolve new methods to meet passenger comfort and regulatory requirements. The primary purpose of an intake manifold in an automotive vehicle is to allow the passage of clean air for combustion and reduce the noise generated due to engine pulsations. This work proposes a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach to optimize the intake manifold for better acoustic performance without compromising performance for a 3.6 L four-stroke engine for a Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Conventionally, intake manifold design has been an iterative process. It involves repetitive testing to arrive at an optimum design. The intake manifold must be designed for better acoustics and engine performance, complicating the design process even more. The DFSS approach has input, output, control, and noise factors. Air-borne noise coming from the engine at different speeds is the input, and the throttle body
Dixit, Manish
The paper illustrates the process and steps in the development of a neural network-based economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for reducing diesel engine feed gas emissions. This MPC controller performs fuel limiting and modifies intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate set-points to the inner loop air path controller to reduce engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Soot emissions. We examine two Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) options for a control-oriented emissions model which are based on a multi-layer perception (MLP) architecture and a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. These RNN models are trained for use as prediction models in MPC. Both models are defined in input-output form, assuming that measurements/estimates of current values of NOx and Soot are available. We discuss and compare their training using PyTorch. The formulation of economic MPC is detailed, including the definition of the cost function and soft constraints
Zhang, JiadiLi, XiaoKolmanovsky, IlyaTsutsumi, MunecikaNakada, Hayato
Sound pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns for the global automotive industry. Air Induction System (AIS) plays an important role in engine performance and vehicle noise. An ideal design of AIS provides debris-free air for combustion and reduces the engine noise that is heard while snorkeling. This work aims to correlate low-frequency engine order noise prediction at the compressor inlet and snorkel inlet for a 2.0L I4 turbo engine of a Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) for better acoustic performance without compromising on engine performance. 1D simulation software GT-POWER, Simcenter 3D, and Hypermesh are used for this work. Transmission loss (TL) results with respect to the frequency of the air-box with ducts and intake manifold with charge air cooler are plotted from 0 to 1000 Hz. The air intake system TL results show a good correlation between 3D and 1D till 600 Hz. Compressor and snorkel noise simulation results, especially the firing order and its harmonic
Dixit, Manish
The significant mechanical features of aluminum alloy, including cost-effectiveness, lightweight, durability, high reliability, and easy maintenance, have made it an essential component of the automobile industry. Automobile parts including fuel tanks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake elements, and engine blocks are made of aluminum alloy. The primary causes of its engineering failure are fatigue and fracture. Aluminum alloys' fatigue resistance is frequently increased by surface strengthening methods like ultrasonic shot peening (USP). This article discusses the shot peening dynamics analysis and the influence of ultrasonic shot peening parameters on material surface modification using the DEM-FEM coupling method. Firstly, the projectile motion characteristics under different processes are simulated and analyzed by EDEM. The projectile dynamics characteristics are imported into Ansys software to realize DEM-FEM coupling analysis, and the surface modification characteristics of
Adeel, MuhammadAzeem, NaqashXue, HongqianHussain, Muzammil
This study addresses the control problem of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) system in the presence of unmatched perturbations. Most previous works have ignored the effect of actuating motor inductance, which results in an approximated model with a matched perturbation structure. However, if this assumption is not permitted, the ETV model turns into an exact model with unmatched perturbation and the control task becomes more challenging. In this article, a backstepping control design based on a quasi-sliding mode disturbance observer (BS-QSMDO) has been proposed to effectively reject the unmatched perturbation in the ETV system. A rigorous stability analysis has been conducted to prove the ultimate boundedness for disturbance estimation error and tracking error. The key to this proposed observer-based control design is to obtain a robust and chattering-free controller based on a quasi-sliding mode methodology. The proposed quasi-sliding mode observer works to estimate the unmatched
Hameed, Akram HashimAl-Samarraie, Shibly AhmedHumaidi, Amjad Jaleel
Recognizing the significant challenges inherent in the analysis of periodic gas flow through reciprocating engines, one can easily appreciate the value of studying the steady flow through cylinder heads, manifolds, and exhaust systems. In these studies, flow benches are the cornerstone of the experimental apparatus needed to validate theoretical results or to perform purely experimental analysis. The Metal-Mechanics Department of IFSC owns a SuperFlow model SF-110 flow bench that has suffered some in house maintenance and received electronic sensors to allow computerized data acquisition. As the essential original sensors in this flow bench were liquid column manometer (for pressure difference across the test subject) and micromanometer (for pressure difference across the orifice plate used to measure the flow), the essential new sensors are electronic differential pressure sensors (installed in parallel with the original ones). In recent decades, however, the use of a mass air flow
Vandresen, Marcelodos Santos, Luciano Amaury
SAE Formula Student Car Organization mandates the installation of a 20mm diameter restrictor between the throttle body and the engine inlet. The primary objective of this restrictor is to regulate and reduce the mass flow of air into the engine inlet. To achieve this, a venture nozzle has been selected as the ideal component, to decrease air pressure while simultaneously increasing velocity within the intake manifold. This research project focuses on optimizing the restrictor by strategically adjusting the convergent and diverging angles. To enhance the restrictor's efficiency, a comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted, exploring a wide range of convergent angles from 12° to 24° and divergent angles spanning from 4° to 8°. The analysis was performed using CFD Fluent within the ANSYS Workbench platform. Following an extensive series of CFD simulations, the optimal angle combination was found to be a converging angle of 20° combined with a divergent angle
Sathishkumar, A.Soundararajan, R.Ram Kumar, S. K.Mahi Kaarthik, G.Raj Vigneshwar, R.Feroz Ali, L.
This study examines performance metrics and emission profiles of Kirloskar TV1 CI engine fuelled with blend containing waste transformer oil (WTO) biodiesel (40%), n-Heptane (10%), and diesel (50%) by volume (referred to as WTO40H10D50), with additional 10 lpm of hydrogen induction in the intake manifold. Effects of varied injection of fuel timing (19°, 21°, and 23°bTDC) and injection pressure (170, 210, and 240 bar) of WTO40H10D50 on diesel engine were analyzed at 100% engine loading condition. The findings indicate that an injection timing of 23°bTDC and an IP of 240 bar yield the highest BTE and lowest BSEC, suggesting optimal energy conversion efficiency. The influence of inducted H2 resulted in the lowest smoke opacity and HC emissions, demonstrating more complete and cleaner combustion. The results indicate at 23° bTDC of injection timing and 240 bar injection pressure produced best overall performance, with highest brake thermal efficiency and the lowest brake specific energy
Veeraraghavan, SakthimuruganPalani, KumaranDe Poures, Melvin VictorMadhu, S.
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are one potential green energy option for fuel cells, which are becoming more popular in the energy production industry. Despite the fact that it continues to draw a lot of interest, many obstacles, such as enhancing performance, boosting durability and reducing cost are impeding the fuel cells commercialization. Air/hydrogen feed has an impact on the fuel cell performance; as a result, the cathode side of the fuel cell supply manifold pressure must be regulated. Substantial power is used when operating at maximum load, and fuel cells may experience oxygen starvation due to inadequate air. Maintaining a quick and adequate air concentration in the fuel cell cathode is essential to avoiding oxygen starvation and maximizing durability. In this paper, to solve the issues of oxygen starvation in a PEM fuel cell, various fractional order control strategies are developed, and comparative analysis is done to maintain the supply manifold pressure based
A, AdithyaShaik, AmjadCHIKATI, RAMBABU
For the purpose of achieving carbon-neutrality in the mobility sector by 2050, hydrogen can play a crucial role as an alternative energy carrier, not only for direct usage in fuel cell-powered vehicles, but also for fueling internal combustion engines. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of high-pressure hydrogen injection and the mixture formation inside a high-tumble engine with a conventional liquid fuel injector for passenger cars. Since the traditional 3D-CFD approach of simulating the inner flow of an injector requires a very high spatial and temporal resolution, the enormous computational effort, especially for full engine simulations, is a big challenge for an effective virtual development of modern engines. An alternative and more pragmatic lagrangian 3D-CFD approach offers opportunities for a significant reduction in computational effort without sacrificing reliability. The detailed and the lagrangian approach are both validated against optical measurements
Schmelcher, RobinKulzer, AndreGal, ThomasVacca, AntoninoChiodi, Marco
This study emphasizes the importance of CAE approach in optimizing EGR tube under vibrational load. EGR tube is a weak link in the EGR system and chances of failure due to vibration and relative displacement of mating parts, i.e., overhang or improper support at exhaust manifold, intake manifold, or EGR system. Consideration of the mating parts for the EGR tube is very important to get the realistic resonance frequencies, otherwise it could have some different results in the CAE, which will deviate from the reality. So, it’s important to study the dynamic response on the EGR tube, which needs to be taken care during the design phase. This paper aims to optimize the EGR tube under vibrational load by using CAE techniques and the industry experience as a product expertise. some critical parameter such as damping is very important during the CAE, which can be generated by doing the rigorous testing and how it affects the stress and correspondingly FOS. CAE model of EGR tube is created on
Munde, GaneshChattaraj, SandipHatkar, ChandanThakur, Abhishek Kumar
The reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ever stricter regulations on pollutant emissions in the transport sector require research and development of new, climate-friendly propulsion concepts. The use of renewable hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines promises to provide a good solution especially for commercial vehicles. For optimum efficiency of the combustion process, hydrogen-specific engine components are required, which need to be tested on the test bench and analysed in simulation studies. This paper deals with the simulation-based investigation and optimisation of fuel injection in a 6-cylinder PFI commercial vehicle engine, which has been modified for hydrogen operation starting from a natural gas engine concept. The focus of the study is on a CNG-derived manifold design which has been adapted with regard to the injector interface and is already equipped with so-called gas injection guiding tubes for targeted fuel injection in front of the
Jung, Philipp EmanuelGuenthner, MichaelWalter, Nicolas
The design of engine intake system affects the intake uniformity of each cylinder of the engine, which in turn has an important impact on the engine performance, the uniform distribution of EGR exhaust gas and the combustion process of each cylinder. In this paper, the constant-pressure supercharged diesel engine intake pipe is used as the research model to study the intake air flow unevenness of the intake pipe of the supercharged diesel engine. The pressure boundary condition at the outlet of each intake manifold is set as the dynamic pressure change condition. The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient flow process in the intake manifold of diesel engine is simulated and analyzed by using numerical method, and the change of the Intake air flow field in the intake manifold under different working conditions during the intake overlapping period is discussed. The dynamic effects of diesel engine intake boost pressure, rotated speed, and intake pipe geometrical
Yang, ShuaiYan, KaiLiu, HaifengFu, YahaoLiu, HairanLi, Tong
Aluminum alloy has become an indispensable part of the automotive industry because of its excellent mechanical properties such as lightweight, high strength, high reliability, maintainability, and low cost. Aluminum alloy is used in automobiles, such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake components, and fuel tanks. Fatigue and fracture are the main reasons for its engineering failure. Surface strengthening techniques, such as ultrasonic shot peening (USP), are often used to improve the fatigue resistance of aluminum alloys. This article expounds on the working principle of USP and elucidates the influence of USP process parameters on the surface characteristics of aluminum alloy. Experimental results observed the effects of USP parameters on surface properties such as surface roughness, microhardness, and surface morphology. The effects of shot peening (SP) diameter, vibration amplitude of ultrasonic vibrating head, and sample placement angle on the surface state of
Adeel, MuhammadAzeem, NaqashXue, Hongqian
Recently, the environmental temperature of vehicles is changing due to the electrification of vehicles and improved internal combustion engine system to reduce carbon emissions. However, mechanical properties of plastic materials change very sensitively to environmental temperature changes, and mechanical properties decrease when exposed to high temperatures. Therefore, it is important to estimate lifespan estimation of plastic parts according to temperature changes. In this paper, reliability analysis process to estimate the maximum service temperature of plastic parts was developed using aging data of material properties, environmental condition data of automotive parts, and field driving condition data. Changes in the mechanical properties of plastic materials such as glass fiber reinforced polyamide materials were tested. The environmental exposure temperature of the vehicle and parts was measured, and the general driving pattern of the vehicle was analyzed. Weibull aging model and
Youn, Jee YoungChung, Min GyunAhn, Hyo Sang
Dual-fuel engines powered by renewable fuels provide a potential solution for reducing the carbon footprint and emissions of transportation, contributing to the goal of achieving sustainable mobility. The investigation presented in the following uses a dual-fuel engine concept running on biogas (referred to as CNG in this paper) and the e-fuel polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME). The current study focuses on the effects of exhaust gas rebreathing and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on emissions and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A four-cylinder heavy-duty engine converted to dual-fuel operation was used to conduct the engine tests at a load point of 1600 min-1 and 9.8 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The respective shares of high reactivity fuel (HRF, here: OME) and low reactivity fuel (LRF, here: CNG) were varied, as were the external and internal EGR rates and their combinations. CNG was injected into the intake manifold to create a homogeneous air-fuel mixture
Jost, Ann-KathrinGuenthner, MichaelWeigel, Alexander
In the perspective of a reduction of emissions and a rapid decarbonisation, especially for compression ignition engines, hydrogen plays a decisive role. The dual fuel technology is perfectly suited to the use of hydrogen, a fuel characterized by great energy potential. In fact, replacing, at the same energy content, the fossil fuel with a totally carbon free one, a significant reduction of the greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and total hydrocarbon, as well as of the particulate matter can be obtained. The dual fuel with indirect injection of gaseous fuel in the intake manifold, involves the problem of hydrogen autoignition. In order to avoid this difficulty, the optimal conditions for the injection of the incoming mixture into the cylinder were experimentally investigated. All combustion processes are carried out on a research engine with optical access. The engine speed has is set at 1500 rpm, while the EGR valve is deactivated. The purpose of this work is to research the minimum
Mancaruso, EzioRossetti, SalvatoreVaglieco, Bianca Maria
This paper is part of a broader research project aiming at studying, designing, and prototyping a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine to achieve fast market implementation, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable costs. The ability to provide a fast market implementation is linked to the fact that the technological solution would exploit the existing production chain of internal combustion engines. Regarding the technological point of view, the hydrogen engine will be a monofuel engine re-designed based on a diesel-powered engine. The redesign involves specific modifications to critical subsystems, including combustion systems, injection, ignition, exhaust gas recirculation, and exhaust gas aftertreatment. Notably, adaptations include the customization of the cylinder head for controlled ignition, optimization of camshaft profiles, and evaluation of the intake system. The implementation incorporates additive manufacturing for the production of new intake manifolds and
Malagrinò, GianfrancoAccardo, AntonellaCostantino, TrentalessandroPensato, MicheleSpessa, Ezio
Airborne compression-ignition engine operations differ significantly from those in ground vehicles, both in mission requirements and in operating conditions. Unique challenges exist in the aviation space, and electrification technologies originally developed for ground applications may be leveraged to address these considerations. One such technology, electrically assisted turbochargers (EATs), have the potential to address the following: increase the maximum system power output, directly control intake manifold air pressure, and reignite the engine at altitude conditions in the event of an engine flame-out. Sea-level experiments were carried out on a two-liter, four-cylinder compression-ignition engine with a commercial-off-the-shelf EAT that replaced the original turbocharger. The objective of these experiments was to demonstrate the technology, assess the performance, and evaluate control methods at sea level prior to altitude experimentation. This work covers the baseline
Pope, AaronKim, KennethSchroen, ErikClerkin, PeterMusser, MarshallMattson, JonathanMeininger, RikGibson, JosephKang, Sang-GukKruger, KurtHepp, KyleKweon, Chol-Bum
Exhaust manifold in engine is used to transfer the hot exhaust gas from cylinder head to the turbocharger with minimum pressure loss and to support the turbocharger assembly. This puts manifold under intense thermal and mechanical loading and makes the design very complex. While designing the manifold, resonance of the system must be avoided, and thermo-mechanical fatigue life expectations must be met. Different engine applications would call for multiple turbocharger configuration and orientations to be considered in the design layout for system level resonance assessment. This paper talks about the failure investigation of the manifold which was designed for High mount rear out (HMRO) turbo orientation and then used with high mount front out (HMFO) layout in road miller application resulted into the manifold failures. Root cause identified was mechanical fatigue caused by resonance vibration at machine operating modes in the presence of very high mean stress from thermal expansion of
Kale, PradnyaPotdar, VivekThakur, Anil GaneshsinghPaygude, Sachin
In the automotive industry, thermal management plays a very important role to solve the problems of energy saving and emission. The under hood thermal management is one of the critical aspects in vehicle thermal management since it caters to critical aspects of engine cooling, charge air cooling, air conditioning and turbocharger cooling. The appropriate thermal management of these critical components is necessary for ensuring the appropriate performance by the vehicle. Hence, under-hood thermal management is the core of the integrated vehicle thermal management. In the thermal management analysis approaches, the numerical simulation is widely adopted as an important approach. Hence, in this paper a model is developed in MATLAB to handle 1D parametric analysis of the cooling system, while reducing the testing time and resources taken for the product development. The developed model can be used to evaluate multiple aggregate options for CAC, Radiator, Engine, Fan etc. The model predicts
P V, NavaneethPrasad, Suryanarayana A NML, Sankar
The evolution of materials technology has provided in recent decades the replacement of the raw material of many parts made of metal by polymers, carbon fibers, ceramics, and composite materials. This process has been driven by the permanent need to reduce weight and costs, which, even after replacing raw materials, still demand permanent improvement and optimization in the sizing process and in the manufacturing process. In the automotive industry, many components have been replaced by fiber-reinforced polymers, from finishing parts to structural components that are highly mechanically stressed and often also subjected to high temperatures. Although they are lighter and have a lower final cost than conventional metallic parts, components made of fiber-reinforced polymers bring great technological challenges to the development project. Within this context, computational modeling is an indispensable ally for obtaining a product capable of meeting the severe conditions required for its
Bueno, Estela Mari RicettiHiga, ArmandoBazaneli, José Augusto
The use of green hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is a cleaner alternative to conventional fuels for the automotive industry. Hydrogen combustion produces only water vapor and nitrogen oxides, which can be avoided with ultra-lean operation, thus, eliminating carbon emissions, from a tank-to-wheel perspective. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of hydrogen injection timing and duration on the homogeneity of the hydrogen-air mixtures. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed to analyze the distribution of air-fuel ratios along the engine's combustion chamber. The simulation software was CONVERGE 3.0, which offers the advantage of automatic mesh generation, reducing the modeling efforts to adjusting the operating conditions of the studied case. Before comparing the injection parameters, a mesh independence test was conducted along with model validation using experimental data. To properly evaluate the start of
Pasa, Bruno RobertoFagundez, Jean Lucca SouzaMartins, Mario Eduardo SantosSalau, Nina Paula GonçalvesCogo, Vitor VielmoPrante, Geovane Alberto FrizzoWittek, Karsten
This work for the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) explores dependencies on the opportunity for fuel to impinge on internal engine surfaces (i.e., fuel–wall impingement) as a function of fuel properties and engine operating conditions and correlates these data with measurements of stochastic preignition (SPI) propensity. SPI rates are directly coupled with laser–induced florescence measurements of dye-doped fuel dilution measurements of the engine lubricant, which provides a surrogate for fuel–wall impingement. Literature suggests that SPI may have several dependencies, one being fuel–wall impingement. However, it remains unknown if fuel-wall impingement is a fundamental predictor and source of SPI or is simply a causational factor of SPI. In this study, these relationships on SPI and fuel-wall impingement are explored using 4 fuels at 8 operating conditions per fuel, for 32 total test points. The fuels were directly injected at two different injection timings: an earlier injection
Splitter, DerekBoronat Colomer, VicenteNeupane, SnehaPartridge, William
Catalytic converters, which are commonly used for after-treatment in SI engines, exhibit poor performance at lower temperatures. This is one of the main reasons that tailpipe emissions drastically increase during cold-start periods. Thermal inertia of turbocharger casing prolongs the catalyst warm-up time. Exhaust enthalpy management becomes crucial for a turbocharged direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine during cold-start periods to quickly heat the catalyst and minimize cold-start emissions. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), because of their low thermal inertia, reach higher surface temperatures faster than metal walls, thereby blocking heat transfer and saving enthalpy for the catalyst. The TBCs applied on surfaces that exchange heat with exhaust gases can increase the enthalpy available for the catalyst warm-up. A system-level transient heat transfer study using experimental or high-fidelity simulation techniques to evaluate the TBC application on various surfaces would be
Ravikumar, AvinashBhatt, AnkurGainey, BrianLawler, Benjamin
As engine technology developed continuously, engine with both turbocharging and EGR has been researched due to its benefit on improving the engine efficiency. Nevertheless, a technical issue has raised up while utilizing both turbocharging and EGR at the same time: excess condensed water existed in intake manifold which potentially trigger misfire conditions. In order to investigate the root-cause, a CFD model (conducted by CONVERGE CFD software) was presented and studied in this paper which virtually regenerated intake manifold flow-field with EGR condensed water inside. Based on the simulated results, it concluded that different initial conditions of EGR condensed water could significantly change the amount of water which deposited in each cylinder. Thus, a coefficient of variation of deposited condensed water amount among these cylinders, was marked as the evaluation reference of cylinder misfire. Theoretically, as this coefficient of variation reduced, the EGR condensed water from
Pan, ShiyiLi, GuantingWang, JinhuaZhang, NanXu, ZhiqinChen, ShanghuaChen, JunZhao, Shengwei
A 3.5-L natural aspiration engine was developed to enhance the environmental performance of V6 engines to be used in Honda’s North American market. This engine changes from the single overhead cam architecture for the cylinder head found in the previous engine to a double overhead cam architecture and adopted variable timing control intake and exhaust variable cylinder management for the valve system. This increased the degree of freedom in setting valve timing across the operating range compared to the past, increased the intake air volume in the high-load range, and realized reduction of pumping loss under low and medium load. The intake port, combustion chamber, and piston shape related to combustion have been newly designed to enhance in-cylinder flow. In addition, while following the cooling structure of previous engine, water channels were installed between the exhaust valves and between the cylinder bores to enhance the cooling performance of the combustion chamber. These
Kawawa, SatoshiTomitani, YukiNakashima, HiroakiImakita, AkioTaki, Shotaro
The autoignition chemistry of fuels depends on the pressure, temperature, and time history that the fuel-air mixture experiences during the compression stroke. While piezoelectric pressure transducers offer excellent means of pressure measurement, temperature measurements are not commonly available and must be estimated. Even if the pressure and temperature at the intake and exhaust ports are measured, the residual gas fraction (RGF) within the combustion chamber requires estimation and greatly impacts the temperature of the fresh charge at intake valve closing. This work replaced the standard D1 Detonation Pickup of a CFR engine with a rapid sampling valve to allow for in-cylinder gas sampling at defined crank-angle times during the compression stroke. The extracted cylinder contents were captured in an emissions sample bag and its composition was subsequently analyzed in an AVL i60 emissions bench. Carbon dioxide levels beyond atmospheric concentration directly identified the
Gonzalez, Jorge PulpeiroHoth, AlexanderKolodziej, Christopher P.Seong, Hee Je
The present research explores the application of biodiesel fuel in a stationary agricultural engine operated under the Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode. To achieve HCCI combustion, a fuel vaporizer and a high-pressure port fuel injection system are employed to facilitate rapid evaporation of the biodiesel fuel. The low volatility of biodiesel is one of the significant shortcomings, which makes it inevitable to use a fuel vaporizer at 380oC. Consequently, the charge temperature is high enough to promote advanced auto-ignition. Further, the high reactivity of biodiesel favors early auto-ignition of the charge. Besides, biodiesel exhibits a faster burn rate due to its oxygenated nature. The combined effect of advanced auto-ignition and faster burn rate resulted in a steep rise in the in-cylinder pressures, leading to abnormal combustion above 20% load. Diluting the charge reduces reactivity and intake oxygen concentration, facilitating load extension. This study explores
Bukkarapu, Kiran RajKrishnasamy, Anand
Although in the latest years the use of compression ignition engines has been a thread of discussion in the automotive field, it is possible to affirm that it still will be a fundamental producer of mechanical power in other sectors, such as naval and off-road applications. However, the necessity of reducing emissions requires to keep on studying new solutions for this kind of engine. Dual fuel combustion concept with methane has demonstrated to be effective in preserving the performance of the original engine and reducing soot, but issues related to the low flame speed forced researcher to find an alternative fuel at low impact of CO2. Hydrogen, thanks to its chemical and physical properties, can be a perfect candidate to ensure a good level of combustion efficiency; however, this is possible only with a proper management of the in-cylinder mixture ignition by means of a pilot injection, preventing uncontrolled autoignition events as well. Moreover, an effective injection strategy can
De Robbio, RobertaCameretti, Maria CristinaPalomba, MarcoTuccillo, RaffaeleMancaruso, Ezio
In this work, an ozone/air/gasoline mixture has been used as an alternative strategy to achieve a stable combustion in a spark ignition (SI) single cylinder PFI research engine. The air intake manifold has been modified to include four cells to produce ozone with different concentrations. In the research engine, various operating parameters have been monitored such as the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and composition of the exhaust gases, pressure and temperature of the mixture in the intake manifold, engine power and torque and specific fuel consumption. Experimental tests have been carried out under stoichiometric mixture conditions to observe the influence of ozone addition on the combustion process. The results show an advance and an increase of the in-cylinder pressure compared to the reference test-case, where a gasoline/air mixture is used. It is worth noting that, especially under stoichiometric condition, ozone concentration induces auto-ignition and knock. Thus, the
Anaclerio, FabioSaponaro, GianmarcoMancaruso, EzioMazzarella, CarloFornarelli, FrancescoMagi, VinicioCamporeale, Sergio
The hydrogen internal combustion engine is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based engines, which, in a short time, can reduce the carbon footprint of the ground transport sector. However, the high heat release rates associated with hydrogen combustion results in higher NOx emissions. The NOx production can be mitigated by diluting the in-cylinder mixture with air, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or water injected in the intake manifold. This study aims at assessing these dilution options on the emissions, efficiency, combustion performance and boosting effort. These dilution modes are, at first, compared on a single cylinder engine (SCE) with direct injection of hydrogen in steady state conditions. Air and EGR dilutions are then evaluated on a corresponding 4-cylinder engine by 0D simulation on a complete map under NOx emission constraint. On the SCE at 3000rpm and 10.7bar IMEP, air and EGR dilutions allow a high dilution rate, leading to a significant NOx reduction: from 2.8g
Rouleau, LoicNowak, LudovicDuffour, FlorenceWalter, Bruno
In order to reduce fuel consumption and polluting emissions from engines, alternative fuels such as hydrogen could play an important role towards carbon neutrality. Moreover, dual-fuel (DF) technology has the potential to offer significant improvements in carbon dioxide emissions for transportation and energy sectors. The dual fuel concept (natural gas/diesel or hydrogen/diesel) represents a possible solution to reduce emissions from diesel engines by using low-carbon or carbon-free gaseous fuels as an alternative fuel. Moreover, DF combustion is a possible retrofit solution to current diesel engines by installing a PFI injector in the intake manifold while diesel is injected directly into the cylinder to ignite the premixed mixture. In the present study, dual fuel operation has been investigated in a single cylinder research engine. The engine run at two engine speeds (1500 and 2000 rpm), and hydrogen has been injected in the intake manifold in front of the entrance of the tumble
Mancaruso, EzioRossetti, SalvatoreVaglieco, Bianca MariaDe Robbio, RobertaMaroteaux, Fadila
In urban roads the engine speed and the load vary suddenly and frequently, resulting in increased exhaust emissions. In such operations, the effect of air injection technique to access the transient response of the engine is of great interest. The effectiveness of air injection technique in improving the transient response under speed transient is investigated in detail [1]; however, it is not evaluated for the load transients. Load step demand of the engine is another important event that limits the transient response of the turbocharger. In the present study, response of a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine is investigated for different load conditions. Three cases of load transients are considered: constant load, load magnitude variation, and load scheduling. Air injection technique is simulated and after optimization of injection pressure based on orifice diameter, its effect on the transient response is presented. The results reveal that air injection into the intake manifold
Saad, Syed MohammadRummana, Asiya
The charge air cooler (CAC), which is placed between the compressor and the engine intake manifold (IM), is an important component in a turbocharged engine. It is essential to capture the temperature change, the pressure drop or the acoustical wave behavior of the charge air cooler in the one-dimensional(1D) simulation model for the predictive accuracy of engine performance and intake noise. In this paper, the emphasis is on the acoustic modeling of an intake manifold and charge air cooler assembly for the low frequency engine intake order noise. In this assembly, the core of the charge air cooler is embedded in the plenum of the intake manifold. The modeling and correlation process is comprised of three steps. First, the charge air cooler core is removed from the intake manifold and put into a rectangular box matching its envelope with a single air inlet and outlet, thereby simplifying the complex shape of the manifold with the different runner components. The acoustic transmission
Zhang, WeiguoLikich, MarkO'Hare, Daniel
An idle speed controller allows the engine to idle at the lowest possible RPM without stalling to support various power-consuming accessories. In this study, an idle speed control system is designed using a PID control strategy based on an engine model. The engine model was developed considering engine dynamics and various cylinder airflow calculation methodologies, such as Speed-density, Alpha-N, and Throttle-flow. The engine model was created in MATLAB Simulink. The model utilizes several calibrated lookup tables that were obtained using the model-based calibration (MBC) technique. A multi-cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine was calibrated using the MATLAB MBC Toolbox to generate real-time maps for idle speed control. This paper aims to investigate the performance of the developed idle speed controller for different cylinder airflow calculation methodologies. The idle speed control system was simulated for various load-torque disturbances to evaluate the controller's performance. The
SAHU, RAJESH KUMARSrivastava, Dhananjay Kumar
Modern automotive development evolves beyond artificial intelligence for highly automated driving, and toward an interconnected manifold of data-driven development processes. Widely used analytical system modelling struggles with rising system complexity, invoking approaches through data-driven system models. We consider these as key enablers for further improvements in accuracy and development efficiency. However, literature and industry have yet to thoroughly discuss the relevance and methods along the vehicle development cycle. We emphasize the importance of data-driven system models in their distinct types and applications along the developing process, from pre-development to fleet operation. Data-driven models have proven in other works to be fast approximators, of high accuracy and adaptive, in contrast to physics-based analytical approaches across domains. In consequence, we show the necessities and benefits of adopting such models by analyzing the current methods used in
Knödler, JulianKönen, ChristianMuhl, PhilipRudolf, ThomasSax, EricReuss, Hans-ChristianEckstein, LutzHohmann, Sören
Water injection has been used to reduce the charge temperature and mitigate knocking due to its higher latent heat of vaporization compared to gasoline fuel. When water is injected into the intake manifold or into the cylinder, it evaporates by absorbing heat energy from the surrounding and results in charge cooling. However, the effect of detailed evaporation process on the combustion characteristics under gasoline direct injection relevant conditions still needs to be investigated. Therefore, spray study was firstly conducted using a multi-hole injector by injecting pure water and water-methanol mixture into constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) at naturally aspirated and boosted engine conditions. The target water-fuel ratio was fixed at 0.5. Mie-scattering and schlieren images of sprays were analyzed to study spray characteristics, and evaluate the amount of water vaporization. The qualitative analysis of the water and water-methanol sprays demonstrated the inability of water
Zhai, JiachenMiganakallu Narasimhamurthy, NiranjanNaber, JeffreyLee, Seong-Young
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), like many other alternative fuels, has witnessed increased adoption in the last decade, and its use is projected to rise as stricter emissions regulations continue to be applied. However, much of its use is limited to dual fuel applications, gaseous phase injection, light-duty passenger vehicle applications, or scenarios that require conversion from gasoline engines. Therefore, to address these limitations and discover the most efficient means of harnessing its full potential, more research is required in the development of optimized fuel injection equipment for liquid port and direct injection, along with the implementation of advanced combustion strategies that will improve its thermal efficiency to the levels of conventional fuels. This paper focuses on the development of a liquid phase port-injection system for LPG, the design of a reference piston, and the baseline evaluation of the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of a single
Fosudo, ToluwalaseKar, TanmayWindom, BretSchlagel, JacobOlsen, Daniel
Given that it improves engine efficiency and performance, the intake manifold is regarded as a critical component of the internal combustion engine (ICE). The right fuel-air mixture intake, which depends on the material geometry of the intake manifold, allows for the burning of the desired fuel-air combination. The current study concentrates on the geometric modelling, structural analysis, and modal analysis of the intake manifold. By using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, static structural linear analysis and heat analysis were conducted to evaluate the structural safety. Following investigation, modal analysis revealed a minimum deformation of 56.34 mm at a frequency of 977.45 Hz and a maximum deformation of 104.22 mm at a higher frequency of 2518.1 Hz. According to study, the intake manifold structure is more vibration-resistant than cast iron when compared to aluminum and other materials. Cast iron and aluminum were used as the material for the thermal analysis. By looking
Srivastava, AshishRamesh, C. S.
The energy strategy of a country aims at efficiency, and security, providing access that is environmentally friendly and achieving an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. The energy produced from the waste could be an area of useful research work. In this research work, the Neat form of waste cooking oil (NWCO) fuel was effectively used in a compression ignition (C.I) engine. A single-cylinder, water-cooled, agricultural type, direct injection CI engine developing a power output of 3.54 kW at 1500 rpm was used throughout the research work. Fuel and Engine Level modification was used in this work. Copper Oxide (CuO) nanomaterial blended with the emulsified form of WCO. In that dual fuel mode, Ethanol was injected into the intake manifold as primary fuel and WCO as pilot fuel. The Ethanol energy share varies from 0 – 40 %. From the experimental results, it was concluded that neat WCO could be utilized for agricultural type CI Engine in a stable emulsified form of NWCO
Raja, SelvakumarMayakrishnan, JaikumarElumalai, SangeethkumarNandagopal, SasikumarR. S PhD, NakandhrakumarVelmurugan, Ramanathan
The control of the engine airpath is a constrained multi-objective tracking problem. Multiple control variables including Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Variable Nozzle Turbocharger (VNT) valve positions are simultaneously adjusted to accommodate fast, slow, and coupled nonlinear airpath dynamics. This work proposes a Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (NMPC) that exploits a convex and multi-rate prediction model for the real-time airpath control of a Compression Ignition engine equipped with dual-loop EGR and VNT. The benefits of the approach are verified using a simulation study against a EURO 6 production-line controller and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) implementation using a 480 MHz processor that is comparable to nominal Engine Control Units. The NMPC demonstrates improved control performances including reduced tracking error for intake manifold pressure, oxygen concentration, and torque by 12.23%, 21.45%, and 26.99%, respectively, as well as a 0.98% fuel economy improvement
Liu, ZihaoDizqah, ArashHerreros, JoseSchaub, JoschkaHaas, Olivier
A large quantity of fuel is injected into the cold manifold of the engine to enable a quick start. A substantial part of this fuel gets deposited on the manifold walls leading to the formation of a fuel pool. Improper fuel vaporization during the engine cold start leads to the formation of a large amount of HC emissions. In the present investigation, a small flexible polyamide strip heater was placed at a specific location where the fuel impingement happens to enhance fuel vaporization in a 4-stroke motorcycle engine. The heater was turned on 20 seconds before the engine started. A temperature controller was used to maintain the heater at 323 K. The emission data for 180 seconds from the engine start was measured. Initial tests were carried out without the heater to establish the baseline emissions. Later, tests were carried out with the heater switched on and compared. The results showed a 32 % reduction in cumulative HC emissions with the use of the heater. Additionally, it was also
Teja, RaviV, Avaneesh AthreyaM, HimabinduRayavarapu, Ravikrishna
The application of an alternative fuel such as hydrogen to internal combustion engines is proving to be an effective and flexible solution for reducing fuel consumption and polluting emissions from engines. An easy to use and immediate application solution is the dual fuel (DF) technology. It has the potential to offer significant improvements in carbon dioxide emissions from light compression ignition engines. The dual fuel concept (natural gas / diesel or hydrogen / diesel) represents a possible solution to reduce emissions from diesel engines by using low-carbon or carbon-free gaseous fuels as an alternative fuel. Moreover, DF combustion is a possible retrofit solution to current diesel engines by installing a PFI injector in the intake manifold while diesel is injected directly into the cylinder to ignite the premixed mixture. In the present study, dual fuel operation has been investigated in a single cylinder research engine. The engine run at two engine speeds (1500 and 2000 rpm
Mancaruso, EzioDe Robbio, RobertaVaglieco, Bianca Maria
In order to meet the emission requirements of the China VI regulations on natural gas (NG) engines, the China VI compliant NG engines generally adopt the equivalent combustion technology route with high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation (HP-EGR). However, the HP-EGR introduction mode heavily relies on engine exhaust pressure, which has negative impact on engine pumping work. In regards to this issue, study on an alternative EGR technology is very important to achieve high EGR introduction ability with low pumping work. In this research, an experimental study on an equivalent-NG engine used in extended-range hybrid vehicles was carried out. The influence of high-low-pressure EGR (HLP-EGR) technology on engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics was analyzed. The potential of HLP-EGR in improving engine economy and reducing emissions was explored. The test results showed that the HLP-EGR achieved a better combustion quality, due to better intake air mixing uniformity
Guan, WeiLin, TiejianNing, DeZhongSheng, Li
Light weighting in modern automotive powertrains call for use of plastics (PP, PA66GF35) for cam covers, intake manifolds and style covers, and noise encapsulation covers. Conventionally, in early stage of design these components are evaluated for static assembly loads & gasket compression loads at component level. However, engine dynamic excitations which are random in nature make it challenging to evaluate these components for required fatigue life. In this paper, robust methodology to evaluate the fatigue life of engine style cover assembly for random vibration excitations is presented. The investigation is carried out in a high power-density 4-cylinder in-line diesel engine. The engine style cover (with Polyurethane foam) is mounted on cam cover and the intake manifold using steel studs and rubber isolators to suppress the radiated noise. The style cover mounting ribs experience higher dynamic bending stresses due to the overhang of the mounting bosses from cam cover and intake
Soundarajan, AravamuthanYadav, VivekK, Karthikeyan
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1337