Browse Topic: Manifolds

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Hydrogen-Assisted Renewable Fuels RME and HVO in the Compression-Ignition Engine2025-32-0048To be published on 11/03/2025
The article presents the research results on performance, thermodynamic parameters, and toxic exhaust emissions from the combustion in a compression-ignition engine fueled by the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or the rapeseed methyl ester (RME), both with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, regular diesel fuel was used to obtain the reference data for comparing HVO, RME, and diesel fuel. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold of a CI engine with a compression ratio of 17. Typically, diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine initiates through its self-ignition, usually simultaneously occurring at many points across the engine cylinder. Hydrogen, as a very chemically reactive substance, can promote pre-ignition reactions and accelerate flame kernel formation, shortening the ignition lag. This is crucial in the case of the smooth running of the compression-ignition engine. Hydrogen was added at amounts not exceeding 7% by volume as regards air sucked into the engine cylinder. The heat
Szwaja, Stanislaw, Juknelevicius, Romualdas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Szymanek, Arkadiusz
Design optimization and calibration of a single-cylinder, motorcycle engine for integration into a novel Formula SAE electric hybrid powertrain2025-32-0045To be published on 11/03/2025
The Formula SAE competitions often drive changes in the automotive research field by developing, implementing and emphasizing new technologies for both on-road and on-track applications and by training future engineers, mechanics, logistics and administrative personnel. In this work, the adaptation of a motorcycle, single-cylinder engine for the installation in an electric hybrid car for Formula SAE races is described, focusing on the design of intake and exhaust parts and on the development of the fully open-access Engine Control Unit code. In the first part of the work, the 1-D model of the engine is developed and used to design the intake and the exhaust parts needed to make the Formula Student car rules compliant. In particular, the intake manifold and the intake ducts have been designed with the assistance of the engine model to optimize the engine response under transient conditions and to maximize the power. On the other hand, the exhaust line was designed to increase the
Brusa, Alessandro, Fabbri, Pietro, Shethia, Fenil, Bassani, Davide, Petrone, Boris, Cavina, Nicolo
Effect of hydrogen injection timing in a compression ignition engine operating in hydrogen diesel dual fuel mode2025-32-0051To be published on 11/03/2025
Stringent European CO2 emission regulations have stimulated the development of alternative technologies such as Dual Fuel (DF), which involves partially replacing fossil fuel with a low-carbon alternative. Hydrogen represents an ideal candidate for DF due to its properties, including the absence of carbon, high flame propagation speed, and high diffusivity. This study analyzes the combustion and performance of a 1L, naturally aspirated, three-cylinder in-line compression ignition off-road engine with a 17.5:1 compression ratio, originally equipped with a conventional diesel system and modified for diesel-hydrogen dual fuel operation. The conversion involved installing three PFI injectors in the intake manifold for hydrogen injection, attempting to minimize the volume between the intake valve and injector tip. Tests were conducted at a fixed engine speed of 2000 rpm, varying the engine load from 30% to 85% of maximum torque. The diesel contribution was maintained at 10%, while hydrogen
Rossetti, Salvatore, Mancaruso, Ezio
Impact of Oil Composition on Pre-Ignition in a Hydrogen Engine04-18-03-001810/10/2025
Pre-ignition (PI) is a common issue in internal combustion engines (ICE) with spark ignition. While the various causes have been identified with conventional fuels (such as gasoline or gasoline blends), the causes with hydrogen in ICE are not yet fully understood. This article presents the results of investigations into the influence of seven different lubricating oils on PI in a single-cylinder hydrogen research engine. The variation of two different parameters at two engine speeds were investigated: load and air/fuel mixture. For both variations, the tests start at the same conditions and run until the operating limit of the engine is reached (peak firing pressure, or maximum intake manifold pressure). The PI and knocking PI are investigated, while classifying them according to the peak cylinder pressure. It has been observed that enleanment above λ = 2.4 can lead to higher PI rates, while simultaneously reducing the knocking PI. During the load sweep at 2000 1/min, the highest
Pehlivanlar, Benjamin, Torkler, Michael, Fischer, Marcus, Göbel, Christoph, Pischinger, Stefan, Maulbetsch, Theo, Nübling, Fritz, Neumann, Stephan
Water Injection Effects on a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Spark Ignition Engine2025-24-005009/07/2025
Hydrogen engines have gained interest recently, as they present a promising alternative for decarbonizing heavy-duty transport, aligning with carbon neutrality regulations. This study investigates the effects of inlet manifold water injection on a heavy-duty hydrogen-fueled spark ignition single-cylinder engine, focusing on moderating abnormal hydrogen combustion and its impact on performance, thermal efficiency, and exhaust emissions. Water injection has been identified as a potential solution to mitigate the challenges associated with hydrogen combustion, such as pre-ignition and knock, by reducing the reactivity of the mixture (lowering temperature and increasing the dilution). The lower reactivity of the mixture allows running richer lambdas or higher compression ratios without spontaneous preignition, mitigating boosting requirements for full load and transient performance. Experimental results demonstrate that water injection significantly improves engine performance, thermal
Peñin Garcia, Alfonso Jose, Valls Claramunt, Carles, Rivas, Manuel, Birnstingl, Johannes, Wieser, Martin, Martin, Jaime, Novella, Ricardo
Influence of Crankcase Ventilation on Oil-Derived Emissions in a Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine2025-24-009409/07/2025
Crankcase ventilation has a dual influence over hydrogen accumulation in the crankcase and lubricant-derived emissions in hydrogen-fueled internal-combustion engines (H₂-ICEs), yet the magnitude of that influence is still poorly quantified. The present investigation addresses this gap by systematically varying crankcase ventilation flow rate and testing the influence of blowby routing on the emissions of a 2.3 L turbocharged, direct-injection H₂-ICE equipped with a variable-speed sump pump and two oil separators. The engine was held at four steady-state operating points spanning 2 500–3 500 rpm and 5–10 bar brake mean effective pressure, all under ultra-lean mixtures with global excess-air ratios between 2.6 and 3.2. At each point the crankcase ventilation system outlet mass flow was incremented from 6 to 20 kg/h. Elevating the flow diluted the in-crankcase hydrogen concentration from roughly 25 000 ppm to below 10 000 ppm, reducing the mixture to less than one-quarter of the lower
Bahhar, Anas, Berthome, Vincent, Mura, Ernesto, Chesse, Pascal, Perrot, Nicolas
AeroSolfd: Advancing Air Quality through Retrofitted Gasoline Particulate Filters – Insights from Laboratory and Real-World Evaluations2025-24-008809/07/2025
This article details the experimental and testing activities of the EU project AeroSolfd, with a particular focus on the project's efforts to reduce combustion-based nanoparticle emissions in exhaust gases for the European fleet of vehicles by developing a GPF retrofit solution. The technical activities undertaken the process of developing such a retrofit are examined in this article. The findings illustrate the viability of reducing nanoparticle levels in gasoline-powered vehicles with the utilization of appropriate GPFs. For this purpose, in addition to a fleet, four vehicles were examined in great detail and underwent the process of obtaining component approval for the particulate filter. The vehicles were measured in a preliminary state, then following the installation of the GPF, and subsequently after several months of continuous field operation. A total of four vehicles were selected for evaluation as a representative subgroup of a larger test fleet of vehicles in the project
Engelmann, Danilo, Mayer, Andreas, Comte, Pierre, Rubino, Lauretta, Larsen, Lars
Computational Fluid-Dynamics Analysis of the Effect of Ethanol-Air Mixture Supply in a Heavy-Duty Engine2025-24-002909/07/2025
As part of the Bio-FiRE-for-EVer research project aiming to propose a solution for off-grid charging stations based on the adoption of a reciprocating engine, this study investigated the combustion development and pollutant emissions of an 8.7 l six-cylinder heavy-duty PFI internal combustion engine fueled by ethanol. The reference experimental case features critical issues in the formation of the air-fuel, mainly due to the slow evaporation rate of the alcohol fuel inside the intake manifold via a single point injection, providing a non-uniform and averagely rich (λ=0.89) reactant mixture inside the cylinders. For this purpose, an in-depth analysis of the in-cylinder phenomena is performed by using a CFD solver for the reacting flow. A geometry of the cylinder system complete with intake and exhaust ducts is created for calculations with the three-dimensional Ansys FORTE code. The inclusion of the inlet duct in the computational domain allows the experiencing of several setups of the
De Robbio, Roberta, Cameretti, Maria Cristina, Palomba, Marco, Tuccillo, Raffaele
Manifold Configuration Effects on Root-Mean-Square Turbulent Velocity in a Spark Ignition Engine03-18-05-002907/09/2025
The present study aims to simulate the non-reacting flow within the cylinder of a two-stroke spark ignition internal combustion engine (SIE) utilizing gasoline direct injection (GDI). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was employed to forecast the turbulence levels of the in-cylinder flow, including the root-mean-square (RMS) turbulent velocity. The three-dimensional model was developed using ANSYS-FLUENT. The investigation examined the intake manifold inclination angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40° for two different types of single-intake port engines (I and II) and a single-type double-intake port engines, that are presented at an engine speed of 1500 rpm. The findings revealed that the highest RMS turbulent velocities occurred at a 30° inclination for the double-intake engine, while the single-intake engines (I) and (II) showed peak velocities at 0° and 10°, respectively. Furthermore, in single-intake engine (I), the RMS turbulent velocity was found to be 38.7% greater
Soliman, Mohab, Elbadawy, Ibrahim
“A Comparative Assessment of Port Fuel Injection and Direct Injection of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Efficiency, and Emissions”2025-01-023906/16/2025
With the transition toward low-carbon fuel-based transportation systems, hydrogen is becoming increasingly promising as a sustainable internal combustion engine (ICE) fuel. There are two pathways for introducing hydrogen: Port Fuel Injection (PFI) and Direct Injection (DI) in an engine, which greatly affect performance, efficiency, and emissions. In the Port Fuel Injection (PFI), hydrogen is introduced into the intake manifold and mixed with air before reaching the combustion chamber. This approach is preferred due to its affordability, ease of use, and compatibility with current engine configurations. Because of PFI's more uniform air-fuel mixture, combustion is smoother, and NOx emissions are reduced. On the other hand, it raises the possibility of pre-ignition, particularly when engine loads are high, and a decrease in volumetric efficiency due to a reduction in the volume of intake air as hydrogen replaces it. Direct injection gives exact control over the timing and volume of fuel
Ahirwar, Sachin, Kumar, Naveen
Indirect Blocked Force Measurement of a Hydraulic Power Pack for Structural Vibration Transmission into an Airframe2025-01-005205/05/2025
Centralization of electrically driven hydraulic power packs into the body of aircraft has increased attention on the noise and vibration characteristics of the system. A hydraulic power pack consists of a pump coupled to an electrical motor, accumulator, reservoir, and associated filter manifolds. In previous studies, the characteristics of radiated acoustic noise and fluid borne noise were studied. In this paper, we focus on the structure-borne forces generated by the hydraulic pump characterized through blocked force measurements. The blocked force of the pump was determined experimentally using an indirect measurement method. The indirect method required operation with part under test fixed to an instrumented receiver structure. Measured operational accelerations on the receiver plate were used in conjunction with transfer function measurements to predict the blocked forces. Blocked forces were validated by comparing directly measured accelerations to predicted accelerations at
Smither, Matthew, Tuyls, Zachary, Patel, Pratik, Yan, Xin, Herrin, David
Experimental Study of Port Water Injection System on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission2024-32-002504/18/2025
Vehicle emission standards have become more and more stringent and have driven the development of advanced engine design with low-cost emission control technologies. For small diesel engine which is used in three-wheel (3W) passenger and load carrying vehicles, it was major task to improve lower engine rpm torque and performance to comply with stringent exhaust emissions standard as well, especially for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions. Bharat Stage (BS) VI emission standards for three-wheel vehicles was implemented from April 2020 onwards in India. Water injection technology has proven advantageous for low-cost solution with Mechanical fuel injection system on small diesel engines, Intake port water injection is the easiest method to introduce water to engine cylinder, which calls for minimal modification of existing engine structure. In the present study 435cc naturally aspirated DI Diesel engine used for three-wheel vehicle was explored by adding water
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Katariya, Rahul, Jagtap, Pranjal, Bhoite, Vikram
Neural Network Based Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Reduction in Diesel Emissions2025-01-836904/01/2025
The paper illustrates the process and steps in the development of a neural network-based economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for reducing diesel engine feed gas emissions. This MPC controller performs fuel limiting and modifies intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate set-points to the inner loop air path controller to reduce engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Soot emissions. We examine two Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) options for a control-oriented emissions model which are based on a multi-layer perception (MLP) architecture and a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. These RNN models are trained for use as prediction models in MPC. Both models are defined in input-output form, assuming that measurements/estimates of current values of NOx and Soot are available. We discuss and compare their training using PyTorch. The formulation of economic MPC is detailed, including the definition of the cost function and soft constraints
Zhang, Jiadi, Li, Xiao, Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Tsutsumi, Munecika, Nakada, Hayato
A DEM-FEM Coupled Analysis of Ultrasonic Shot Peening Dynamics and Surface Modification Parameters in Aluminum Alloys2025-01-823904/01/2025
The significant mechanical features of aluminum alloy, including cost-effectiveness, lightweight, durability, high reliability, and easy maintenance, have made it an essential component of the automobile industry. Automobile parts including fuel tanks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake elements, and engine blocks are made of aluminum alloy. The primary causes of its engineering failure are fatigue and fracture. Aluminum alloys' fatigue resistance is frequently increased by surface strengthening methods like ultrasonic shot peening (USP). This article discusses the shot peening dynamics analysis and the influence of ultrasonic shot peening parameters on material surface modification using the DEM-FEM coupling method. Firstly, the projectile motion characteristics under different processes are simulated and analyzed by EDEM. The projectile dynamics characteristics are imported into Ansys software to realize DEM-FEM coupling analysis, and the surface modification characteristics of
Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian, Hussain, Muzammil
Intake Manifold Parametric Study to Optimize the Design for Acoustics using DFSS Approach2025-01-865104/01/2025
Noise pollution is a significant concern for global automotive industries which propels engineers to evolve new methods to meet passenger comfort and regulatory requirements. The primary purpose of an intake manifold in an automotive vehicle is to allow the passage of clean air for combustion and reduce the noise generated due to engine pulsations. This work proposes a Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) approach to optimize the intake manifold for better acoustic performance without compromising performance for a 3.6 L four-stroke engine for a Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Conventionally, intake manifold design has been an iterative process. It involves repetitive testing to arrive at an optimum design. The intake manifold must be designed for better acoustics and engine performance, complicating the design process even more. The DFSS approach has input, output, control, and noise factors. Air-borne noise coming from the engine at different speeds is the input, and the throttle body
Dixit, Manish
Correlation Study of Low-Frequency Engine Order Noise Prediction at Compressor Inlet for a PHEV and Resonator Tuning2025-01-864304/01/2025
Sound pollution has become one of the major environmental concerns for the global automotive industry. Air Induction System (AIS) plays an important role in engine performance and vehicle noise. An ideal design of AIS provides debris-free air for combustion and reduces the engine noise that is heard while snorkeling. This work aims to correlate low-frequency engine order noise prediction at the compressor inlet and snorkel inlet for a 2.0L I4 turbo engine of a Plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) for better acoustic performance without compromising on engine performance. 1D simulation software GT-POWER, Simcenter 3D, and Hypermesh are used for this work. Transmission loss (TL) results with respect to the frequency of the air-box with ducts and intake manifold with charge air cooler are plotted from 0 to 1000 Hz. The air intake system TL results show a good correlation between 3D and 1D till 600 Hz. Compressor and snorkel noise simulation results, especially the firing order and its harmonic
Dixit, Manish
Active Unmatched Disturbance Rejection Quasi-Sliding Observer for Electronic Throttle Valve System Based on Backstepping Control03-18-02-001102/10/2025
This study addresses the control problem of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) system in the presence of unmatched perturbations. Most previous works have ignored the effect of actuating motor inductance, which results in an approximated model with a matched perturbation structure. However, if this assumption is not permitted, the ETV model turns into an exact model with unmatched perturbation and the control task becomes more challenging. In this article, a backstepping control design based on a quasi-sliding mode disturbance observer (BS-QSMDO) has been proposed to effectively reject the unmatched perturbation in the ETV system. A rigorous stability analysis has been conducted to prove the ultimate boundedness for disturbance estimation error and tracking error. The key to this proposed observer-based control design is to obtain a robust and chattering-free controller based on a quasi-sliding mode methodology. The proposed quasi-sliding mode observer works to estimate the unmatched
Hameed, Akram Hashim, Al-Samarraie, Shibly Ahmed, Humaidi, Amjad Jaleel
An Integrated Material Science Approach to Evaluate the Viability of Ethoxy Ethane and Rubber Seed (Heavea Brasiliensis) Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines2025-28-013002/07/2025
The primary issues in using pure vegetable oils for internal combustion engines are their high soot output and reduced thermal efficiency. Therefore in the present investigation, a Heavea Brasiliensis biodiesel (HBB) is used as a carbon source of fuel and ethoxy ethane as a combustion accelerator on a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this investigation, an only one cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine with a rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was utilized. Whereas heavea brasiliensis biodiesel was delivered straightly into the cylinder at almost close to the end of compression stroke and ethoxy ethane was sprayed instantly in the intake manifold in the event of intake stroke. At various loads, the parameter of ethoxy ethane volume rate were optimised. To minimise exhaust emissions, an air plasma spray technology was employed to cover the engine combustion chamber with a thermal barrier coating. Because of its adaptability for high-temperature applications, YSZ (Yttria
Sagaya Raj, Gnana, Natarajan, Manikandan, Pasupuleti, Thejasree
Low-Cost Improvements of an Old Flow Bench and a Discussion of Replacing Orifice Plate by MAF in its Flow Measurement2024-36-007012/20/2024
Recognizing the significant challenges inherent in the analysis of periodic gas flow through reciprocating engines, one can easily appreciate the value of studying the steady flow through cylinder heads, manifolds, and exhaust systems. In these studies, flow benches are the cornerstone of the experimental apparatus needed to validate theoretical results or to perform purely experimental analysis. The Metal-Mechanics Department of IFSC owns a SuperFlow model SF-110 flow bench that has suffered some in house maintenance and received electronic sensors to allow computerized data acquisition. As the essential original sensors in this flow bench were liquid column manometer (for pressure difference across the test subject) and micromanometer (for pressure difference across the orifice plate used to measure the flow), the essential new sensors are electronic differential pressure sensors (installed in parallel with the original ones). In recent decades, however, the use of a mass air flow
Vandresen, Marcelo, dos Santos, Luciano Amaury
Evaluation of Waste Transformer Oil Biodiesel Blend with n-Heptane Additives for Engine Performance under Variable Injection Pressure and Timing2024-01-522312/10/2024
This study examines performance metrics and emission profiles of Kirloskar TV1 CI engine fuelled with blend containing waste transformer oil (WTO) biodiesel (40%), n-Heptane (10%), and diesel (50%) by volume (referred to as WTO40H10D50), with additional 10 lpm of hydrogen induction in the intake manifold. Effects of varied injection of fuel timing (19°, 21°, and 23°bTDC) and injection pressure (170, 210, and 240 bar) of WTO40H10D50 on diesel engine were analyzed at 100% engine loading condition. The findings indicate that an injection timing of 23°bTDC and an IP of 240 bar yield the highest BTE and lowest BSEC, suggesting optimal energy conversion efficiency. The influence of inducted H2 resulted in the lowest smoke opacity and HC emissions, demonstrating more complete and cleaner combustion. The results indicate at 23° bTDC of injection timing and 240 bar injection pressure produced best overall performance, with highest brake thermal efficiency and the lowest brake specific energy
Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Palani, Kumaran, De Poures, Melvin Victor, Madhu, S.
Performance Enhancement through Air Intake Restrictor Tuning by Fluid Flow Analysis for Formula Vehicle2024-01-520212/10/2024
SAE Formula Student Car Organization mandates the installation of a 20mm diameter restrictor between the throttle body and the engine inlet. The primary objective of this restrictor is to regulate and reduce the mass flow of air into the engine inlet. To achieve this, a venture nozzle has been selected as the ideal component, to decrease air pressure while simultaneously increasing velocity within the intake manifold. This research project focuses on optimizing the restrictor by strategically adjusting the convergent and diverging angles. To enhance the restrictor's efficiency, a comprehensive Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted, exploring a wide range of convergent angles from 12° to 24° and divergent angles spanning from 4° to 8°. The analysis was performed using CFD Fluent within the ANSYS Workbench platform. Following an extensive series of CFD simulations, the optimal angle combination was found to be a converging angle of 20° combined with a divergent angle
Sathishkumar, A., Soundararajan, R., Ram Kumar, S. K., Mahi Kaarthik, G., Raj Vigneshwar, R., Feroz Ali, L.
Towards Robust Hydrogen Combustion: Precise Lube Oil Consumption Measurement as an Enabler for Tackling Pre-Ignition2024-01-429011/05/2024
The use of carbon-free fuels, such as ammonia or hydrogen, or at least carbon neutral fuels, such as green methane or methanol is one of the most important paths in the development of low-carbon internal combustion engines (ICE). Especially for large, heavy-duty engines, this is a promising route, as replacing them with battery electric or fuel cell drives poses even greater challenges, at least for the time being. For some applications or areas of the world, small ICEs for trucks, passenger cars or off-road vehicles, operated with alternative fuels will still remain the means of choice. One of the biggest challenges in the development of hydrogen combustion engines is achieving high compression ratios and mean effective pressures due to combustion anomalies, caused by the low ignition delay and broad flammability limit of hydrogen. Oil droplets are considered to be one of the main triggers for pre-ignition and knocking. This paper will give a brief introduction, showing the results of
Rossegger, Bernhard, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin, Vareka, Martin
Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines04-18-01-000410/03/2024
The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined
Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas
Performance Evaluation of Various Fractional Order Control Strategies on a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell2024-28-009409/19/2024
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells are one potential green energy option for fuel cells, which are becoming more popular in the energy production industry. Despite the fact that it continues to draw a lot of interest, many obstacles, such as enhancing performance, boosting durability and reducing cost are impeding the fuel cells commercialization. Air/hydrogen feed has an impact on the fuel cell performance; as a result, the cathode side of the fuel cell supply manifold pressure must be regulated. Substantial power is used when operating at maximum load, and fuel cells may experience oxygen starvation due to inadequate air. Maintaining a quick and adequate air concentration in the fuel cell cathode is essential to avoiding oxygen starvation and maximizing durability. In this paper, to solve the issues of oxygen starvation in a PEM fuel cell, various fractional order control strategies are developed, and comparative analysis is done to maintain the supply manifold pressure based
A, Adithya, Shaik, Amjad, CHIKATI, RAMBABU
Numerical Investigation of Injection and Mixture Formation in Hydrogen Combustion Engines by Means of Different 3D-CFD Simulation Approaches2024-01-300707/02/2024
For the purpose of achieving carbon-neutrality in the mobility sector by 2050, hydrogen can play a crucial role as an alternative energy carrier, not only for direct usage in fuel cell-powered vehicles, but also for fueling internal combustion engines. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of high-pressure hydrogen injection and the mixture formation inside a high-tumble engine with a conventional liquid fuel injector for passenger cars. Since the traditional 3D-CFD approach of simulating the inner flow of an injector requires a very high spatial and temporal resolution, the enormous computational effort, especially for full engine simulations, is a big challenge for an effective virtual development of modern engines. An alternative and more pragmatic lagrangian 3D-CFD approach offers opportunities for a significant reduction in computational effort without sacrificing reliability. The detailed and the lagrangian approach are both validated against optical measurements
Schmelcher, Robin, Kulzer, Andre, Gal, Thomas, Vacca, Antonino, Chiodi, Marco
Optimization of Hydroformed Exhaust Gas Recirculation Tube under Vibrational Load by Finite Element Analysis2024-01-506206/17/2024
This study emphasizes the importance of CAE approach in optimizing EGR tube under vibrational load. EGR tube is a weak link in the EGR system and chances of failure due to vibration and relative displacement of mating parts, i.e., overhang or improper support at exhaust manifold, intake manifold, or EGR system. Consideration of the mating parts for the EGR tube is very important to get the realistic resonance frequencies, otherwise it could have some different results in the CAE, which will deviate from the reality. So, it’s important to study the dynamic response on the EGR tube, which needs to be taken care during the design phase. This paper aims to optimize the EGR tube under vibrational load by using CAE techniques and the industry experience as a product expertise. some critical parameter such as damping is very important during the CAE, which can be generated by doing the rigorous testing and how it affects the stress and correspondingly FOS. CAE model of EGR tube is created on
Munde, Ganesh, Chattaraj, Sandip, Hatkar, Chandan, Thakur, Abhishek Kumar
Guided Port Injection of Hydrogen as an Approach for Reducing Cylinder-to-Cylinder Deviations in Spark-Ignited H2 Engines – A Numerical Investigation2024-37-000806/12/2024
The reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ever stricter regulations on pollutant emissions in the transport sector require research and development of new, climate-friendly propulsion concepts. The use of renewable hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines promises to provide a good solution especially for commercial vehicles. For optimum efficiency of the combustion process, hydrogen-specific engine components are required, which need to be tested on the test bench and analysed in simulation studies. This paper deals with the simulation-based investigation and optimisation of fuel injection in a 6-cylinder PFI commercial vehicle engine, which has been modified for hydrogen operation starting from a natural gas engine concept. The focus of the study is on a CNG-derived manifold design which has been adapted with regard to the injector interface and is already equipped with so-called gas injection guiding tubes for targeted fuel injection in front of the
Jung, Philipp Emanuel, Guenthner, Michael, Walter, Nicolas
Life Cycle Assessment of a State-of-the-Art Diesel powered Engine and Preliminary Evaluation of its Conversion into a Novel Hydrogen powered Engine2024-01-244204/09/2024
This paper is part of a broader research project aiming at studying, designing, and prototyping a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine to achieve fast market implementation, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainable costs. The ability to provide a fast market implementation is linked to the fact that the technological solution would exploit the existing production chain of internal combustion engines. Regarding the technological point of view, the hydrogen engine will be a monofuel engine re-designed based on a diesel-powered engine. The redesign involves specific modifications to critical subsystems, including combustion systems, injection, ignition, exhaust gas recirculation, and exhaust gas aftertreatment. Notably, adaptations include the customization of the cylinder head for controlled ignition, optimization of camshaft profiles, and evaluation of the intake system. The implementation incorporates additive manufacturing for the production of new intake manifolds and
Malagrinò, Gianfranco, Accardo, Antonella, Costantino, Trentalessandro, Pensato, Michele, Spessa, Ezio
A Study on Reliability-Based Maximum Service Temperature Estimation of Plastic Automotive Parts2024-01-242104/09/2024
Recently, the environmental temperature of vehicles is changing due to the electrification of vehicles and improved internal combustion engine system to reduce carbon emissions. However, mechanical properties of plastic materials change very sensitively to environmental temperature changes, and mechanical properties decrease when exposed to high temperatures. Therefore, it is important to estimate lifespan estimation of plastic parts according to temperature changes. In this paper, reliability analysis process to estimate the maximum service temperature of plastic parts was developed using aging data of material properties, environmental condition data of automotive parts, and field driving condition data. Changes in the mechanical properties of plastic materials such as glass fiber reinforced polyamide materials were tested. The environmental exposure temperature of the vehicle and parts was measured, and the general driving pattern of the vehicle was analyzed. Weibull aging model and
Youn, Jee Young, Chung, Min Gyun, Ahn, Hyo Sang
3-Dimentional Numerical Transient Simulation and Research on Flow Distribution Unevenness in Intake Manifold for a Turbocharged Diesel Engine2024-01-242004/09/2024
The design of engine intake system affects the intake uniformity of each cylinder of the engine, which in turn has an important impact on the engine performance, the uniform distribution of EGR exhaust gas and the combustion process of each cylinder. In this paper, the constant-pressure supercharged diesel engine intake pipe is used as the research model to study the intake air flow unevenness of the intake pipe of the supercharged diesel engine. The pressure boundary condition at the outlet of each intake manifold is set as the dynamic pressure change condition. The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transient flow process in the intake manifold of diesel engine is simulated and analyzed by using numerical method, and the change of the Intake air flow field in the intake manifold under different working conditions during the intake overlapping period is discussed. The dynamic effects of diesel engine intake boost pressure, rotated speed, and intake pipe geometrical
Yang, Shuai, Yan, Kai, Liu, Haifeng, Fu, Yahao, Liu, Hairan, Li, Tong
Experimental Investigation of Internal and External EGR Effects on a CNG-OME Dual-Fuel Engine2024-01-236104/09/2024
Dual-fuel engines powered by renewable fuels provide a potential solution for reducing the carbon footprint and emissions of transportation, contributing to the goal of achieving sustainable mobility. The investigation presented in the following uses a dual-fuel engine concept running on biogas (referred to as CNG in this paper) and the e-fuel polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME). The current study focuses on the effects of exhaust gas rebreathing and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on emissions and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A four-cylinder heavy-duty engine converted to dual-fuel operation was used to conduct the engine tests at a load point of 1600 min-1 and 9.8 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The respective shares of high reactivity fuel (HRF, here: OME) and low reactivity fuel (LRF, here: CNG) were varied, as were the external and internal EGR rates and their combinations. CNG was injected into the intake manifold to create a homogeneous air-fuel mixture
Jost, Ann-Kathrin, Guenthner, Michael, Weigel, Alexander
The Influence of Fundamental Processing Parameters of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Surface Characteristics of 7B50-T7751 Alloy2024-01-268104/09/2024
Aluminum alloy has become an indispensable part of the automotive industry because of its excellent mechanical properties such as lightweight, high strength, high reliability, maintainability, and low cost. Aluminum alloy is used in automobiles, such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, intake manifolds, brake components, and fuel tanks. Fatigue and fracture are the main reasons for its engineering failure. Surface strengthening techniques, such as ultrasonic shot peening (USP), are often used to improve the fatigue resistance of aluminum alloys. This article expounds on the working principle of USP and elucidates the influence of USP process parameters on the surface characteristics of aluminum alloy. Experimental results observed the effects of USP parameters on surface properties such as surface roughness, microhardness, and surface morphology. The effects of shot peening (SP) diameter, vibration amplitude of ultrasonic vibrating head, and sample placement angle on the surface state of
Adeel, Muhammad, Azeem, Naqash, Xue, Hongqian
Analysis of Dual Fuel Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion Varying Diesel and Hydrogen Injection Parameters in a Single Cylinder Research Engine2024-01-236304/09/2024
In the perspective of a reduction of emissions and a rapid decarbonisation, especially for compression ignition engines, hydrogen plays a decisive role. The dual fuel technology is perfectly suited to the use of hydrogen, a fuel characterized by great energy potential. In fact, replacing, at the same energy content, the fossil fuel with a totally carbon free one, a significant reduction of the greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and total hydrocarbon, as well as of the particulate matter can be obtained. The dual fuel with indirect injection of gaseous fuel in the intake manifold, involves the problem of hydrogen autoignition. In order to avoid this difficulty, the optimal conditions for the injection of the incoming mixture into the cylinder were experimentally investigated. All combustion processes are carried out on a research engine with optical access. The engine speed has is set at 1500 rpm, while the EGR valve is deactivated. The purpose of this work is to research the minimum
Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria
Sea-Level Characterization of Electrically Assisted Turbocharger for Use on Aviation Diesel Engine2024-01-191403/05/2024
Airborne compression-ignition engine operations differ significantly from those in ground vehicles, both in mission requirements and in operating conditions. Unique challenges exist in the aviation space, and electrification technologies originally developed for ground applications may be leveraged to address these considerations. One such technology, electrically assisted turbochargers (EATs), have the potential to address the following: increase the maximum system power output, directly control intake manifold air pressure, and reignite the engine at altitude conditions in the event of an engine flame-out. Sea-level experiments were carried out on a two-liter, four-cylinder compression-ignition engine with a commercial-off-the-shelf EAT that replaced the original turbocharger. The objective of these experiments was to demonstrate the technology, assess the performance, and evaluate control methods at sea level prior to altitude experimentation. This work covers the baseline
Pope, Aaron, Kim, Kenneth, Schroen, Erik, Clerkin, Peter, Musser, Marshall, Mattson, Jonathan, Meininger, Rik, Gibson, Joseph, Kang, Sang-Guk, Kruger, Kurt, Hepp, Kyle, Kweon, Chol-Bum
Failure Investigation and Design Improvements for Ductile Cast Iron Multi-Piece Exhaust Manifold from Medium Duty Diesel Engine2024-26-033501/16/2024
Exhaust manifold in engine is used to transfer the hot exhaust gas from cylinder head to the turbocharger with minimum pressure loss and to support the turbocharger assembly. This puts manifold under intense thermal and mechanical loading and makes the design very complex. While designing the manifold, resonance of the system must be avoided, and thermo-mechanical fatigue life expectations must be met. Different engine applications would call for multiple turbocharger configuration and orientations to be considered in the design layout for system level resonance assessment. This paper talks about the failure investigation of the manifold which was designed for High mount rear out (HMRO) turbo orientation and then used with high mount front out (HMFO) layout in road miller application resulted into the manifold failures. Root cause identified was mechanical fatigue caused by resonance vibration at machine operating modes in the presence of very high mean stress from thermal expansion of
Kale, Pradnya, Potdar, Vivek, Thakur, Anil Ganeshsingh, Paygude, Sachin
Predictive under Hood Thermal Management Model2024-26-027201/16/2024
In the automotive industry, thermal management plays a very important role to solve the problems of energy saving and emission. The under hood thermal management is one of the critical aspects in vehicle thermal management since it caters to critical aspects of engine cooling, charge air cooling, air conditioning and turbocharger cooling. The appropriate thermal management of these critical components is necessary for ensuring the appropriate performance by the vehicle. Hence, under-hood thermal management is the core of the integrated vehicle thermal management. In the thermal management analysis approaches, the numerical simulation is widely adopted as an important approach. Hence, in this paper a model is developed in MATLAB to handle 1D parametric analysis of the cooling system, while reducing the testing time and resources taken for the product development. The developed model can be used to evaluate multiple aggregate options for CAC, Radiator, Engine, Fan etc. The model predicts
P V, Navaneeth, Prasad, Suryanarayana A N, ML, Sankar
Numerical analysis of the influence of SOI and injection duration on the homogenization of hydrogen-air mixtures in a PFI SI engine under lean operation2023-36-010601/08/2024
The use of green hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines is a cleaner alternative to conventional fuels for the automotive industry. Hydrogen combustion produces only water vapor and nitrogen oxides, which can be avoided with ultra-lean operation, thus, eliminating carbon emissions, from a tank-to-wheel perspective. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of hydrogen injection timing and duration on the homogeneity of the hydrogen-air mixtures. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed to analyze the distribution of air-fuel ratios along the engine's combustion chamber. The simulation software was CONVERGE 3.0, which offers the advantage of automatic mesh generation, reducing the modeling efforts to adjusting the operating conditions of the studied case. Before comparing the injection parameters, a mesh independence test was conducted along with model validation using experimental data. To properly evaluate the start of
Pasa, Bruno Roberto, Fagundez, Jean Lucca Souza, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos, Salau, Nina Paula Gonçalves, Cogo, Vitor Vielmo, Prante, Geovane Alberto Frizzo, Wittek, Karsten
Anisotropic structural modeling of fiber-reinforced polymers used in engine peripheral components2023-36-007601/08/2024
The evolution of materials technology has provided in recent decades the replacement of the raw material of many parts made of metal by polymers, carbon fibers, ceramics, and composite materials. This process has been driven by the permanent need to reduce weight and costs, which, even after replacing raw materials, still demand permanent improvement and optimization in the sizing process and in the manufacturing process. In the automotive industry, many components have been replaced by fiber-reinforced polymers, from finishing parts to structural components that are highly mechanically stressed and often also subjected to high temperatures. Although they are lighter and have a lower final cost than conventional metallic parts, components made of fiber-reinforced polymers bring great technological challenges to the development project. Within this context, computational modeling is an indispensable ally for obtaining a product capable of meeting the severe conditions required for its
Bueno, Estela Mari Ricetti, Higa, Armando, Bazaneli, José Augusto
GT-Suite Modeling of Thermal Barrier Coatings in a Multi-Cylinder Turbocharged DISI Engine for Catalyst Light-Off Delay Improvement2023-01-160210/31/2023
Catalytic converters, which are commonly used for after-treatment in SI engines, exhibit poor performance at lower temperatures. This is one of the main reasons that tailpipe emissions drastically increase during cold-start periods. Thermal inertia of turbocharger casing prolongs the catalyst warm-up time. Exhaust enthalpy management becomes crucial for a turbocharged direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine during cold-start periods to quickly heat the catalyst and minimize cold-start emissions. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), because of their low thermal inertia, reach higher surface temperatures faster than metal walls, thereby blocking heat transfer and saving enthalpy for the catalyst. The TBCs applied on surfaces that exchange heat with exhaust gases can increase the enthalpy available for the catalyst warm-up. A system-level transient heat transfer study using experimental or high-fidelity simulation techniques to evaluate the TBC application on various surfaces would be
Ravikumar, Avinash, Bhatt, Ankur, Gainey, Brian, Lawler, Benjamin
Engine Operating Conditions, Fuel Property Effects, and Associated Fuel–Wall Interaction Dependencies of Stochastic Preignition2023-01-161510/31/2023
This work for the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) explores dependencies on the opportunity for fuel to impinge on internal engine surfaces (i.e., fuel–wall impingement) as a function of fuel properties and engine operating conditions and correlates these data with measurements of stochastic preignition (SPI) propensity. SPI rates are directly coupled with laser–induced florescence measurements of dye-doped fuel dilution measurements of the engine lubricant, which provides a surrogate for fuel–wall impingement. Literature suggests that SPI may have several dependencies, one being fuel–wall impingement. However, it remains unknown if fuel-wall impingement is a fundamental predictor and source of SPI or is simply a causational factor of SPI. In this study, these relationships on SPI and fuel-wall impingement are explored using 4 fuels at 8 operating conditions per fuel, for 32 total test points. The fuels were directly injected at two different injection timings: an earlier injection
Splitter, Derek, Boronat Colomer, Vicente, Neupane, Sneha, Partridge, William
Simulation Study on EGR Condensate Flow and Uniformity of Each Cylinder in the Intake Manifold2023-01-703410/30/2023
As engine technology developed continuously, engine with both turbocharging and EGR has been researched due to its benefit on improving the engine efficiency. Nevertheless, a technical issue has raised up while utilizing both turbocharging and EGR at the same time: excess condensed water existed in intake manifold which potentially trigger misfire conditions. In order to investigate the root-cause, a CFD model (conducted by CONVERGE CFD software) was presented and studied in this paper which virtually regenerated intake manifold flow-field with EGR condensed water inside. Based on the simulated results, it concluded that different initial conditions of EGR condensed water could significantly change the amount of water which deposited in each cylinder. Thus, a coefficient of variation of deposited condensed water amount among these cylinders, was marked as the evaluation reference of cylinder misfire. Theoretically, as this coefficient of variation reduced, the EGR condensed water from
Pan, Shiyi, Li, Guanting, Wang, Jinhua, Zhang, Nan, Xu, Zhiqin, Chen, Shanghua, Chen, Jun, Zhao, Shengwei
Residual Gas Fraction Measurement and Estimation of the CFR Octane Rating Engine Operating Under HCCI Conditions2023-32-001009/29/2023
The autoignition chemistry of fuels depends on the pressure, temperature, and time history that the fuel-air mixture experiences during the compression stroke. While piezoelectric pressure transducers offer excellent means of pressure measurement, temperature measurements are not commonly available and must be estimated. Even if the pressure and temperature at the intake and exhaust ports are measured, the residual gas fraction (RGF) within the combustion chamber requires estimation and greatly impacts the temperature of the fresh charge at intake valve closing. This work replaced the standard D1 Detonation Pickup of a CFR engine with a rapid sampling valve to allow for in-cylinder gas sampling at defined crank-angle times during the compression stroke. The extracted cylinder contents were captured in an emissions sample bag and its composition was subsequently analyzed in an AVL i60 emissions bench. Carbon dioxide levels beyond atmospheric concentration directly identified the
Gonzalez, Jorge Pulpeiro, Hoth, Alexander, Kolodziej, Christopher P., Seong, Hee Je
Characterization of Gaseous and Particle Emissions of a Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine at Various Operating Conditions2023-32-004209/29/2023
This paper investigates the gaseous and particulate emissions of a hydrogen powered direct injection spark ignition engine. Experiments were performed over different engine speeds and loads and with varying air- fuel ratio, start of injection and intake manifold pressure. An IAG FTIR system was used to detect and measure a variety of gaseous emissions, which include standard emissions such as NOX and unburned hydrocarbons as well as some non-standard emissions such as formaldehyde, formic acid, and ammonia. The particle number concentration and size distribution were measured using a DMS 500 fast particle analyzer from Cambustion. Particle composition was investigated using ICP analysis as well as a Sunset OC/EC analyzer to determine the soot content and the presence of any unburned engine oil. The results show that NOX emissions range between 0.1 g/kWh for a λ of 2.5 and 10 g/kWh λ of 1.5. The highest particle concentration was found for low loads and low intake pressures, with peaks
Berg, Victor, Koopmans, Lucien, Sjöblom, Jonas, Dahlander, Petter
Charge Dilution Strategy to Extend the Stable Combustion Regime of a Homogenous Charge Compression Ignited Engine Operated With Biodiesel2023-32-013209/29/2023
The present research explores the application of biodiesel fuel in a stationary agricultural engine operated under the Homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mode. To achieve HCCI combustion, a fuel vaporizer and a high-pressure port fuel injection system are employed to facilitate rapid evaporation of the biodiesel fuel. The low volatility of biodiesel is one of the significant shortcomings, which makes it inevitable to use a fuel vaporizer at 380oC. Consequently, the charge temperature is high enough to promote advanced auto-ignition. Further, the high reactivity of biodiesel favors early auto-ignition of the charge. Besides, biodiesel exhibits a faster burn rate due to its oxygenated nature. The combined effect of advanced auto-ignition and faster burn rate resulted in a steep rise in the in-cylinder pressures, leading to abnormal combustion above 20% load. Diluting the charge reduces reactivity and intake oxygen concentration, facilitating load extension. This study explores
Bukkarapu, Kiran Raj, Krishnasamy, Anand
Development of New 3.5 L V6 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine2023-32-007309/29/2023
A 3.5-L natural aspiration engine was developed to enhance the environmental performance of V6 engines to be used in Honda’s North American market. This engine changes from the single overhead cam architecture for the cylinder head found in the previous engine to a double overhead cam architecture and adopted variable timing control intake and exhaust variable cylinder management for the valve system. This increased the degree of freedom in setting valve timing across the operating range compared to the past, increased the intake air volume in the high-load range, and realized reduction of pumping loss under low and medium load. The intake port, combustion chamber, and piston shape related to combustion have been newly designed to enhance in-cylinder flow. In addition, while following the cooling structure of previous engine, water channels were installed between the exhaust valves and between the cylinder bores to enhance the cooling performance of the combustion chamber. These
Kawawa, Satoshi, Tomitani, Yuki, Nakashima, Hiroaki, Imakita, Akio, Taki, Shotaro
Optical Diagnostics to Study Hydrogen/Diesel Combustion with EGR in a Single Cylinder Research Engine2023-24-007008/28/2023
In order to reduce fuel consumption and polluting emissions from engines, alternative fuels such as hydrogen could play an important role towards carbon neutrality. Moreover, dual-fuel (DF) technology has the potential to offer significant improvements in carbon dioxide emissions for transportation and energy sectors. The dual fuel concept (natural gas/diesel or hydrogen/diesel) represents a possible solution to reduce emissions from diesel engines by using low-carbon or carbon-free gaseous fuels as an alternative fuel. Moreover, DF combustion is a possible retrofit solution to current diesel engines by installing a PFI injector in the intake manifold while diesel is injected directly into the cylinder to ignite the premixed mixture. In the present study, dual fuel operation has been investigated in a single cylinder research engine. The engine run at two engine speeds (1500 and 2000 rpm), and hydrogen has been injected in the intake manifold in front of the entrance of the tumble
Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria, De Robbio, Roberta, Maroteaux, Fadila
Assessment of Dilution Options on a Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine2023-24-006608/28/2023
The hydrogen internal combustion engine is a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based engines, which, in a short time, can reduce the carbon footprint of the ground transport sector. However, the high heat release rates associated with hydrogen combustion results in higher NOx emissions. The NOx production can be mitigated by diluting the in-cylinder mixture with air, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) or water injected in the intake manifold. This study aims at assessing these dilution options on the emissions, efficiency, combustion performance and boosting effort. These dilution modes are, at first, compared on a single cylinder engine (SCE) with direct injection of hydrogen in steady state conditions. Air and EGR dilutions are then evaluated on a corresponding 4-cylinder engine by 0D simulation on a complete map under NOx emission constraint. On the SCE at 3000rpm and 10.7bar IMEP, air and EGR dilutions allow a high dilution rate, leading to a significant NOx reduction: from 2.8g
Rouleau, Loic, Nowak, Ludovic, Duffour, Florence, Walter, Bruno
CFD Analysis of the Injection Strategy of a Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine Supplied with Hydrogen2023-24-006408/28/2023
Although in the latest years the use of compression ignition engines has been a thread of discussion in the automotive field, it is possible to affirm that it still will be a fundamental producer of mechanical power in other sectors, such as naval and off-road applications. However, the necessity of reducing emissions requires to keep on studying new solutions for this kind of engine. Dual fuel combustion concept with methane has demonstrated to be effective in preserving the performance of the original engine and reducing soot, but issues related to the low flame speed forced researcher to find an alternative fuel at low impact of CO2. Hydrogen, thanks to its chemical and physical properties, can be a perfect candidate to ensure a good level of combustion efficiency; however, this is possible only with a proper management of the in-cylinder mixture ignition by means of a pilot injection, preventing uncontrolled autoignition events as well. Moreover, an effective injection strategy can
De Robbio, Roberta, Cameretti, Maria Cristina, Palomba, Marco, Tuccillo, Raffaele, Mancaruso, Ezio
An Experimental Characterization of Gasoline/Ozone/Air Mixtures in Spark Ignition Engines2023-24-003908/28/2023
In this work, an ozone/air/gasoline mixture has been used as an alternative strategy to achieve a stable combustion in a spark ignition (SI) single cylinder PFI research engine. The air intake manifold has been modified to include four cells to produce ozone with different concentrations. In the research engine, various operating parameters have been monitored such as the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and composition of the exhaust gases, pressure and temperature of the mixture in the intake manifold, engine power and torque and specific fuel consumption. Experimental tests have been carried out under stoichiometric mixture conditions to observe the influence of ozone addition on the combustion process. The results show an advance and an increase of the in-cylinder pressure compared to the reference test-case, where a gasoline/air mixture is used. It is worth noting that, especially under stoichiometric condition, ozone concentration induces auto-ignition and knock. Thus, the
Anaclerio, Fabio, Saponaro, Gianmarco, Mancaruso, Ezio, Mazzarella, Carlo, Fornarelli, Francesco, Magi, Vinicio, Camporeale, Sergio
Transient Response of Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine under Different Load Conditions03-17-01-000507/26/2023
In urban roads the engine speed and the load vary suddenly and frequently, resulting in increased exhaust emissions. In such operations, the effect of air injection technique to access the transient response of the engine is of great interest. The effectiveness of air injection technique in improving the transient response under speed transient is investigated in detail [1]; however, it is not evaluated for the load transients. Load step demand of the engine is another important event that limits the transient response of the turbocharger. In the present study, response of a heavy-duty turbocharged diesel engine is investigated for different load conditions. Three cases of load transients are considered: constant load, load magnitude variation, and load scheduling. Air injection technique is simulated and after optimization of injection pressure based on orifice diameter, its effect on the transient response is presented. The results reveal that air injection into the intake manifold
Saad, Syed Mohammad, Rummana, Asiya
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