Browse Topic: Thrust reversers
This document describes a recommended practice and procedure for the trending of parameters to maintain the test cell correlation status. Trending is performed to monitor test cells for changes that can affect engine performance or the data acquired from engine tests.
Turboprop aircraft have the capability of reversing thrust to provide extra stopping power during landing. Reverse thrust helps save the wear and tear on the brakes and reduces the landing distance under various conditions. The article explains a methodology to predict the disking drag (reverse thrust) from the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique using Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory and estimation of the same from high-speed taxiing trial (HSTT) and ground roll data for a turboprop aircraft using system identification techniques. One-dimensional kinematic equation was used for modeling the aircraft dynamics, and the error between measured and estimated responses was optimized using the Output Error Optimization Method (OEOM). The estimated propeller drag was matched with CFD predictions to arrive at a relation between the propeller blade pitch angle and throttle position. The present study also investigates the estimation of the braking friction coefficient from the
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on aircraft cabin air quality, including: Origins of chemical airborne contaminants during routine operating and failure conditions. Exposure control measures, including design, maintenance, and worker training/education. This AIR does not deal with airflow requirements.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains regulatory and guidance information related to transport airplane hydraulic systems. It contains certain Civil Air Regulations (CAR) and Federal Aviation Regulations (formerly referred to as FARs) from Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in their current version as well as the historical versions. This gives the reader an ability to assemble certain CAR/CFR parts as they existed at any date in the past (referred to as a Regulatory Basis). A certain amount of preamble explanatory material is included, which led to the regulatory rule changes (Amendments to the CFR).
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides methodologies and approaches which have been used for conducting and documenting the analyses associated with the application of Time Limited Dispatch (TLD) to the thrust control reliability of Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) systems. The TLD concept is one wherein a fault-tolerant system is allowed to operate for a predetermined length of time with faults present in the redundant elements of the system, before repairs are required. This document includes the background of the development of TLD, the structure of TLD that was developed and implemented on present generation commercial transports, and the analysis methods used to validate the application of TLD on present day FADEC equipped aircraft. Although this document is specific to TLD analyses (for FADEC systems) of the loss of thrust control, the techniques and processes discussed in this document are considered applicable to other FADEC system failure effects
Nickel based superalloys have a wide range of applications due to high mechanical strength at high temperatures, fracture toughness and resistance to corrosion. However, because of their outstanding properties, it is considered as the difficult to machine materials. Inconel alloy X-750 is used extensively in rocket-engine thrust chambers. Airframe applications include thrust reversers and hot-air ducting systems along with large pressure vessels are formed from Inconel alloy X-750. Moreover, the comparative analysis of machinability aspect using coated carbide inserts is reported few. The current study explains the machinability investigation on Inconel alloy X-750 superalloys using coated carbides. To collect the experimental data, the L16 experimental design plan is used to experiment with a machining length of 40 mm. Four level of cutting speed (70,120,170,220 m/min), feed rate (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 mm/rev) and cutting depth (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mm) are the cutting/machining
This specification covers a water-base cleaner in the form of a liquid.
This Report presents general information on over 50 alloys in which nickel either predominates or is a significant alloying element. It covers primarily wrought materials, and is not necessarily all inclusive. Values given are in most cases average or nominal, and if more precise values are required the producer(s) should be contacted. This report does not cover the so-called "superalloys," or the iron base stainless steels. Refer to SAE J467, Special Purpose Alloys, and SAE J405, Chemical Compositions of SAE Wrought Stainless Steels, respectively, for data on these alloys.
In-Flight Thrust Determination, SAE AIR1703 reviews the major aspects of processes that may be used for the determination of in-flight thrust (IFT). It includes discussions of basic definitions, analytical and ground test methods to predict installed thrust of a given propulsion system, and methods to gather data and calculate thrust of the propulsion system during the flight development program of the aircraft. Much of the treatment is necessarily brief due to space limitations. This document and the British Ministry/Industry Drag Analysis Panel (MIDAP) Guide (Reference 1.11), which SAE Committee E-33 used as a starting point, can be used to understand the processes and limitations involved in the determination of in-flight thrust. Application to a specific in-flight thrust determination program will require the use of many important assumptions not fully developed in this document, and these assumptions must be evaluated during the conduct of the program. The determination of in
This publication will be limited to a discussion of liquid and particulate contaminants which enter the aircraft through the environmental control system (ECS). Gaseous contaminants such as ozone, fuel vapors, sulphates, etc., are not covered in this AIR. It will cover all contamination sources which interface with ECS, and the effects of this contamination on equipment. Methods of control will be limited to the equipment and interfacing ducting which normally falls within the responsibility of the ECS designer.
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to establish recommendations for the design, installation and testing of air vehicle vapor cycle refrigeration systems. These recommendations are representative of the refrigerant cycles.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a review of the general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide secondary, auxiliary, or emergency power for use in aircraft, space vehicles, missiles, remotely piloted vehicles, air cushion vehicles, surface effect ships, or other vehicles in which aerospace technology is used. The information contained herein is intended for use in the selection of the power source most appropriate to the needs of a particular vehicle or system. The information may also be used in the preparation of a power source specification. Considerations for use in making a trade study and an evaluation of the several power sources are included. More detailed information relating to specific power sources is available in other SAE Aerospace Information Reports or in Aerospace Recommended Practices.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been compiled to provide information on hydraulic systems fitted to commercial aircraft. Data has been provided for following aircraft types: a Wide body jet airliners b Narrow body jet airliners c Turboprop/commuter aircraft d Business jet aircraft The airliners that have been included in this document are generally in operational service with either airlines or cargo operators. Information on aircraft that have been retired from in-service use has been included for reference purposes. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed. The following information is provided for each aircraft Design requirements: Governing airworthiness regulations System pressure: Fluid power system operating pressure Hydraulic fluid: Type of fluid the hydraulic system uses Number of hydraulic systems: Number and identification of independent hydraulic systems System temperature: Minimum and maximum design operating temperatures
This specification covers an alkaline-type, water-base cleaner in the form of a liquid.
This specification covers a water-base cleaner in the form of a liquid.
Fanjet Evolution - the Next Steps Rolls-Royce is on a determined path to equip commercial airplanes over the coming decades with new engines that take advantage of engineering breakthroughs in materials and core architectures. The global aerospace sector has always represented the cutting edge of practical technology advancement. When the first military jet engines emerged in the post-war 1940s it was clear that commercial applications would soon follow. The leap in performance, payload capability, maintainability, and speed compared to the best that turbo-supercharged piston-engines could offer was truly revolutionary.
Coriolis Composites and SAFRAN Aircelle worked together on a thrust reverser component demonstrator made with carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) material and an AFP process. Complex composites structures are becoming more common, especially in aeronautics. Composites preforms can now be manufactured by automated processes, such as automated fiber placement (AFP) and automated tape laying (ATL), to achieve the expected production volumes. The AFP process is the most interesting since it can address complex double-curvature layup surfaces with good productivity rates and low material scrap, according to Coriolis Software. The main advantages of this technology are that material can be steered to address the problem of curvature, and fiber angular deviation from the engineering rosette can be easily managed. This opens interesting possibilities to optimize the design of composites structures and to change the current traditional “black metal” approach of design offices.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes the processes to achieve and maintain the required cleanliness levels in flight vehicle hydraulic systems during fabrication, assembly and pre-flight functional tests. This recommended practice covers exclusion and removal primarily of solid contaminants that occur or are created during these successive steps. The flushing procedure for installed tubing is detailed. This ARP does not address contamination levels of hydraulic fluids as purchased, operation and maintenance of ground carts, details of component cleanliness or of contamination measurement. This ARP applies to military aircraft and helicopters designed to AS5440, commercial aircraft hydraulic systems designed to ARP4752 and commercial helicopter hydraulic systems designed to ARP4925.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains regulatory and guidance information related to transport airplane hydraulic systems. It contains certain Civil Air Regulations (CAR) and Federal Aviation Regulations (formerly referred to as FARs) from Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in their current version as well as the historical versions. This gives the reader an ability to assemble certain CAR/CFR parts as they existed at any date in the past (referred to as a Regulatory Basis). A certain amount of preamble explanatory material is included, which led to the regulatory rule changes (Amendments to the CFR).
This document establishes the minimum criteria for effective training of air carrier and contractor personnel to deice/anti-ice aircraft to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during ground icing conditions. Appendix D specifies guidelines for particular airplane models.
The power plant is the area in an aircraft where they are a lot of power conversion. The power plant is the core of the aircraft from energy point of view. The engines allow to take off but not only, it also provides energy to the aircraft from many different manners. They are electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, …. The power plant is definitively a power generator but also a power consumer. Since now some years, the power electronic technology is spread into the aircraft. One can say that some pedigree has been collected with this technology embedded to the aircraft. For the power plant domain, it is different. This technology is really not usual for use. Our environment is really not friendly and even if the integration of the power converters has been improved over the last years, there is not a lot of space around the engines. These are probably the mains reason of the low deployment of the power electronic in this domain but not only. The reliability of the thrust function is
The development of the microprocessor controlled power MOSFET switch, as a circuit protection device for aircraft electrical power systems, has led to significant improvements in packaging, performance and thermal efficiencies over traditional thermal/mechanical systems. The electronic circuit breaker (ECB) inherently provides multiple functions (protect, sense, diagnose, and control). Employing the ECB as a “live” switching element in the system for active control, provides for significant integration of functions, previously requiring separate LRUs, additional wiring and more power to operate. This paper proposes an optimized electrical power distribution via intelligent control of electronic circuit breakers to provide maximum integration of existing utility management functions (i.e. window heat, de-icing, thrust reversers, etc.), reduction in aircraft wiring, reduced system weight and complexity. Specific electronic power system architecture will be proposed as an example to serve
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents a review of the types and general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide the power for gaseous or liquid fluidic control systems. Fluidic definitions, terminology, units and symbols are defined in Reference 2.1.1.
AIR1419 “Inlet Total Pressure Distortion Considerations for Gas Turbine Engines” documents engineering information for use as reference material and for guidance. Inlet total-pressure distortion and other forms of flow distortion that can influence inlet/engine compatibility require examination to establish their effect on engine stability and performance. This report centers on inlet-generated total-pressure distortion measured at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP), not because this is necessarily the sole concern, but because it has been given sufficient attention in the aircraft and engine communities to produce generally accepted engineering practices for dealing with it. The report does not address procedures for dealing with performance destabilizing influences other than those due to total-pressure distortion, or with the effects of any distortion on aeroelastic stability. The propulsion system designer must be careful to assure that, throughout the development process, other
Increased productivity is the focus of today's automation for composites made of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics. As use of composites grows in the aerospace industry, so will automation used to create composite parts and structures. “There is a tremendous opportunity over the next decade for vastly increasing the amount of aerostructures produced with automated processing,” said Chris Red, an industry analyst with Composite Market Reports. He backs this statement with the company's recent study of the market for automated machinery. Addressed are technologies such as automated fiber placement (AFP) and automated tape layers (ATL).
This document establishes the minimum criteria for effective training of air carrier and contractor personnel to deice/anti-ice aircraft to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during ground icing conditions. Appendix D specifies requirements for particular airplane models.
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design and test requirements for factory precharged, welded bellows hydraulic accumulators.
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design and test requirements for factory precharged, welded bellows hydraulic accumulators.
Higher bypass ratios, chevrons, shape memory alloys, and improved aerodynamics are some of the advancing technologies that will help quiet aircraft, and thus help the environment. Achieving London airports' QC2 noise level for the Trent 900 to power the A380 demanded very close liaison between Rolls-Royce and Airbus. It saw the development of an effectively spliceless inlet and fan case acoustic system. Rolls-Royce was responsible for the engineering of the fan case and Airbus for the inlet. A systems approach was used to ensure that the combined effect gave lower engine noise. Walsh says that may not sound significant “but to achieve a uniform surface that would successfully attenuate fan noise was quite a mechanical challenge. Imperfections in the acoustic treatment with any joints can disrupt the sound field, which at some frequencies may create added noise. We managed to achieve the very high degree of homogeneity required-a spliceless intake system.” Attempting acoustic gains in
Simulation, testing reduce the size and number of in-flight problems. Flight tests remain an important aspect of aircraft development, but these real-life tests are changing as modeling, simulation, and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing improve. These tests haven't yet been reduced to a way to confirm that simulations are correct, but improved pre-flight analysis has dramatically reduced the number and severity of problems that are discovered during open-air flights. “Simulation has significantly reduced the burden on open-air flight tests and immensely increased the confidence that we're ready to fly,” said Doug Pearson, Vice President for F-35 Integrated Test Force at Lockheed Martin.
This document recommends criteria for electronic displays on the flight deck of transport aircraft. Electronic displays include electronic flight instruments, alert displays, aircraft system displays and control/display units for flight management and radio management systems.
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents a review of the types and general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide the power for gaseous or liquid fluidic control systems. Fluidic definitions, terminology, units and symbols are defined in Reference 2.1.1.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides methodologies and approaches which have been used for conducting and documenting the analyses associated with the application of Time Limited Dispatch (TLD) to the thrust control reliability of Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) systems. The TLD concept is one wherein a redundant system is allowed to operate for a predetermined length of time with faults present in the redundant elements of the system, before repairs are required. This document includes the background of the development of TLD, the structure of TLD that was developed and implemented on present generation commercial transports, and the analysis methods used to validate the application of TLD on present day FADEC equipped aircraft. Although this document is specific to TLD analyses (for FADEC systems) of the loss of thrust control, the techniques and processes discussed in this document are considered applicable to other FADEC system failure effects or
These recommendations cover the basic criteria for the design of aircraft cabin pressurization control systems as follows: (1) To ensure aircraft safety. (2) Physiology and limits which govern maximum permissible pressure time relations as related to aircraft passenger comfort. (3) General pressurization control system performance requirements designed to satisfy (2). (4) Technical considerations relevant to satisfying (3).
Much of the excitement surrounding such aircraft as the point-to-point 787, hub-to-hub A380, and 7X business jet is due to the application of new technologies. Aerospace is singing the body electric in 2005 with myriad new electrically activated systems that are now migrating, along with other technologies, from military aircraft to the civil sector. In addition to electric systems, other technologies finding wider application on today's aerospace and defense platforms include composite materials, digital design and manufacturing tools, and power plant improvements for better fuel consumption and lower emissions.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides methodologies and approaches which have been used for conducting and documenting the analyses associated with the application of Time Limited Dispatch (TLD) to the thrust control reliability of Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) systems. The TLD concept is one wherein a redundant system is allowed to operate for a predetermined length of time with faults present in the redundant elements of the system, before repairs are required. This document includes the background of the development of TLD, the structure of TLD that was developed and implemented on present generation commercial transports, and the analysis methods used to validate the application of TLD on present day FADEC equipped aircraft. Although this document is specific to TLD analyses (for FADEC systems) of the loss of thrust control, the techniques and processes discussed in this document are considered applicable to other FADEC system failure effects or
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