Browse Topic: Thrust reversers
This document describes a recommended practice and procedure for the trending of parameters to maintain the test cell correlation status. Trending is performed to monitor test cells for changes that can affect engine performance or the data acquired from engine tests
Turboprop aircraft have the capability of reversing thrust to provide extra stopping power during landing. Reverse thrust helps save the wear and tear on the brakes and reduces the landing distance under various conditions. The article explains a methodology to predict the disking drag (reverse thrust) from the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique using Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory and estimation of the same from high-speed taxiing trial (HSTT) and ground roll data for a turboprop aircraft using system identification techniques. One-dimensional kinematic equation was used for modeling the aircraft dynamics, and the error between measured and estimated responses was optimized using the Output Error Optimization Method (OEOM). The estimated propeller drag was matched with CFD predictions to arrive at a relation between the propeller blade pitch angle and throttle position. The present study also investigates the estimation of the braking friction coefficient from the
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) relates considerations for design test procedures and test data evaluation for qualification of tire spray deflection devices
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a review of real-time modeling methodologies for gas turbine engine performance. The application of real-time models and modeling methodologies are discussed. The modeling methodologies addressed in this AIR concentrate on the aerothermal portion of the gas turbine propulsion system. Characteristics of the models, the various algorithms used in them, and system integration issues are also reviewed. In addition, example cases of digital models in source code are provided for several methodologies
This AIR provides a detailed example of the aircraft and systems development for a function of a hypothetical S18 aircraft. In order to present a clear picture, an aircraft function was broken down into a single system. A function was chosen which had sufficient complexity to allow use of all the methodologies, yet was simple enough to present a clear picture of the flow through the process. This function/system was analyzed using the methods and tools described in ARP4754A/ED-79A. The aircraft level function is “Decelerate Aircraft On Ground” and the system is the braking system. The interaction of the braking system functions with the aircraft are identified with the relative importance based on implied aircraft interactions and system availabilities at the aircraft level. This example does not include validation and verification of the aircraft level hazards and interactions with the braking system. However, the principles used at the braking system level can be applied at the
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains regulatory and guidance information related to transport airplane hydraulic systems. It contains certain Civil Air Regulations (CAR) and Federal Aviation Regulations (formerly referred to as FARs) from Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in their current version as well as the historical versions. This gives the reader an ability to assemble certain CAR/CFR parts as they existed at any date in the past (referred to as a Regulatory Basis). A certain amount of preamble explanatory material is included, which led to the regulatory rule changes (Amendments to the CFR
This document establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Types II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer's recommendations
This document establishes the minimum requirements for ground based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer's recommendations
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides methodologies and approaches which have been used for conducting and documenting the analyses associated with the application of Time Limited Dispatch (TLD) to the thrust control reliability of Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) systems. The TLD concept is one wherein a fault-tolerant system is allowed to operate for a predetermined length of time with faults present in the redundant elements of the system, before repairs are required. This document includes the background of the development of TLD, the structure of TLD that was developed and implemented on present generation commercial transports, and the analysis methods used to validate the application of TLD on present day FADEC equipped aircraft. Although this document is specific to TLD analyses (for FADEC systems) of the loss of thrust control, the techniques and processes discussed in this document are considered applicable to other FADEC system failure effects
Nickel based superalloys have a wide range of applications due to high mechanical strength at high temperatures, fracture toughness and resistance to corrosion. However, because of their outstanding properties, it is considered as the difficult to machine materials. Inconel alloy X-750 is used extensively in rocket-engine thrust chambers. Airframe applications include thrust reversers and hot-air ducting systems along with large pressure vessels are formed from Inconel alloy X-750. Moreover, the comparative analysis of machinability aspect using coated carbide inserts is reported few. The current study explains the machinability investigation on Inconel alloy X-750 superalloys using coated carbides. To collect the experimental data, the L16 experimental design plan is used to experiment with a machining length of 40 mm. Four level of cutting speed (70,120,170,220 m/min), feed rate (0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 mm/rev) and cutting depth (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mm) are the cutting/machining
This specification covers a water-base cleaner in the form of a liquid
This Report presents general information on over 50 alloys in which nickel either predominates or is a significant alloying element. It covers primarily wrought materials, and is not necessarily all inclusive. Values given are in most cases average or nominal, and if more precise values are required the producer(s) should be contacted. This report does not cover the so-called "superalloys," or the iron base stainless steels. Refer to SAE J467, Special Purpose Alloys, and SAE J405, Chemical Compositions of SAE Wrought Stainless Steels, respectively, for data on these alloys
In-Flight Thrust Determination, SAE AIR1703 reviews the major aspects of processes that may be used for the determination of in-flight thrust (IFT). It includes discussions of basic definitions, analytical and ground test methods to predict installed thrust of a given propulsion system, and methods to gather data and calculate thrust of the propulsion system during the flight development program of the aircraft. Much of the treatment is necessarily brief due to space limitations. This document and the British Ministry/Industry Drag Analysis Panel (MIDAP) Guide (Reference 1.11), which SAE Committee E-33 used as a starting point, can be used to understand the processes and limitations involved in the determination of in-flight thrust. Application to a specific in-flight thrust determination program will require the use of many important assumptions not fully developed in this document, and these assumptions must be evaluated during the conduct of the program. The determination of in
This publication will be limited to a discussion of liquid and particulate contaminants which enter the aircraft through the environmental control system (ECS). Gaseous contaminants such as ozone, fuel vapors, sulphates, etc., are not covered in this AIR. It will cover all contamination sources which interface with ECS, and the effects of this contamination on equipment. Methods of control will be limited to the equipment and interfacing ducting which normally falls within the responsibility of the ECS designer
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides the method for presentation of gas turbine engine steady-state and transient performance calculated using computer programs. It also provides for the presentation of parametric gas turbine data including performance, weight, and dimensions computed by computer programs. This standard is intended to facilitate calculations by the program user without unduly restricting the method of calculation used by the program supplier. This standard is applicable to, but not limited to the following program types: data reduction, steady-state, transient, preliminary design, study, specification, status, and parametric programs
The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to establish recommendations for the design, installation and testing of air vehicle vapor cycle refrigeration systems. These recommendations are representative of the refrigerant cycles
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is a review of the general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide secondary, auxiliary, or emergency power for use in aircraft, space vehicles, missiles, remotely piloted vehicles, air cushion vehicles, surface effect ships, or other vehicles in which aerospace technology is used. The information contained herein is intended for use in the selection of the power source most appropriate to the needs of a particular vehicle or system. The information may also be used in the preparation of a power source specification. Considerations for use in making a trade study and an evaluation of the several power sources are included. More detailed information relating to specific power sources is available in other SAE Aerospace Information Reports or in Aerospace Recommended Practices
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) has been compiled to provide information on hydraulic systems fitted to commercial aircraft. Data has been provided for following aircraft types: a Wide body jet airliners b Narrow body jet airliners c Turboprop/commuter aircraft d Business jet aircraft The airliners that have been included in this document are generally in operational service with either airlines or cargo operators. Information on aircraft that have been retired from in-service use has been included for reference purposes. No information is presented for aircraft that are currently being developed. The following information is provided for each aircraft Design requirements: Governing airworthiness regulations System pressure: Fluid power system operating pressure Hydraulic fluid: Type of fluid the hydraulic system uses Number of hydraulic systems: Number and identification of independent hydraulic systems System temperature: Minimum and maximum design operating temperatures
This specification covers a water-base cleaner in the form of a liquid
This specification covers an alkaline-type, water-base cleaner in the form of a liquid
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes the processes to achieve and maintain the required cleanliness levels in flight vehicle hydraulic systems during fabrication, assembly and pre-flight functional tests. This recommended practice covers exclusion and removal primarily of solid contaminants that occur or are created during these successive steps. The flushing procedure for installed tubing is detailed. This ARP does not address contamination levels of hydraulic fluids as purchased, operation and maintenance of ground carts, details of component cleanliness or of contamination measurement. This ARP applies to military aircraft and helicopters designed to AS5440, commercial aircraft hydraulic systems designed to ARP4752 and commercial helicopter hydraulic systems designed to ARP4925
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains regulatory and guidance information related to transport airplane hydraulic systems. It contains certain Civil Air Regulations (CAR) and Federal Aviation Regulations (formerly referred to as FARs) from Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in their current version as well as the historical versions. This gives the reader an ability to assemble certain CAR/CFR parts as they existed at any date in the past (referred to as a Regulatory Basis). A certain amount of preamble explanatory material is included, which led to the regulatory rule changes (Amendments to the CFR
This document establishes the minimum criteria for effective training of air carrier and contractor personnel to deice/anti-ice aircraft to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during ground icing conditions. Appendix D specifies guidelines for particular airplane models
The power plant is the area in an aircraft where they are a lot of power conversion. The power plant is the core of the aircraft from energy point of view. The engines allow to take off but not only, it also provides energy to the aircraft from many different manners. They are electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, …. The power plant is definitively a power generator but also a power consumer. Since now some years, the power electronic technology is spread into the aircraft. One can say that some pedigree has been collected with this technology embedded to the aircraft. For the power plant domain, it is different. This technology is really not usual for use. Our environment is really not friendly and even if the integration of the power converters has been improved over the last years, there is not a lot of space around the engines. These are probably the mains reason of the low deployment of the power electronic in this domain but not only. The reliability of the thrust function is
A panel of the SAE A-5A Committee prepared this SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR). The document describes the design approaches used for current applications of Brake-by-Wire (BBW) control systems that are used on commercial and military airplanes. The document also discusses the experience gained during service in the commercial and military environments, and covers system, ergonomic, hardware, and development aspects. The treatment includes the lessons that have been learned during application of the technology. Although there are a variety of approaches that have been used in the design of BBW systems, the main focus of this document is on systems that use the electro-hydraulic method of control. The overall range of implementations is briefly described in 2.3. Sections 3, 4, and 5 describe the electro-hydraulic method in detail
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides a review of real-time modeling methodologies for gas turbine engine performance. The application of real-time models and modeling methodologies are discussed. The modeling methodologies addressed in this AIR concentrate on the aerothermal portion of the gas turbine propulsion system. Characteristics of the models, the various algorithms used in them, and system integration issues are also reviewed. In addition, example cases of digital models in source code are provided for several methodologies
The development of the microprocessor controlled power MOSFET switch, as a circuit protection device for aircraft electrical power systems, has led to significant improvements in packaging, performance and thermal efficiencies over traditional thermal/mechanical systems. The electronic circuit breaker (ECB) inherently provides multiple functions (protect, sense, diagnose, and control). Employing the ECB as a “live” switching element in the system for active control, provides for significant integration of functions, previously requiring separate LRUs, additional wiring and more power to operate. This paper proposes an optimized electrical power distribution via intelligent control of electronic circuit breakers to provide maximum integration of existing utility management functions (i.e. window heat, de-icing, thrust reversers, etc.), reduction in aircraft wiring, reduced system weight and complexity. Specific electronic power system architecture will be proposed as an example to serve
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) contains regulatory and guidance information related to airplane wheels, tires, and brakes. It contains certain Civil Air Regulations (CAR) and Federal Aviation Regulations (formerly referred to as FARs) from Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in their current version as well as the historical versions. This gives the reader an ability to assemble certain CAR/CFR parts as they existed at any date in the past (referred to as a Regulatory Basis). A certain amount of preamble explanatory material is included, which led to the regulatory rule changes (Amendments to the CFR
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) presents a review of the types and general characteristics of power sources that may be used to provide the power for gaseous or liquid fluidic control systems. Fluidic definitions, terminology, units and symbols are defined in Reference 2.1.1
AIR1419 “Inlet Total Pressure Distortion Considerations for Gas Turbine Engines” documents engineering information for use as reference material and for guidance. Inlet total-pressure distortion and other forms of flow distortion that can influence inlet/engine compatibility require examination to establish their effect on engine stability and performance. This report centers on inlet-generated total-pressure distortion measured at the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP), not because this is necessarily the sole concern, but because it has been given sufficient attention in the aircraft and engine communities to produce generally accepted engineering practices for dealing with it. The report does not address procedures for dealing with performance destabilizing influences other than those due to total-pressure distortion, or with the effects of any distortion on aeroelastic stability. The propulsion system designer must be careful to assure that, throughout the development process, other
This document establishes the minimum criteria for effective training of air carrier and contractor personnel to deice/anti-ice aircraft to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during ground icing conditions. Appendix D specifies requirements for particular airplane models
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design and test requirements for factory precharged, welded bellows hydraulic accumulators
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides design and test requirements for factory precharged, welded bellows hydraulic accumulators
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