Browse Topic: Reaction and response times

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Virtual Validation of ADAS Algorithms Using Driver-in-the-Loop Simulation2026-26-0050To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulators have become crucial tools across automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries in enabling the evaluation of design concepts, testing of critical scenarios and provision of effective training in virtual environments. With the diverse applications of DIL simulators highlighting their significance in vehicle dynamics assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle development, testing of complex control systems is crucial for vehicle safety. A comprehensive review of current research trends reveals key areas of focus such as realism of simulated experiences through improved vehicle dynamics models and advanced sensory feedback. The integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies help to create more immersive and informative simulations to improve the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of DIL simulation platforms. By examining the current landscape of DIL simulator use cases, this paper critically focuses on
Sharma, Chinmaya, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Optimizing Collision Warnings: A Shift from Time to Collide to Time to Brake2026-26-0047To be published on 01/16/2026
In automotive safety systems, Time to Collide (TTC) is traditionally used to trigger warnings in auto-emergency braking systems. However, TTC can lead to premature or inaccurate warnings as it is calculated based on the relative speed and distance between the ego and an obstacle. TTC does not consider the vehicle's braking dynamics, such as brake prefill lag which varies across different vehicles, maximum deceleration, and the effectiveness of braking systems and assumes constant speed which may not always be realistic. We propose Time to Brake (TTB) as a more effective parameter for driver warnings. TTB directly relates to the action a driver needs to take—braking. It provides a clear indication of when braking should begin to avoid a collision, whereas TTC only tells us about the possibility of a collision. To calculate TTB we utilize the brake profile, which incorporates both deceleration and system jerk for improved accuracy. The proposed warning time is the sum of variable brake
Singh, Ashutosh Prakash, Kumawat, Himanshu, Gupta, Sara
Systemic modelling and simulation approach to estimate Brake response time in a Pneumatic brake systems2026-26-0469To be published on 01/16/2026
Brake response time in truck air brake systems is crucial for ensuring safety and operational efficiency. This paper presents the development of a simulation model designed to meet all necessary regulatory requirements for Brake response time and as an input to the stopping distance calculations. The actual pneumatic circuit, including brake valves, relay valves, brake chambers, and plumbing have been replicated. The focus is on utilizing 1D simulations to predict the compliance of response time during both the pressurizing (brakes applied) and depressurizing (brakes released) phases of the brake system. A mathematical model is developed using a commercially available 1D simulation tool. This model employs a lumped parameter approach for the pneumatic components, with governing equations derived from compressible flow theory and empirical valve flow characteristics. A parametric study is carried out on variables such as plumbing length, system pressure, and valve orifice diameters. The
Kumbar, Praful, Murugesan, Karthik, Shannon, Rick
Vehicle-to-Vehicle negotiation via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-In scenarios2026-26-0274To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat
A review on 'sensor technologies', its application, regulatory standards & emerging trend towards safe hydrogen economy.2026-26-0111To be published on 01/16/2026
In a developing country like India, the growing energy demand across all sectors underscores the urgent need for clean, sustainable, and efficient energy alternatives. Hydrogen stands out as a promising fuel, offering virtually zero emissions and helping to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which directly contributes to mitigating global warming, ensuring a cleaner environment, and lowering dependency on fossil fuels. In line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), which seeks to guarantee that everyone has access to modern, cheap, and sustainable energy, hydrogen is well-positioned to be a major player in India's energy transformation. However, hydrogen has unique properties such as its wide flammability range, high reactivity, and high energy content present significant challenges in terms of safety, particularly in its storage, transportation, and usage. Improper handling or inadequate safety measures can lead to hazardous incidents, making robust testing, certification
Pawar, Yuvraj, Dekate, Ajay Dinkar, Thipse, S, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Research on Ship Network Security Situation Awareness and Defense Mechanism Based on Improved Spatiotemporal Attention and Deep Reinforcement Learning2025-99-012611/11/2025
With the development of ship intelligence, network security threats are increasing day by day. This paper proposes a ship network security situation awareness algorithm based on an improved spatiotemporal attention mechanism, and constructs a supporting defense mechanism. The algorithm accurately captures changes in network security situation through dynamic weight allocation and multi-scale feature extraction. In the experimental simulation, OMNeT++ is combined with SUMO to build a ship network simulation environment, and Maritime - CPS - Dataset and other data sets are used for testing. The algorithm in this paper is compared with ARIMA, LSTM, GRU and other algorithms. The results show that in terms of situation awareness accuracy, the algorithm in this paper reaches 95.6%, which is 27.8% higher than ARIMA, 12.3% higher than LSTM, and 10.1% higher than GRU respectively; the average response time of the defense mechanism is shortened to 2.3 seconds, which is 40% faster than the
Kong, Zeyu, Zhou, Bofei, Wan, Shiyao
Automating Fault Detection Time Interval in Automotive Functional Safety Using HIL Simulation2025-28-027411/06/2025
Functional safety is driven by number of standards like in automotive its driven by ISO26262, in Aerospace its driven by DO-178C, and in Medical its driven by IEC 60601. Automotive electronic controllers must adhere to state-of-the-art functional safety standard provided by ISO26262. A critical functional safety requirement is the Fault Handling Time Interval (FHTI), which includes the Fault Detection Time Interval (FDTI) and Fault Reaction Time Interval (FRTI). The requirements for FHTI are derived from Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) conducted at the system level. Various fault categories are analyzed, including electrical faults (e.g., short to battery, short to ground, open circuits), systemic faults (e.g., sensor value stuck, sensor value beyond range), and communication faults (e.g., incorrect CAN message signal values). Controllers employ strategies such as debouncing and fault time maturity to detect these faults. Numerous FDTI requirements must be verified to ensure
Lengare, Sunil, Yadav, Vikaskumar, Shiraskar, Pallavi
IHX Technology and Its Effectiveness in Automotive AC Performance2025-28-043010/30/2025
The Internal Heat Exchanger (IHX) is an important component in modern car air conditioning (AC) systems, particularly in AC lines. It increases cooling efficiency by transferring heat from the high-pressure liquid refrigerant to the low-pressure vapor. By using this technology, refrigerant sub-cooling and superheating improve, resulting in higher cooling performance, lower energy usage, and less strain on the compressor. It improves vehicle fuel economy and a longer lifespan of AC components. Also, IHX prevents liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor, reducing the danger of damage and increasing system reliability. This optimization helps to maintain consistent refrigerant flow, reduces energy consumption, and improves the overall Coefficient of Performance (COP). The implementation of an IHX technology in AC lines results in more compact, streamlined system designs, which allow for better temperature management, faster response times, and lower cooling loads. An IHX can boost
Dudeja, Kailash, Singh, Saniya
Automatic Brake Failure Detection with Electromagnetic Braking System2025-28-037310/30/2025
Brake failures in the vehicles can cause hazardous accidents so having a better monitoring and emergency braking system is very important. So, this project consists of an autonomous brake failure detector integrated with Automatic Braking using Electromagnetic coil braking which detects the braking failure at the time and applied the combinations of the brakes, to overcome this kind of accidents. So, here the system comprises of IR sensor circuit, control unit and electromagnetic braking system. How it works: The IR sensor monitors the brake wire, and if the wire is broken, the control unit activates the electromagnetic brakes, stopping the vehicle in a safe manner. This system enhances vehicle safety by ensuring immediate braking action without driver intervention. Key advantages include real-time brake monitoring, reduced mechanical wear, quick response time, and an automatic failsafe mechanism. The system’s minimal reliance on hydraulic components also makes it suitable for harsh or
Raja, Selvakumar, John, Godwin, Siddarth, J P, Senthilkumar, Akash, Mathew, Abhay, R. S., Nakandhrakumar, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Arumugam, Sivasankar
Review of Bio-Inspired Actuators and Their Potential for Adaptive Vehicle Control12-09-02-001110/10/2025
Adaptive vehicle control systems are crucial for enhancing safety, performance, and efficiency in modern transportation, particularly as vehicles become increasingly automated and responsive to dynamic environments. This review explores the advancements in bio-inspired actuators and their potential applications in adaptive vehicle control systems. Bio-inspired actuators, which mimic natural mechanisms such as muscle movement and plant tropism, offer unique advantages such as flexibility, adaptability, and energy efficiency. The article categorizes these actuators based on their mechanisms, including shape memory alloys, dielectric elastomers, ionic polymer–metal composites, and soft pneumatic actuators. The review highlights the properties, operating principles, technical maturity, and potential applications for each mechanism in automotive systems. Additionally, it investigates current uses of these actuators in adaptive suspension, active steering, braking systems, and human–machine
Mittal, Vikram, Shah, Rajesh, Roshan, Mathew
From Temperature to Wear: A Quantitative Analysis of Tire Influence on Vehicle Cornering Using Handling Key Performance Indicators2025-01-506009/16/2025
Vehicle behavior is strongly influenced by tire performance, as tires serve as the primary interface between the vehicle and the road surface. Since identical vehicles equipped with different tire sets—or even the same tires operating under varying thermal and wear conditions—can exhibit significantly different handling characteristics, this study aims to quantify their impact on both steady-state and transient cornering responses through a dedicated evaluation methodology. To demonstrate the generalization of the proposed approach, three completely different validated vehicle digital twins—a passenger car, a sports car, and a formula car—are analyzed in a virtual environment, employing Vi-Car Real Time for vehicle and scenario representations, and RIDEsuite for tire modeling, considering thermal and wear effects. The simulations were designed using a structured design of experiments approach, resulting in 15 predefined combinations of tire temperature and wear states. Results show
Aratri, Roberto, Romagnuolo, Fabio, De Pinto, Stefano, Farroni, Flavio, De Bellis, Sergio, Bottiglione, Francesco, Mantriota, Giacomo, Sakhnevych, Aleksandr
Preliminary Multi-Physics Modelling and Characterization of a Magneto-Rheological Brake2025-01-034709/15/2025
Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) is a smart material used in several applications for its ability to switch from fluid behaviour to solid-like conditions if a magnetic field is present. The dependency of viscosity on magnetic field makes this fluid suitable for braking system of electric vehicles, thanks to its high controllability and response time in the whole operative range. The main parameters that influence the behaviour of the fluid, and so the braking action of the system, are magnetic field and rotational velocity. In general, the variable physical properties make it complicated to simulate the system and its behaviour in different operating conditions. Therefore, it is usually necessary to build a physical prototype to experimentally verify the response of the braking system at different driving conditions. This paper presents the development of a virtual model of Magneto-Rheological Brakes (MRB) whose validity is extended to different driving conditions. This can be
De Luca, Elena, Imberti, Giovanni, de Carvalho Pinheiro, Henrique, Carello, Massimiliana
LightNetDehaze: Lightweight and Unsupervised Single-Image Dense Haze Removal12-09-01-000505/26/2025
Image dehazing techniques can play a vital role in object detection, surveillance, and accident prevention, especially in scenarios where visibility is compromised because of light scattering by atmospheric particles. To obtain a high-quality image or as an initial step in processing, it’s crucial to restore the scene’s information from a single image, given that this is an ill-posed inverse problem. The present approach utilized an unsupervised learning approach to predict the transmission map from a hazy image and used YOLOv8n to detect the car from a clear recovered image. The dehazing model utilized a lightweight parallel channel architecture to extract features from the input image and estimate the transmission map. The clear image is recovered using an atmospheric scattering model and given to the YOLOv8n for car detection. By incorporating dark channel prior loss during training, the model eliminates the need for a paired dataset. The proposed dehazing model with fewer
Dave, Chintan, Patel, Hetal, Kumar, Ahlad
Variable Speed Limit Control Based on Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient under Mixed Traffic Environment12-09-01-000405/06/2025
The existing variable speed limit (VSL) control strategies rely on variable message signs, leading to slow response times and sensitivity to driver compliance. These methods struggle to adapt to environments where both connected automated vehicles (CAVs) and manual vehicles coexist. This article proposes a VSL control strategy using the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm to optimize travel time, reduce collision risks, and minimize energy consumption. The algorithm leverages real-time traffic data and prior speed limits to generate new control actions. A reward function is designed within a DDPG-based actor-critic framework to determine optimal speed limits. The proposed strategy was tested in two scenarios and compared against no-control, rule-based control, and DDQN-based control methods. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy outperforms existing approaches in terms of improving TTS (total time spent), enhancing the throughput efficiency
Ding, Xibin, Zhang, Zhaolei, Liu, Zhizhen, Tang, Feng
Determining Worst-Case Execution Time Bounds for Multi-Core Processors2025-01-015505/02/2025
Demonstrating deadline adherence for real-time tasks is a common requirement in all safety norms. Timing verification has to address two levels: the code level (worst-case execution time) and the scheduling level (worst-case response time). Determining which methodology is suited best depends on the characteristics of the target processor. All contemporary microprocessors try to maximize the instruction-level parallelism by sophisticated performance-enhancing features that make the execution time of a particular instruction dependent on the execution history. On multi-core systems, the execution time additionally is influenced by interference effects on shared resources caused by concurrent activities on the different cores, which are not controlled by the scheduling algorithm. In the avionics domain, the new FAA AC 20-193 / EASA AMC 20-193 guidance documents formalize predictability aspects of multi-core systems and derive adequate measures for timing verification. Timing verification
Kaestner, Daniel, Gebhard, Gernot, Huembert, Christian, Pister, Markus, Wegener, Simon, Ferdinand, Christian
A Proactive System to Anticipate and Store the Damage Information on a Parked Car Using Machine Learning Algorithm2025-01-821104/01/2025
Vehicle ADAS Systems majorly comprises of two functions: Driving and Parking. The most common form of damage to the vehicle which goes unnoticed with unidentified cause are parking damages. A vehicle once parked at a certain location may get damaged without knowledge of the user. In this work developed a solution that not only pre-warns the driver but also prepares the vehicle beforehand if it suspects a damage may occur. This eliminates the latency between damage and information capture, detects small damages such as scratches, classifies the type of damage and informs the user beforehand. This is solution is different from our competitors as the existing solutions informs the user about the scratches/damages, but these solutions are expensive, have high response time, and the damage information is captured after the damage has occurred. The solution consists of the following check blocks: Precondition, Sensor Control and Action Module. The Precondition Module observes the vehicle
Debnath, Sarnab, Patil, Prasad, Belur Subramanya, Sheshagiri, Govinda, Shiva Prasad
Dynamics Modeling and Lateral Stability of Tank Transport Vehicles2025-01-807504/01/2025
In this paper, the equivalent elliptic gauge pendulum model of liquid sloshing in tank is established, the pendulum dynamic equation of tank in non-inertial frame of reference is derived, and the dynamics model of tank transporter is constructed by force analysis of the whole vehicle. A liquid tank car model was built in TruckSim to study its dynamic response characteristics. Aiming at the problem that the coupling effect between liquid sloshiness in tank and tank car can easily affect the rolling stability of vehicle, the roll dynamics model of tank heavy vehicle is established based on the parameterized equivalent elliptic gauge single pendulum model, and the influence of different lateral acceleration and suspension system on the roll stability is studied. The results show that the coupling effect between the motion state of the tank car and the liquid slosh lengthens the oscillation period of the liquid slosh in the tank, and the amplitude of the load transfer rate of the tank car
Yukang, Guo
Assessing the Impact of Mirror Technology on Driver Perception and Safety: Traditional vs. Camera-Based Systems2025-01-866404/01/2025
Camera-based mirror systems (CBMS) are being adopted by commercial fleets based on the potential improvements to operational efficiency through improved aerodynamics, resulting in better fuel economy, improved maneuverability, and the potential improvement for overall safety. Until CBMS are widely adopted it will be expected that drivers will be required to adapt to both conventional glass mirrors and CBMS which could have potential impact on the safety and performance of the driver when moving between vehicles with and without CBMS. To understand the potential impact to driver perception and safety, along with other human factors related to CBMS, laboratory testing was performed to understand the impact of CBMS and conventional glass mirrors. Drivers were subjected to various, nominal driving scenarios using a truck equipped with conventional glass mirrors, CBMS, and both glass mirrors and CBMS, to observe the differences in metrics such as head and eye movement, reaction time, and
Siekmann, Adam, Prikhodko, Vitaly, Sujan, Vivek
Operational Evaluation of a Pre-Production L2 System HMI2025-01-805004/01/2025
The study analyzed data from on-road drives with a pre-production Level 2 (L2) partial automation system using a sample of 27 drivers ranging from 21 to 75 years of age. The system provides continuous automatic lateral and longitudinal control but requires the driver to remain attentive and intervene when necessary. The L2 system was equipped with a Driving Monitoring System (DMS) that issued escalating alerts to remind the driver to pay attention or take over when needed. During the 14-month study period, drivers completed 354,768 miles of travel with the L2 system engaged, totaling 5,913 trips. The results of the study showed that drivers were highly responsive to attention reminders and takeover alerts, with high compliance rates and quick response times. Importantly, there was no evidence of habituation to these alerts over time. These findings support the effectiveness of the system's DMS and alert HMI (Human-Machine Interface) strategy in promoting the proper use of the system
Llaneras, Robert, Glaser, Yi, Green, Charles, August, Maureen, Landry, Steven
Leveraging Triggering Conditions for Efficient Scenario-Based Testing of Automated Vehicles12-08-04-003502/19/2025
Scenario-based testing has become a central approach of safety verification and validation (V&V) of automated driving. The standard ISO 21448: Safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) [1] proposes triggering conditions (e.g., an occluded traffic sign) as a new aspect to be considered to organize scenario-based testing. In this contribution, we discuss the requirements and the strategy of testing triggering conditions in an iterative, SOTIF-oriented V&V process. Accordingly, we illustrate a method for generating test scenarios for evaluating potential triggering conditions. We apply the proposed method in a two-fold case study: We demonstrate how to derive test scenarios and test these with a virtual automated driving system in simulation. We provide an analysis of the testing result to show how triggering condition-based testing facilitates spotting the weakness of the system. Besides, we exhibit the applicability of the method based on multiple triggering conditions and nominal
Zhu, Zhijing, Philipp, Robin, Howar, Falk
Deep Learning-Enhanced Direct Torque Control of BLDC Motors for Optimized Electric Vehicle Performance12-08-04-003602/12/2025
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising solution to reduce environmental issues and decrease dependency on fossil fuels. The main drawback associated with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme is that it is incapable of improving the efficiency and response time of the EVs. To overcome this problem, integrating deep learning (DL) techniques into DTC offers a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the drive system of EVs. This article introduces three control methods to improve the output for DTC-based BLDC motor drives: a traditional proportional–integral for speed controller (speed PI), a neural network fitting (NNF)-based speed controller (speed NNF), and a custom neural (CN) network-based speed controller (speed CN). The NNF and CN are DL techniques designed to overcome the limitations of conventional PI controllers, such as retaining the percentage overshoot, settling times, and improving the system’s efficiency. The CN controller reduced the torque ripple by 15
Patel, Sandesh, Yadav, Shekhar, Tiwari, Nitesh
Design and Finite Element Analysis of Pneumatically Actuated Soft Gripper under Combined Positive and Negative Pressure2025-28-004402/07/2025
Soft-bending actuators have garnered significant interest in robotics and biomedical engineering due to their ability to mimic the bending motions of natural organisms. Using either positive or negative pressure, most soft pneumatic actuators for bending actuation have modified their design accordingly. In this study, we propose a novel soft bending actuator that utilizes combined positive and negative pressures to achieve enhanced performance and control. The actuator consists of a flexible elastomeric chamber divided into two compartments: a positive pressure chamber and a negative pressure chamber. Controlled bending motion can be achieved by selectively applying positive and negative pressures to the respective chambers. The combined positive and negative pressure allowed for faster response times and increased flexibility compared to traditional soft actuators. Because of its adaptability, controllability, and improved performance can be used for various jobs that call for careful
Lalson, Abirami, Sadique, Anwar
Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Tannery Industry Fleshing Wastes Using Response Surface Methodology2025-28-011502/07/2025
In response to rising emissions and pollutants, an alternative and environmentally friendly synthesis is gaining prominence on the energy sources. The leather industries generate substantial amount of waste and fleshing oil extracted from fleshing which is rich in lipids and presents a viable feedstock for biodiesel production. In this research work, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to optimize the conversion of leather fleshing oil into biodiesel using three parameters such as operating temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio. Experiments were carried out to determine the most optimal conditions and the response on yield (%) and viscosity (mm2/s) based on a 17-run Box–Behnken Design matrix. Stochastic model parameters such as R2 (0.9715 and 0.9793), adjusted R2 (0.9349 and 0.9527), predicted R2 (0.8327 and 0.7656), and high F-values (26.52 and 36.78) of both responses (yield and viscosity) were found to be statistically significant and warranted model adequacy. ANOVA and
P, Kanthasamy, Selvan, Arul Mozhi, P, Shanmugam
Research on the Intelligent Vehicle Trajectory Tracking Control Based on Optimal Preview Distance02-18-01-000501/03/2025
Accurate and responsive trajectory tracking is a critical challenge in intelligent vehicle control system. To improve the adaptability and real-time performance of intelligent vehicle trajectory tracking controllers, we propose a genetic algorithm adaptive preview (GAAP) scheme that offline optimizes the preview distance based on vehicle speed and reference path curvature. The goal is to obtain the optimal preview distance that balances tracking accuracy, stability, and real-time performance. By establishing a relationship between optimal preview distance, speed, and curvature, we enhance real-time performance through online table checking during trajectory tracking. Our trajectory tracking error model takes into account not only position errors but also heading errors. A feedback–feedforward trajectory tracking controller is then designed to achieve rapid responses without compromising robustness. Simulation tests conducted under straight circular arc condition and double lane change
Cheng, Kehan, Zhang, Huanhuan, Hu, Shengli, Ning, Qianjia
Modeling and Simulation of an Electromagnetic Brake-by-Wire System for Formula SAE Vehicles2024-36-016912/20/2024
Electric vehicles represent a shift towards sustainability in the automotive industry, with the Brake-by-Wire (BBW) system as an innovation to enhance safety, and performance. This study proposes an electromagnetic BBW system for Formula SAE vehicles, optimizing an electromagnet with a genetic algorithm as the actuator. Through a selection process from a million individuals, the system was modeled. Integrated with electric motors using CarMaker® software, the optimized electromagnet surpassed the minimum required force of 228.08 N without reaching its nominal current of 12.5 A, achieving a force of 231.1 N for 150 W power, indicating an energy efficiency of 0.706 N/Watt. The system also exhibited a response time of 17.92ms for an 80 bar increase, 1.52 times better than compared systems. Simulation under varying braking intensities demonstrated dynamic behavior, with settling times for slow, moderate, and sharp braking at 193 ms, 62 ms, and 21 ms, respectively. Efficiency during
Salgado, Vinícius Batista Alves, Gomes, Deilton Gonçalves, Andrade Lima, Cláudio
Trailer Disengage Confirmation Alarm System for Electric Subsystems2024-28-021312/05/2024
The truck industry's primary focus is on global transportation, necessitating the efficient movement of goods and materials. There are many types of trucks designed for different purposes, and one of the most significant ones is the tractor trailer which offers great flexibility and can carry heavy loads. The tractor-trailer assembly unit consists of a complex integration of mechanical, electrical, and pneumatic connections, each serving a critical role in the overall functionality and performance of the vehicle. The disconnection of electrical interconnections between the truck trailer and tractor is crucial to prevent damage to the connectors within the wiring harness, which can lead to hazardous situations on the road. The tractor unit serves as the power source, while the trailer is responsible for carrying cargo, with the wiring harness being a crucial yet vulnerable component. When the trailer disengages from the fifth wheel coupling, it is vital to ensure that the electrical
Singh, Amandeep, Kumar, Pradeep, Suresh, Karthikrajan, Kotian, Pradeep, T, Thirunavukkarasu, Chitreddy, Bharath, R, Sunilkumar
ZF's latest safety advances open up, tighten up and DOUBLE DOWN24AUTP08_0208/01/2024
ZF rethinks safety with new airbags, belt tensioner. ZF knows that the steering wheel remains one of the most relevant components in an automotive interior, because this is where drivers have direct contact to the vehicle. As steering wheels become adorned with more functions than some drivers know what to do with, ZF put Marc Schledorn in charge of the teams rethinking how the driver airbag could operate in a world with ever-busier steering wheels. The solution is a new type of steering wheel airbag that ZF Lifetec (ZF's renamed Passive Safety Systems division) announced in June. Instead of moving through a thermoplastic airbag cover mechanically fixed in the center of the wheel, Schledorn told SAE Media, the new design positions the airbag on the top side of the steering wheel and then expands through the upper rim of the wheel when needed.
Blanco, Sebastian
Test Cycle Simulation of Bench Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning15-17-03-001507/31/2024
Test cycle simulation is an essential part of the vehicle-in-the-loop test, and the deep reinforcement learning algorithm model is able to accurately control the drastic change of speed during the simulated vehicle driving process. In order to conduct a simulated cycle test of the vehicle, a vehicle model including driver, battery, motor, transmission system, and vehicle dynamics is established in MATLAB/Simulink. Additionally, a bench load simulation system based on the speed-tracking algorithm of the forward model is established. Taking the driver model action as input and the vehicle gas/brake pedal opening as the action space, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is used to update the entire model. This process yields the dynamic response of the output end of the bench model, ultimately producing the optimal intelligent driver model to simulate the vehicle’s completion of the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) on the bench. The results indicate that the
Gong, Xiaohao, Li, Xu, Hu, Xiong, Li, Wenli
Firefighting Vehicle Dispatch and Route Planning Model Based on Priority Passage Rights12-08-02-001407/11/2024
Efficient fire rescue operations in urban environments are critical for saving lives and reducing property damage. By utilizing connected vehicle systems (CVS) for firefighting vehicles planning, we can reduce the response time to fires while lowering the operational costs of fire stations. This research presents an innovative nonlinear mixed-integer programming model to enhance fire rescue operations in urban settings. The model focuses on expediting the movement of firefighting vehicles within intricate traffic networks, effectively tackling the complexities associated with collaborative dispatch decisions and optimal path planning for multiple response units. This method is validated using a small-scale traffic network, providing foundational insights into parameter impacts. A case study in Sioux Falls shows its superiority over traditional “nearest dispatch” methods, optimizing both cost and response time significantly. Sensitivity analyses involving clearance speed, clearance time
Wei, Shibo, Gu, Yu, Liu, Han
Experimental Analysis of Force Recovery and Response Time Using Strain Measurement Sensors in Stress Wave Force Balance2024-26-045106/01/2024
Severe problem of aerodynamic heating and drag force are inherent with any hypersonic space vehicle like space shuttle, missiles etc. For proper design of vehicle, the drag force measurement become very crucial. Ground based test facilities are employed for these estimates along with any suitable force balance as well as sensors. There are many sensors (Accelerometer, Strain gauge and Piezofilm) reported in the literature that is used for evaluating the actual aerodynamic forces over test model in high speed flow. As per previous study, the piezofilm also become an alternative sensor over the strain gauges due to its simple instrumentation. For current investigation, the piezofilm and strain gauge sensors have mounted on same stress force balance to evaluate the response time as well as accuracy of predicted force at the same instant. However, these force balance need to be calibrated for inverse prediction of the force from recorded responses. A reliable multi point calibration
Kamal, Abhishek, Deka, Sushmita, Sahoo, Niranjan, Kulkarni, Vinayak
PRODUCT BRIEFS24AUTP06_1306/01/2024
Inherent Diverse Redundant Safety Mechanisms for AI-Based Software Elements in Automotive Applications2024-01-286404/09/2024
This paper explores the role and challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, specifically AI-based software elements, in autonomous driving systems. These AI systems are fundamental in executing real-time critical functions in complex and high-dimensional environments. They handle vital tasks like multi-modal perception, cognition, and decision-making tasks such as motion planning, lane keeping, and emergency braking. A primary concern relates to the ability (and necessity) of AI models to generalize beyond their initial training data. This generalization issue becomes evident in real-time scenarios, where models frequently encounter inputs not represented in their training or validation data. In such cases, AI systems must still function effectively despite facing distributional or domain shifts. This paper investigates the risk associated with overconfident AI models in safety-critical applications like autonomous driving. To mitigate these risks, methods for training AI
Pitale, Mandar Manohar, Abbaspour, Alireza, Upadhyay, Devesh
Enhanced Safety of Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Highways through Automatic Speed Enforcement – A Simulation Study2024-01-196404/09/2024
Highway safety remains a significant concern, especially in mixed traffic scenarios involving heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) and smaller passenger cars. The vulnerability of HDVs following closely behind smaller cars is evident in incidents involving the lead vehicle, potentially leading to catastrophic rear-end collisions. This paper explores how automatic speed enforcement systems, using speed cameras, can mitigate risks for HDVs in such critical situations. While historical crash data consistently demonstrates the reduction of accidents near speed cameras, this paper goes beyond the conventional notion of crash occurrence reduction. Instead, it investigates the profound impact of driver behavior changes within desired travel speed distribution, especially around speed cameras, and their contribution to the safety of trailing vehicles, with a specific focus on heavy-duty trucks in accident-prone scenarios. To conduct this analysis, we utilize SUMO, an open-source microscopic traffic
Shiledar, Ankur, Sujan, Vivek, Siekmann, Adam, Yuan, Jinghui
Trends in Driver Response to Forward Collision Warning and the Making of an Effective Alerting Strategy2024-01-250604/09/2024
This paper compares the results from three human factors studies conducted in a motion-based simulator in 2008, 2014 and 2023, to highlight the trends in driver's response to Forward Collision Warning (FCW). The studies were motivated by the goal to develop an effective HMI (Human-Machine Interface) strategy that enables the required driver's response to FCW while minimizing the level of annoyance of the feature. All three studies evaluated driver response to a baseline-FCW and no-FCW conditions. Additionally, the 2023 study included two modified FCW chime variants: a softer FCW chime and a fading FCW chime. Sixteen (16) participants, balanced for gender and age, were tested for each group in all iterations of the studies. The participants drove in a high-fidelity simulator with a visual distraction task (number reading). After driving 15 minutes in a nighttime rural highway environment, a surprise forward collision threat arose during the distraction task. The response times from the
Nasir, Mansoor, Kurokawa, Ko, Singhal, Neha, Mayer, Ken, Chowanic, Andrea, Osafo Yeboah, Benjamin, Blommer, Michael
Gap Adjustment Strategy for Electromechanical Brake System Based on Critical Point Identification2024-01-232004/09/2024
Abrasion of the Electromechanical brake (EMB) brake pad during the braking process leads to an increase in brake gap, which adversely affects braking performance. Therefore, it is imperative to promptly detect brake pad abrasion and adjust the brake gap accordingly. However, the addition of extra gap adjustment or sensor detection devices will bring extra size and cost to the brake system. In this study, we propose an innovative EMB gap active adjustment strategy by employing modeling and analysis of the braking process. This strategy involves identifying the contact and separation points of the braking process based on the differential current signal. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that this gap adjustment strategy can effectively regulate the brake gap, mitigate the adverse effects of brake disk abrasion, and notably reduce the response time of the braking force output. Monitoring is critical to accurately control EMB clamping force. Pressure transducers are
Zhang, Yilong, Chen, Zixuan, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Responses to Flashing Warning Lights and Colors of Service Vehicles2024-01-222904/09/2024
Flashing warning lights and vehicle markings of various colors are used on a wide range of emergency and other service vehicles to help inform drivers about the presence of these vehicles and the types of situations that drivers are approaching. Although not applied consistently among all jurisdictions, the colors and performance of these visual elements are often selected to help communicate the type of scenario (such as red flashing lights to indicate an emergency vehicle, or yellow flashing lights to indicate a non-emergency service vehicle). Previous investigations have shown that flashing light colors, vehicle and marking colors, and flashing temporal characteristics (e.g., rapid versus slower flashing) can all affect a driver’s perception of whether a vehicle along the road is responding to an emergency situation or not. Building on previous research, a laboratory study was carried out to investigate how drivers perceive scale-model roadway scenarios including different numbers
Bullough, John D., Skinner, Nicholas P., Rea, Mark S.
Enhancing Safety Features of Advanced Driver Assistance System Warnings by Using Head-Up Displays2024-01-205804/09/2024
ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) is a growing technology in automotive industry, intended to provide safety and comfort to the passengers with the help of variety of sensors like radar, camera, LIDAR etc. Though ADAS improved safety of passengers comparing to conventional non-ADAS vehicles, still it has some grey areas for safety enhancement and easy assistance to drivers. BSW (Blind Spot Warning) and LCA (Lane Change Assist) are ADAS function which assists the driver for lane changing. BSW alerts the driver about the vehicles which are in blind zone in adjacent lanes and LCA alerts the driver about approaching vehicles at a high velocity in adjacent lanes. In current ADAS systems, BSW and LCA alerts are given as optical and acoustic warnings which is placed in vehicle side mirrors. During lane change the driver must see the side mirrors to take a decision. Due to this, there is a reaction time for taking a decision since driver must divert attention from windshield to side
R, Manjunath, Saddaladinne, Jagadeesh Babu, D, Gopinath
System Level Modelling, Evaluation, and Trade-Off/Optimization of Solid-State & Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers for an EV Eco-System Using AI/ML in an MBSE Framework2024-01-265704/09/2024
With the increasing demand for efficient & clean transport solutions, applications such as road transport vehicles, aerospace and marine are seeing a rise in electrification at a significant rate. Irrespective of industries, the main source of power that enables electrification in mobility applications like electric vehicles (EV), electric ships and electrical vertical take-off & landing (e-VTOL) is primarily a battery making it fundamentally a DC system. Fast charging solutions for EVs & e-VTOLs are also found to be DC in nature because of several advantages like ease of integration, higher efficiency, etc. Likewise, the key drivers of the electric grid are resulting in an energy transition towards renewable sources, that are also essentially DC in nature. Overall, these different business trends with their drivers appear to be converging towards DC power systems, making it pertinent. However, DC circuit protection poses serious challenges compared to AC due to the absence of natural
Milind, T. R., Thomas, Amal, Rastogi, Sarthak, K, Satyadeep
Vehicle Braking Performance Improvement via Electronic Brake Booster10-08-01-000502/10/2024
Throughout the automobile industry, the electronic brake boost technologies have been widely applied to support the expansion of the using range of the driver assist technologies. The electronic brake booster (EBB) supports to precisely operate the brakes as necessary via building up the brake pressure faster than the vacuum brake booster. Therefore, in this article a novel control strategy for the EBB based on fuzzy logic control (FLC) is developed and studied. The configuration of the EBB is established and the system model including the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a two-stage reduction transmission (gears and a ball screw), a servo body, reaction disk, and the hydraulic load are modeled by MATLAB/Simulink. The load-dependent friction has been compensated by using Karnopp friction model. Due to the strong nonlinearity on the EBB components and the load-dependent friction, FLC has been used for the control algorithm. The control concept focused on transforming the
Soliman, Amr M.E., Kaldas, Mina M., Soliman, Aref M.A., Huzayyin, A.S.
Exploring Capabilities of Hydraulic Actuators to Achieve Vehicle Ride Targets in Frequency Range beyond Their Operational Bandwidth2024-26-006001/16/2024
Active suspension systems employ sophisticated control algorithms to deliver superior comfort in vehicles. However, the capabilities of these algorithms are limited by the physical constraints of actuators. Many vehicles use hydraulic actuators in their active suspension system, which use fluid movement to control suspension motion. These systems inherently have slower response times due to the nature of fluid flow and the time required to build up or release pressure within the hydraulic system. Typically, hydraulic systems operate in a low bandwidth of 0-5 Hz. This limits their capability to only meeting vehicle’s primary ride targets which typically lie below 5 Hz. Although they can be tuned to operate at a slightly higher frequency range (up to 10 Hz), they perform poorly in attenuating the secondary ride vibration, i.e., 5 – 25 Hz. This paper focuses on investigating the possible hardware and subsequently control capabilities that can allow us to affect the vehicle ride well
Agrawal, Ayush, Negi, Ayush, Joshi, Divyanshu
Model Based Charge Control for 3-Cylinder TGDI Miller Engine Containing Variable Geometry Turbocharger2024-26-004301/16/2024
For ensuring environmental safety, strong emphasis on CO2 pollution reduction is mandated which led to evolution of miller cycle engines. However, the inherent Miller engine characteristic is the lower volumetric efficiency when compared to otto engines because of which small turbo chargers with variable geometry turbines are used to induct air into the engine. With miller engine and VGT turbo charger combination arises the challenges of charge controllability because of lower inertia and reduced vane control area. With conventional turbo charger control methods, the response time is slow thereby leading to turbo lag or severe over boosting, this is overcome by accurate engine modelling and using the same as input for charger control. In this study, model-based calibration approach was performed on a 3-cylinder Miller GDI 1.2L engine to model the charge exchange of the engine and use the same for determination required turbine vane positions to achieve the desired airflow induction
Veeramani, Vivekanand, Karthi, Ramanathan, Shanmugam Ramakrishnan, Muthu
Critical Scenarios Based on Graded Hazard Disposal Model of Human Drivers2023-01-705412/20/2023
In order to improve the efficiency of safety performance test for intelligent vehicles and construct the test case set quickly, critical scenarios based on graded hazard disposal model of human drivers are proposed, which can be used for extraction of test cases for safety performance. Based on the natural driving data in China Field Operational Test (China-FOT), the four-stage collision avoidance process of human drivers is obtained, including steady driving stage, risk judgment stage, collision reaction stage and collision avoidance stage. And there are two human driver states: general state and alert state. Then the graded hazard disposal model of human drivers is constructed. According to the parameter distribution of natural driving data, the risk perception point, risk response point and collision reaction time of deceleration scenario and cut-in scenario are obtained, and the deceleration gradient and the maximum deceleration of each collision avoidance difficulty level are
Fang, Xiaowei, Ma, Zhixiong, Zhu, Xichan, Yin, Qi
Analytical and Experimental Handling Performance of Ultra-Efficient Lightweight Vehicles2023-24-013508/28/2023
The rising environmental awareness has led to a growing interest in electric and lightweight vehicles. Four-wheeled Ultra-Efficient Lightweight Vehicles (UELVs) have the potential to improve the quality of urban life, reduce environmental impact and make efficient use of land. However, the safety of these vehicles in terms of dynamic behaviour needs to be better understood. This paper aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the handling behaviour of UELVs. An analytical single-track model and a numerical simulation by VI-CarRealTime are analysed to evaluate the dynamic performance of a UELV compared to a city car. This analysis shows that the lightweight vehicle has a higher readiness (i.e. lower reaction time to yaw rate) for step steering and lower steering effort (i.e. higher steady-state value). Experimental analysis through real-time driving sessions on the Dynamic Driving Simulator assesses vehicle responses and subjective perception for different manoeuvres. The driving
Musso, Emanuele, Previati, Giorgio, Mastinu, Gianpiero
Predictive 3D-CFD Model for the Analysis of the Development of Soot Deposition Layer on Sensor Surfaces2023-24-001208/28/2023
After-treatment sensors are used in the ECU feedback control to calibrate the engine operating parameters. Due to their contact with exhaust gases, especially NOx sensors are prone to soot deposition with a consequent decay of their performance. Several phenomena occur at the same time leading to sensor contamination: thermophoresis, unburnt hydrocarbons condensation and eddy diffusion of submicron particles. Conversely, soot combustion and shear forces may act in reducing soot deposition. This study proposes a predictive 3D-CFD model for the analysis of the development of soot deposition layer on the sensor surfaces. Alongside with the implementation of deposit and removal mechanisms, the effects on both thermal properties and shape of the surfaces are taken in account. The latter leads to obtain a more accurate and complete modelling of the phenomenon influencing the sensor overall performance. The evolution of the fouling thickness is evaluated by means of the implementation of a
D'Orrico, Fabrizio, Cicalese, Giuseppe, Breda, Sebastiano, Fontanesi, Stefano, Cozza, Ivan, Tosi, Sergio, Gopalakrishnan, Venkatesh
Designing an Interactive Mixed Reality Cockpit for Enhanced Soldier-Vehicle Interaction2024-01-402808/10/2023
ABSTRACT This paper discusses the design and implementation of an interactive mixed reality cockpit that enhances Soldier-vehicle interaction by providing a 360-degree situational awareness system. The cockpit uses indirect vision, where cameras outside the vehicle provide a video feed of the surroundings to the cockpit. The cockpit also includes a virtual information dashboard that displays real-time information about the vehicle, mission, and crew status. The visualization of the dashboard is based on past research in information visualization, allowing Soldiers to quickly assess their operational state. The paper presents the results of a usability study on the effectiveness of the mixed reality cockpit, which compared the Vitreous interface, a Soldier-centered mixed reality head-mounted display, with two other interface and display technologies. The study found that the Vitreous UI resulted in better driving performance and better subjective evaluation of the ability to actively
Hansberger, Jeffrey T., Wood, Ryan, Conner, Ty, Hansen, Jayse, Nix, Jacob, Torres, Marco
Occupant Kinetics and Muscle Responses of Relaxed and Braced Small Female and Midsize Male Volunteers in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests09-11-03-001207/28/2023
Previous volunteer studies focused on low-speed frontal events have demonstrated that muscle activation (specifically pre-impact bracing) can significantly affect occupant response. However, these tests do not always include a sufficient number of small female volunteers to compare their unique responses to the typically studied midsize male population. The purposes of this study were to quantify the occupant kinetics and muscle responses of relaxed and braced small female and midsize male volunteers during low-speed frontal sled tests and to compare between muscle states and demographic groups. Small female and midsize male volunteers experienced multiple low-speed frontal sled tests consisting of two pulse severities (1 g and 2.5 g) and two muscle states (relaxed and braced) per pulse severity. The muscle activity of 30 muscles (15 bilaterally) and reaction forces at the volunteer-test buck interfaces and seat belt were measured before and during each sled test. Compared to the
Chan, Hana, Albert, Devon L., Gayzik, F. Scott, Kemper, Andrew R.
Passive Ice Protection Systems Lab Scale Testing Methodology2023-01-141206/15/2023
Aircraft icing is a well-known problem that can have serious consequences for flight safety. To combat this problem, various ice protection systems (IPSs) have been developed and are currently used on most aircraft, including thermal ice protection systems. However, these systems can be costly, heavy and ineffective. Therefore, there is a need to improve the efficiency and response time of these systems. In recent years, research has focused on the development of hybrid systems that combine different ice protection technologies to achieve better performance. In this sense, the use of an active element with a coating on its external part that improve its efficiency would be an important advance, but there is a wide range of active systems and even more of coatings and surface treatments. Therefore it would be helpful to have a test methodology that would allow a simple but thorough assessment of the performance of each passive system, and this is precisely what is proposed in this
García, Paloma, Mora, Julio, Carreño, Francisco, Redondo, Francisco, Rodriguez, Rafael, Rivero, Pedro, Vicente, Adrian, Acosta, Carolina, Larumbe, Silvia, Medrano, Ángel, Lecumberri, Cristina
Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of an Acceleration-Based Semiactive Control Strategy for Automotive Suspension Systems with Magneto-Rheological Damper15-16-03-001506/01/2023
Most of the control strategies presented to date are based on either the velocities or displacement of the vehicle body and the wheel which are derived by filtering and converting the data from the accelerometer. This increases the computational load and therefore directly affects the performance of the semiactive suspension system. This study presents a control strategy purely based on the acceleration for semiactive control of vehicle suspension with a magneto-rheological MR damper. The effectiveness of the acceleration-based skyhook (ASH) control strategy is compared with the existing velocity-based skyhook (VSH) control strategy based on the vibration response of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system. The effectiveness of ASH is evaluated experimentally, and the reaction time is evaluated analytically. The experimental results revealed that the ASH reduces the peak displacement and peak acceleration of the mass under the free vibration test and also improves the settling time as
Jamadar, Mohibb e Hussain, Devikiran, Pinjala, Kumar, Hemantha, Joladarshi, Sharnappa
Evaluating Drivers’ Understanding of Warning Symbols Presented on In-Vehicle Digital Displays Using a Driving Simulator2023-01-079004/11/2023
Since 1989, ISO has published procedures for developing and testing public information symbols (ISO 9186), while the SAE standard for in-vehicle icon comprehension testing (SAE J2830) was first published in 2008. Neither testing method was designed to evaluate the comprehension of symbols in modern vehicles that offer digital instrument cluster interfaces that afford new levels of flexibility to further improve drivers’ understanding of symbols. Using a driving simulator equipped with an eye tracker, this study investigated drivers’ understanding of six automotive symbols presented on in-vehicle displays. Participants included 24 teens, 24 adults, and 24 senior drivers. Symbols were presented in a symbol-only, symbol + short text descriptions, and symbol + long text description conditions. Participants’ symbol comprehension, driving performance, reaction times, and eye glance times were measured. The results of this study suggested that presenting automotive symbols on in-vehicle
Schwambach, Breno, Brooks, Johnell, Jenkins, Casey
A Road Roughness Estimation Method based on PSO-LSTM Neural Network2023-01-074704/11/2023
The development of intelligent and networked vehicles has enhanced the demand for precise road information perception. Detailed and accurate road surface information is essential to intelligent driving decisions and annotation of road surface semantics in high-precision maps. As one of the key parameters of road information, road roughness significantly impacts vehicle driving safety and comfort for passengers. To reach a rapid and accurate estimation of road roughness, in this study, we develop a neural network model based on vehicle response data by optimizing a long-short term memory (LSTM) network through the particle swarm algorithm (PSO), which fits non-linear systems and predicts the output of time series data such as road roughness precisely. We establish a feature dataset based on the vehicle response time domain data that can be easily obtained, such as the vehicle wheel center acceleration and pitch rate. A PSO-LSTM network is built to achieve road roughness estimation and
Li, Zhuoyang, Yang, Shichun, Chen, Yuyi, Nan, Zhaobo, Shi, Runwu, Wang, Rui, Zhang, Mengyue
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