Browse Topic: Ergonomics

Items (460)
ABSTRACT The objective of this effort is to create parametric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) accommodation models for crew and dismount workstations with specific tasks. The CAD accommodation models are statistical models that have been created utilizing data from the Seated Soldier Study and follow-on studies. The final products are parametric CAD models that provide geometric boundaries indicating the required space and adjustments needed for the equipped Soldiers’ helmet, eyes, torso, knees, boots, controls, and seat travel. Clearances between the Soldier and surrounding interior surfaces and direct field of view have been added per MIL-STD-1472H. The CAD models can be applied early in the vehicle design process to ensure accommodation requirements are met and help explore possible design tradeoffs when conflicts with other design parameters exist. The CAD models are available to government and industry partners and via the GVSC public website once they have undergone Verification
Huston, Frank J.Zielinski, Gale L.Reed, Matthew P.
ABSTRACT Over the last several years all branches of the United States military have experienced an increased number of orthopedic and internal injuries to knees lower back, neck, and digestive system. Additionally the level of severity has also been increasing. Primary cause factors contributing to the overall increase in injuries to US military personnel include the increase in overall individual loads being carried by the individual soldier which at times can approach 150 pounds, higher operations tempo which results in greater exposure to higher levels of impact forces and for a greater duration. The greater impact forces are a result of the poor design of the current bench deployed on United States tactical vehicles, and the brutal nature of the third world transportation networks in Afghanistan and Iraq. This paper documents the engineering approach utilized by AOM Engineering Solutions to achieve the following primary design objectives; improved ergonomic design for injury
Micheli, JohnDonovan, LTC Ken
Occupant packaging is one of the key tasks involved in the early architectural phase of a vehicle. Accommodation, as a convention, is generally considered related to a car’s interior. Typical roominess metrics of the occupant like hip room, shoulder room, and elbow room are defined with the door in its closed condition. Several other roominess metrics like knee room, leg room, head room, and the like are also specified. While all the guidelines are defined with doors in their closed condition, it is also important to consider the dynamics that exist while the occupant is entering the vehicle. This article expands the traditional understanding of occupant accommodation beyond conventionally considering the vehicle interior’s ability to accommodate anthropometry. It broadens the scope to include dynamic conditions, such as when doors are opened, providing a more realistic and practical perspective. As a luxury car manufacturer, it is important to ensure the best overall customer
Rajakumaran, SriramSreenivas, Kalyan
Designing an automotive seat, it is required to perform a detailed study of anthropometry, which deals with measurement of human individuals and understanding human physical variations. It also requires application-based movement study of driver’s hands, feet’s & overall body movement. It is very difficult to design seat curvatures based on any static manikin-based software. We at VECV, have developed a new concept using mixed reality VR technology to capture all body movements for designing best in class seat curvature to accommodate variety of drivers with different body types. We have designed a specialized static bunk, which has a wide range of seat, steering and ABC paddle adjustments, which are integrated with virtual data. We use to study and capture the data of driving position and other ergonomic postures of wide range of people with different body types on this static bunk according to their comfortable driving posture. In this comfortable driving posture, user is immersed in
Bhatnagar, ManasJain, NishantBiswal, JyotiranjanSharma, Ajay
Recently, several datasets have become available for occupant monitoring algorithm development, including real and synthetic datasets. However, real data acquisition is expensive and labeling is complex, while virtual data may not accurately reflect actual human physiology. To address these issues and obtain high-fidelity data for training intelligent driving monitoring systems, we have constructed a hybrid dataset that combines real driving image data with corresponding virtual data generated from 3D driving scenarios. We have also taken into account individual anthropometric measures and driving postures. Our approach not only greatly enriches the dataset by using virtual data to augment the sample size, but it also saves the need for extensive annotation efforts. Besides, we can enhance the authenticity of the virtual data by applying ergonomics techniques based on RAMSIS, which is crucial in dataset construction. This paper presents the process and content of generating a hybrid
Wu, XianGou, JunjieShao, Jianwang
Ergonomics plays an important role in automobile design to achieve optimal compatibility between occupants and vehicle components. The overall goal is to ensure that the vehicle design accommodates the target customer group, who come in varied sizes, preferences and tastes. Headroom is one such metric that not only influences accommodation rate but also conveys a visual perception on how spacious the vehicle is. An adequate headroom is necessary for a good seating comfort and a relaxed driving experience. Headroom is intensely discussed in magazine tests and one of the key deciding factors in purchasing a car. SAE J1100 defines a set of measurements and standard procedures for motor vehicle dimensions. H61, W27, W35, H35 and W38 are some of the standard dimensions that relate to headroom and head clearances. While developing the vehicle architecture in the early design phase, it is customary to specify targets for various ergonomic attributes and arrive at the above-mentioned
Rajakumaran, SriramS, RahulVasireddy, Rakesh MitraNair, Suhas
The “Integrated Wheelchair Bed” is an innovative assistive technology designed to address the unique needs of individuals with mobility challenges. This duality concept is born out of a deep understanding of the daily challenges faced by those who require mobility aids for transportation and also need to rest periodically throughout the day, allowing for seamless transitions between mobility and rest. This dichotomy promotes both physical well-being and emotional independence, enhancing the overall quality of life for users. The need for a new wheelchair bed hybrid arises from evolving user requirements, such as improved comfort, compactness, customization, safety, technology integration, cost-efficiency, durability, versatility, aesthetics, healthcare integration, and sustainability. To overcome these problems, we have proposed a wheelchair that can be transformed into a bed using a two-bar linkage with a slot lock mechanism. The two-bar linkage facilitates the easy conversion system
Senthil Kumar, R.Mohamed Hanifa, M.Jayasooriya, M.Lekshmikanth, L.Krishnaraj, S.Subathra, T.
Efficient transportation for carrying heavy loads is a common challenge across various applications, from supermarkets to industrial purposes. Conventional trolleys often fall short when loaded with heavy cargo, resulting in increased exertion and diminished productivity. Moreover, these challenges can adversely affect posture and lumbar spine health, especially for elder people and persons with cervical problems. There is a need for more user-friendly, ergonomic, and space-efficient solutions. This project addresses these challenges through an innovative design that encompasses various aspects of trolley functionality, including the study of comfort, wheel selection, and material considerations, drawing from ergonomic research. Multiple methods are employed to optimize the trolley’s dimensions to improve its overall performance. The trolley’s design features a collapsible basket for the transport of smaller-sized items and a base frame for larger goods and luggage. The project
Krishnaraj, S.Senthil Kumar, R.Sedhumadhavan, P.Mahmoodu Murshid Abdullah, I.Abdul Rahman, N.
Being an engineer-to-order (ETO) operating industry, the control cabinet industry faces difficulties in process and workplace optimizations due to changing requirements and lot size one combined with volatile orders. To optimize workplaces for employees, current literature is focusing on ergonomic designs, providing frameworks to analyze workplaces, leaving out the optimal design for productivity. This work thus utilizes a Kano analysis, collecting empirical data to identify essential design requirements for assembly workplaces, incorporating input from switchgear manufacturing employees. The results emphasize the need for a balance between ergonomics and efficiency in workplace design. Surprisingly, few participants agree on the correlation between improved processes and workspaces having a positive impact on their well-being and product quality. Ultimately, the study offers a list of requirements that are needed at ETO assembly stations to satisfy employees and improve efficiency of
Stoidner, MichaBründl, PatrickMatthes, TinaNguyen, Huong GiangAbrass, AhmaddFranke, Jörg
Ergonomics plays an important role in safety, comfort, and convenience of occupants in passenger cars. Customers come in different sizes; have different preferences and exhibit different seating behaviors while driving a car. With sophisticated interior styling themes aimed at satisfying the increasing customer demands, dashboard packaging and its integration in the vehicle has become a challenging task. This has a deteriorating effect on the driver knee clearance since dashboard has penetrated more into cockpit area to house the complex integration. With drivers having significant workload, their postures are within a presumable range of prediction. However, there still exists ‘out-of-customary’ behaviors while driving a vehicle. Drivers tend to sit in a slouched posture, and this leads to an involuntary knee engagement resulting in activation of critical controls like EPB (Electronic Parking Brake). EPB is an Active Safety feature and on activating it, the vehicle stops immediately
Rajakumaran, SriramDevan, Rohan MarutiManekar, RahulBabaleshwar, VinodKunnanath, Jasar
The integration of ergonomics and artificial intelligence (AI) in the automotive industry has the potential to revolutionize the way how vehicles are designed, manufactured and used. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature on the subject and discuss the opportunities and challenges presented by the integration of these two fields. The paper begins defining the ergonomics and the AI and providing an overview of their respective roles in the automotive industry. It then examines the benefits of the integration of ergonomics and AI in the automotive industry, including the optimization of vehicle design and manufacturing process. The enhancement of the driver experience, and improvement of safety accessibility, and customization, however, the integration of ergonomics and AI in the automotive industry also presents challenges, including ethical and legal considerations, data privacy, liability, and the impact on the employment in the automotive industry. The paper
Puertas, Carlos Augusto PalermoGalhardi, Antonio Cesar
Sometimes an innovation comes along that changes the manufacturing landscape. Pro Spot International has created a unique Cobot Spot Welding solution. By bringing this new tool to the sheet metal fabrication market, the company aims to bring game-changing gains in productivity, reliability, traceability, and ergonomic safety to the manufacturing world
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers the requirements and technical guidance for evaluation of life-cycle cost, productivity, and safety/health factors related to power hand tool selection. It applies approaches to selection of quieter and lower vibration handheld powered tools, with optimal ergonomic features, for the prevention of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), hearing loss, and repetitive motion injuries. Equipment selection for control of physical safety and electrical safety hazards are essential components of a tool safety program. It suggests use of noise and vibration data provided by vendors to be verified and supplemented by information available through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and European Union (EU) databases. This AS has been updated to better address physical safety hazards. An appendix (APPENDIX D) on dust control has been included. A supporting SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR6916) has been developed to facilitate
EG-1B1 Power Tools - Productivity, Ergonomics and Safety
Power tools are essential in most modern industries. However, poorly selected and managed tools can contribute to safety risks, including physical injuries, noise-associated hearing loss, and repetitive motion injuries. Outdated or poorly maintained tools also cost far more to operate than better quality products and often create quality and productivity issues. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) guides buyers and users of power tools in the evaluation, selection, and use of power tools for economy, efficiency, and safety. It intended to be a “layman’s guide” and supports the application of the SAE Aerospace Standard AS6228, which provides guidance for a scientific and engineering audience focusing upon manufacturers and engineering developers
EG-1B1 Power Tools - Productivity, Ergonomics and Safety
Head worn displays (HWD) can display a variety of information ranging from a full complement of primary flight information (PFI), including enhanced, synthetic, or combined vision system imagery to simple representations of airspeed, altitude, or heading to operationally specific information that may not be related aircraft performance or control. The display functions discussed in this ARP are limited to intended functions related to aircraft control and management and the presentation of PFI. The material provided in this document consists of recommendations related to the design, analysis, testing, and intended functions of head worn displays (HWDs) for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, and transport category aircraft and special classes of aircraft. The content is targeted to HWDs that provide navigation, control and primary flight guidance information including terrain and obstacle avoidance. The content of the document is limited to statements of general design and
G-10HWD Head Worn Display Committee
This document establishes acceptable design criteria for instrument and cockpit illumination for general aviation aircraft
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Automotive interior is a complex system of multi-element integration. The feeling quality and design of automobile interior embody automobile quality. The steering wheel is the main control mechanism of the car. Therefore, the feeling quality and design of the steering wheel are very important. The steering wheel will profoundly impact the user’s psychological experience. The steering wheel sizes of several models are collected in this paper. Then it performs a more thorough analysis of all aspects of the steering wheel. The steering wheel is a multi-element carrier. Combine the ergonomics theory with the steering wheel design procedure. The steering wheel’s feel quality while driving can be improved using this strategy. It can not only suit the human body’s needs when driving but also increase the comfort of the driver. The shape of the steering wheel, the layout design, and the color design of the keys, for example, are all design aspects. The steering wheel’s science and technology
Ji, YunxiaoDing, ShoushengWang, Chu
This document contains information that can be used by the air transportation industry to evaluate the design of airplane interior stairways with respect to the safety of passengers and crew in normal operating conditions and emergency evacuations
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
The SAE J1100 based standard cargo volume index methods and predefined luggage objects are very specific to United States population. The European luggage volume calculation and standard luggage calculations are primarily based on DIN and ISO standards. Luggage volume declaration by manufacturers are based on any of these methods. The calculations are complicated and there is a possibility of declaring different values for similar luggage compartments. The major purchase decision of vehicle is based on its luggage capacity and current methods are very limited to make an intelligent decision by a customer. Market specific customer usage patterns for luggage requirements and protecting them in vehicle architecture upfront in concept stage is important to retain the market position and buying preference of customers. The usage patterns is collected from customer clinics and marketing inputs. These patterns are used to build virtual luggage models representing the actual luggage at
Radakrishnan, RambabuBALAKRISHNAN, Mohanraj
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) covers all types of ground support equipment required to support civil transport aircraft
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This ARP is intended to cover the warning, caution, and advisory indicating system required for commercial and military aerospace vehicles
A-20A Crew Station Lighting
Anthropometric data are crucial to vehicle ergonomics and safety design. The Chinese population has smaller body size than that of the Western population, while the current crash dummies were developed based on statures of the Western population. To provide effective crash protection for Chinese occupants and pedestrians, Chinese anthropometric data are needed. In the present study, three available Chinese anthropometric databases were surveyed and compared, and it was found that none of them can give reliable and complete anthropometric data. Thus, a mapping method was developed based on correlation and regression analysis to rebuild a reasonable and completed Chinese anthropometric database. Furthermore, the differences between Chinese body size and that of the current dummies were discussed and an example was given to demonstrate the influences of body size on injuries
Li, WeiJi, PeijunHuang, YiZhou, Qing
A recommended pilot-system integration (i.e., crew interface and system integration) approach for concept development is described in Figure 1. The approach emphasizes the fundamental need for a top-down design methodology with particular focus on clear operational performance requirements and functional integration. While this document is primarily aimed at aircraft systems design and integration, the methodology is applicable to a wide range of design and integration situations. It is derived from well established human factors engineering design principles
G-10EAB Executive Advisory Group
The economic growth of the company depends on the quality and delivery time of the components. The pursuit of new techniques is mandatory to maintain quick delivery time without compromising quality. Ergonomics is one such technique that helps to improve workstation productivity by reorganizing the workspace, changing the sequence in operations, up-gradation of machine tools, reducing operator fatigue, etc. The ergonomic study was performed in a tractor steering gearbox manufacturing unit. In the present work, an ergonomic assessment of the workstation is done. Ergonomics assessment includes RULA assessment and Work-place assessment helped to find out the factors influencing the work station to be in the alert zone. During the observation of base milling operation, the operator needs to clamp and de-clamp the steering box manually by using mechanical tools. Due to which operator feel more fatigue in the wrist and lower-arm position which reduces productivity. These made the operation
Uday, K.NS, Krishna prasdGovindasamy, RajamuruganKrishnasamy, PrabuRaju, Sasikumar
This Information Report provides recommendations for alphanumeric messages that are supplied to the vehicle by external (e.g., RDS, satellite radio) or internal (e.g., infotainment system) sources while the vehicle is in-motion. Information/design recommendations contained in this report apply to OEM (embedded) and aftermarket systems. Ergonomic issues with regard to display characteristics (e.g., viewing angle, brightness, contrast, font design, etc.) should review ISO 15008
Driver Vehicle Interface (DVI) Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
The purpose of this AIR is to provide recommendations for the minimum dimensions of characters and symbols used in aircraft instrument dials and panel displays as related to the conditions stated in para. 3. Numerous variables influence the legibility of aircraft instrument dial characters. This situation makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to establish an exact act of rules for optimizing all installations. Character size, one of the important considerations, can be optimized where adequate dial space exists. Usually this is not the case and the designer is faced with placing the information in a limited space while continuing to strive for error-free legibility. Appropriate minimum size requirements have been stated herein for guidance in air transport use
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
A key element in an ergonomically designed driver’s seat in a car is the correct identification of driver seating position and posture accommodation. Current practice by the automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) is to utilize the Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE) J1517 standard practice as a reference. However, it was found that utilizing such guidelines, which were developed based on the American population, did not fit well with the anthropometry and stature of the Malaysian population. This research seeks to address this issue by comparing the SAE J1517 Model against Malaysian preferred driving position. A total of 62 respondents were involved for the driver seating position and accommodation study in the vehicle driver’s seat buck mockup survey and measurements. The results have shown that the Malaysian drivers prefer to sit forward as compared to the SAE J1517 Model and have shorter posture joint angle. This could significantly affect the design of the driver seat
Rashid, Zuli’zamBakar, Nooh AbuDolah, RozzetaGhazilla, Raja Ariffin Raja
Flexible Tooling Systems have been developed as a reconfigurable part support system to enable trimming of multiple part geometries utilizing a single router or waterjet. The driver for this development has been improved part quality, elimination of ergonomic issues associated with manually trimming, and the elimination of cost for part number specific hard tooling and the associated cost for manufacturing, maintenance, and storage. This paper will briefly trace the evolution of aerospace parts trimming history. The remainder of the report will focus on the technical objectives associated with the development of the Next Generation Flexible Tooling System, how they were achieved including the process for validation of each support location in aircraft coordinates. This system is designed to increase part holding accuracy with specific support location validation, and significantly reduce system maintenance costs in wet or dry environments
Kirby, LarryWeddle, Ronald
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) addresses direct touch interactive electronic display systems installed in the cockpit/flight deck for use by pilots. Direct touch refers to interactivity where the display screen is the input surface. This entire direct interactive electronic display system is referred to as the touch system throughout this document and covers those items related to direct interactive touch on display devices. In cases where only the display and touch device are being considered, this is referred to as the touch screen. The ARP covers system design guidelines as well as the considerations and recommendations for system performance and human factors. This ARP is intended to cover systems installed in 14 CFR Part 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. As an ARP this document collects what are considered good practices by developers, users, and regulators of touch systems. The state of touch technology and the application of that technology is still evolving. As a result
G-10TDS Touch Interactive Display Systems Committee
In automotive sector, worlds demanding more riding comfort so accelerator, brake and clutch pedals plays important roles in providing comfort or discomfort to driver. Now days automotive OEMs paying more attentions on providing comfortable ergonomics positions of pedals but it is difficult meet the requirement of each and every (all percentile populations) person because of packaging/manufacturing/costing constraint. Here we are providing the solution to meet the requirement of comfortable ergonomics position as per drivers wish for all kind of persons/drivers (5th percentile to 95th percentile) by providing the adjustable clutch pedal assembly with simple mechanism. Currently adjustment provided in driver’s seat to adjust the comfortable driving position which provide the comfortable positions for 25th percentile to 95th percentile peoples also this arrangement having some limitations such as space constraint in cabin also high belly with low height persons may face the issue of belly
Musale, Chandrakant GopalraoDeshpande, AshishLatare, SachinDeshmuk, Mangesh
An automobile door is one vital commodity which has its role in vehicle’s function, strength, safety, dynamics and aesthetic parameters. The door system comprises of individual components and sub-assemblies such as door upper, bolster, armrest, door main panel, map-pocket, handle, speaker and tweeter grille. Among them, armrest is an integral part which provides function and also takes care of some safety parameter for the customers. The basic function of an armrest is to provide ergonomic relief to occupant for resting his hand. Along with this, it also facilitates occupant safety during a side impact collision by absorbing the energy and not imparting the reactive force on occupant. Thus an armrest has evolved as a feature of passive safety. The armrest design should be stiff enough to withstand required elbow load condition with-in the acceptable deflection criteria. On the other hand, armrest has to absorb the dynamic force by deflecting proportionally to the side impact load. In
Venkatesan, AswinGratowski, MarkSampath Kumar, Sathish KumarUppaluru, Chandrasekhar
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) lists whole body anthropometric surveys and provides current sources for the survey raw data and summary statistics
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Vehicle Ergonomics can be simply defined as the ease and comfort with which the driver and occupants inside the passenger cell can access and use the vehicle controls or features. Ergonomics takes into consideration the ease of operating the vehicle and the comfort levels offered in terms of positioning of the controls and seating comfort as well. The research aimed to find statistically whether the controls and features inside the passenger compartment are within the anthropometric hand reach distance. The research was done by standardizing the driving position using SAE H-point standard document J4004 to fabricate an H-point tool to place each of the test cars seat according to standard dimensions. Therefore, the distances from both shoulder points of driver were taken into consideration. Moreover, the anthropometric data for 95th percentile human hand reach was used to test whether vehicle control parameters and features inside the passenger cell fall within the normal hand reach or
Ali, KashifKalra, Virat
In automotive industry, design of vehicle to end customer with proper ergonomics and balancing the design is always a challenge, for which an accurate prediction of postures are needed. Several studies have used Digital Human Models (DHM) to examine specific movements related to ingress and egress by translating complex tasks, like vehicle egress through DHMs. This requires an in-depth analysis of users to ensure such models reflect the range of abilities inherent to the population. Designers are increasingly using digital mock-ups of the built environment using DHMs as a means to reduce costs and speed-up the “time-to-market” of products. DHMs can help to improve the ergonomics of a product but must be representative of actual users. While lots of studies have examined movements specific to vehicle ingress and egress patterns, there has been no critical appraisal or systematic review of these findings in terms of foot movement which is always in contact with the vehicle floor and its
Mudavath, Satish ChandraDharmar, GaneshBalakrishnan, Mohanraj
Recent advances in technology allow machine safeguarding to shift from a system that completely shuts down the hazardous part of a machine, regardless of the action, to one with a controlled response. This intelligent robotics safeguarding can be based on conditions such as the type of task, how it is performed, entry and exit locations, and the operator’s movement within the hazard zone. Such a strategy could increase production rates by allowing robots to operate at higher speeds within dynamic environments. When used as part of a preventative maintenance program, reliability data can predict component failure rates and reduce the probability that operators will access the hazard zone. Programming techniques, such as function blocks to monitor component usage, can be used to evaluate trends. SQL (Structured Query Language) databases can track access and frequency trends, which can lead to design improvements and indicate changes affecting the system. Advanced 3-D safety sensing
Hull, Tina
Demand for enhanced infotainment systems with features like navigation, real-time traffic, music streaming service, mirroring and others is increasing, forcing automakers to develop solutions that fulfill customer needs. However, many of those systems are too expensive to be fitted to an entry-level vehicle leaving a gap in the market that fails customer’s expectation. This gap is usually filled by a smartphone which may have all the features the customer wants but in many cases it cannot be properly fitted in the vehicle due to lack of specific storage space. This paper describes how the engineering team developed an innovative, flexible and effective solution that holds a smartphone in an ergonomic location
Silva, VictorVeiga, Renato
Biomechanics and biodynamics are increasingly focused on the automotive industry to provide comfortable driving environment, reduce driver fatigue, and improve passenger safety. Man-centered conception is a growing emphasis on the open design of automobile. During the long-term driving, occupational drivers are easily exposed to the neck pain, so it is important to reduce the muscle force load and its fatigue, which are not usually considered quantitatively during traditional ergonomics design, so standards related are not well developed to guide the vehicle design; On the other hand, the head-neck models are always built based on the statics theory, these are not sufficient to predict the instantaneous variation of the muscle force. In this paper, a head-neck model with multi DOFs is created based on multibody dynamics. Firstly, a driver-vehicle-road model considering driver multi-rigid body model, vehicle subsystems, and different ranks of pavement is built. It is driven on different
Huo, FeiWu, Huyao
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