Browse Topic: Human factors
Accurate defect quantification is crucial for ensuring the serviceability of aircraft engine parts. Traditional inspection methods, such as profile projectors and replicating compounds, suffer from inconsistencies, operator dependency, and ergonomic challenges. To address these limitations, the 4D InSpec® handheld 3D scanner was introduced as an advanced solution for defect measurement and analysis. This article evaluates the effectiveness of the 4D InSpec scanner through multiple statistical methods, including Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (Gage R&R), Isoplot®, Youden plots, and Bland–Altman plots. A new concept of Probability of accurate Measurement (PoaM)© was introduced to capture the accuracy of the defect quantification based on their size. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in measurement variability, with Gage R&R improving from 39.9% (profile projector) to 8.5% (3D scanner), thus meeting the AS13100 Aerospace Quality Standard. Additionally, the 4D InSpec
The assessment of collision risks is crucial for effective risk control and scientific management of maritime safety. To prevent maritime transportation accidents, an accident causation model has been proposed to analyze risks in maritime transportation systems. The 24-model further analyzes the impact pathways of accident factors in the accident chain and calculates the fit of HOF-related factors. Using Bayesian Networks as a foundation and the 24-model as a tool, a Bayesian Network model for collision risk is constructed by identifying risk factors and determining their correlations, utilizing accident data from Chinese maritime authorities. Utilizing a Bayesian Network to construct a ship collision risk model that couples HOF and calculates conditional probabilities of relevant node occurrences. To explore the coupled relationships between nodes in a network, this study employs the N-K model to construct a safety risk coupling model for ship collision accidents, calculating risk
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains methods used to measure the optical performance of airborne electronic flat panel display (FPD) systems. The methods described are specific to the direct view, liquid crystal matrix (x-y addressable) display technology used on aircraft flight decks. The focus of this document is on active matrix, liquid crystal displays (LCD). The majority of the procedures can be applied to other display technologies, however, it is cautioned that some techniques need to be tailored to different display technologies. The document covers monochrome and color LCD operation in the transmissive mode within the visual spectrum (the wavelength range of 380 to 780 nm). These procedures are adaptable to reflective and transflective displays paying special attention to the source illumination geometry. Photometric and colorimetric measurement procedures for airborne direct view CRT (cathode ray tube) displays are found in ARP1782. Optical measurement
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained, and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Not a traditional university lab, Harvard University’s Move Lab employs professional engineers, product developers, and academics who work across disciplines to bring research innovations to market. The lab is focused on human performance enhancement to protect people’s physical ability to guard against injury, extend their abilities beyond the limits of advancing age, and restore them to people who have lost them. They have developed wearable solutions that support functional movements and allow impaired individuals to more easily interact with their environment.
The design, development, and optimization of modern suspension systems is a complex process that encompasses several different engineering domains and disciplines such as vehicle dynamics simulation, tire data analysis, 1D lap-time simulation, 3D CAD design and structural analysis including full 3D collision detection. Typically, overall vehicle design and suspension development are carried out in multiple iterative design loops by several human specialists from diverse engineering departments. Fully automating this iterative design process can minimize manual effort, eliminate routine tasks and human errors, and significantly reduce design time. This desired level of automation can be achieved through digital modeling, automated model generation, and simulation using graph-based design languages and an associated language compiler for translation and execution. Graph-based design languages ensure the digital consistency of data, the digital continuity of processes, and the digital
This SAE Information Report applies to structural integrity, performance, drivability, and serviceability of personally licensed vehicles not exceeding 10000 pounds GVWR such as sedans, crossovers, SUVs, MPVs, light trucks, and van-type vehicles that are powered by gas and alternative fuel such as electric, plug-in hybrid, or hybrid technologies. It provides engineering direction to vehicle modifiers in a manner that does not limit innovation, and it specifies procedures for preparing vehicles to enhance safety during vehicle modifications. It further provides guidance and recommendations for the minimum acceptable design requirements and performance criteria on general and specific structural modifications, thereby allowing consumers and third-party payers the ability to obtain and purchase equipment that meets or exceeds the performance and safety of the OEM production vehicle.
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.
This document applies to safety observers or spotters involved with the use of outdoor laser systems. It may be used in conjunction with AS4970.
Letter from the Guest Editors
The author’s life work in acoustics and sound quality, continuous over more than 40 years, has followed a number of branches all involving measurement technologies and their evolution. The illustrated discussion begins 60 years ago in 1965 at Arizona State University in its Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Gammage Auditorium, and moves to the Research and Development Division of Kimball International, Inc. (Jasper, Indiana) in 1976 with piano research using a Federal Scientific Ubiquitous analog real-time FFT analyzer and Chladni-plate-mode studies with fine sand and high-speed photography of sound board modes. It continues at Jaffe Acoustics, Inc., a concert-hall-specializing consultancy in Norwalk, CT, with early-reflection plotting using a parabolic microphone on an altazimuth angular-readout mounting and either photographing oscillograms, or running a high-speed paper chart printer, assembling “wheel plots” incremented every 10 degrees in azimuth and altitude to map reflection patterns
This practice presents methods for establishing the driver workspace. Methods are presented for: Establishing accelerator reference points, including the equation for calculating the shoe plane angle Locating the SgRP as a function of seat height (H30) Establishing seat track dimensions using the seating accommodation model Establishing a steering wheel position Application of this document is limited to Class-A Vehicles (Passenger Cars, Multipurpose Passenger Vehicles, and Light Trucks) as defined in SAE J1100.
The research activity aims at defining specific Operational Design Domains (ODDs) representative of Italian traffic environments. The paper focuses on the human-machine interaction in Automated Driving (AD), with a focus on take-over scenarios. The study, part of the European/Italian project “Interaction of Humans with Level 4 AVs in an Italian Environment - HL4IT”, describes suitable methods to investigate the effect of the Take-Over Request (TOR) on the human driver’s psychophysiological response. The DriSMI dynamic driving simulator at Politecnico di Milano has been used to analyse three different take-over situations. Participants are required to regain control of the vehicle, after a take-over request, and to navigate through a urban, suburban and highway scenario. The psychophysiological characterization of the drivers, through psychological questionnaires and physiological measures, allows for analyzing human factors in automated vehicles interactions and for contributing to
Camera-based mirror systems (CBMS) are being adopted by commercial fleets based on the potential improvements to operational efficiency through improved aerodynamics, resulting in better fuel economy, improved maneuverability, and the potential improvement for overall safety. Until CBMS are widely adopted it will be expected that drivers will be required to adapt to both conventional glass mirrors and CBMS which could have potential impact on the safety and performance of the driver when moving between vehicles with and without CBMS. To understand the potential impact to driver perception and safety, along with other human factors related to CBMS, laboratory testing was performed to understand the impact of CBMS and conventional glass mirrors. Drivers were subjected to various, nominal driving scenarios using a truck equipped with conventional glass mirrors, CBMS, and both glass mirrors and CBMS, to observe the differences in metrics such as head and eye movement, reaction time, and
High-efficiency manufacturing involves the transmission of copious amounts of data, exemplified both by trends in the automotive industry and advances in technology. In the automotive industry, products have been growing increasingly complex, owing to multiple SKUs, global supply chains and the involvement of many tier 2 / Just-In Time (JIT) suppliers. On top of that, recalls and incidents in recent years have made it important for OEMs to be able to track down affected vehicles based on their components. All of this has increased the need for OEMs to be able to collect and analyze component data. The advent of Industry 4.0 and IoT has provided manufacturing with the ability to efficiently collect and store large amounts of data, lining up with the needs of manufacturing-based industries. However, while the needs to collect data have been met, corporations now find themselves facing the need to make sense of the data to provide the insights they need, and the data is often unstructured
Headlight glare remains a persistent problem to the U.S. driving public. Over the past 30 years, vehicle forward lighting and signaling systems have evolved dramatically in terms of styling and lighting technologies used. Importantly, vehicles driven in the U.S. have increased in size during this time as the proportion of pickup trucks and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) has increased relative to passenger sedans and other lower-height vehicles. Accordingly, estimates of typical driver eye height and the height of lighting and signaling equipment on vehicles from one or two decades ago are unlikely to represent the characteristics of current vehicles in the U.S. automotive market. In the present study we surveyed the most popular vehicles sold in the U.S. and carried out evaluations of the heights of lighting and signaling systems, as well as typical driver eye heights based on male and female drivers. These data may be of use to those interested in understanding how exposure to vehicle
This SAE Edge Research Report explores advancements in next-generation mobility, focusing on digitalized and smart cockpits and cabins. It offers literature review, examining current customer experiences with traditional vehicles and future mobility expectations. Key topics include integrating smart cockpit and cabin technologies, addressing challenges in customer and user experience (UX) in digital environments, and discussing strategies for transitioning from traditional vehicles to electric ones while educating customers. User Experience for Digitalized and Smart Cockpits and Cabins of Next-gen Mobility covers both on- and off-vehicle experiences, analyzing complexities in developing and deploying digital products and services with effective user interfaces. Emphasis is placed on meeting UX requirements, gaining user acceptance, and avoiding trust issues due to poor UX. Additionally, the report concludes with suggestions for improving UX in digital products and services for future
The Earth’s biosphere is the most sophisticated complex adaptive system known to exist in the entire universe and has persisted for over 4 billion years. A complex adaptive system is a network of interacting adaptive systems whose nonlinear dynamics and emergent behaviors are difficult to predict and control; therefore, for such systems, past performance is no guarantee of future results, which is particularly the case for the Earths biosphere during a period of exponential technological growth.
Biofeedback training is a technology that enhances cognitive and emotional capabilities, empowering peak performance. What sets it apart is the Biocybernetics adaptation systems, which not only collect biofeedback data but also dynamically adjust your environment based on physiological signals. Imagine surroundings adapting — changing lighting, sounds, and more — in response to your biofeedback. Traditionally confined to clinical or training rooms, the real innovation is its integration into daily life. This system offers a new level of self-regulation. Users can navigate daily life venues with real-time insights into their physiological signals, providing continuous feedback and motivation for cognitive and emotional control. Efforts yield positive surroundings, fostering well-being and peak performance.
This SAE Recommended Practice describes two-dimensional, 95th percentile truck driver, side view, seated shin-knee contours for both the accelerator operating leg and the clutch operating leg for horizontally adjustable seats (see Figure 1). There is one contour for the clutch shin-knee and one contour for the accelerator shin-knee. There are three locating equations for each curve to accommodate male-to-female ratios of 50:50, 75:25, and 90:10 to 95:5.
This SAE Recommended Practice describes two-dimensional 95th percentile truck driver side view, seated stomach contours for horizontally adjustable seats (see Figure 1). There is one contour and three locating lines to accommodate male-to-female ratios of 50:50, 75:25, and 90:10 to 95:5.
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes three alternate methods for describing and evaluating the truck driver's viewing environment: the Target Evaluation, the Polar Plot and the Horizontal Planar Projection. The Target Evaluation describes the field of view volume around a vehicle, allowing for ray projections, or other geometrically accurate simulations, that demonstrate areas visible or non-visible to the driver. The Target Evaluation method may also be conducted manually, with appropriate physical layouts, in lieu of CAD methods. The Polar Plot presents the entire available field of view in an angular format, onto which items of interest may be plotted, whereas the Horizontal Planar Projection presents the field of view at a given elevation chosen for evaluation. These methods are based on the Three Dimensional Reference System described in SAE J182a. This document relates to the driver's exterior visibility environment and was developed for the heavy truck industry (Class B
This Recommended Practice provides a procedure to locate driver seat tracks, establish seat track length, and define the SgRP in Class B vehicles (heavy trucks and buses). Three sets of equations that describe where drivers position horizontally adjustable seats are available for use in Class B vehicles depending on the percentages of males to females in the expected driver population (50:50, 75:25, and 90:10 to 95:5). The equations can also be used as a checking tool to estimate the level of accommodation provided by a given length of horizontally adjustable seat track. These procedures are applicable for both the SAE J826 HPM and the SAE J4002 HPM-II.
This Recommended Practice provides procedures for defining the Accelerator Heel Point and the Accommodation Tool Reference Point, a point on the seat H-point travel path which is used for locating various driver workspace accommodation tools in Class B vehicles (heavy trucks and buses). Three accommodation tool reference points are available depending on the percentages of males and females in the expected driver population (50:50, 75:25, and 90:10 to 95:5). These procedures are applicable to both the SAE J826 HPM and the SAE J4002 HPM-II.
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed an adjustable thermal control ball valve (TCBV) assembly which utilizes a unique geometric ball valve design to facilitate precise thermal control within a spacesuit. The technology meters the coolant flow going to the cooling and ventilation garment, worn by an astronaut in the next generation space suit, that expels waste heat during extra vehicular activities (EVAs) or spacewalks.
This recommended practice shall apply to all on-highway trucks and truck-tractors equipped with air brake systems and having a GVW rating of 26 000 lb or more.
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