The arc welding process is essential for motorcycle frames, which are difficult to form in one piece because of their complex shapes, because a single frame has dozens of joints. Many of the damaged parts of the frames under development are from welds. Predicting the strength of welds with high reliability is important to ensure that development proceeds without any rework. In developing frames, CAE is utilized to build up strength before prototyping. Detailed weld shapes are not applicable to FE models of frames because weld shapes vary widely depending on welding conditions. Even if CAE is performed on such an FE model and the evaluation criteria are satisfied, the model may fail in the actual vehicle, possibly due to the difference between CAE and actual weld bead geometry. Therefore, we decided to study the extent to which the stresses in the joint vary with the variation of the weld bead geometry. Morphing, a FE modeling method and design of experiment method, was utilized to

Hada, Yusuke, Sugita, Hisayuki

Human Model on Multi-Body Dynamics Simulation of Motorcycle

2024-32-0005

04/18/2025

The possibilities and challenges of adding a rider model to the motorcycle dynamics simulation were investigated for the future planning of a full virtual test. The human model was added to a multi-body dynamics model that reproduces the equations of motion of a motorcycle, called the 10 degrees of freedom (10-DoF) model. The human model is composed from multiple masses and joints, and the steering angle can be controlled by determining the angle of the arms and shoulder. To study the effect of this model, three distinct simulations were carried out: ‘the eigenvalue analysis’, ‘the steady-state circular test simulation’ and ‘the slalom running simulation’. In the eigenvalue analysis, the eigenvalues of the wobble mode shifted to a stable side in the root locus when both hands were fixed on the handlebars. As a result of the slalom running simulation, the response of the handlebar control through the human model produced a more convex trajectory than a direct control of the steering

Ueki, Motohito, Takayama, Akihiro, Yabe, Noboru

Research on the Boundary of Pedestrian Leg Impactor Test in Low-Speed Passive and Active Conditions

2025-01-8735

04/01/2025

With the widespread application of the Automatic Emergency Braking System (AEB) in vehicles, its impact on pedestrian safety has received increasing attention. However, after the intervention of AEB, the kinematic characteristics of pedestrian leg collisions and their corresponding biological injury responses also change. At the same time, in order to accurately evaluate the pedestrian protection performance of vehicles, the current assessment regulations generally use advanced pedestrian protection leg impactors (aPLI) and rigid leg impactors (TRL) to simulate the movement and injury conditions of pedestrian legs. Based on this, in order to explore the collision boundary conditions and changes in injury between vehicles and APLI and TRL leg impactors under the action of AEB, this paper first analyzes the current passive and active assessment conditions. Secondly, the simulation software LS-DYNA is used to build a finite element model of APLI and TRL impactor-vehicle collisions to

Ye, Bin, Hong, Cheng, Wan, Xinming, Liu, Yu, Cheng, James, Long, Yongchen, Hao, Haizhou

A Study on Affections of Different Skull-Brain Interface Modeling Approaches on Intracranial Responses in Finite Element Analysis

2025-01-8733

04/01/2025

The skull-brain interface is structurally complex, and various simplification methods have been employed in existing head models to simulate the interaction between the skull and the brain. The modeling approach of the skull-brain interface determines how loads are transmitted to the interior, which is critical for accurately simulating head injuries. Thus, understanding the impact of current skull-brain interface modeling approaches on intracranial simulation results is significant. This study aims to explore the influence of different skull-brain interface modeling methods on the results of finite element models during the development of Advanced Chinese Human Body Models (AC-HUMs) based on the LS-DYNA solver. By comparing the responses of rigidly bonded connections (tied Contact), failure-allowing bonded contacts (tiebreak Contact), shared nodes, and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) methods under the Nahum 37 test load conditions, the study analyzes the effects of different

Gan, Qiuyu, jiang, Yejie, Junpeng, Xu, Zhou, Runzhou, Zhang, Liying, Jiang, Binhui

Analysis of Occupants' Responses in Frontal Sled Tests under a Reclined Rigid Seat Environment

2025-01-8734

04/01/2025

With the increasing adoption of Zero-Gravity Seats in intelligent cockpits, there is a growing concern over the safety of occupants in reclined postures during collisions. The newly released anthropomorphic test device (ATD), THOR-AV, has modified the neck, spine, and pelvis structures to better match reclined postures. This study aims to investigate the changes in kinematic response and injury metrics for occupants in reclined postures, through high-speed frontal sled tests utilizing the THOR-AV. The tests were conducted using an adjustable rigid seat with a zero-gravity characteristic and an integrated three-point seat belt. Six tests were performed across four seat configurations: Standard, Semi-Reclined, Reclined, and Zero-gravity postures. The input acceleration pulse for these tests was derived from the equivalent double trapezoidal waveform of the Mobile Progressive Deformable Barrier (MPDB) test. Data from sensors and high-speed video were collected for analysis. The results

Wang, Qiang, Liu, Yu, Fei, Jing, Yang, Xiaoting, Wang, Peifeng, Bai, Zhonghao

The Biomechanical Effects of Neck and Back Cushion / Pillow / Support Devices in Low-Speed Rear Impacts

2025-01-8728

04/01/2025

There are numerous commercially available neck and back support/cushion/pillow devices which are commonly attached to seats by vehicle owners. To our knowledge, there has been no published research on the biomechanical effects of these devices in low-speed rear impacts. To address this, a series of 54 simulated low-speed rear impact tests were conducted using a validated remote-controlled crash sled system. All tests utilized an instrumented BioRID II rear impact anthropomorphic test device (ATD) restrained using a 3-point seatbelt system in a 2018 Toyota Camry LE driver’s seat. Two delta-V ranges were used: a lower range from 7.2 to 8.0 kph (4.5 to 5.0 mph) and a higher range from 10.5 to 11.3 kph (6.5 to 7.0 mph). Six neck only devices, one combination neck and back device, and three back only devices were assessed. Two tests per delta-V range for each device and each device adjustment position were conducted and compared against five reference tests without any devices at each delta

Phan, Andrew, Gross, Jamie, Umale, Sagar, Crowley, Shannon, Glasser, Gabriel, Furbish, Christopher

Biofidelity Evaluation of AC-HUMs Pedestrian Model Based on Generic Sedan Buck Model

2025-01-8743

04/01/2025

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the biofidelity of the Advanced Chinese Human Body Model (AC-HUMs) by utilizing a generic sedan buck model and post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) test data. Methods: The boundary conditions of the simulation were derived from the PMHS test with the buck vehicle. The methodology involved the pose adjustment of the upper and lower extremities of AC-HUMs, executed through a pre-simulation approach. Subsequently, a 200 milliseconds whole body pedestrian crash simulation was conducted using the buck vehicle and the AC-HUMs pedestrian model. The trajectories of AC-HUMs during the period from initial position to head impact were recorded, including the Head CG, T1, T8 and pelvis. Based on the knee joint, the corridors of trajectories from the PMHS test were scaled to match the Chinese 50th percentile male to evaluate the biofidelity of AC-HUMs's kinematic response. Furthermore, the biomechanical responses were compared with the PMHS tests, including

Qian, Jiaqi, Wang, Qiang, Liu, Yu, Wu, Xiaofan, Huida, Zhang, Bai, Zhonghao

Study on the Impact of Vehicle Pitch During Braking on Pedestrian Leg Injuries

2025-01-8741

04/01/2025

With the increasing prevalence of Automatic Emergency Braking Systems (AEB) in vehicles, their performance in actual collision accidents has garnered increasing attention. In the context of AEB systems, the pitch angle of a vehicle can significantly alter the nature of collisions with pedestrians. Typically, during such collisions, the pedestrian's legs are the first to come into contact with the vehicle's front structure, leading to a noticeable change in the point of impact. Thus, to investigate the differences in leg injuries to pedestrians under various pitch angles of vehicles when AEB is activated, this study employs the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) pedestrian finite element model, sensors were established at the leg location based on the Advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor (APLI), and a corresponding vehicle finite element model was used for simulation, analyzing the dynamic responses of the pedestrian finite element model at different pitch angles for sedan and Sport

Hong, Cheng, Ye, Bin, Zhan, Zhenfei, Liu, Yu, Wan, Xinming, Hao, Haizhou

Modeling and Evaluation of FSAE Vehicle Cockpit Ergonomics

2025-01-8610

04/01/2025

This paper seeks to define an analytical approach to ergonomic cockpit design for SAE formula style vehicles. The proposed approach uses a data driven driver model based on RAMSIS ergonomic FEA that considers the discomfort, fatigue, and force availability to evaluate cockpit designs that are generated considering defined constraint inputs, such as driver gender and size. The multifunctional model is applicable to various settings of vehicle design and is tuned toward proving performance in operation tasks, as well as setting the groundwork for a multi-variable optimization to determine the preferred driver controls positions for minimum effort and fatigue. In this initial research, RAMSIS ergonomic software is used to generate fatigue and joint discomfort data related to individual joint angles. Anthropometric data is used to calculate the proportional limb lengths from an individual’s gender and height percentile. The optimization function works by selecting a range of driver

Mayor, J.Rhett, Bezaitis, Megan, Oromi, Negar, Winters, Emily, Repp, Alex

Workload Estimation for a Military Ground Vehicle Crew using Supervised Machine Learning of FACS Action Unit Intensity Data

2025-01-8340

04/01/2025

The proliferation of intelligent technologies in the future battlefield necessitates an exploration of crew workload balancing strategies for human-machine integrated formations. Many current techniques to measure cognitive workload, through qualitative surveys or wearable sensors, are too brittle for the harsh, austere operational environments found in military settings. Non-invasive workload estimation techniques, such as those that analyze physiological effects from video feeds of the crew, present a way forward for workload-aware Soldier-machine interfaces that could trigger events – such as task reallocation – if limits on crew or individual workload are exceeded. One such technique that is being explored is the use of facial expression analysis for workload estimation. We present the performance results of regression and classification models developed from supervised machine learning algorithms that predict pNN50, a common heart rate variability metric used as a physiological

Mikulski, Christopher, Riegner, Kayla

Modeling Virus Infection Risks in Automobile Cabin

2025-01-8176

04/01/2025

In the post Covid era, risk of infection in conditioned space is getting attention and has generated a lot of interest for the design of the new systems and strategies for the management and operations of the existing HVAC systems. Risk management plays a key role where the amounts of outside air and recirculated airs can be used to mitigate the propagation of the virus within the conditioned space. In other words, ventilation plays a huge role within the conditioned space along with strategies based on UV irradiation, ionization and use of highly efficient filters. Different air purification systems have been created by the researchers based on the titanium oxide-based UV photocatalysis system, filters with MERV ratings higher than 11 (ASHRAE Standard 52.2) and HEPA filters. Recent ASHRAE standard 241 (2023) on infectious diseases recommends using high ventilation rates within the conditioned space to reduce virus concentration, and hence, to reduce the risk of infection. Determining

Mathur, Gursaran

Objective and Subjective Evaluation of the Interaction of Automated Vehicles and Human Drivers in Take-Over Scenarios

2025-01-8048

04/01/2025

The research activity aims at defining specific Operational Design Domains (ODDs) representative of Italian traffic environments. The paper focuses on the human-machine interaction in Automated Driving (AD), with a focus on take-over scenarios. The study, part of the European/Italian project “Interaction of Humans with Level 4 AVs in an Italian Environment - HL4IT”, describes suitable methods to investigate the effect of the Take-Over Request (TOR) on the human driver’s psychophysiological response. The DriSMI dynamic driving simulator at Politecnico di Milano has been used to analyse three different take-over situations. Participants are required to regain control of the vehicle, after a take-over request, and to navigate through a urban, suburban and highway scenario. The psychophysiological characterization of the drivers, through psychological questionnaires and physiological measures, allows for analyzing human factors in automated vehicles interactions and for contributing to

Gobbi, Massimiliano, Boscaro, Linda, De Guglielmo, Veronica, Fossati, Andrea, Galbiati, Andrea, Mastinu, Leda, Ponti, Marco, Mastinu, Gianpiero, Previati, Giorgio, Sabbioni, Edoardo, Signorini, Maria Gabriella, Somma, Antonella, Subitoni, Luca, Uccello, Lorenzo

Integrated Multimodal System for Real-Time Driver Fatigue Detection and Cognitive Load Assessment

2025-01-8076

04/01/2025

As human drivers' roles diminish with higher levels of driving automation (SAE L2-L4), understanding driver engagement and fatigue is crucial for improving safety. We developed an integrated hardware and software system to analyze driver interaction with automated vehicles, with a particular focus on cognitive load and fatigue assessment. The system includes three submodules; namely the Driver Behavior Measurement (DBM), Vehicle Dynamics Measurement (VDM), and the Driver Physiological Measurement (DPM). The DBM module uses electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) camera to track a number of facial features such as eye aspect ratio (EAR), mouth aspect ratio (MAR), pupil circularity (PUC), and mouth to eye aspect ratio (MOE). Although determining these metrics from images of the driver’s face in conditions such as low light or with sunglasses is challenging, the paper showed that fusion of EO and IR image analysis produces robust performance. The VDM module utilizes an Inertial Measurement

Jirjees, Abdullah, Rahman, Taufiq, Farhani, Ghazal, Singh, Daniel, Charlebois, Dominique

Literature Review and Framework for Identifying Seat Belt Misuse and Misrouting in Frontal Collisions

2025-01-8721

04/01/2025

The effect of seat belt misuse and/or misrouting is important to consider because it can influence occupant kinematics, reduce restraint effectiveness, and increase injury risk. As new seatbelt technologies are introduced, it is important to understand the prevalence of seatbelt misuse. This type of information is scarce due to limitations in available field data coding, such as in NASS-CDS and FARS. One explanation may be partially due to assessment complexity in identifying misuse and/or misrouting. An objective of this study was to first identify types of lap-shoulder belt misuse/misrouting and associated injury patterns from a literature review. Nine belt misuse/misrouting scenarios were identified including shoulder belt only, lap belt only, or shoulder belt under the arm, for example, while belt misrouting included lap belt on the abdomen, shoulder belt above the breasts, or shoulder belt on the neck. Next, the literature review identified various methods used to assess misuse

Gu, Emily, Parenteau, Chantal

Effects of Targeted Instruction on Non-Functional Requirement Understanding: A Case Study in Graduate Vehicle Design

2025-01-8348

04/01/2025

Comprehensive requirements generation is a critical stage of the design process. Requirements are used to bound the design space and to guide the selection and evaluation of various solutions. Requirements can be categorized as either functional, defining things that the solution must do (such as produce a certain amount of horsepower), or non-functional, defining desirable qualities of the solution (such as weigh less than a particular value). Functional requirements are relatively easy to define and are often associated with particular components or subsystems within the design. As such, they can be the main focus of academic design instruction and therefore the design projects undertaken by novice designers. However, non-functional requirements (NFRs) capture important characteristics of the design solution and should not be ignored. Because of their nature, they are also difficult to assign to a particular subset of components or subsystem within the system. In this study, a group

Sutton, Meredith, Anbuvanan, Aadithan, Castanier, Matthew P., Turner, Cameron, Kurz, Mary E.

Identifying Negative Driver States that Share Commonalities for Interventions

2025-01-8676

04/01/2025

Advancements in sensor technologies have led to increased interest in detecting and diagnosing “driver states”—collections of internal driver factors generally associated with negative driving performance, such as alcohol intoxication, cognitive load, stress, and fatigue. This is accomplished using imperfect behavioral and physiological indicators that are associated with those states. An example is the use of elevated heart rate variability, detected by a steering wheel sensor, as an indicator of frustration. Advances in sensor technologies, coupled with improvements in machine learning, have led to an increase in this research. However, a limitation is that it often excludes naturalistic driving environments, which may have conditions that affect detection. For example, reductions in visual scanning are often associated with cognitive load [1]; however, these reductions can also be related to novice driver inexperience [2] and alcohol intoxication [3]. Through our analysis of the

Seaman, Sean, Zhong, Peihan, Angell, Linda, Domeyer, Joshua, Lenneman, John

A Study on Affections of Active Neck Muscle Force on Neck Injury Responses in Frontal Impact with Automatic Emergency Braking Conditions

2025-01-8742

04/01/2025

Neck injury is one of the most common injuries in traffic accidents, and its severity is closely related to the posture of the occupant at the time of impact. In the current era of smart vehicle, the triggered AEB and the occupant's active muscle force will cause the head and neck to be out of position which has significant affections on the occurrence and severity of neck injury responses. Therefore, it is very important to study the influences of active muscle force on neck injury responses in in frontal impact with Automatic Emergency Braking conditions. Based on the geometric characteristics of human neck muscles in the Zygote Body database, the reasonable neck muscle physical parameters were obtained firstly. Then a neck finite element model (FEM) with active muscles was developed and verified its biofidelity under various impact conditions, such as frontal, side and rear-end impacts. Finally, using the neck FEM with or without active muscle force, a comparative study was

Junpeng, Xu, Gan, Qiuyu, Jiang, Binhui, Zhu, Feng

The Influence of out-of-Position Displacement during Emergency Braking on Occupant Whiplash Injury in Subsequent Rear-End Collisions

2025-01-8720

04/01/2025

In the pre-crash emergency braking scenario, the occupant inside the vehicle will move forward due to inertia, deviating from the standard upright seating position for which conventional restraint systems are designed. Previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of out-of-position (OOP) displacement on occupant injuries in frontal collisions, and provided solutions such as active pretensioning seatbelts (APS). But little attention has been paid to the influence of OOP on whiplash injury during a subsequent rear-end collision. To investigate the forward OOP impact on whiplash injuries and the effectiveness of APS in this accident scenario, a vehicle interior model with an active human body model (AHBM) was setup in the MADYMO simulation platform. Different braking strengths (0.8g and 1.1g), APS triggering times (from 0.2s before to 0.2s after the braking initiation) and pretensioning forces (from 100N to 600N) were input to the simulation matrix. The occupant’s forward OOP

Fei, Jing, Qiu, Hang, Wang, Peifeng, Liu, Yu, Cheng, James Chih, Zhou, Qing, Tan, Puyuan

Occupant Responses in High-Speed Rear Sled Tests: Focus of Initial Position, Seat Strength and ATD Size

2025-01-8731

04/01/2025

The National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently published an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) to evaluate seat performance in rear impacts [1]. The ANPRM was issued partially in response to two petitions requesting an increase in seatback strength requirements and high-speed testing with various size Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs). To better understand the effect of these requests, this study evaluates ATD responses with two high-speed rear sled conditions, three occupant sizes and various seat designs. Seat designs varied from modern conventional seats with yielding properties to stronger and stiffer seats represented by seat integrated restraint (SIR) designs, and rigidized SIR seats. Twenty-four rear sled tests were analyzed. The tests were matched by crash severity, seat designs (strength), ATD sizes and initial postures (nominal/in-position, leaned forward and leaned outboard). The test data and videos were reviewed to identify time coinciding with

Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger

Research on Noise Optimization Control Based on the New Dead Zone Compensation in Dual Motor Hybrid System

2025-01-8516

04/01/2025

In a three-phase voltage source inverter, in order to prevent the direct short circuit of the upper and lower tubes of the bridge arm and ensure the normal operation of the inverter, microsecond-level dead time needs to be added when the power devices are turned on and off. However, due to the dead-time effect, slight distortion may occur in the inverter within the modulation period, and this distortion will eventually lead to harmonic components in the output current after accumulation, thereby generating torque ripple. Against the above background, implementing dead-time compensation strategies is very important. To compensate for the voltage error caused by the dead-time effect, current polarity determination is required first. Then, the dead time is compensated, thereby indirectly compensating for the voltage error caused by the dead-time effect. Regarding the dead-time compensation time, without changing the hardware, this paper proposes a solution to turn off the dead-time

Jing, Junchao, Zhang, Junzhi, Zuo, Botao, Liu, Yiqiang, Yang, Tianyu, Zhu, Lulong

Assessment of Injuries in Rear Impacts

2025-01-8727

04/01/2025

Rear impacts make up a significant portion of crashes in the United States. To date, regulations on rear impacts have focused on fuel system integrity and seat performance, while most research has focused on seat performance in relation to occupants’ injuries, with some analyses of crash severity and seat belt effects. The performance of seats and seat belts may vary depending on the size of the occupant. Understanding how occupant characteristics, as well as crash scenarios, affect injury outcomes can show opportunities for further enhancements in rear impact occupant protection. This paper presents analyses using survey weighted logistic regression models to understand the factors affecting serious injury outcomes (i.e., MAIS 3+) in rear impacts, exploring the potential for improving occupant outcomes. Three separate models are evaluated, focusing on 1) overall injury level, 2) head, neck, and cervical-spine injuries, and 3) thorax, abdomen, thoracic- and lumbar-spine injuries for

Greib, Joshua, Jurkiw, Renee, Kryzaniwskyj, Tanja, Owen, Susan, Van Rooyen, Paul, Whelan, Stacey, Williamson, John

Comprehensive Injury Assessment of Reclined Occupants across Varied Seat Configurations with the THUMS Human Body Model

2025-01-8739

04/01/2025

The development of autonomous driving technology will liberate the space in the car and bring more possibilities of comfortable and diverse sitting postures to passengers, but the collision safety problem cannot be ignored. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of injury pattern and loading mechanism of occupants under various reclined postures. A highly rotatable rigid seat and an integrated three-point seat belt were used, with a 23g, 50kph input pulse. Firstly, the sled test and simulation using THOR-AV in a reclined posture were conducted, and the sled model was verified effective. Based on the sled model, the latest human body model, THUMS v7, was used for collision simulation. By changing the angle of seatback and seat pan, 5 seat configurations were designed. Through the calculation of the volunteers' pose regression function, the initial position of THUMS body parts in different seat configurations was determined. The responses of human body parts were output

Yang, Xiaoting, Wang, Qiang, Liu, Yu, Fei, Jing, Wang, Peifeng, Li, Zhen, Bai, Zhonghao

Minimum Standard for Portable Gaseous, Oxygen Equipment

AS1046C (Current)

03/27/2025

This standard is intended to apply to portable compressed gaseous oxygen equipment. When properly configured, this equipment is used either for the administration of supplemental oxygen, first aid oxygen or smoke protection to one or more occupants of either private or commercial transport aircraft. This standard is applicable to the following types of portable oxygen equipment: a Continuous flow 1 Pre-set 2 Adjustable 3 Automatic b Demand flow 1 Straight-demand 2 Diluter-demand 3 Pressure-demand c Combination continuous flow and demand flow.

A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee

Driver Cognitive Distraction Recognition Based on Multi-Source Data from Simulated Driving Experiments

2025-01-7140

02/21/2025

Nowadays, cognitive distraction in the process of driving has become a frequent phenomenon, which has led to a certain proportion of traffic accidents, causing a lot of property losses and casualties. Since the fact that cognitive distraction is mostly reflected in the driver's reception and thinking of information unrelated to driving, it is difficult to recognize it from the driver's facial features. As a result, the accuracy of prediction is usually lower relying solely on facial performance to detect cognitive distraction. In this research, fifty participants took part in our simulated driving experiment. And each participant conducted the experiment in four different traffic scenarios using a high-fidelity driving simulator, including three cognitive distraction scenarios and one normal driving scenarios. Firstly, we identified the facial performance indicators and vehicle performance indicators that had a significant effect on cognitive distraction through one-way ANOVA. Then we

Qu, Chixiong, Bao, Qiong, Qu, Qikai, Shen, Yongjun

Integration of Muscle Pre-tension and Activation to Evaluate Neck Muscle Strain Injury Risk during Simulated Rear Impacts Using a Finite Element Neck Model

2025-22-000102/07/2025

Prevention of rear-impact neck injuries remains challenging for safety designers due to a lack of understanding of the tissue-level response and injury risk. Soft tissue injuries have been inferred from clinical, cadaveric, and numerical studies; however, there is a paucity of data for neck muscle injury, commonly reported as muscle pain. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of muscle pre-tension and activation on muscle strain and injury risk resulting from low-severity rear impacts using a detailed finite element head and neck model (HNM). The HNM was extracted from the GHBMC average stature male model and re-postured to match a volunteer study, with measured T1 kinematics applied as boundary conditions to the HNM. Three cases were simulated for three impact severities: the baseline repostured HNM, the HNM including muscle pre-tension, and the HNM with muscle pre-tension and muscle activation. The head kinematics, vertebral kinematics, muscle strains, and three neck

Correia, Matheus A., McLachlin, Stewart D., Cronin, Duane S.

Effect of Single Vacancy Defect on Fundamental Frequency of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube

2025-28-0111

02/07/2025

This paper studies the effect of single vacancy defect on the fundamental frequency of carbon nanotube using finite element method. Cantilevered and bridged boundary conditions have been used for carbon nanotube with and without attached mass. There is less effect on the frequency of cantilevered structure due to presence of defect at center rather than its presence at other positions. Presence of defect near to fixed end shows more effect on fundamental frequency of bridged structure as opposed to other positions. Cantilevered structure with mass attached shows increase in effect due to presence of defect when mass ranges from 10-3 to 10-6 femtogram, while it seems to remain constant with further decrease in mass. This paper is mainly concerned about the overall effect of single vacancy defect at the different positions and with different parameters of carbon nanotube with and without attached mass on the frequency and frequency shift. Nano materials are playing a vital role in all

Kharche, Gaurav, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu, B, Srivatsan, Balakrishna Sriganth, Pranav, Biswas, Sayan

Automotive Engineering: February 2025

25AUTP0202/06/2025

All the tech that's fit to print After CES revealed the next generation of ADAS and AV tech, as well as in-cabin communications, here's what the landscape looks like as we move into 2025. Suppliers prepare for a drop in EV market share Tier 1s that kept a foot in both the electric and ICE worlds say they're prepared for the changes ahead. A week with the Hyundai Way From 'Being a First Mover in Hydrogen' to cute city EVs, Hyundai's future technology plans run the gamut. Editorial Recuperating from AI-induced CES fatigue Supplier Eye Near-term focus can obscure reliable path forward Bosch goes right with wrong-way alerts, racing hand control Gentex improves dimmable glass visors with vanity mirror Ceres Holographics, Appotronics team for windshield-wide laser HUD Marelli says new BMS offers deeper insight into state of EV battery cells AVSC develops best practices for traceable AV safety inspection protocols 2025 BMW M5 first drive: Stuffed like schnitzel with PHEV tech Product Briefs

Augmenting Airworthiness Education via Concept Maps: An Exploratory Study among University Students

01-18-01-0001

12/24/2024

Aerospace engineering programmes typically cover airworthiness philosophies, principles, structures, processes, and procedures. The industry has recently recognized the need to enhance the graduate engineers’ skills around airworthiness. This has led to introduction of standards acting as guides for developing curricula and content for university airworthiness courses. Concept maps, a visual mapping of concepts in a hierarchical way, enjoy wide use in engineering education (teaching and assessment). Airworthiness courses are both technical and legalistic, presenting challenges to students when it comes to understanding complex and intertwined regulations. Schematic representations of concepts can foster the cognitive processes of learning. Concept maps can assess efficiently and comprehensively a multitude of airworthiness topics. This study examines the feasibility of applying concept maps in airworthiness education. Fill-in-a-map concept maps were developed as assessment tools for an

Kourousis, Kyriakos, Chatzi, Anna

Campus Bus Station Layout Planning in Mountainous Universities Based on User Needs

13-06-01-0006

12/13/2024

The planning of mountain campus bus routes needs to take into account user demand, convenience, and other factors. This study adopts a comprehensive research method that combines quantitative and qualitative viewpoints. From the perspective of university students, this article studies the demand of campus public transportation and proposes the layout of campus bus routes in mountainous universities to meet the needs of users. The psychological needs questionnaire was used to investigate college students’ expectation of bus station service function. Taking three mountain universities as examples, the integration and selectivity of campus road networks are evaluated by using space syntax analysis, which provides valuable insights into the quality of bus stop areas. This article discusses the correlation between psychological needs assessment of college students and objective conditions of campus road network. The study concludes with the following findings: (1) The pedestrian environment

Duan, Ran, Tang, Rui, Wang, Zhigang, Zhao, Yixue, Wang, Qida, Yang, Jiyi, Su, Jiafu

Driver Seat Improvement in Deep Mine Tipper for Sustained Driving Comfort

2024-28-0208

12/05/2024

Drivers of tipper vehicles due to the nature of the application of carrying heavy loads as well as the rough terrain in off-road conditions are either continuously or intermittently exposed to comprehensive magnitudes of low frequency high amplitude whole-body vibration. This being attenuated due to the nature of the primary vehicle suspension, which is designed to take higher tonnages of load carrying capacity as well as to withstand the rigors of the off road terrain conditions. Prolonged occupational exposure to such vibration has been associated with disorders of the lumbar spine and the connected nervous system. This paper deals with the selection of driver seat suspension to reduce and dampen the transmission of potentially injurious vibration and shock motions to the seated drivers.

Venkatesh, Srinivasa, Prabhakaran, Baskaran

Revolutionizing Simulink Model Management with Conduit Frameworks

2024-28-0167

12/05/2024

This paper presents a comprehensive implementation of various Conduit frameworks designed to manage the hygiene of Simulink models in control systems and enhance them to meet industry standards such as MAB, MISRA, Polyspace, and CERT. The core challenge addressed is the minimization of repetitive work and the elimination of cognitive workload. Beginners often struggle to create Simulink models that adhere to industry standards, and keeping track of all the standards can be challenging. Given the complexity and size of these models, manual processing is time-consuming. Our Conduit frameworks help enhance their models for adherence to those standards, improving efficiency by up to 95% and utilizing machine intelligence to process large amounts of code efficiently. The Conduit frameworks also automate non value added (NVA) activities, including updates in properties of variables, checking for unwanted data types that develop during internal calculations of Simulink blocks, and variable

Agrawal, Vipul, TE, Harikrishna, N, Prajitha, Kumar, Kosalaraman, Venkat, Harish, Shaji, Anish

Komatsu employs ‘slick’ battery swapping for underground LHD machine

24TOFHP12_10

12/01/2024

Komatsu introduced its first battery-electric load-haul-dump (LHD) machine, the WX04B, at the MINExpo tradeshow in September. The WX04B is designed specifically for narrow vein mines in underground hard rock mining operations. Komatsu is pairing the electric LHD with its new OEM-agnostic 150-kW battery charger that was also revealed in Las Vegas. The 4-tonne WX04B LHD features what Komatsu claims is best-in-class energy density, offering up to four hours of runtime on a single charge. The Li-ion NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) battery from Proterra has a capacity of 165 kWh and nominal voltage of 660 V. Fewer charge cycles are needed compared to competitors, the company claims, which helps to maximize operational efficiency and minimize downtime. Proterra and Komatsu began their collaboration on the LHD's H Series battery system in 2021, long before Komatsu's acquisition of American Battery Solutions (ABS) in December 2023.

Gehm, Ryan

New Wearable Communication System Can Transmit Data Farther than Wi-Fi

TBMG-52201

12/01/2024

Wearable devices that use sensors to monitor biological signals can play an important role in health care. These devices provide valuable information that allows providers to predict, diagnose, and treat a variety of conditions while improving access to care and reducing costs.

2024 Create the Future Design Contest: Medical Grand Prize Winner - NETrolyze

TBMG-52151

12/01/2024

Sam Currier Priyan Weerrappuli Extrinsic Immunity, West Bloomfield, MI

Silicone Membrane for Wearable Devices is Comfortable and Breathable

TBMG-52204

12/01/2024

A silicone membrane for wearable devices is more comfortable and breathable thanks to better-sized pores made with the help of citric acid crystals. The new preparation technique fabricates thin, silicone-based patches that rapidly wick water away from the skin. The technique could reduce the redness and itching caused by wearable biosensors that trap sweat beneath them. The technique was developed by bioengineer and professor Young-Ho Cho and his colleagues at KAIST and reported in the journal Scientific Reports.

2024 Create the Future Design Contest: Medical Category Winner - A Smart Contact Lens for Glaucoma Management

TBMG-52152

12/01/2024

Hamdi Torun Arda Deniz Yalcinkaya Gunhan Dundar Ozgue Kaya Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

Innovators in Healthcare: Cancer-Fighting Immunotherapy Wins Grand Prize

TBMG-52150

12/01/2024

The 22nd annual Create the Future Design Contest for engineers, students, and entrepreneurs worldwide, sponsored by COMSOL, Inc., and Mouser Electronics, drew innovative product ideas from engineers and students more than 55 countries from around the world. The Medical category itself received many innovative entries from 17 countries. Analog Devices and Intel were supporting sponsors, and Zeus sponsored the Medical category. The contest, which was established in 2002, recognizes and rewards engineering innovations that benefit humanity, the environment, and the economy.

Precision Robotics Offers Hope for Heart Disease Treatment

TBMG-52165

12/01/2024

The Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada

Advancing Implantable Medical Device Reliability with Enhanced Laser Joining Technology

TBMG-52177

12/01/2024

Solvent-Free 3D Printing Material Could Enable Biodegradable Implants

TBMG-52167

12/01/2024

Duke University Durham, NC

Device Shows Promise for Noninvasive Treatment of Chronic Pain

TBMG-52166

12/01/2024

University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT

Biohybrid Robotic Hand Research Platform

TBMG-52159

12/01/2024

Brain-machine interfaces enable direct communication between a brain’s electrical activity and an external device such as a computer or a robotic limb that allows people to control machines using their thoughts. Researchers have developed a novel biohybrid neuroprosthetic research platform comprised of a dexterous artificial hand electrically interfaced with biological neural networks.

Smart Contact Lens for Glaucoma Detection

TBMG-52160

12/01/2024

Researchers have been testing ways to continuously and more comfortably detect these tiny fluctuations in pressure. A prototype smart contact lens measures eye pressure accurately, regardless of temperature. The contact lens wirelessly transmits real-time signals about eye pressure across a wide range of temperatures.

Factors and Requirements for Adhesive Selection in Medical Devices, Part 1

TBMG-52149

12/01/2024

The global medical device market is projected to reach a value of $656 billion USD by 2032 with a CAGR of 3 percent over the coming decade.1 The preceding decades of globalization and increased prosperity has provided advancement in both medical technology and access to advanced medical care for a greater proportion of the world’s population. Further, an aging population in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia will increase the need for healthcare-related services and medical devices in the coming decades. At present, the North America market continues to dominate the industry, accounting for approximately 43 percent of the market’s revenue share; however, markets in the Asia-Pacific region have the highest expected growth rates in the coming decades.1 Growth and innovation in the medical device market will be critical in the years to come.

Bio-Ink for 3D Printing

TBMG-52189

12/01/2024

Biomedical engineers have developed a “bio-ink” for 3D-printed materials that could serve as scaffolds for growing human tissues to repair or replace damaged ones in the body. Bioengineered tissues show promise in regenerative, precision, and personalized medicine; product development; and basic research, especially with the advent of 3D printing of biomaterials that could serve as scaffolds or temporary structures to grow tissues.

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