Browse Topic: Telecommunications

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Comparative study between MQTT 3.1 and MQTT 5.0: Evaluating Theoretical Enhancements Through Practical Throughput Benchmarks for Aerospace IoT Systems2026-26-0711To be published on 06/01/2026
As aerospace platforms increasingly adopt connected architectures for avionics, telemetry, and predictive diagnostics, lightweight messaging protocols have become foundational. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport), due to its simplicity and minimal network overhead, is widely used in both ground and onboard aerospace systems. With the release of MQTT 5.0, the protocol introduces a suite of new capabilities designed to enhance scalability, reliability, and diagnostics. However, these benefits come with trade-offs in complexity and potential overhead, particularly in real-time and resource-constrained environments typical in aerospace. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of MQTT 3.1 and MQTT 5.0, exploring their theoretical differences — such as reason codes, session expiry, user properties, topic aliasing, shared subscriptions, and enhanced error feedback — and their impact on system-level performance. We analyze these aspects using practical throughput benchmarks
Bhuyar, Prabhudev, M, Meghana, Kaniraja, Christina, Thomas, Tinto
Implementation of Wireless IoT Technology in EVAC Slide Emergency Systems2026-26-0792To be published on 06/01/2026
Emergency evacuation slides (EVAC slides) are critical safety devices used on aircraft to enable rapid egress during emergencies. While these slides provide a quick and reliable escape route, communication between separated slides during evacuation remains a challenge. Often, during raft deployment over water, slides may drift apart, impeding communication among evacuees and rescue personnel, potentially compromising safety. Existing aircraft EVAC systems on the market lack integrated wireless communication, relying on visual or shouted voice signals, which are unreliable in noisy or chaotic conditions. With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks have become effective tools for monitoring and communication in various safety and industrial applications. This paper explores the integration of wireless IoT technology into EVAC slide systems to facilitate inter-slide communication and monitor critical parameters, such as slide air pressure and the floating
Sengodan, Rajkumar, Talore, Suresh
A GenAI-Based Approach for Real-Time Multilingual In-Flight Communication Systems.2026-26-0784To be published on 06/01/2026
In today’s global aviation industry, passenger experience is strongly influenced by effective communication. In-flight announcements, often limited to English and a single local language, can create confusion and stress for international travelers who may not be fluent in either. This communication gap not only impacts passenger comfort but also poses potential risks in conveying time-sensitive or safety-critical information. Recent advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), particularly in speech recognition, neural machine translation, and naturalistic text-to-speech, provide a pathway to overcome these challenges. This paper explores the concept of real-time multilingual in-flight announcements, delivered in each passenger’s preferred language through connected headphones or personal devices. The proposed system architecture integrates speech-to-text conversion, language translation, and speech synthesis with aircraft infotainment platforms. Potential applications range
Mishra, Ashwini, Kature, Kartik, Patil, Ashish
Development of Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber BasedvNotched Cantilever Beam Isolator for Space Applications2026-26-0742To be published on 06/01/2026
Crystal Oscillators are generally used in the high precision frequency application of satellite hardware for navigational aids. The required precision frequency of the crystal oscillator is affected under the dynamic loads. Mechanical isolators can be used to isolate the crystal oscillator assembly from the base induced vibration. Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber is selected as material for isolator due to inherent good damping property. Geometric configuration of isolator is optimized in iterative manner based on the dynamic characteristics obtained from Finite Element Analysis and Low-Level tests on engineering model. The finalized configuration is subjected to qualification level sine and random vibration and shock test to check the mechanical integrity of isolator under dynamic loads.
Singh, Shivam
Unified and Certifiable Cybersecurity Management Framework for IVHM2026-26-0767To be published on 06/01/2026
Commercial and military aircraft’s are increasingly rely on Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) as a critical enabler for predictive maintenance, operational efficiency, and mission availability. The evolution of IVHM data communication architecture- from legacy wire-based networks to wireless based architecture, involving onboard wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IP-based air-to ground communication networks, including satellite-enabled data links – introduces and expand multi domain, multi channel cyber-physical attack surfaces that challenge both functional, operational safety and continued airworthiness. DO-326A/ED-202A and DO-356A/ED-203A standards define aviation cybersecurity requirements within a safety-driven assurance context, and IEC 62443 standard offers a defense-in-depth, lifecycle-based control framework for industrial systems. A unified approach by mapping and harmonizing the complimentary aspects of these two standards has the potential to simplify and
Samudrala, Ramakrishna, Ramamurthy, Prasanna
Impact Study of Terrestrial Jamming on GNSS receiver on-board Launch Vehicles and Mitigation Techniques2026-26-0766To be published on 06/01/2026
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are widely being used in aerospace as well as automotive applications primarily for navigation applications. ISRO uses indigenously developed GNSS receivers in its Launch vehicles (LV) mainly for POD (Preliminary Orbit Determination) and for INS aiding in long duration missions. Advanced GNSS receivers are being developed and used in ISRO's new generation launch vehicles for closed loop guidance (CLG) applications. Being used in CLG, continuous solution availability and robustness of GNSS solutions are of paramount importance. From April 2023 onwards, GNSS receivers on-board ISRO's LV missions have shown degraded performance in terms of reduction in no. of satellites tracked and in some cases loss of GNSS solution as well. This was seen in multiple missions and was analysed in detail. It was observed that there is nearly 3-4dB reduction in carrier to noise ratio and corresponding change in RF AGC gain is also observed. The issue is
A, MOHAMMED BASIM, OT, ANAND SHANKAR, VS, BIJU, V GOPAL, BIJU, VS, VINOJ, K, BALAN, C, RADHAKRISHNA PILLAI
Predictive Maintenance of EV Drive Unit Oil Pumps via Machine Learning on Fleet Telemetry2026-01-0161To be published on 04/07/2026
The reliability of Drive Unit (DU) oil pumps is critical to the performance and safety of electric vehicles, as these pumps provide essential lubrication and thermal management. However, direct physical sensors for real-time pump health monitoring are absent in current architectures, making early fault detection particularly challenging. To address this limitation, we present a novel, data-driven anomaly detection framework that leverages large-scale customer fleet telemetry and advanced machine learning to identify incipient pump degradation that traditional diagnostic methods often fail to capture. The core of the approach is an XGBoost regression model trained on time-series features—including commanded pump speed, oil temperature, and historical pump current—to predict expected current behavior under nominal conditions. Deviations are quantified using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) between predicted and actual currents, providing a continuous and interpretable measure of
Li, Jingman, Yao, Mengqi, Rahimi, Sahil, Lin, Joanne
The New Era for Automotive Cybersecurity An Opportunity for Standardization of Automotive Cybersecurity2026-01-0086To be published on 04/07/2026
The automotive industry is moving from a reactive, self-determined approach to cybersecurity to a standardized, regulated one. This document, an update on collaborative work from the SAE TEVEES18B Committee and GlobalPlatform Automotive Task Force, outlines this transition. In the past, cybersecurity challenges in the automotive industry were seen as novel, and each company handled them individually. This era was characterized by self-determination of security mitigations and a unique justification for solutions. Companies often developed cybersecurity concepts based on past incidents and their own risk tolerance. A key tool during this time was the TARA (Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment), which organizations used to justify their security concepts or lack thereof. This led to company-specific policies and a lack of a global standard. The result was a fragmented market where every new project required a novel cybersecurity concept, hindering the development of a robust market for
Mazzara, Bill, Rawlings, Craig
Mitigation of Sensor-Level Cyber-Physical Attacks on Electric Vehicle Powertrains: A Simulation-Based Study2026-01-0091To be published on 04/07/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely extensively on sensor feedback for safe and efficient powertrain operation. However, this dependency introduces cyber-physical vulnerabilities, especially when sensor signals are maliciously manipulated. This paper presents a simulation-based investigation into sensor-level cyberattacks on a mid-sized EV powertrain model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The study quantifies mechanical consequences and evaluates mitigation strategies to enhance system resilience. Four representative attack scenarios were simulated. Speed sensor spoofing led the controller to misinterpret vehicle velocity, causing a 41% overshoot beyond the 50 km/h setpoint. False data injection into torque/current sensors triggered an unintended torque surge of approximately 20%, resulting in inverter current saturation within 2 seconds. Battery temperature spoofing delayed thermal protection, allowing a deviation of 1.5 °C/min beyond safe operating limits. A hybrid attack combining frozen
Tariq, Usama, Sahandabadi, Sahereh, Dianat, Ali
Vehicle Health Monitoring and Failure Prognosis through Edge-Based Component Wear Tracking2026-01-0094To be published on 04/07/2026
Traditional vehicle maintenance has relied primarily on mileage-based schedules and periodic visual inspections, approaches that often fail to account for variations in driving conditions, component quality, and usage patterns. These conventional methods typically result in either unnecessary premature replacements or unexpected component failures, leading to increased operating costs and unplanned downtime. Reactive maintenance strategies prove particularly problematic for critical wear components like clutch assemblies, brake systems, and suspension parts where undetected degradation can cause secondary damage. This paper presents an advanced monitoring system that shifts from scheduled maintenance to actual condition-based servicing through real-time wear measurement. The solution implements a network of distributed sensors that directly track critical parameters: ultrasonic measurement of clutch plate thickness, resistive wear sensors for brake pads, linear potentiometers for
Saraswat, Shubham, Vishe, Prashant
Optimizing Custom Hybrid Solutions for Low-Volume Specialist Equipment2026-01-0479To be published on 04/07/2026
Off-road vehicles are typically powered by diesel engines, sized to cover the highest peak loads in their dutycycles. Such engines can be downsized, using hybridization to supplement engine power for short periods. However, many applications are low-volume and specialized, making it impractical to deploy heavy engineering resources to optimize every one. For this reason, manufacturers tend to produce maid-of-all-work vehicles to cover every situation. This paper demonstrates the benefits of custom hybridization for specialist applications. It also introduces a simulation tool to benefit OEMs who seek to provide custom low-volume vehicles based on common platforms. The simulation tool is a fast, low-cost, cloud-based software package under development at ZeBeyond, provisionally named "ePop Cloud". It allows many different architectures to be evaluated rapidly at the product planning stage, and can be quickly set up and used by engineers who are not specialists in simulation. An
De Salis, Rupert, Fons, Daniel
Optimization of Road Reference Profiles based on Highway Design for Connected and Automated Vehicles2026-01-0096To be published on 04/07/2026
Advances in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) have developed a level in which high-definition maps can be used to improve road safety. Data compactness and robustness on road characterization is essential for the proper handling of vehicles under curves. In this paper, an optimization scheme that relates highway-design road curvature and optimal speed of travel is defined to safely navigate through a given road. The scheme is divided in two main steps. First a nonlinear optimization problem, in which curvature profiles are fitted from a model that based on street design standards as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Secondly, the optimized curvature profile is subject to a secondary optimization problem that uses vehicle dynamics for both constraints and objective function derivation. Guidance reference parameters such as curvature and velocity, at different levels of friction are analyzed. Results show that, even in sparse
Jacome, Ricardo Osmar, Stolle, Cody, Grispos, George
Clustering-Based Segmentation of Off-Road Vehicle Activity into Productive and Non-Productive States from GPS Data2026-01-0169To be published on 04/07/2026
Accurate identification of Productive and Non-Productive States or Off-Road vehicle duty cycles—comprising working, idle, and transport states—is critical for performance analysis, fuel optimization, and emissions modeling in agriculture machinery and fleet operations. This study explores the application of unsupervised machine learning techniques to classify duty cycles using GPS-derived parameters such as speed, location variance, and temporal patterns. Unlike supervised approaches, the proposed method does not rely on labeled datasets, making it scalable and adaptable across diverse operational contexts. Clustering algorithms, including K-means and DBSCAN, are employed to segment GPS data into distinct behavioral states. Feature engineering focuses on extracting motion signatures and spatial-temporal features that correlate with operational modes. Validation against manually annotated datasets demonstrates high accuracy in distinguishing idle, working, and transport phases. The
Maharana, Devi prasad, Gangsar, Purushottam, Dharmadhikari, Nitin, Pandey, Anand Kumar
Characterizing the Impact of C-V2X PC5 Radio on Cooperative Driving Automation in Hardware-in-the-Loop Experiments2026-01-0077To be published on 04/07/2026
The SAE J3216 standard defines Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), which has gained increasing attention in recent years as an umbrella framework encompassing a wide range of automated vehicle applications enabled by Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies. However, limited research has investigated how Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology affects CDA applications, especially the agreement seeking operations. This work presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental study designed to evaluate the Argonne CDA controller under varying C-V2X radio transmission frequencies and message configurations. A three-vehicle car-following scenario was implemented in the Argonne-developed Roadrunner Simulator, incorporating CDA agreement-seeking operations, vehicle powertrain models, and V2V communication modules. The CDA messages were then exchanged through two actual C-V2X radios with realistic communication impairment caused by the hardware
Zhan, Lu, Hyeon, Eunjeong, Misra, Priyash, JEONG, Jongryeol, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, DEBASHIS, Stutenberg, Kevin
Signal Integrity in Distributed BMS: Reliable SPI and Ethernet Communication for Next-Gen EVs2026-01-0171To be published on 04/07/2026
Distributed battery management systems (BMS) are critical for scaling electric vehicle packs to hundreds of cells, but reliable high-speed communication between modules remains a challenge. Daisy-chained SPI and CAN FD are widely deployed today, while Ethernet is being evaluated for next-generation systems that require higher bandwidth, synchronization, and diagnostics. This paper examines the signal integrity (SI) challenges facing distributed BMS communication, including skew, jitter, crosstalk, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) across PCB traces and wiring harnesses. HyperLynx and SPICE-based simulations are combined with experimental results on a 192-cell test platform to quantify the impact of layout constraints, impedance mismatches, and harness parasitics. Results show that poor SI design can reduce signal margins by more than 18 dB, leading to data corruption and diagnostic failures. Co-design strategies for PCB routing, termination, and shielding are proposed, achieving
Abdul Karim, Abdul Salam
Residual “Non-Zero” Speedometer Readings In Crash Tests Using a HYGE Crash Simulation System2026-01-0537To be published on 04/07/2026
The trend among analog speedometer and tachometer instruments in recent decades has been toward stepper motor drives. If power is interrupted during a crash, such gauges often do not return to a zero reading. Speedometers and tachometers displaying residual readings after a crash have been observed with increasing frequency in recent years. In conducting a crash reconstruction, a question often arises as to whether such a residual reading corresponds to the indicated vehicle speed at the time of impact in the crash. Prior publications in this area have included a variety of crash tests under a wide range of relatively uncontrolled conditions. The present investigation evaluated a total of nine instrument clusters with a range of static torque required to move the needles when unpowered. The clusters were mounted on a HYGE crash simulation sled and subjected to consistent impulses at orientations representing frontal, rear, left and right lateral, and left and right oblique impacts
Barnes, Daniel, Duran, Amanda, Walker, James, Kent, Steven, Osterhout, Aaron, Clayton, Aidan
Driver response times to turn-in-path events from real world responses in SHRP-2 data2026-01-0545To be published on 04/07/2026
This study analyses of driver behavior in Turn-In-Path (TIP) scenarios using the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) naturalistic driving dataset. A total of 259 real-world incidents, including both crashes and near-crashes, were examined to evaluate human driver perception-response times (PRT) and avoidance behaviors when another vehicle (the principal other vehicle, or POV) turns into the path of a straight-moving subject vehicle (SV). The combined analysis includes TIP events involving POVs turning from intersecting roads to either cross or merge into the SV’s lane. Each event was reviewed to identify the triggering threshold that prompted an emergency response, with measurements taken from video and telematics data. Response time was measured across two different starting points. Key variables included time to conflict, POV behavior (e.g., stopped vs. rolling), SV driver engagement in secondary tasks, and environmental factors such as lighting and roadway geometry
Dinakar, Swaroop, Muttart, Jeffrey, Maloney, Timothy, Adhikari, Bikram
Data-Driven Objective Road-Driving Classification For Durable Design Of Vehicles2026-01-0181To be published on 04/07/2026
Durability development in the automotive industry depends on a clear understanding of how road surfaces and driving characteristics affect structural road loads and fatigue. Traditionally, road surface classification has been subjective (e.g., city, highway, rural), and done through driving instrumented vehicles over a small selection of roads. The variations in driving characteristics that are often consequent to the road surface quality is rarely accounted for in designing vehicle level durability tests. This makes it difficult to establish targets for the durability testing that accurately match the wide variations in real-world roads and driving across the market of vehicles. This paper presents a data-driven approach to objectively classify road surface and driving characteristics using metrics derived from existing vehicle and road response metrics like Vibration Dose Value (VDV), International Roughness Index (IRI) and statistical estimates of vehicle speed and acceleration
Shaurya, Shubham, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Demiri, Albion, Khapane, Prashant
A Simple Analytical Model for Predicting Cooperative Ratio in Agreement-Seeking Cooperative Driving Automation with C-V2X Communication2026-01-0078To be published on 04/07/2026
Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) has emerged as an active research area in recent years, categorized into four classes of operations with varying levels of cooperation as defined in the SAE J3216 standard. Among these, Class C CDA, referred to as Agreement-Seeking Cooperation (ASC), has received limited attention in literature. Unlike Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), which typically engages when lead vehicles are identified as cooperative and disagree under manual override or safety-critical conditions, ASC requires agents to exchange messages interactively to reach consensus on a proposed plan and its implementation. This necessitates more sophisticated communication and control designs, which in turn influences customized ASC efficiency. Previous work has examined, through simulation, the impact of three key parameters on ASC system performance: CDA message transmission frequency, Packet Drop Ratio (PDR), and Cooperation Duration Length (CDL). In this paper, we extend
Zhan, Lu, Hyeon, Eunjeong, JEONG, Jongryeol, Misra, Priyash, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, DEBASHIS, Stutenberg, Kevin
The Simple Complexity of Reverse Engineering a Vehicle CAN Bus2026-01-0070To be published on 04/07/2026
Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) closely guard information about their products due to the significant investment in vehicle research and development. However, advancing automotive innovation often requires insights from existing systems to improve safety, efficiency, and performance. The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus remains the industry standard for communication between electronic control units (ECUs), yet CAN message specifications are typically proprietary and undocumented. This paper presents a case study involving the reverse engineering of CAN messages from a 2025 Toyota Grand Highlander powertrain. By capturing and analyzing communication between a diagnostics tester and the vehicle’s ECUs and replicating the communication, substituting A CAN case and software in place of a diagnostics tester, we were able to reverse engineer the vehicle's CAN bus, demonstrating a practical methodology for decoding and interpreting CAN traffic without prior access to
Bolarinwa, Emmanuel, Peters, Diane
Integration and Validation of Adaptive Cruise Control Algorithm Across Different Modes2026-01-0076To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the integration and validation of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) algorithms on a student-team-developed vehicle as part of the U.S. Department of Energy EcoCAR EV Challenge. The competition provided each team with a 2023 Cadillac Lyriq, which was modified to an all-wheel-drive configuration and re-architected to support the development of Level 3 autonomous features including Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Automatic Intersection Navigation (AIN), Lane Centering Control, and Automatic Parking. The major contribution of this work is the development of ACC with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) integration, highlighting the end-to-end implementation of the ACC algorithm and its interaction with key actuation systems in the modified vehicle architecture. In the team’s approach, the ACC algorithm encompassed multiple applications: conventional cruise control to maintain speed, adaptive cruise control to respond to a lead vehicle, and initial deceleration handling for
Gupta, Ishika, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn, Estrada, Tyler, Tambolkar, Pooja
Quantifying the Impact of Towing on BEV Energy Use: Instrumented On Road Testing and Chassis Dynamometer Reproduction2026-01-0431To be published on 04/07/2026
Electrification is rapidly entering all vehicle classes, including light- and heavy-duty trucks designed for heavy towing capabilities. Still, the quantitative impact of towing on battery-electric vehicle (BEV) energy use and range remains under-characterized. We conducted controlled towing tests with a Ford F-150 Lightning using two trailers of different sizes and varying payloads to isolate aerodynamic and mass effects across the vehicle’s rated towing capacity. The vehicle was instrumented at the CAN bus level to capture motor power, torque, speed, and other related internal signals. On-road testing consisted of repeated back-and-forth passes on level, straight road segments at set speeds focusing on highway operation, where aerodynamic drag is stronger and real-world towing use cases occur. From these data, we extracted road load equations and dynamometer coefficients for each trailer combination, then reproduced equivalent conditions on a four-wheel drive chassis dynamometer
Timermans Ladero, Inigo
Electric Vehicles & the Grid - Synergy or Strain?2026-01-0398To be published on 04/07/2026
As the demand for electrical power has surged over recent years due to the increasing popularity of data centers for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is becoming evident that the aging electrical grid infrastructure is struggling to keep up. Some of the problems this aging infrastructure has resulted in include frequent blackouts due to weather related events, reduced efficiency resulting in higher maintenance costs and outdated communication systems causing poor monitoring and response times. Modernization of the grid in conjunction with integration of the transportation sector with the grid is essential to ensure the reliability and resiliency of the grid. Electric vehicles have dramatically increased in popularity, with most vehicle manufacturers offering at least one electric option in their lineups. Looking at recent developments in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, a new possibility becomes evident; instead of straining the power grid, the electric
Dahlmann, Alexander Drake, Lele, Sneha
Impact of User-Adjustable Vehicle-Dynamics Tuning on Vehicle Durability2026-01-0194To be published on 04/07/2026
Software-defined vehicles offer customers a greater degree of customization on vehicle operation. One such feature is a user-adjustable tuning of vehicle ride and handling, where customers can vary the ride height, the active damper stiffness (affecting ride comfort), front-rear torque balance (affecting ride handling), and other vehicle dynamics features. While promising a great customer experience, such a feature can expose the vehicle to a wider range of structural loads than before, particularly when such tuning is extended to cover spirited “sport” mode driving, offroad driving, etc. In this paper we present a novel methodology combining Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) data and real-world telemetry data to estimate the impact of user-adjustable vehicle-dynamics tuning on structural durability.  In doing so, the method combines the physics of damage accumulation (from RLDA data) with user behavior (from telemetry data) to present an accurate assessment of the impact on durability
Demiri, Albion, White, Dylan, Ramakrishnan, Sankaran, Borton, Zackery, Khapane, Prashant
Application Layer - Generator Sets and IndustrialJ1939/75_202603 (Current)3/19/2026
SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Serial Control and Communications Heavy-Duty Vehicle Network - Top-Level DocumentJ1939_202603 (Current)3/17/2026
This top-level document provides a general overview of the SAE J1939 network and describes the subordinate document structure. This document includes definitions of terms and abbreviations which are used among the various SAE J1939 subordinate documents.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Power Line Carrier Communication for Commercial VehiclesJ2497_202603 (Historical)3/13/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice defines a method for implementing a bidirectional, serial communications link over the vehicle power supply line among modules containing microcomputers. This document defines those parameters of the serial link that relate primarily to hardware and software compatibility such as interface requirements, system protocol, and message format that pertain to Power Line Communications (PLC) between Tractors and Trailers. This document defines a method of activating the trailer ABS Indicator Lamp that is located in the tractor.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
OBD Traceability MatrixJ1939-90_202603 (Current)3/13/2026
This Information Report is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the application of SAE RP J1939 to OBD data communications in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual regulations and standards documents, and any discrepancies between this document and the published documents must be resolved in favor of the published documents. Regulatory Version(s): CARB 1971.1 OCTOBER 3, 2019 ; CARB 1968.2 OCTOBER 3, 2019; “CALIFORNIA GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR 2014 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES” As Amended: September 9, 2021; “CALIFORNIA STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR NEW 2021 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL HEAVY-DUTY ZERO-EMISSION POWERTRAINS.” As Adopted: June 27, 2019; EPA 40 CFR Part 1036 Subpart B (up to date as of 10/10/2024)
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety CommunicationsJ2945/1_202603 (Current)3/4/2026
This standard specifies the system requirements for an on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for light vehicles1, including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) [1] over a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) wireless communications link as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 suite and IEEE 802.11 standards [2] to [6].
V2X Core Technical Committee
Overcoming Multipath PropagationTBMG-547103/1/2026
The evolution of wireless communications and the miniaturization of electrical circuits have fundamentally reshaped our lives and the digital landscape. However, as we push toward higher-frequency communications in an increasingly connected world, engineers face growing challenges from multipath propagation — a phenomenon where the same radio signal reaches receiving antennas through multiple routes, usually with time delays and altered amplitudes. Multipath interference leads to many reliability issues, ranging from “ghosting” in television broadcasts to signal fading in wireless communications.
New MEMS Modulator Offers Significant Advancements in Optical EfficiencyTBMG-547123/1/2026
A new Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) grating modulator has been developed, offering significant advancements in optical efficiency and scalability for communication systems. By integrating a tunable sinusoidal grating with broadside-constrained continuous ribbons, a large-scale aperture of 30 × 30 mm is achieved and supports high-speed modulation up to 250 kHz.
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - The Power of Model-Based Battery Engineering135552/12/2026
Battery development is typically a lengthy and difficult process, but one company is proving that it doesn't have to be. Listen in as we sit down with Gavin White, Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, About:Energy, to discover how model-based design and advanced simulation are revolutionizing battery development -- cutting timelines by up to 70%. You'll also learn about the creation of The Voltt database, a game-changing resource for engineers and manufacturers. From motorsports to satellites to microgrids in developing regions, this conversation is proof that batteries are shaping the future of energy, technology, and society. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred
Patterson, Lori
AI Smart Timer-Based Power Control and Energy Monitoring System for Home Appliances2026-28-00602/12/2026
The paper presents the design and implementation of an AI-enabled smart timer-based power control and energy monitoring solution for household appliances. The proposed system integrates real-time sensing of electrical device parameters with cloud artificial intelligence for predictive analytics and automatic control. Continuous measurement of voltage, current and power consumption of the connected appliances are performed for analysis of the usage patterns. The appliance operation is completely automated by choosing between the best option which is the user-defined schedule or the load shifted schedule recommended by AI. The AI recommendation depends on peak demand of the day and the current load requirement thereby aiding approximate smoothening of daily load curve and improving load factor. The data collected is transmitted to the cloud for real-time and historical data collection, for prediction of consumption patterns, anomaly detection, and clustering appliances according to their
D, Anitha, D, Suchitra, Jain, Utsav, Maity, Souvik, Dinda, Atish
Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture in Vehicle Computers2026-28-01212/12/2026
Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for Internet Protocol (IP) based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update
M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
Vehicle-Level Validation Test Procedures for V2V Safety CommunicationsJ3161/1A_202602 (Current)2/11/2026
This document provides vehicle-level data collection, data analysis, and data verification procedures that may be used to verify that an instrument under test (IUT) satisfies the vehicle-level requirements specified in SAE J3161/1. For the purposes of this report, “vehicle-level requirements” primarily consist of those requirements which can be verified external to the vehicle. The IUT for these procedures is a configured LTE-V2X vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) device as defined in SAE J3161/1 and is installed on a vehicle of class 2, 3, 4, or 5. While the IUT is conceptually separated from the vehicle it is installed on, the tests outlined in this document are primarily vehicle level, so the terms “vehicle” and “IUT” can generally be considered interchangeable. Additionally, non-vehicle-level complementary tests, not included in this document, are required to verify that the entire set of requirements specified in SAE J3161/1 is satisfied. This document also includes a Traceability Matrix to
C-V2X Technical Committee
Digital Annex of Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis NomenclatureJ2403DA_202601 (Current)2/7/2026
This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Aircraft Lightning ZoneARP5414B (Current)2/6/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines lightning strike zones and provides guidelines for locating them on particular aircraft, together with examples. The zone definitions and location guidelines described herein are applicable to Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. The zone location guidelines and examples are representative of in-flight lightning exposures.
AE-2 Lightning Committee
How RF-over-Fiber is Providing the Backbone of Next Generation Mil/Aero Networks26AERP02_052/1/2026
RF and fiber have long co-existed within modern military and aerospace systems, with each medium dedicated to separate, mission-critical roles. Increasingly, however, system designers are turning to RF-over-fiber (RFoF) architectures to bridge the gap between over-the-air RF interfaces and the long, interference-resistant transport advantages of fiber. When it comes to over-the-air communications uses like tactical radio or satellite communications terminals, radio frequency (RF) is still the dominant signal format. RF is also commonly used at the front end of radar and electronic warfare, supporting search, tracking, fire control radar, missile seekers, jammers and electronic support measures.
NASA Demonstrates a First-of-Its-Kind Space Communications26AERP02_062/1/2026
NASA's Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Program and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, have successfully tested wideband technology that allows spacecraft to communicate with both government and commercial networks for the first time. Launched July 23, 2025, aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare mission, the Polylingual Experimental Terminal (PExT) is demonstrating multilingual wideband terminal technology. Hosted on a satellite from York Space Systems, PExT enhances a spacecraft's communications subsystem, enabling mission controllers to track and exchange data more efficiently across a broad range of networks and frequencies.
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202601 (Current)2/1/2026
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-06291/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Leveraging Telematics Big Data Analytics for Real-Time Monitoring of Catalytic Converter Failures and Root Cause Identification for Emission Compliance2026-26-05911/16/2026
The automotive industry is continuously evolving at high pace to meet rising customer expectations, reliability, reduced maintenance, and most relevant, compliance with stringent emission norms. Traditionally, the analysis of vehicle emissions relies heavily on periodic inspections and manual checks. These conventional methods are often time-consuming, prone to human error, and lack the ability to provide real-time insights. Also, identifying failures due to non-manufacturing issues require meticulous physical inspections and historical data reviews, which are not always accurate or timely. Telematics or Connected cars technology being one of the major technological innovations in recent times revolutionizes these processes by enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles and external systems. The current study presents an innovative approach to utilizing telematics data for real-time monitoring of vehicle emissions and pinpointing Catalytic converter failures by analyzing vehicle
Dev, Triyambak, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam, Kalkur, Varun, Modak, Saikat, AGARWAL, Shashank, Chandra, Animesh, Paul, Varsha, Garg, Amit, Sundararaman, Venkataraman, Bose, Sushant
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for Secure Communication between Electric Vehicles and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment2026-26-02021/16/2026
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has raised the importance of secure communication between EVs and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). As EV infrastructure rapidly evolves, cybersecurity threats targeting the vehicle-charger interface pose major risks to user safety, data integrity, and operational continuity. This paper presents an overview of existing EV-EVSE communication standards and explores their associated vulnerabilities. We identify potential cyber threats, including man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, and protocol spoofing, that could compromise the security of EV charging systems. The study proposes an enhanced cybersecurity framework incorporating session authentication, and anomaly detection techniques to fortify EV-EVSE communication. The proposed mitigation strategies aim to ensure secure, reliable, and resilient charging infrastructure essential for the widespread adoption of electric mobility.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil, Urmila
Assessment of Cybersecurity Risks in State-Operated Connected Electric Passenger Buses in India2026-26-06101/16/2026
State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-06131/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
Chaudhary lng, Vikash, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of Data Streaming Methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-06921/16/2026
As electric trucks become more central to modern logistics, the need for smarter, more adaptive route planning is growing rapidly. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing and recalibrating such optimized routes in real time. Integrating map features into the navigation mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, vehicle coordinates and deviation in expected energy consumption. This study compares the performance of Server sent events (SSE), web sockets, and Application programming interface (API) polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our results demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, Dadoo, Vishal, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-01731/16/2026
The proliferation of wireless charging technology in electric vehicles (EVs) introduces novel cybersecurity challenges that require comprehensive threat analysis and resilient design strategies. This paper presents a proactive framework for assessing and mitigating cybersecurity risks in wireless charger Electronic Control Units (ECUs), addressing the unique vulnerabilities inherent in electromagnetic power transfer systems. Through systematic threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and the development of defense-in-depth strategies, this research establishes design principles for creating robust wireless charging ecosystems resistant to cyber threats. The proposed framework integrates hardware security modules, encrypted communication protocols, and adaptive threat detection mechanisms to ensure operational integrity while maintaining charging efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed security measures in preventing unauthorized access, data
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Gear Shift Validation of Multi Speed EV Transmission on Test Bench using Vehicle Control Unit2026-26-05321/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmissions play a vital role in powering EVs by channeling energy from the electric motor to the wheels. Recently, the focus has shifted to multi-speed transmissions in the EV sector due to their potential to improve efficiency and performance. By utilizing various gear ratios, these transmissions enable the motor to function within its most efficient range across different speeds. Most of these transmissions need electric control unit (ECU) with software for optimal functionality and smoother gear shifting. These controllers incorporate controller area network (CAN) communication protocol to operate along with other ECUs. Thus validation of these transmissions is a challenge as they are clutch less, motor has to be controlled for speed matching and have electro mechanical systems replacing conventional systems for operation. This paper proposes a methodology to validate multispeed EV transmissions on a test bench. The validation setup consists of electric
Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral, Soor, Debasis
Design of a Low-Power Consumption 4x4 MIMO Antenna for Next-Generation 4G LTE-A and 5G IoT Communication Systems2026-26-03711/16/2026
This paper presents the design, simulation, and evaluation of a low-profile Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna configuration, optimized to meet the evolving demands of modernized wireless communication systems, incorporating LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and emerging 5G Internet of Things (5G-IoT) applications. The antenna’s geometry relies on a novel design comprising staircase-shaped rectangular radiating patches with an integrated stub. This configuration is employed to improve impedance bandwidth and strengthen the isolation between antenna components, which are critical parameters in MIMO system performance. The antenna is fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, distinguished by its low dielectric loss and high-frequency stability. With a compact physical footprint of 96 × 96 mm2, the proposed design effectively serves the feature of integration into portable and space-constrained wireless devices. The antenna operates effectively across frequency range of 2.13 GHz to
Gupta, Parul, Prasad, Anjay
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