Browse Topic: Telecommunications

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AI Smart Timer-Based Power Control and Energy Monitoring System for Home Appliances2026-28-0060To be published on 02/12/2026
This paper presents an intelligent home automation system that combines timer-based power control, real-time energy monitoring, and cloud-based AI analytics for individual appliances. The system is built using a Wi-Fi-enabled embedded controller connected to sensing circuits that measure voltage, current, and power consumption. Electromechanical relays are used to control appliance power based on user-defined timers. Users can configure either a fixed runtime or a scheduled cutoff, enabling automated energy-saving without manual input. Alongside local control, the system collects energy consumption data and transmits it to a cloud platform for storage and analysis. A dedicated mobile or web app provides live monitoring, device status, and remote control access. A major innovation is the integration of a cloud-based AI engine that processes historical and real-time data to offer predictive insights. The AI module forecasts energy use, detects anomalies, classifies appliances by behavior
D, Anitha, D, Suchitra, Jain, Utsav, Maity, Souvik, Dinda, Atish
Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture In Vehicle Computers2026-28-0121To be published on 02/12/2026
Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for IP-based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update channels. This strategy
M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-0173To be published on 01/16/2026
The proliferation of wireless charging technology in electric vehicles (EVs) introduces novel cybersecurity challenges that require comprehensive threat analysis and resilient design strategies. This paper presents a proactive framework for assessing and mitigating cybersecurity risks in wireless charger Electronic Control Units (ECUs), addressing the unique vulnerabilities inherent in electromagnetic power transfer systems. Through systematic threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and the development of defense-in-depth strategies, this research establishes design principles for creating robust wireless charging ecosystems resistant to cyber threats. The proposed framework integrates hardware security modules, encrypted communication protocols, and adaptive threat detection mechanisms to ensure operational integrity while maintaining charging efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed security measures in preventing unauthorized access, data
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Integration and Proving Ground Evaluation of a Connected Highway Pilot System2026-26-0136To be published on 01/16/2026
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, Bernat, Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Facerias Pelegri, Marc, Perez, Marc
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-0176To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive testing framework and safety evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging systems, incorporating advanced theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a modern, integrated 3-in-1 combo unit (PDU, DCDC, OBC). The proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and flexible charging solutions, with V2V technology emerging as a critical decentralized infrastructure component. This study establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for power flow analysis, develops novel safety protocols based on IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 functional safety standards, and presents comprehensive experimental validation across 47 test scenarios. The framework encompasses five primary test categories: functional performance validation, power conversion efficiency optimization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment, thermal management evaluation, and comprehensive fault-injection testing including Byzantine fault scenarios
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for Secure Communication between Electric Vehicles and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment2026-26-0202To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has raised the importance of secure communication between EVs and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). As EV infrastructure rapidly evolves, cybersecurity threats targeting the vehicle-charger interface pose major risks to user safety, data integrity, and operational continuity. This paper presents an overview of existing EV-EVSE communication standards and explores their associated vulnerabilities. We identify potential cyber threats, including man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, and protocol spoofing, that could compromise the security of EV charging systems. The study proposes an enhanced cybersecurity framework incorporating session authentication, and anomaly detection techniques to fortify EV-EVSE communication. The proposed mitigation strategies aim to ensure secure, reliable, and resilient charging infrastructure essential for the widespread adoption of electric mobility.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil, Urmila
Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval and the Road Ahead2026-26-0246To be published on 01/16/2026
Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure
Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin
Development of an Optimized XCP Software Stack for Real-Time Validation of Vehicle Control Units Using Next-Generation Communication Protocols2026-26-0190To be published on 01/16/2026
With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), ensuring the reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of power electronic subsystems such as onboard chargers, DC-DC converters, and vehicle control units (VCUs) has become a critical engineering focus. These components require thorough validation using precise calibration and communication protocols. This paper presents the development and implementation of an optimized software stack for the Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP), aimed at real-time validation of VCUs using next-generation communication methods such as CAN, CAN-FD, and Ethernet. The stack facilitates read/write access to the ECU’s internal memory in runtime, enabling efficient diagnostics, calibration, and parameter tuning without hardware modifications. It is designed to be modular, platform-independent, and compatible with microcontrollers across different EV platforms. By utilizing the ASAM-compliant protocol architecture, the proposed system
Uthaman, Sreekumar
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of data streaming methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-0692To be published on 01/16/2026
In the realm of electric truck logistics, optimizing route planning is essential. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing such optimized routes. Integrating map features into the drive mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, and vehicle coordinates. This study compares the performance of Server sent events(SSE), web sockets and API polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our findings demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and timely data updates, contributing to more effective route planning and resource management. Additionally, we discuss how API Polling, Web sockets, and SSE each make
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, Dadoo, Vishal, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
To study and compare communication protocol for fast charging in electric two-wheeler with respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-0198To be published on 01/16/2026
India, as the world’s largest two-wheeler market, is witnessing an aggressive transition towards electric mobility, driven by urban air quality concerns, fuel cost sensitivity, and government incentives. Among the critical enablers of this shift is the availability of robust and efficient fast charging infrastructure tailored to electric two-wheelers. This paper proposes a systematic testing framework for fast charging of electric two-wheelers, addressing key parameters such as battery thermal management, charging communication protocols, safety interlocks, and State of Charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The study evaluates current and emerging standards, including AIS-156, IS 17017, and IEC 61851, and identifies gaps specific to two-wheeler applications such as compact form factor constraints, lower energy storage, and high operational turnover in fleet usage. A special focus is placed on interoperability, user safety, and infrastructure scalability for dense urban environments. The
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Integrating V2V and V2I Communications for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks2026-26-0271To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Our study focuses on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic signals to share real-time data about speed, position, and road conditions. Using both analytical models and experimental simulations built in MATLAB/Simulink, we developed a system that predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. In our design, a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) feature suggests an ideal speed for drivers so that they can pass through green lights without unnecessary stopping. This not only improves traffic flow but also reduces fuel consumption and lowers the risk of accidents. We validated our system through a series of simulations and real-time traffic scenarios. The results show that our approach can adapt dynamically to changes in vehicle behavior and traffic density
Pinto, Colin Aubrey, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala
Dynamic Diagnostic Controller Architecture for Scalable and Adaptive Zonal Based Vehicle Platforms2026-26-0689To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of in-vehicle electronic systems toward zonal and High-Performance Computing (HPC)-based architectures introduces a new layer of complexity in automotive diagnostics. Traditional architectures, built on Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocols, operate on a uniform Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), enabling simplified and consistent diagnostic workflows across Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, next-generation platforms must accommodate diverse communication protocols (e.g., CAN, LIN, DoIP, SOME/IP) and heterogeneous operating systems (e.g., RTOS, Linux, QNX), resulting in fragmented and inflexible diagnostic processes. This paper presents a Centralized Diagnostic Gateway architecture that addresses these challenges by enabling unified, scalable, and adaptive diagnostic capabilities across modern vehicle platforms. The proposed system consolidates protocol handling at the HPC level, abstracts diagnostic complexities, and
Mukherjee, Soumyadeep, Raman, Kothanda
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-0691To be published on 01/16/2026
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) marks a fundamental shift in automotive design, where software, rather than hardware, defines vehicle capabilities. This review explores the SDV paradigm within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing centralized computing, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Key enablers such as high-performance computing units, middleware platforms (e.g., AUTOSAR Adaptive), and digital twins support scalable, flexible software deployment and real-time functionality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance features like predictive maintenance, driver personalization, and autonomous decision-making. However, SDVs also introduce complex challenges, including software validation, real-time performance, and system interoperability. Cybersecurity becomes critical, especially as vehicles interface with cloud platforms, edge computing, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. The paper also
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-0593To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security2026-26-0622To be published on 01/16/2026
The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed public-key cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) – typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict
Mishra, Abhigyan
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-0629To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Proactive AI-Enhanced Cybersecurity for Next-Gen Automotive Infotainment ECU2026-26-0619To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract With the rapid advancement of connected vehicle technologies, infotainment Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have become central to user interaction and connectivity within modern vehicles. However, this enhanced functionality has introduced new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. This paper explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the cybersecurity framework of infotainment ECUs. The study introduces AI-powered modules for threat detection and response, presents an integrated architecture, and validates performance through simulation using MATLAB, CANoe, and NS-3. This approach addresses real-time intrusion detection, anomaly analysis, and voice command security. Key benefits include zero-day exploit resistance, scalability, and continuous protection via OTA updates. The paper references real-world automotive cyberattack cases such as Tesla's OTA vulnerability patches, BMW ConnectedDrive exploits, and Jeep Cherokee's Uconnect hack, emphasizing the
More, Shweta, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Kumar, Priyanshu, Ghanwat, Hemant, Joshi, Vivek
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-0613To be published on 01/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
Chaudhary lng, Vikash, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System2026-26-0642To be published on 01/16/2026
human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to
Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed
Gear Shift Validation of Multi Speed EV transmission on Test Bench using Vehicle Control Unit2026-26-0532To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmissions play a vital role in powering EVs by channelling energy from the electric motor to the wheels. Recently, the focus has shifted to multi-speed transmissions in the EV sector due to their potential to improve efficiency and performance. By utilizing various gear ratios, these transmissions enable the motor to function within its most efficient range across different speeds. Most of these transmissions need electronic control unit (ECU) with software for optimal functionality and smoother gear shifting. These controllers incorporate controller area network (CAN) communication protocol to operate along with other ECUs. Thus validation of these transmissions is a challenge as they are clutch less, motor has to be controlled for speed matching and have electro mechanical systems replacing conventional systems for operation. This paper proposes a methodology to validate multispeed EV transmissions on a test bench. The validation setup consists of electric
Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral, Soor, Debasis
Enhancing Engine Reliability Testing with IoT, AI and ML: Real-Time ML-based Limit Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance with IoT sensor2026-26-0647To be published on 01/16/2026
The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) has transformed various industries, offering substantial benefits. The application of these technologies in engine reliability testing has immense potential as they offer real-time monitoring and analysis of engine performance parameters. Engine reliability testing is vital for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of engines. Traditional methods are time consuming, expensive, and rely heavily on manual inspection and data analysis. This paper shows how IoT, AI and ML technologies can greatly enhance the efficiency of engine reliability testing. The paper includes the following case studies: 1. ML-based Limit Monitoring for test data: With the help of machine learning models, we monitor the Engine health by comparing predicted and measured values during real-time testing. Intelligent algorithms predict and compare values, detect anomalies, and identify root causes in real-time
Yadav, Sanjay Kumar, Kumar, Prabhakar, R, Dinesh, Joon, Sushant, Rai, Ayush, Tripathi, Vinay Mani
Impact of Virtual ECUs on Software Development and Validation Using the Shift Left Strategy2026-26-0681To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift with the integration of Virtual Electronic Control Units (vECUs) in software development and validation processes. Physical ECUs require actual hardware setups, which can be expensive, time-consuming to configure, and may not be readily available during early development stages. This abstract presents the application of a Level 3 vECU to enable early-stage testing in alignment with the Shift Left Strategy, thereby reducing development time and cost. The developed vECU includes production-intent code for the Application Software (ASW), Runtime Environment (RTE), Basic Software (BSW), and Operating System (OS), while adapting the Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (MCAL) and Complex Device Drivers (CDD) for the virtual environment. The vECU replicates the functional behavior of a physical ECU and supports standard automotive communication protocols such as CAN, LIN, Ethernet and FlexRay, allowing system-level validation in a
Bhopi, Amey, Sengar, Bhan
RAKSH: A Blockchain Derived In-Vehicle Key Management System2026-26-0620To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern cars have advanced significantly with the rapid growth of connectivity and communication technologies. In the wake of rising cyberattacks and enforcement of regulations, implementation of cybersecurity is imperative to safeguard vehicles. The cybersecurity controls such as secure boot, secure updates, secure communication require cryptographic primitives (keys/certificates). These security features are largely dependent on robust Key Management System (KMS), as keys are the sensitive assets that must be protected throughout the lifecycle of vehicle. Several security critical applications like over-the-air and car-to-car interaction essentially needs robust KMS to protect the vehicle assets from expanding attack vector. Traditionally KMS is established centrally in a backend server. The cloud based KMS is becoming complex due to increased number of keys/certificates required to provision in a vehicle. We propose a self-governing in-vehicle key management system for a gateway
Goyal, Yogendra, Sutar, Swapnil, Jaisingh, Sanjay
Virtual ECU: Development & Validation Platform2026-26-0683To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous integration
Singh, Jyotsana, Shaikh, Arshiya, Mane, Rahul, Burangi, Piyush
Nexifi11D: A Comprehensive Multidimensional Framework for Futuristic Manufacturing Ecosystems2026-26-0282To be published on 01/16/2026
The manufacturing sector is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by hyper-connectivity, sustainability imperatives, and accelerated digital transformation. Conventional systems, however, remain constrained by their focus on isolated optimizations—such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled sensing, or workforce scheduling—without providing an integrated operational perspective. To address this fragmentation, Nexifi11D is introduced as a comprehensive, multidimensional framework that consolidates 11 critical dimensions of manufacturing into a unified ecosystem. Nexifi11D advances beyond traditional Industry 4.0 architectures by seamlessly integrating intelligent algorithms, immersive simulation technologies, IoT infrastructure, and predictive systems within a scalable, interoperable mesh. The framework breaks down silos across key manufacturing domains—such as sustainability, cost, operations, and workforce—enabling holistic, data-driven, and proactive decision-making. Each integrated
Kumar, Rahul, Singh, Randhir
A Novel Design of energy efficient 4x4 MIMO Antenna for 4G LTE-A and 5G IOT Communications2026-26-0371To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and analysis of a low-profile monopole antenna with a Multiple-Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) configuration, optimized for requirements of modern wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna consists of staircase-like rectangular patches with a stub to enhance bandwidth. Printed on Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate, the antenna covers a compact size of 96 x 96 mm2, making it suitable for integration into space-constrained devices. Operating within the frequency range of 2.13-4.2 GHz, the proposed antenna achieves an Envelope Coefficient Correlation (ECC) below 0.015, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of less than -3 dB, Diversity Gain upto 10 dB, and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) below 0.12 bps/Hz, thus making antenna suitable for LTE-A and 5G-IoT communications.
Gupta, Parul, Prasad, Anjay
AI-powered intelligent cognitive lens for driver monitoring for safe transportation and increased fleet efficiency2026-26-0634To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Chikhale, Shraddha, Sing, Sandip, Hivarkar, Umesh, Mardhekar, Amogh
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-0614To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee, Avik
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Vehicle-to-Vehicle negotiation via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-In scenarios2026-26-0274To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat
Dynamic Switching Control of Vehicle Platoon with Kalman Filter Compensator Considering Communication Delays and Packet Dropouts2025-01-734112/31/2025
This paper presents a dynamic switching control strategy for vehicle platoons to address communication delays and packet dropouts in connected and autonomous vehicle systems. The proposed strategy combines adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), and a Kalman filter to compensate for time-varying delays, while employing an equidistant spacing policy to support reliable information flow within the platoon. A switching mechanism based on an acceleration threshold enables seamless transition between ACC, which depends on onboard sensor data, and CACC, which relies on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This design reduces dependence on V2V communication, thereby lowering the risk of packet dropouts and improving platoon stability. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical structure: an upper-level sliding mode controller generates desired acceleration commands, and a lower-level PID controller converts them into throttle and brake actions. A
Pan, Deng, Yao, Zhiyong, Wang, Chang, Ji, Jie, Zhang, Bohan
Effective Aperture Determination for Efficient Vehicle-Mounted Antennas Measurement via Spherical Wave Expansion Power Spectrum Analysis2025-01-732112/31/2025
With the advancement of wireless technology within the automotive industry, vehicle antenna measurement has garnered increasing attention, as antenna system performance exerts critical influences on wireless communication performance. In spherical near-filed (SNF) automotive measurement, the assignment of minimum sphere radius (MSR) is of paramount significance in reducing test duration. Current industrial practice typically presumes the aperture equivalent to the entire vehicle, consequently assigning the minimum sphere to enclose the entire vehicle structure. Such a sampling scheme, however, is often redundant since regions distant from the antenna experience weak illumination and contribute negligibly to radiation, particularly at higher frequencies. Thus, determining the effective aperture becomes essential for MSR reduction and enhanced testing efficiency. To this end, this paper investigated the effective aperture of vehicle-mounted antenna (VMA) to reduce the test duration. The
Yang, Xin, Chen, Rui, Zhou, Liling, Tao, Tingting
Distributed Robust Control of Heterogeneous Vehicular Platoons Based on IDM Following Model under Communication Delay2025-01-735012/31/2025
With the rapid development of automobile industrialization, the traffic environment is becoming increasingly complex, traffic congestion and road accidents are becoming critical, and the importance of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is increasingly prominent. In our research, for the problem of cooperative control of heterogeneous intelligent connected vehicle platoons under ITS considering communication delay. The proposed method integrates the nonlinear Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) and a spacing compensation mechanism, aiming to ensure that the platoon maintains structural stability in the presence of communication disturbances, while also enhancing the comfort and safety of following vehicles. Firstly, construct heterogeneous vehicle platoon system based on the third-order vehicle dynamics model, Predecessor-Leader-Following (PLF) communication topology, and the fixed time-distance strategy, while a nonlinear distributed controller integrating the IDM following behavior
Ye, Xin, Kang, Zhongping
Design of Intelligent Lighting System for Expressway Tunnel2025-99-023212/23/2025
A smart highway tunnels lighting system based on the technology of cloud platform and Internet of Things(IoTs) has been designed to address the common problems of high energy consumption and low level of intelligence in China's highway tunnel lighting system. The highway tunnel lighting system consists of four layers of architecture: platform management layer, local management layer, middle layer and terminal layer. The system collects real-time brightness, lamp brightness, traffic volume and other data outside the tunnel through various sensors deployed on site, and then uploads the collected data to the main controller through LoRa IoTs. The main controller combines the brightness calculation method of the lighting design rules to control the brightness of the tunnel lighting in real time, achieving real-time adjustment of the brightness of the tunnel LED lights and the brightness outside the tunnel, and realizing a safe and energy-saving lighting effect of "lights on when the car
Wang, Juntao, Liu, Jingyang, Liu, Yong, Feng, Xunwei
Trajectory Reconstruction at Signalized Intersections in a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Environment2025-99-021712/23/2025
Vehicle trajectories encapsulate critical spatial-temporal information essential for traffic state estimation, congestion analysis, and operational parameter optimization. In a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) environment, connected automated vehicles (CAVs) not only continuously transmit their own real-time trajectory data but also utilize onboard sensors to perceive and estimate the motion states of surrounding regular vehicles (RVs) within a defined communication range. These multi-source data streams, when integrated with fixed infrastructure-based detectors such as speed cameras at intersections, create a robust foundation for reconstructing full-sample vehicle trajectories, thereby addressing data sparsity issues caused by incomplete CAV penetration. Building upon classical car-following (CF) theory, this study introduces a novel trajectory reconstruction framework that fuses CAV-generated trajectories and infrastructure-based speed detection data. The proposed method specifically
Bai, Wei, Fu, Chengxin, Yao, Zhihong
Toward Enhanced Goods Tracking in Commercial Vehicle Interiors through AI and Sensor Integrations12-09-02-001612/23/2025
The efficient tracking and management of goods within light commercial vehicles (LCVs) is crucial for various industries, particularly craftsmen and parcel delivery services. This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies to enhance item tracking and optimize logistical operations in LCVs. Two technological approaches are examined: a Bluetooth-based tracking system and a camera-based parcel identification framework. The Bluetooth-based solution is designed primarily for craftsmen. It employs Bluetooth tags, vehicle connectivity gateways (VCGs), and a centralized server to provide real-time inventory monitoring and prevent tool misplacement. The camera-based system is aimed at parcel carriers. It utilizes AI-driven object detection and pose estimation to localize and identify parcels within the vehicle. Experimental evaluations show that Bluetooth tracking ensures reliability in tool management and the AI-based vision system holds promise
Aslandere, Turgay, Lens, Mathijs, Kirchhof, Jörg Christian, Robberechts, Pieter, Grein, Marcel, Meert, Wannes, Vandewalle, Patrick, Davis, Jesse, Rumpe, Bernhard, Goedemé, Toon
Tire-Tooling Production and Maintenance Monitoring within a Fully Integrated Ecosystem2025-36-001912/18/2025
The work presented here was developed within the scope of the Tire-Tooling Benchmark Project – Mover – FUNDEP – Line IV – in response to demands from the tire manufacturing sector for solutions to monitor tire molds. This study presented the development and validation of an embedded device that integrates RFID technology, wireless communication (LoRa and Wi-Fi), and local processing via an ESP32 microcontroller. The system was capable of collecting and processing data related to mold lifecycle, such as usage cycles, inspections, and maintenance activities, enabling predictive maintenance strategies. A functional prototype was successfully built and tested, validating reliable cycle readings, stable communication with a remote database, and consistent embedded logic. Based on these results, a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed, focusing on robustness, compactness, and industrial applicability. Although the PCB has not yet been fabricated or tested in the production
Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Cecone, Eduardo Christiano, Del Conte, Erik Gustavo
An AI-Based Embedded Offline Voice Assistant for Commercial Trucks: Enhancing Driver Safety and HMI Design2025-36-007812/18/2025
Commercial vehicle operation faces challenges from driver distraction associated with traditional Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) and inconsistent network connectivity, particularly in long-haul scenarios. This paper addresses these issues through the development and presentation of an embedded, offline AI-powered voice assistant. The system is designed to reduce driver distraction and enhance operational efficiency by enabling hands-free control of vehicle functions and access to critical information, irrespective of internet availability. The technical approach involves a three-tier architecture comprising an Android-based In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) unit for primary user interaction and voice processing, an Android mobile device acting as a communication bridge and processing hub, and a proprietary OBD-II dongle for CAN bus interfacing. Offline speech recognition is achieved using embedded wake word detection and speech-to-intent engines. A user-centered design methodology
De Oliveira Nelson, Rafael, De Almeida, Lucas Gomes, Arantes Levenhagen, Ivan
State of the Art and Perspectives of V2G and Plug & Charge in the Electric Mobility Ecosystem2025-36-017512/18/2025
The advancement of electric mobility has driven the development of technologies aimed at enabling smart, secure, and interoperable electric vehicle (EV) charging. In this context, this paper presents a technical and market analysis of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Plug & Charge (PnC) functionalities, focusing on their architectures, applicable technical standards, communication protocols, levels of commercial maturity, and emerging applications. The discussion begins with a review of the main national and international standards relevant to charging infrastructure, with emphasis on IEC 61851, IEC 62196, and ISO 15118 series, which address the technical requirements of equipment, connectors, and vehicle-to-grid communication. The operation of V2G is then discussed as a technology that enables bidirectional energy flow between the EV and the power grid, with a focus on topological configurations, pilot project applications, and regulatory and economic challenges that currently limit its
Marques, Felipe L. R., Arioli, Vitor T., Bernardo, Rodrigo, Nakandakare, Cleber A., Pizzini, Luiz R., Nicola, Eduardo V.
Development of a Data Acquisition System for an Electric Formula SAE Vehicle2025-36-015112/18/2025
The acquisition of sensor data is essential for the operation and validation of the SAE vehicle. This system must be capable of converting analog data into digital form and communicating with the sensors. To this end, printed circuit boards (PCBs) were designed and manufactured, incorporating electromagnetic interference mitigation solutions through various analog filters, in order to ensure the integrity of the acquired signals. Data conversion and communication were implemented using a microprocessor from the STM32 family, with efficient transmission of the processed data carried out via the CAN protocol.
David, Mateus Padilha, Andrade, Fernanda Matsumoto Lima, Sousa Oliveira, Ivan, Carvalho, Luis Pedro Feio, Guerreiro, Joel Filipe, Ribeiro, Rodrigo Eustaquio, Santos Neto, Pedro José
Research on Track Test Method of Autonomous Driving Functions Based on V2X Technology2025-99-031012/17/2025
V2X technology enables vehicles to obtain a wider range of information and is less susceptible to environmental factors such as weather, which can to some extent compensate for the insufficient range of visibility of onboard sensors such as radar and cameras. Based on the advantages of V2X technology, some autonomous driving functions may be achieved by integrating V2X technology with vehicular intelligence technology or only by V2X technology. How to effectively test and evaluate autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology has attracted widespread attention. This paper studies the track test method of autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology from the perspective of safety. The research results of this paper can provide reference and guidance for automotive industry testing institutions to carry out test of autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology.
Li, Chun, Sun, Hang, Zheng, Chang, Zhu, Pingqing
OBD-II Scan Tool - Second Generation ProtocolsJ1978-2_202512 (Current)12/10/2025
SAE J1978-2 specifies a complementary set of functions to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool. These functions provide complete, efficient access to all regulated OBD services on any vehicle that is compliant with SAE J1979-2 and SAE J1979-3. The content of this document is intended to satisfy the requirements of an OBD-II scan tool as required by current U.S. OBD regulations. This document specifies: A means of establishing communications between an OBD-equipped vehicle and an OBD-II scan tool. A set of diagnostic services to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool in order to exercise the services defined in SAE J1979-2 and SAE J1979-3. In addition, SAE J1978-1 covers first generation protocol functionality defined in SAE J1979 plus automatic protocol determination for all SAE J1979/J1979-2/J1979-3 application content. The presentation of the SAE J1978 document family, where SAE J1978-2 covers second generation protocol functionality defined in SAE J1979-2 and SAE J1979-3, and SAE J1978-1
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
A Study of Electro-Hydraulic Brake of Electric Automobiles and Intelligent Connected Vehicles2025-99-040212/10/2025
The traditional hydraulic braking system with vacuum booster technology is very mature, but it is not suitable for use in electric vehicles due to the lack of a vacuum source. The brake system by wire is an innovative electronic controlled braking technology, and the Electro-Hydraulic Brake is currently the most widely used brake system by wire in electric vehicles. The classification, structure, working principle, and advantages of Electro-Hydraulic Brake as a braking system for electric automobiles and intelligent connected vehicles are studied. The structure, working principle, advantages and disadvantages of Pump-Electro - Hydraulic Brake and Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake are compared and analyzed.
Song, Jiantong, Zhu, Chunhong, Ren, Xiaolong
A New Clean Room for Missile and Satellite Propulsion ComponentsTBMG-5432712/01/2025
Moog Inc. East Aurora, NY kgibas@moog.com
Researchers Give New Meaning to the Term “Microwave Brain”TBMG-5429712/01/2025
Cornell researchers have developed a low-power microchip they call a “microwave brain,” the first processor to compute on both ultrafast data signals and wireless communication signals by harnessing the physics of microwaves.
A Satellite Micro-Vibration Test Platform to Isolate VibrationsTBMG-5429112/01/2025
The European Space Agency (ESA) has added a micro-vibration test instrument, developed by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), to its satellite testing facilities. NPL is the United Kingdom’s National Measurement Institute, developing and maintaining the national primary measurement standards. The instrument measures vibrations generated by satellite subsystems, to quantify their effects on images and measurements made from space. This facility is the result of five years of collaboration between NPL and ESA.
647A-2 Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation (FRED)ARINC647A-2 (Current)12/01/2025
This specification is an international standard defining the content and format of electronic files which document Flight Data Recording systems. The FRED specification is an expansion of the Flight Recorder Configuration Standard (FRCS) and is intended to provide guidelines for software systems designers and developers of ground support equipment for flight data recorders. The FRED specification has been developed to facilitate the exchange of Flight Data Recorder (FDR) documentation between aircraft manufacturers, operators, and government agencies. This specification addresses the ARINC Specification 664: Part 7, Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet in numerous sections.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Cellular Energy Architecture to Secure Resilient Energy Supply for Critical Infrastructure2025-01-051611/25/2025
The introduction of renewable energy systems offers the opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency or autarky in addition to contributing towards carbon neutrality by reducing the dependency on energy logistics. Amidst growing geo-political conflicts and natural calamities, the scenario of energy shortage or disruption of energy logistics is a major threat, especially for Europe due to the significant reliance on import of primary energy. Achieving autarky, however, requires a distinction between energy consumers that need uninterrupted energy supply and consumers that could potentially be cut-off during energy shortages to avoid prohibitive costs resulting from oversizing the system. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, communication systems, emergency services and key mobility nodes like fuelling stations and charging points needed to sustain the services provided by them, always need continuous energy supply. The architecture in current tools for optimising the design and
Vijay, Arjun, Thaler, Bernhard, Köcheler, Valentin, Oppl, Thomas, Trapp, Christian
Controller Area Network–Based Vehicle Safety System09-13-02-001111/22/2025
This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque
Rampath, Amaan, Stopforth, Riaan, Proctor-Parker, Craig
Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and PreemptionJ2945/B_202511 (Current)11/20/2025
When identifying the content of this report, one of the goals was that it supports a nationally interoperable method for connected vehicles (CVs) to make traffic signal priority and/or preemption (TSPP) requests of connected intersections (CIs) that support priority and/or preemption services. Given that, this report specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between CVs and CIs to support TSPP applications using updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and message structure definitions developed using a detailed systems engineering process.
Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee
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