Browse Topic: Communication systems

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Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
RAKSH: A Blockchain Derived In-Vehicle Key Management System2026-26-0620To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern cars have advanced significantly with the rapid growth of connectivity and communication technologies. In the wake of rising cyberattacks and enforcement of regulations, implementation of cybersecurity is imperative to safeguard vehicles. The cybersecurity controls such as secure boot, secure updates, secure communication require cryptographic primitives (keys/certificates). These security features are largely dependent on robust Key Management System (KMS), as keys are the sensitive assets that must be protected throughout the lifecycle of vehicle. Several security critical applications like over-the-air and car-to-car interaction essentially needs robust KMS to protect the vehicle assets from expanding attack vector. Traditionally KMS is established centrally in a backend server. The cloud based KMS is becoming complex due to increased number of keys/certificates required to provision in a vehicle. We propose a self-governing in-vehicle key management system for a gateway
Goyal, Yogendra, Sutar, Swapnil, Jaisingh, Sanjay
Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System2026-26-0642To be published on 01/16/2026
human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to
Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-0629To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-0691To be published on 01/16/2026
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) marks a fundamental shift in automotive design, where software, rather than hardware, defines vehicle capabilities. This review explores the SDV paradigm within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing centralized computing, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Key enablers such as high-performance computing units, middleware platforms (e.g., AUTOSAR Adaptive), and digital twins support scalable, flexible software deployment and real-time functionality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance features like predictive maintenance, driver personalization, and autonomous decision-making. However, SDVs also introduce complex challenges, including software validation, real-time performance, and system interoperability. Cybersecurity becomes critical, especially as vehicles interface with cloud platforms, edge computing, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. The paper also
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Integrating V2V and V2I Communications for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks2026-26-0271To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Our study focuses on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic signals to share real-time data about speed, position, and road conditions. Using both analytical models and experimental simulations built in MATLAB/Simulink, we developed a system that predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. In our design, a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) feature suggests an ideal speed for drivers so that they can pass through green lights without unnecessary stopping. This not only improves traffic flow but also reduces fuel consumption and lowers the risk of accidents. We validated our system through a series of simulations and real-time traffic scenarios. The results show that our approach can adapt dynamically to changes in vehicle behavior and traffic density
PINTO, COLIN AUBREY, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala
Integration and Proving Ground Evaluation of a Connected Highway Pilot System2026-26-0136To be published on 01/16/2026
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, Bernat, Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Facerias Pelegri, Marc, Perez, Marc
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-0176To be published on 01/16/2026
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, innovative charging strategies like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging are gaining attention for their potential to offer emergency energy support and decentralized charging options. Particularly in countries like India, where the charging infrastructure is still maturing, V2V charging can play a vital role in extending operational range and enhancing user convenience in fleet and remote applications. This paper proposes a structured testing framework to evaluate the functionality, safety, communication protocols, and energy transfer efficiency of V2V systems. Emphasis is placed on real-time testing using HIL simulations, thermal behavior under load transfer, fault detection, and protection mechanisms. The framework supports OEMs and integrators in validating reliable, scalable V2V solutions aligned with future EV interoperability standards.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security2026-26-0622To be published on 01/16/2026
The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed public-key cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) – typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict
Mishra, Abhigyan
Vehicle-to-Vehicle negotiation via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-In scenarios2026-26-0274To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat
"Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval, and the Road Ahead"2026-26-0246To be published on 01/16/2026
Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure
Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin
A Novel Design of energy efficient 4x4 MIMO Antenna for 4G LTE-A and 5G IOT Communications2026-26-0371To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and analysis of a low-profile monopole antenna with a Multiple-Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) configuration, optimized for requirements of modern wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna consists of staircase-like rectangular patches with a stub to enhance bandwidth. Printed on Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate, the antenna covers a compact size of 96 x 96 mm2, making it suitable for integration into space-constrained devices. Operating within the frequency range of 2.13-4.2 GHz, the proposed antenna achieves an Envelope Coefficient Correlation (ECC) below 0.015, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of less than -3 dB, Diversity Gain upto 10 dB, and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) below 0.12 bps/Hz, thus making antenna suitable for LTE-A and 5G-IoT communications.
Gupta, Parul, Prasad, Anjay
Tire-Tooling Production and Maintenance Monitoring within a Fully Integrated Ecosystem2025-36-0019To be published on 12/18/2025
The work presented here was developed within the scope of the Tire-Tooling Benchmark Project – Mover – FUNDEP – Line IV – in response to demands from the tire manufacturing sector for solutions to monitor tire molds. This study presented the development and validation of an embedded device that integrates RFID technology, wireless communication (LoRa and Wi-Fi), and local processing via an ESP32 microcontroller. The system was capable of collecting and processing data related to mold lifecycle, such as usage cycles, inspections, and maintenance activities, enabling predictive maintenance strategies. A functional prototype was successfully built and tested, validating reliable cycle readings, stable communication with a remote database, and consistent embedded logic. Based on these results, a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed, focusing on robustness, compactness, and industrial applicability. Although the PCB has not yet been fabricated or tested in the production
Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Cecone, Eduardo Christiano, Del Conte, Erik Gustavo
A Study of Electro-Hydraulic Brake of Electric Automobiles and Intelligent Connected Vehicles2025-99-0402To be published on 12/10/2025
The traditional hydraulic braking system with vacuum booster technology is very mature, but it is not suitable for use in electric vehicles due to the lack of a vacuum source. The brake system by wire is an innovative electronic controlled braking technology, and the Electro-Hydraulic Brake is currently the most widely used brake system by wire in electric vehicles. The classification, structure, working principle, and advantages of Electro-Hydraulic Brake as a braking system for electric automobiles and intelligent connected vehicles are studied. The structure, working principle, advantages and disadvantages of Pump-Electro - Hydraulic Brake and Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake are compared and analyzed.
Song, Jiantong, Zhu, Chunhong, Ren, Xiaolong
Cellular Energy Architecture to Secure Resilient Energy Supply for Critical Infrastructure2025-01-051611/25/2025
The introduction of renewable energy systems offers the opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency or autarky in addition to contributing towards carbon neutrality by reducing the dependency on energy logistics. Amidst growing geo-political conflicts and natural calamities, the scenario of energy shortage or disruption of energy logistics is a major threat, especially for Europe due to the significant reliance on import of primary energy. Achieving autarky, however, requires a distinction between energy consumers that need uninterrupted energy supply and consumers that could potentially be cut-off during energy shortages to avoid prohibitive costs resulting from oversizing the system. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, communication systems, emergency services and key mobility nodes like fuelling stations and charging points needed to sustain the services provided by them, always need continuous energy supply. The architecture in current tools for optimising the design and
Vijay, Arjun, Thaler, Bernhard, Köcheler, Valentin, Oppl, Thomas, Trapp, Christian
Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and PreemptionJ2945/B_202511 (Current)11/20/2025
When identifying the content of this report, one of the goals was that it supports a nationally interoperable method for connected vehicles (CVs) to make traffic signal priority and/or preemption (TSPP) requests of connected intersections (CIs) that support priority and/or preemption services. Given that, this report specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between CVs and CIs to support TSPP applications using updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and message structure definitions developed using a detailed systems engineering process.
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Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ SET FileJ2945/BS_202511 (Current)11/20/2025
Included in this set are the SAE J2945/B Standard which specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between connected vehicles (CVs) and connected intersections (CIs) to support traffic signal priority and preemption (TSPP) applications. It specifies the use of updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) message format, data frame, and data element definitions. Also included is the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and
Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee
Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ ASN FileJ2945/BA_202511 (Current)11/20/2025
This Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) messages, along with the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) application data, defined in SAE J2945/B. Included in the ASN.1 file is the complete SAE J2735 ASN.1 along with the updates to the ASN.1 for the SRM and SSM defined in SAE J2945/B.
Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee
Research on Urban Traffic Congestion Optimisation Strategies Based on V2X Technology2025-99-011711/11/2025
This study investigates urban traffic congestion optimisation strategies based on V2X technology. V2X technology (Vehicles and Internet of Everything) aims to alleviate urban traffic congestion, improve access efficiency, and reduce tailpipe emissions through real-time collection and fusion of traffic data to optimise traffic signal control and path planning. The efficacy of the optimisation strategies under different V2X penetration rates is evaluated by conducting multi-factor orthogonal experiments in different typical congestion scenarios. The experimental results show that the V2X-based signal optimisation, path induction, and event response combination strategies exhibit significant optimisation effects in all three scenarios: node bottleneck, corridor congestion, and event induction. Under the condition of 100% penetration, the combined strategy reduces delay by 41.9% in the node bottleneck scenario, improves accessibility by 28.1% in the corridor congestion scenario, and
Xi, Chaohu, Li, Jiasheng, Qu, Fengzhen, Liu, Hongjun, Liu, Xiaorui, Wang, Chunpeng
A Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Aerospace Fiber Optics Installer Knowledge CompetenciesARP5602/5 (Current)11/11/2025
This document establishes training guidelines applicable to fiber optic installer technical training for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Production
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Analysis of Simulators for Designing Network Architecture in Wireless Sensor Network Applications2025-28-033811/06/2025
Recent advancements in energy efficient wireless communication protocols and low powered digital sensor technologies have led to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications in diverse industries. These WSNs are generally designed using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee and Wi-Fi communication protocol depending on the range and reliability requirements of the application. Designing these WSN applications also depends on the following factors. First, the environment under which devices operate varies with the industries and products they are employed in. Second, the energy availability for these devices is limited so higher signal strength for transmission and retransmission reduces the lifetime of these nodes significantly and finally, the size of networks is increasing hence scheduling and routing of messages becomes critical as well. These factors make simulation for these applications essential for evaluating the performance of WSNs before physical deployment of
Periwal, Garvit, Koparde, Prashant, Sewalkar, Swarupanand
A Theoretical Approach to Secure Protocols for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) in V2X Systems2025-28-032611/06/2025
Ensuring secure and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) is critical for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) systems, which form the backbone of autonomous transportation. This paper presents a theoretical framework for designing secure communication protocols tailored for V2X systems with stringent latency and reliability requirements. The proposed framework incorporates dynamic message prioritization, adaptive encryption, and lightweight authentication to address the unique challenges of V2X networks. The study provides mathematical models to predict latency and security performance under varying network conditions, with a focus on scalability and efficiency. This work aims to contribute a foundational approach for future advancements in URLLC protocols in autonomous vehicle ecosystems.
Imran, Shaik Moinuddin
Road Simulation Techniques for Reproducing Off-Road Vehicle Behavior2025-32-003111/03/2025
A road simulator reproduction method was developed to reproduce the off-road conditions of utility vehicles in a laboratory setting. Off-road running behavior can be reproduced by considering the effects of inertial forces from jump landings owing to uneven terrain and slow-speed navigation. However, extremely low-frequency components and behaviors, including inertial forces from jumps, vehicle acceleration and deceleration, are difficult to reproduce with a normal road simulator in the limited test space of a laboratory. Therefore, it is common practice to intentionally remove input components below 1 Hz. Alternatively, inertial forces can be reproduced by adding a restraining device to the sprung mass of the vehicle along the wheel-axle inputs. Therefore, the former method excludes extremely low-frequency components, whereas the effects between actuators, which increase the test complexity and time required, should be canceled in the latter method. Furthermore, the restraining device
Miyasaka, Takahiro, Shimizu, Ryota
Vehicle to Vehicle Recharge and Power Sharing for Modular Public Transportation Systems: Design and Testing of the UNIFI fleet at ENEA CASACCIA Research Center2025-32-009511/03/2025
The synergistic adoption of automated driving technologies and the electrification of the vehicle power train offers the possibility of proposing new and innovative solutions for public transportation systems. In particular, an interesting solution is represented by modular systems in which multiple autonomous vehicles/transportation modules can be aggregated to form reconfigurable compositions according to desired transportation demand. In this work, a configurable connection between vehicles is adopted, as convoying ensures the possibility of power sharing between vehicles, allowing coordinated power management throughout the composition. Connected vehicles can also share power between batteries for battery recharge that is performed using a custom solution from a tram-like catenary. In this work, the authors design a demonstrator to investigate the feasibility of the proposed solution. Once designed, the proposed system has been assembled and tested at the ENEA Casaccia Research
Alessandrini, Adriano, Berzi, Lorenzo, Fabbri, Marco, Franci, Michael, Gulino, Michelangelo Santo, Pugi, Luca, Ortenzi, Fernando, Vitiello, Francesco
LTE-V2X Requirements and Deployment Profile for Aftermarket V2X DevicesJ3315_202510 (Current)10/23/2025
This SAE Standard describes classes of Aftermarket V2X Devices (AVDs) intended to support particular services, provides their respective requirements (including RF performance requirements), and specifies their radio profiles. This document is targeted to enable near- and long-term deployments by supporting different classes of AVDs that could interact with other onboard units (OBUs) and roadside units (RSUs). Users of this document include manufacturers of vehicles and micro-mobility conveyances, developers of hardware and applications, as well as those interested in LTE-V2X system architecture, testing, and certification.
C-V2X Technical Committee
A Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Aerospace Fiber Optics Fabricator Hands-on CompetenciesARP5602/4 (Current)10/23/2025
This document establishes training guidelines applicable to fiber optic fabricator technical training for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Production
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
A Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Aerospace Fiber Optics Fabricator Knowledge CompetenciesARP5602/3 (Current)10/23/2025
This document establishes training guidelines applicable to fiber optic fabricator technical training for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Production
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
A Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Introduction to Aerospace Fiber Optics Knowledge CompetenciesARP5602/1 (Current)10/23/2025
This document establishes training guidelines applicable to fiber optic safety training, technical training and fiber awareness for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Logisticians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Shipping Receiving Production Purchasing
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
A Hybrid Framework for Kinematic Vehicle Prediction: YOLOv11 with Unscented Kalman Filter12-09-02-001310/22/2025
In the context of intelligent transportation systems and applications such as autonomous driving, it is essential to predict a vehicle’s immediate future states to enable precise and timely prediction of vehicles’ movements. This article proposes a hybrid short-term kinematic vehicle prediction framework that integrates a novel object detection model, You Only Look Once version 11 (YOLOv11), with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), a reliable state estimation technique. This study provides a unique method for real-time detection of vehicles in traffic scenes, tracking and predicting their short-term kinematics. Locating the vehicle accurately and classifying it in a range of dynamic scenarios is achievable by the enhanced detection capabilities of YOLOv11. These detections are used as inputs by the UKF to estimate and predict the future positions of the vehicles while considering measurement noise and dynamic model errors. The focus of this work is on individual vehicle motion prediction
Pahal, Sudesh, Nandal, Priyanka
Research on Network Control System for Heavy Duty Trains Based on Laser + Ethernet2025-99-005110/17/2025
Trains traditionally transmit braking and mitigation commands through the air tube filling and exhausting method, which is easy to cause local large longitudinal impact. In order to meet the high-precision requirements of synchronous transmission of commands for heavy-duty trains with large groupings, this paper proposes a laser+industrial Ethernet network control system, which can meet the requirements of flexible train grouping and virtual connecting under the premise of ensuring synchronous transmission of commands for trains with large groupings. The system consists of central control unit, locomotive laser communication module, locomotive switch, mobile wireless communication terminal, security gateway, vehicle control unit, vehicle laser communication module, vehicle switch, etc. It is designed according to the three-layer architecture of vehicle-level network, train-level network and line-level network, which can realise the issuance of internal control commands and status
Meng, Xiangzhen, Li, Chuanhu, Zhu, Youlong
A Distributed V2X Hardware-in-the-loop Test System Based on the PanoSim for Intelligent Connected Vehicles2025-99-004110/17/2025
Based on the similarity analysis of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs), a distributed V2X hardware-in-the-loop test system for ICVs is designed, including the PanoSim autonomous driving simulation engine, GNSS simulator, V2X simulator, and management and cooperative control software. The system integrates the major technologies of distributed interaction, including operation management, time synchronization, coordinate conversion, and data preprocessing, and realizes the spatial and temporal consistency of each simulation node. 89 V2X first-stage application scenarios (e.g., FCW, RLVW) and 5 V2X second-stage application scenarios (e.g., CLC) use case experimental results have proved the reliability of the system. The FCW use case experiment results show that its simulation results pass with high confidence. The study emphasizes the value of the system in reducing development costs, improving safety, and accelerating the deployment of V2X applications, while identifying future
Gao, Tianfang, Zhang, XingHui, Chen, Liang, Huang, Zhichen, Ni, Dong
Decision-Making Research for Intelligent Connected Vehicles Considering Adhesion Condition2025-99-002810/17/2025
The adhesion condition of the road surface is an important factor in the driving decision-making, and the lower the adhesion coefficient of the road, the greater the risk of safety. In order to study the development and progress in the research of the substances, a comparative analysis of Chinese and foreign references was carried out. The sensitive factors to the adhesion coefficient and influence of adhesion condition on driving were summarized. Then two main strategies to avoid a collision were presented, including longitudinal braking and lateral lane change. A detailed description of three methods used in automotive decision-making processes was offered, including rule-based method, supervised learning method, and reinforcement learning method, each characterized with certain attributes. Topics in the field of driving decision-making considering adhesion condition for intelligent connected vehicles were pointed out and future-oriented research formulations were provided. These
Wang, Hong, Hou, De-Zao
LTE Vehicle-to-Everything (LTE-V2X) Deployment Profiles and Radio Parameters for Single Radio Channel Multi-Service CoexistenceJ3161_202509 (Current)09/25/2025
This SAE Standard describes a reference system architecture based on LTE-V2X technology defined in the set of ETSI standards based on 3GPP Release 14. It also describes cross-cutting features unique to LTE-V2X PC5 sidelink (mode 4) that can be used by current and future application standards. The audience for this document includes the developers of applications and application specifications, as well as those interested in LTE-V2X system architecture, testing, and certification.
C-V2X Technical Committee
Onboard System Requirements for LTE-V2X V2V Safety CommunicationsJ3161/1_202509 (Current)09/25/2025
This SAE Standard specifies system requirements for an onboard vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for vehicle classes of 2, 3, 4, and 5,1 including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) over a PC5 Sidelink V2X (mode 4) communications link as defined in ETSI Release 14.2,3 The system uses Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 standards for network and transport layer communications, as well as security.
C-V2X Technical Committee
Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen VehiclesEPR202501509/22/2025
The next generation of mobility, driven by shared, driverless, connected, and electrified vehicles, holds strong potential to advance sustainability through lower emissions and improved resource efficiency. However, critical questions remain regarding their true environmental impact, including battery lifecycle management, material consumption, and circular manufacturing practices. Sustainable Circular Future Mobility: Environmental Impact of Next-gen Vehicles explores these unresolved issues, focusing on the shift from internal combustion to electric vehicles, supply chain challenges, regulatory gaps, and the operational realities of sustainable productization. It also critically examines the risks of greenwashing, the need for consistent standards, and the role of intersectoral collaboration—with energy, urban planning, information and communications technologies, and waste management sectors—in building resilient, scalable solutions. The report provides strategic recommendations and
Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir
Communication Network Construction Behaviors for Robotic Convoying2025-01-043309/16/2025
We develop a set of communications-aware behaviors that enable formations of robotic agents to travel through communications-deprived environments while remaining in contact with a central base station. These behaviors enable the agents to operate in environments common in dismounted and search and rescue operations. By operating as a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), robotic agents can respond to environmental changes and react to the loss of any agent. We demonstrate in simulation and on custom robotic hardware a methodology that constructs a communications network by “peeling-off” individual agents from a formation to act as communication relays. We then present a behavior that reconfigures the team’s network topology to reach different locations within an environment while maintaining communications. Finally, we introduce a recovery behavior that enables agents to reestablish communications if a link in the network is lost. Our hardware trials demonstrate the systems capability to
Noren, Charles, Chaudhary, Sahil, Shirose, Burhanuddin, Vundurthy, Bhaskar, Travers, Matthew
IMPLI-FI: A Secure Wireless Communications Technology for Contested Logistics2025-01-049209/16/2025
Data security remains an issue of the utmost concern in contested environments. Mechanisms such as data encryption, beam-forming antennas, and frequency-hopping radio have emerged to mitigate some of the concerns in radio-frequency (RF) communications, but they do not remove all risk. Consequently, there is still a consistent appetite for alternative solutions. This paper presents a case for the use of the free-space optical (FSO) communications technology ImpLi-Fi as one such alternative. FSO communication is promising because of the ease with which the signal beam may be steered and limited, making detection and interception more difficult than with RF, and ImpLi-Fi in particular is desirable for its exceptional outdoor performance and ease of integration into existing light sources. The paper briefly illustrates the origins of the contested logistics (CL) problem and CL use cases for secure communication channels, before describing the ImpLi-Fi technology in some detail; exploring
Brzozowski, Aaron, Reimann, Jethro, Lakshmanan, Sridhar, Marrero, Pedro “Pete”, Moyer, Benjamin D.
Automotive Engineering: September 202525AUTP0909/04/2025
Converting classic cars is just step one of this mission Electrogenic has developed EV conversion kits for seven models that are of interest to classic vehicle collectors. But it's a smaller, lower-cost version for Africa that might offer the real solution. Unlocking the clean potential of ICE Even after over 100 years, the internal combustion engine holds promise, especially with a tank of H2 or biofuel. Making connections: New V2X technologies bring in smartphones, next-gen eCall Vehicle-to-whatever communication technologies continue to be put through their paces around the world. SAE Books: From ADAS to SDVs with Plato Pathrose Author's third book delves deeper into software defined vehicles. Editorial Bodies in motion Supplier Eye Looking ahead to 2026 Sharper testing delivers better AV performance MOIA's L4 ID. Buzz Avs starting service next year Bidirectional charging is nearly mainstream Unifying design and multiphysics simulation for electric drive development Orbis says
Enhanced Cooperative Perception through Asynchronous Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Framework with Delay Mitigation for Connected and Automated Vehicles12-09-01-000808/08/2025
Perception is a key component of automated vehicles (AVs). However, sensors mounted to the AVs often encounter blind spots due to obstructions from other vehicles, infrastructure, or objects in the surrounding area. While recent advancements in planning and control algorithms help AVs react to sudden object appearances from blind spots at low speeds and less complex scenarios, challenges remain at high speeds and complex intersections. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technology promises to enhance scene representation for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in complex intersections, providing sufficient time and distance to react to adversary vehicles violating traffic rules. Most existing methods for infrastructure-based vehicle detection and tracking rely on LIDAR, RADAR, or sensor fusion methods, such as LIDAR–camera and RADAR–camera. Although LIDAR and RADAR provide accurate spatial information, the sparsity of point cloud data limits their ability to capture detailed object
Saravanan, Nithish Kumar, Jammula, Varun Chandra, Yang, Yezhou, Wishart, Jeffrey, Zhao, Junfeng
Improving Speed Trajectory Optimization for Electric Vehicles with Pre-Calculated Energy Maps and Dynamic Profile Discretization2025-01-031807/02/2025
Ongoing research and development in the field of electric vehicles (EVs) have resulted in a continuous expansion of their range. Additionally, advancements in vehicle connectivity have created new opportunities for intelligent driving assistance and energy optimization, particularly through the use of cloud data. However, the integration of eco-driving assistance with numerical optimization of speed trajectories remains challenging due to the high computational demands of these methods. To address this challenge and make such a system feasible for integration into vehicle systems, the computational effort required for an optimized driving trajectory must be minimized. This paper presents a method to accelerate speed trajectory optimization using pre-calculated energy and time consumption maps. For this purpose, a dynamic discretization of the anticipated driving profile is applied. Initial results show a substantial reduction in computation time, varying with different scenarios
Schilling Johnson, Rene, Henke, Markus
U-Shift IV: Innovations and Challenges in Autonomous Urban Mobility2025-01-028407/02/2025
The U-Shift IV represents the latest evolution in modular urban mobility solutions, offering significant advancements over its predecessors. This innovative vehicle concept introduces a distinct separation between the drive module, known as the driveboard, and the transport capsules. The driveboard contains all the necessary components for autonomous driving, allowing it to operate independently. This separation not only enables versatile applications - such as easily swapping capsules for passenger or goods transportation - but also significantly improves the utilization of the driveboard. By allowing a single driveboard to be paired with different capsules, operational efficiency is maximized, enabling continuous deployment of driveboards while the individual capsules are in use. The primary focus of U-Shift IV was to obtain a permit for operating at the Federal Garden Show 2023. To achieve this goal, we built the vehicle around the specific requirements for semi-public road
Pohl, Eric, Scheibe, Sebastian, Münster, Marco, Osebek, Manuel, Kopp, Gerhard, Siefkes, Tjark
Applying Real World Traffic Data on Machine Learning Methods for Graph Based Cooperation Strategies of Automated Vehicles2025-01-028607/02/2025
With the increasing distribution of smart mobility systems, automated & connected vehicles are more and more interacting with each other and with smart infrastructure using V2X-communication. Hereby, the vehicles’ position, driving dynamics data, or driving intention are exchanged. Previous research has explored graph-based cooperation strategies for automated vehicles in mixed traffic environments based on current V2X-communication standards. Thereby, the focus is set on cooperation optimization and maneuver negotiation. These strategies can be implemented through both centralized and decentralized computational approaches and are conflict-free by design. To enhance these previously established cooperation models, real-world traffic data is used to derive vehicle trajectories, providing a more accurate representation of actual traffic scenarios in order to enhance the practical application of the described methodology. Additionally, machine learning algorithms are employed to train
Flormann, Maximilian, Meyer, Felix, Henze, Roman
Assessment of Cooperative Navigation Algorithms for CAVs in Threat Scenarios12-09-01-000706/14/2025
This article introduces a comprehensive cooperative navigation algorithm to improve vehicular system safety and efficiency. The algorithm employs surrogate optimization to prevent collisions with cooperative cruise control and lane-keeping functionalities. These strategies address real-world traffic challenges. The dynamic model supports precise prediction and optimization within the MPC framework, enabling effective real-time decision-making for collision avoidance. The critical component of the algorithm incorporates multiple parameters such as relative vehicle positions, velocities, and safety margins to ensure optimal and safe navigation. In the cybersecurity evaluation, the four scenarios explore the system’s response to different types of cyberattacks, including data manipulation, signal interference, and spoofing. These scenarios test the algorithm’s ability to detect and mitigate the effects of malicious disruptions. Evaluate how well the system can maintain stability and avoid
Khan, Rahan Rasheed, Hanif, Athar, Ahmed, Qadeer
Using Flying Insects to Drop SensorsTBMG-5322406/01/2025
Researchers have created a 98-milligram sensor system — about one tenth the weight of a jellybean or less than one-hundredth of an ounce — that can ride aboard a small drone or an insect, such as a moth, until it gets to its destination. Then, when a researcher sends a Bluetooth command, the sensor is released from its perch and can fall up to 72 feet — from about the sixth floor of a building — and land without breaking. Once on the ground, the sensor can collect data, such as temperature or humidity, for almost three years.
V2P-Based Speed Guidance Method for Avoiding Vehicle–Pedestrian Collisions at Intersections12-09-01-000605/14/2025
Conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians at unsignalized intersections occur frequently and often result in serious consequences. In order to alleviate traffic flow congestion at unsignalized intersections caused by accidents, reduce vehicle congestion time and waiting time, and improve intersection safety as well as intersection access efficiency, a speed guidance algorithm based on pedestrian-to-vehicle (P2V) and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication technologies is proposed. The method considers the heading angle (direction of motion) of vehicles and pedestrians and combines the post encroachment time (PET) and time to collision (TTC) to determine whether there is a risk of collision, so as to guide the speed of vehicles. Network simulator NS3 and traffic flow simulation software SUMO are used to verify the effectiveness of the speed guidance strategy proposed in this article. The experimental findings demonstrate that the speed guidance strategy introduced in this article
Sun, Yuanyuan, Wang, Kan, Liu, Weizhen, Li, Wenli
Letter from the Guest Editors12-08-02-001105/06/2025
Letter from the Guest Editors
Liang, Ci, Törngren, Martin
Use Cases for Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility GridJ2836/1_202505 (Current)05/05/2025
This SAE Information Report establishes Use Cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the electric power grid, for energy transfer and other applications.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Infrastructure Enablers for Automation: Vol. 3EPRCOMPV04202404/30/2025
Coyner, Kelley, Bittner, Jason
10 Megabit/sec Network Configuration Digital Time Division Command/Response Multiplex Data BusAS5652A (Current)04/28/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) contains requirements for a digital time division command/response multiplex data bus, for use in systems integration that is functionally similar to MIL-STD-1553B with Notice 2 but with a star topology and some deleted functionality. Even with the use of this document, differences may exist between multiplex data buses in different system applications due to particular application requirements and the options allowed in this document. The system designer must recognize this fact and design the multiplex bus controller (BC) hardware and software to accommodate such differences. These designer selected options must exist to allow the necessary flexibility in the design of specific multiplex systems in order to provide for the control mechanism, architectural redundancy, degradation concept, and traffic patterns peculiar to the specific application requirements.
AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee
JAUS Autonomous Capabilities Service SetAS8024 (Current)04/24/2025
This document defines a set of standard application layer interfaces called JAUS Autonomous Capabilities Services. JAUS Services provide the means for software entities in an unmanned system or system of unmanned systems to communicate and coordinate their activities. The Autonomous Behaviors Services represent the platform-independent capabilities commonly found in platforms across domains, including air, maritime, and ground. At present five (5) services are defined in this document. These services are: Comms Lost Policy Manager: Detect and recover from loss of communications with a control station Retrotraverse: Return along a path previously traveled Self-Righting: Attempt to recover from a tip over condition Cost Map 2D: Provides information about the current operating environment of the platform Path Reporter: Provides information about the previous or future planned path of the platform
AS-4JAUS Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems Committee
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