The scope of this standard is Automated Vehicle Marshalling (AVM) of vehicles to enable remote control functionality for achieving SAE Level 4 (High Driving Automation according to the Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice SAE J3016) driving capabilities at controlled speeds within geofenced private controlled environments utilizing infrastructure-assisted sensing. It specifies a concept of operations which includes a reference-system architecture and use cases, system functional and performance requirements, multiple wireless communications protocols, and associated wireless messages to support AVM. AVM use cases such as plant marshalling, depot marshalling, valet parking, electric vehicle charging, etc. The Automated Vehicle Marshalling Central Server (AVM CS) infrastructure does detect objects, vehicles, vulnerable road users, and any obstructions that help guide the Automated Vehicle (AV) starting from uninitiated, activation, identification, automated control, unavailable and

V2X Core Technical Committee

Quantifying Highway Flow Improvements via CACC-Based Truck Platooning: A Statistical Modeling Approach

2026-01-0463

4/7/2026

The advancement of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) technology enables vehicle platooning on public roads, offering significant potential to enhance urban mobility, driving safety, and energy efficiency. Among various applications, truck platooning has become a promising strategy to increase highway flow rates by reducing vehicle headways, improving coordination, and optimizing space utilization. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of a CACC-based truck platooning system, focusing on its effectiveness in enhancing highway mobility under varying traffic conditions. A statistical regression model is developed and calibrated using simulations of real-world highway networks to identify key influencing factors and evaluate the resulting improvements in traffic flow. The analysis considers five primary variables: desired platoon speed, platoon size, space headway, percentage of platooning trucks, and non-platoon traffic flow. The study systematically examines the impact

Karbasi, Amir Hossein, Wang, Jinghui, Yang, Hao

Optimization of Road Reference Profiles Based on Highway Design for Connected and Automated Vehicles

2026-01-0096

4/7/2026

Advances in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) have developed a level in which high-definition maps can be used to improve road safety. Data compactness and robustness on road characterization is essential for the proper handling of vehicles under curves. In this paper, an optimization scheme that relates highway-design road curvature and optimal speed of travel is defined to safely navigate through a given road. The scheme is divided in two main steps. First a nonlinear optimization problem, in which curvature profiles are fitted from a model that based on street design standards as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Secondly, the optimized curvature profile is subject to a secondary optimization problem that uses vehicle dynamics for both constraints and objective function derivation. Guidance reference parameters such as curvature and velocity, at different levels of friction are analyzed. Results show that, even in sparse

Jacome, Ricardo Osmar, Stolle, Cody, Grispos, George

Electric Vehicles & the Grid - Synergy or Strain?

2026-01-0398

4/7/2026

As the demand for electrical power has surged over recent years due to the increasing popularity of data centers for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is becoming evident that the aging electrical grid infrastructure is struggling to keep up. Some of the problems this aging infrastructure has resulted in include frequent blackouts due to weather related events, reduced efficiency resulting in higher maintenance costs and outdated communication systems causing poor monitoring and response times. Modernization of the grid in conjunction with integration of the transportation sector with the grid is essential to ensure the reliability and resiliency of the grid. Electric vehicles have dramatically increased in popularity, with most vehicle manufacturers offering at least one electric option in their lineups. Looking at recent developments in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, a new possibility becomes evident; instead of straining the power grid, the electric

Dahlmann, Alexander Drake, Lele, Sneha

A Simple Analytical Model for Predicting Cooperative Ratio in Agreement-Seeking Cooperative Driving Automation with C-V2X Communication

2026-01-0078

4/7/2026

Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) has emerged as an active research area in recent years, categorized into four classes of operations with varying levels of cooperation as defined in the SAE J3216 standard. Among these, Class C CDA, referred to as Agreement-Seeking Cooperation (ASC), has received limited attention in literature. Unlike Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), which typically engages when lead vehicles are identified as cooperative and disagree under manual override or safety-critical conditions, ASC requires agents to exchange messages interactively to reach consensus on a proposed plan and its implementation. This necessitates more sophisticated communication and control designs, which in turn influences customized ASC efficiency. Previous work has examined, through simulation, the impact of three key parameters on ASC system performance: CDA message transmission frequency, Packet Drop Ratio (PDR), and Cooperation Duration Length (CDL). In this paper, we extend

Zhan, Lu, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, Debashis, Stutenberg, Kevin, Misra, Priyash, Jeong, Jongryeol, Hyeon, Eunjeong

Integration and Validation of Adaptive Cruise Control across Different Modes

2026-01-0076

4/7/2026

This paper presents the integration and validation of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) algorithms on a student-team-developed vehicle as part of the U.S. Department of Energy EcoCAR EV Challenge. The competition provided each team with a 2023 Cadillac Lyriq, which was modified to an all-wheel-drive configuration and re-architected to support the development of SAE Level 3 autonomous features including Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Automatic Intersection Navigation (AIN), Lane Centering Control (LCC), and Automatic Parking (AP). The scope of this paper, however, is limited to the development, implementation, and validation of a Level 2 longitudinal ADAS function. Higher-level automation requirements such as Operational Design Domain (ODD) definition and Driver Monitoring System (DMS) enforcement are addressed at the vehicle architecture and competition level but are not the focus of this work. The major contribution of this work is the development of ACC with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure

Gupta, Ishika, Estrada, Tyler, Tambolkar, Pooja, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn

Characterizing the Impact of C-V2X PC5 Radio on Cooperative Driving Automation in Hardware-in-the-Loop Experiments

2026-01-0077

4/7/2026

The SAE J3216 standard defines Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), which has received increasing attention in recent years as an umbrella framework encompassing a wide range of automated vehicle applications enabled by Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies. Despite this growing interest, limited research has investigated the impact of Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) on CDA applications, particularly with respect to agreement-seeking operations. This work presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental study designed to evaluate an Argonne National Laboratory designed CDA controller under different message configurations and varying C-V2X PC5 radio transmission frequencies. A three-vehicle car-following scenario was implemented in the Argonne-developed Roadrunner simulator, incorporating CDA agreement-seeking logic, vehicle powertrain models, and V2V communication modules. CDA messages were exchanged through two physical C-V2X PC5 radios

Zhan, Lu, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, Debashis, Stutenberg, Kevin, Misra, Priyash, Jeong, Jongryeol, Hyeon, Eunjeong

OBD Traceability Matrix

J1939-90_202603 (Current)3/13/2026

This Information Report is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the application of SAE RP J1939 to OBD data communications in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual regulations and standards documents, and any discrepancies between this document and the published documents must be resolved in favor of the published documents. Regulatory Version(s): CARB 1971.1 OCTOBER 3, 2019 ; CARB 1968.2 OCTOBER 3, 2019; “CALIFORNIA GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR 2014 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES” As Amended: September 9, 2021; “CALIFORNIA STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR NEW 2021 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL HEAVY-DUTY ZERO-EMISSION POWERTRAINS.” As Adopted: June 27, 2019; EPA 40 CFR Part 1036 Subpart B (up to date as of 10/10/2024)

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Power Line Carrier Communication for Commercial Vehicles

J2497_202603 (Historical)

3/13/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a method for implementing a bidirectional, serial communications link over the vehicle power supply line among modules containing microcomputers. This document defines those parameters of the serial link that relate primarily to hardware and software compatibility such as interface requirements, system protocol, and message format that pertain to Power Line Communications (PLC) between Tractors and Trailers. This document defines a method of activating the trailer ABS Indicator Lamp that is located in the tractor.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety Communications

J2945/1_202603 (Current)

3/4/2026

This standard specifies the system requirements for an on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for light vehicles1, including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) [1] over a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) wireless communications link as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 suite and IEEE 802.11 standards [2] to [6].

V2X Core Technical Committee

Overcoming Multipath Propagation

TBMG-54710

3/1/2026

The evolution of wireless communications and the miniaturization of electrical circuits have fundamentally reshaped our lives and the digital landscape. However, as we push toward higher-frequency communications in an increasingly connected world, engineers face growing challenges from multipath propagation — a phenomenon where the same radio signal reaches receiving antennas through multiple routes, usually with time delays and altered amplitudes. Multipath interference leads to many reliability issues, ranging from “ghosting” in television broadcasts to signal fading in wireless communications.

New MEMS Modulator Offers Significant Advancements in Optical Efficiency

TBMG-54712

3/1/2026

A new Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) grating modulator has been developed, offering significant advancements in optical efficiency and scalability for communication systems. By integrating a tunable sinusoidal grating with broadside-constrained continuous ribbons, a large-scale aperture of 30 × 30 mm is achieved and supports high-speed modulation up to 250 kHz.

Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture in Vehicle Computers

2026-28-0121

2/12/2026

Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for Internet Protocol (IP) based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update

M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja

Vehicle-Level Validation Test Procedures for V2V Safety Communications

J3161/1A_202602 (Current)

2/11/2026

This document provides vehicle-level data collection, data analysis, and data verification procedures that may be used to verify that an instrument under test (IUT) satisfies the vehicle-level requirements specified in SAE J3161/1. For the purposes of this report, “vehicle-level requirements” primarily consist of those requirements which can be verified external to the vehicle. The IUT for these procedures is a configured LTE-V2X vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) device as defined in SAE J3161/1 and is installed on a vehicle of class 2, 3, 4, or 5. While the IUT is conceptually separated from the vehicle it is installed on, the tests outlined in this document are primarily vehicle level, so the terms “vehicle” and “IUT” can generally be considered interchangeable. Additionally, non-vehicle-level complementary tests, not included in this document, are required to verify that the entire set of requirements specified in SAE J3161/1 is satisfied. This document also includes a Traceability Matrix to

C-V2X Technical Committee

Digital Annex of Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis Nomenclature

J2403DA_202601 (Current)2/7/2026

This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Aircraft Lightning Zone

ARP5414B (Current)

2/6/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines lightning strike zones and provides guidelines for locating them on particular aircraft, together with examples. The zone definitions and location guidelines described herein are applicable to Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. The zone location guidelines and examples are representative of in-flight lightning exposures.

AE-2 Lightning Committee

Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security

2026-26-0622

1/16/2026

The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed publickey cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) - typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict

Mishra, Abhigyan

Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility

2026-26-0629

1/16/2026

As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML

Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji

Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility

2026-26-0691

1/16/2026

This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount

Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji

A Dynamic Cybersecurity Benchmarking Framework for Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

2026-26-0612

1/16/2026

The modern vehicle is no longer a mechanical appliance—it has transformed into a software-defined cyber-physical system, integrating OTA updates, cloud-connected diagnostics, V2X services, and telematics-driven personalization. While this evolution promises unprecedented value in consumer experience and fleet operations, it also surfaces a dramatically expanded and evolving attack perimeter, especially across safety-critical ECUs and communication buses. Cyber vulnerabilities have shifted from isolated IT threats to real-time, embedded exploits. Controller area network (CAN), the backbone of vehicle bus systems, remains intrinsically insecure due to its lack of authentication and encryption, making it highly susceptible to message injection and denial-of-service by low-cost tools. Similarly, OEM implementations of BLE-based passive entry systems have proven vulnerable to replay and spoofing attacks with minimal hardware. In the Indian context, the transition to connected mobility is

Shah, Ravindra, Awasthi, Vibhu Vaibhav, Karle, Ujjwala

Assessment of Cybersecurity Risks in State-Operated Connected Electric Passenger Buses in India

2026-26-0610

1/16/2026

State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller

Mokhare, Devendra Ashok

RAKSH: A Blockchain Derived in-Vehicle Key Management System

2026-26-0620

1/16/2026

Modern cars have advanced significantly with the rapid growth of connectivity and communication technologies. In the wake of rising cyber attacks and enforcement of regulations, implementation of cybersecurity is imperative to safeguard vehicles. The cybersecurity controls such as secure boot, secure updates, and secure communication require cryptographic primitives (keys/certificates). These security features are largely dependent on robust Key Management System (KMS), as keys are the sensitive assets that must be protected throughout the lifecycle of vehicle. Several security critical applications like over-the-air and car-to-car interaction essentially needs robust KMS to protect the vehicle assets from expanding attack vectors. Traditionally KMS is established centrally in a backend server. The cloud based KMS is becoming complex due to increased number of keys/certificates required to provision in a vehicle. We propose a self-governing in-vehicle key management system for a

Goyal, Yogendra, Sutar, Swapnil, Jaisingh, Sanjay

Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval and the Road Ahead

2026-26-0246

1/16/2026

Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure

Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Negotiation Via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-in Scenarios

2026-26-0274

1/16/2026

The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe

Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat

Integration and Proving Ground Evaluation of a Connected Highway Pilot System

2026-26-0136

1/16/2026

Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities

Domingo Mateu, Bernat, Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Facerias Pelegri, Marc, Perez, Marc

Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System

2026-26-0642

1/16/2026

The rapid development of science and technology has impacted on the human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown an increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure and so on. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergency and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart

Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed

Integrating V2V and V2I Communication for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks

2026-26-0271

1/16/2026

This paper is a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. The Study is focused on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic light to share real-time data about speed and position. This work is aimed to discuss the methodology adopted for developing a system which predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. Inspired by the Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) , the proposed system is designed to help drivers approach traffic signals at speeds that minimize unnecessary stops, reduce delays, and improve traffic efficiency. This paper contains the approach taken, the decision-making algorithm, and the simulation framework built in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the concept under real traffic conditions. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate how the system generates speed recommendations based on vehicle parameters

Pinto, Colin Aubrey, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala

Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility

2026-26-0176

1/16/2026

This paper presents a comprehensive testing framework and safety evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging systems, incorporating advanced theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a modern, integrated 3-in-1 combo unit (PDU, DCDC, OBC). The proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and flexible charging solutions, with V2V technology emerging as a critical decentralized infrastructure component. This study establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for power flow analysis, develops novel safety protocols based on IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 functional safety standards, and presents comprehensive experimental validation across 47 test scenarios. The framework encompasses five primary test categories: functional performance validation, power conversion efficiency optimization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment, thermal management evaluation, and comprehensive fault-injection testing including Byzantine fault scenarios

Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Nikam, Sandip B.

Design of a Low-Power Consumption 4x4 MIMO Antenna for Next-Generation 4G LTE-A and 5G IoT Communication Systems

2026-26-0371

1/16/2026

This paper presents the design, simulation, and evaluation of a low-profile Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna configuration, optimized to meet the evolving demands of modernized wireless communication systems, incorporating LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and emerging 5G Internet of Things (5G-IoT) applications. The antenna’s geometry relies on a novel design comprising staircase-shaped rectangular radiating patches with an integrated stub. This configuration is employed to improve impedance bandwidth and strengthen the isolation between antenna components, which are critical parameters in MIMO system performance. The antenna is fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, distinguished by its low dielectric loss and high-frequency stability. With a compact physical footprint of 96 × 96 mm2, the proposed design effectively serves the feature of integration into portable and space-constrained wireless devices. The antenna operates effectively across frequency range of 2.13 GHz to

Gupta, Parul, Prasad, Anjay

Dynamic Switching Control of Vehicle Platoon with Kalman Filter Compensator Considering Communication Delays and Packet Dropouts

2025-01-7341

12/31/2025

This paper presents a dynamic switching control strategy for vehicle platoons to address communication delays and packet dropouts in connected and autonomous vehicle systems. The proposed strategy combines adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), and a Kalman filter to compensate for time-varying delays, while employing an equidistant spacing policy to support reliable information flow within the platoon. A switching mechanism based on an acceleration threshold enables seamless transition between ACC, which depends on onboard sensor data, and CACC, which relies on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This design reduces dependence on V2V communication, thereby lowering the risk of packet dropouts and improving platoon stability. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical structure: an upper-level sliding mode controller generates desired acceleration commands, and a lower-level PID controller converts them into throttle and brake actions. A

Pan, Deng, Yao, Zhiyong, Wang, Chang, Ji, Jie, Zhang, Bohan

Distributed Robust Control of Heterogeneous Vehicular Platoons Based on IDM Following Model under Communication Delay

2025-01-7350

12/31/2025

With the rapid development of automobile industrialization, the traffic environment is becoming increasingly complex, traffic congestion and road accidents are becoming critical, and the importance of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is increasingly prominent. In our research, for the problem of cooperative control of heterogeneous intelligent connected vehicle platoons under ITS considering communication delay. The proposed method integrates the nonlinear Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) and a spacing compensation mechanism, aiming to ensure that the platoon maintains structural stability in the presence of communication disturbances, while also enhancing the comfort and safety of following vehicles. Firstly, construct heterogeneous vehicle platoon system based on the third-order vehicle dynamics model, Predecessor-Leader-Following (PLF) communication topology, and the fixed time-distance strategy, while a nonlinear distributed controller integrating the IDM following behavior

Ye, Xin, Kang, Zhongping

Effective Aperture Determination for Efficient Vehicle-Mounted Antennas Measurement via Spherical Wave Expansion Power Spectrum Analysis

2025-01-7321

12/31/2025

With the advancement of wireless technology within the automotive industry, vehicle antenna measurement has garnered increasing attention, as antenna system performance exerts critical influences on wireless communication performance. In spherical near-filed (SNF) automotive measurement, the assignment of minimum sphere radius (MSR) is of paramount significance in reducing test duration. Current industrial practice typically presumes the aperture equivalent to the entire vehicle, consequently assigning the minimum sphere to enclose the entire vehicle structure. Such a sampling scheme, however, is often redundant since regions distant from the antenna experience weak illumination and contribute negligibly to radiation, particularly at higher frequencies. Thus, determining the effective aperture becomes essential for MSR reduction and enhanced testing efficiency. To this end, this paper investigated the effective aperture of vehicle-mounted antenna (VMA) to reduce the test duration. The

Yang, Xin, Chen, Rui, Zhou, Liling, Tao, Tingting

Toward Enhanced Goods Tracking in Commercial Vehicle Interiors through AI and Sensor Integrations

12-09-02-0016

12/23/2025

The efficient tracking and management of goods within light commercial vehicles (LCVs) is crucial for various industries, particularly craftsmen and parcel delivery services. This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies to enhance item tracking and optimize logistical operations in LCVs. Two technological approaches are examined: a Bluetooth-based tracking system and a camera-based parcel identification framework. The Bluetooth-based solution is designed primarily for craftsmen. It employs Bluetooth tags, vehicle connectivity gateways (VCGs), and a centralized server to provide real-time inventory monitoring and prevent tool misplacement. The camera-based system is aimed at parcel carriers. It utilizes AI-driven object detection and pose estimation to localize and identify parcels within the vehicle. Experimental evaluations show that Bluetooth tracking ensures reliability in tool management and the AI-based vision system holds promise

Aslandere, Turgay, Lens, Mathijs, Kirchhof, Jörg Christian, Robberechts, Pieter, Grein, Marcel, Meert, Wannes, Vandewalle, Patrick, Davis, Jesse, Rumpe, Bernhard, Goedemé, Toon

Trajectory Reconstruction at Signalized Intersections in a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Environment

2025-99-0217

12/23/2025

Vehicle trajectories encapsulate critical spatial-temporal information essential for traffic state estimation, congestion analysis, and operational parameter optimization. In a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) environment, connected automated vehicles (CAVs) not only continuously transmit their own real-time trajectory data but also utilize onboard sensors to perceive and estimate the motion states of surrounding regular vehicles (RVs) within a defined communication range. These multi-source data streams, when integrated with fixed infrastructure-based detectors such as speed cameras at intersections, create a robust foundation for reconstructing full-sample vehicle trajectories, thereby addressing data sparsity issues caused by incomplete CAV penetration. Building upon classical car-following (CF) theory, this study introduces a novel trajectory reconstruction framework that fuses CAV-generated trajectories and infrastructure-based speed detection data. The proposed method specifically

Bai, Wei, Fu, Chengxin, Yao, Zhihong

Tire-Tooling Production and Maintenance Monitoring within a Fully Integrated Ecosystem

2025-36-0019

12/18/2025

The work presented here was developed within the scope of the Tire-Tooling Benchmark Project – Mover – FUNDEP – Line IV – in response to demands from the tire manufacturing sector for solutions to monitor tire molds. This study presented the development and validation of an embedded device that integrates RFID technology, wireless communication (LoRa and Wi-Fi), and local processing via an ESP32 microcontroller. The system was capable of collecting and processing data related to mold lifecycle, such as usage cycles, inspections, and maintenance activities, enabling predictive maintenance strategies. A functional prototype was successfully built and tested, validating reliable cycle readings, stable communication with a remote database, and consistent embedded logic. Based on these results, a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed, focusing on robustness, compactness, and industrial applicability. Although the PCB has not yet been fabricated or tested in the production

Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Cecone, Eduardo Christiano, Del Conte, Erik Gustavo

Research on Track Test Method of Autonomous Driving Functions Based on V2X Technology

2025-99-0310

12/17/2025

V2X technology enables vehicles to obtain a wider range of information and is less susceptible to environmental factors such as weather, which can to some extent compensate for the insufficient range of visibility of onboard sensors such as radar and cameras. Based on the advantages of V2X technology, some autonomous driving functions may be achieved by integrating V2X technology with vehicular intelligence technology or only by V2X technology. How to effectively test and evaluate autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology has attracted widespread attention. This paper studies the track test method of autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology from the perspective of safety. The research results of this paper can provide reference and guidance for automotive industry testing institutions to carry out test of autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology.

Li, Chun, Sun, Hang, Zheng, Chang, Zhu, Pingqing

A Study of Electro-Hydraulic Brake of Electric Automobiles and Intelligent Connected Vehicles

2025-99-0402

12/10/2025

The traditional hydraulic braking system with vacuum booster technology is very mature, but it is not suitable for use in electric vehicles due to the lack of a vacuum source. The brake system by wire is an innovative electronic controlled braking technology, and the Electro-Hydraulic Brake is currently the most widely used brake system by wire in electric vehicles. The classification, structure, working principle, and advantages of Electro-Hydraulic Brake as a braking system for electric automobiles and intelligent connected vehicles are studied. The structure, working principle, advantages and disadvantages of Pump-Electro - Hydraulic Brake and Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake are compared and analyzed.

Song, Jiantong, Zhu, Chunhong, Ren, Xiaolong

Researchers Give New Meaning to the Term “Microwave Brain”

TBMG-54297

12/1/2025

Cornell researchers have developed a low-power microchip they call a “microwave brain,” the first processor to compute on both ultrafast data signals and wireless communication signals by harnessing the physics of microwaves.

Cellular Energy Architecture to Secure Resilient Energy Supply for Critical Infrastructure

2025-01-0516

11/25/2025

The introduction of renewable energy systems offers the opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency or autarky in addition to contributing towards carbon neutrality by reducing the dependency on energy logistics. Amidst growing geo-political conflicts and natural calamities, the scenario of energy shortage or disruption of energy logistics is a major threat, especially for Europe due to the significant reliance on import of primary energy. Achieving autarky, however, requires a distinction between energy consumers that need uninterrupted energy supply and consumers that could potentially be cut-off during energy shortages to avoid prohibitive costs resulting from oversizing the system. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, communication systems, emergency services and key mobility nodes like fuelling stations and charging points needed to sustain the services provided by them, always need continuous energy supply. The architecture in current tools for optimising the design and

Vijay, Arjun, Thaler, Bernhard, Köcheler, Valentin, Oppl, Thomas, Trapp, Christian

Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption

J2945/B_202511 (Current)

11/20/2025

When identifying the content of this report, one of the goals was that it supports a nationally interoperable method for connected vehicles (CVs) to make traffic signal priority and/or preemption (TSPP) requests of connected intersections (CIs) that support priority and/or preemption services. Given that, this report specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between CVs and CIs to support TSPP applications using updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and message structure definitions developed using a detailed systems engineering process.

Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee

Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ ASN File

J2945/BA_202511 (Current)11/20/2025

This Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) messages, along with the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) application data, defined in SAE J2945/B. Included in the ASN.1 file is the complete SAE J2735 ASN.1 along with the updates to the ASN.1 for the SRM and SSM defined in SAE J2945/B.

Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee

Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ SET File

J2945/BS_202511 (Current)11/20/2025

Included in this set are the SAE J2945/B Standard which specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between connected vehicles (CVs) and connected intersections (CIs) to support traffic signal priority and preemption (TSPP) applications. It specifies the use of updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) message format, data frame, and data element definitions. Also included is the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and

Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee

Research on Urban Traffic Congestion Optimisation Strategies Based on V2X Technology

2025-99-0117

11/11/2025

This study investigates urban traffic congestion optimisation strategies based on V2X technology. V2X technology (Vehicles and Internet of Everything) aims to alleviate urban traffic congestion, improve access efficiency, and reduce tailpipe emissions through real-time collection and fusion of traffic data to optimise traffic signal control and path planning. The efficacy of the optimisation strategies under different V2X penetration rates is evaluated by conducting multi-factor orthogonal experiments in different typical congestion scenarios. The experimental results show that the V2X-based signal optimisation, path induction, and event response combination strategies exhibit significant optimisation effects in all three scenarios: node bottleneck, corridor congestion, and event induction. Under the condition of 100% penetration, the combined strategy reduces delay by 41.9% in the node bottleneck scenario, improves accessibility by 28.1% in the corridor congestion scenario, and

Xi, Chaohu, Li, Jiasheng, Qu, Fengzhen, Liu, Hongjun, Liu, Xiaorui, Wang, Chunpeng

A Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education Aerospace Fiber Optics Installer Knowledge Competencies

ARP5602/5 (Current)

11/11/2025

This document establishes training guidelines applicable to fiber optic installer technical training for individuals involved in the manufacturing, installation, support, integration and testing of fiber optic systems. Applicable personnel include: Managers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Assurance Production

AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee

A Theoretical Approach to Secure Protocols for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) in V2X Systems

2025-28-0326

11/6/2025

Ensuring secure and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) is critical for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) systems, which form the backbone of autonomous transportation. This paper presents a theoretical framework for designing secure communication protocols tailored for V2X systems with stringent latency and reliability requirements. The proposed framework incorporates dynamic message prioritization, adaptive encryption, and lightweight authentication to address the unique challenges of V2X networks. The study provides mathematical models to predict latency and security performance under varying network conditions, with a focus on scalability and efficiency. This work aims to contribute a foundational approach for future advancements in URLLC protocols in autonomous vehicle ecosystems.

Imran, Shaik Moinuddin

Analysis of Simulators for Designing Network Architecture in Wireless Sensor Network Applications

2025-28-0338

11/6/2025

Recent advancements in energy efficient wireless communication protocols and low powered digital sensor technologies have led to the development of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications in diverse industries. These WSNs are generally designed using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee and Wi-Fi communication protocol depending on the range and reliability requirements of the application. Designing these WSN applications also depends on the following factors. First, the environment under which devices operate varies with the industries and products they are employed in. Second, the energy availability for these devices is limited so higher signal strength for transmission and retransmission reduces the lifetime of these nodes significantly and finally, the size of networks is increasing hence scheduling and routing of messages becomes critical as well. These factors make simulation for these applications essential for evaluating the performance of WSNs before physical deployment of

Periwal, Garvit, Koparde, Prashant, Sewalkar, Swarupanand

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