Browse Topic: Communication systems

Items (2,001)

Cooperative Edge Extension for Automated Driving Level 4 and Beyond

2026-01-0776

7/1/2026

Electrical/Electronic Architectures (EEAs) are continuously evolving to meet newly emerging demands. In recent years, major drivers of this evolution have been the increasing software-defined nature of vehicles and the push toward automated driving. Key technologies such as edge-enhanced functions, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and service-oriented architectures are therefore the focus of current research efforts. This paper presents a vision of how these technologies can be used to enable cooperation between vehicles, illustrated by using parked vehicles as edge nodes. These are typically seen as obstructions, as they significantly increase the risk of missing or misinterpreting vulnerable road users such as pedestrians or cyclists. Our proposed approach to counteract this problem is the use of the parked vehicles themselves as edge nodes that support object detection or even trajectory planning. Current research primarily considers smart traffic infrastructure, roadside units, and other vehicles as potential edge nodes. Including parked vehicles as edge nodes means that, instead of acting solely as obstacles, we leverage their built-in sensors to contribute to cooperative awareness. While such cooperation will enhance the safety of automated vehicles in urban areas, several challenges arise. In this paper, we discuss how data traceability, decision-making in the presence of conflicting information, and incentive mechanisms for owners of parked vehicles can be addressed. Based on these challenges, the paper outlines requirements for future cooperative architecture and highlights the role of edge-enhanced functions, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, and service-oriented architectures in enabling fully automated driving.

Lüntzel, Vitus, Lukezic, Nikola, Kraus, David, Seidel, Luca, Beck, Maximilian, Schindewolf, Marc, Sax, Eric

Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control

2026-01-0736

7/1/2026

This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization. Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations, and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent version that relied on GPS-based speed measurement was found to be insufficiently accurate for the control task. Furthermore, it was found that detection of the pedaling state was essential for proper operation. To address these issues, a Bluetooth-based hardware adapter was developed to access relevant signals from the e-bike’s CAN bus communication system. These include pedal power, cadence and speed, which are made accessible through reverse engineering of the CAN bus. The proposed concept is evaluated in a chassis dynamometer study with 13 participants on two test profiles: a synthetic gradient profile for assessing control stability and a realistic elevation profile for dynamic evaluation. Additional measurements taken with one of the test riders at different speeds demonstrate the system’s reliability and its potential to improve the energy efficiency. The results show that, with approximately the same power brought in by the rider, only 27% more electrical energy is required to increase the average speed by 45%.

Rauch, Yannick, Simmann, Gabriel, Schneider, Manuel, Goss, Christian, Kriesten, Reiner

Impact of Network-Induced Delays on Autonomous Vehicle Steering Stability

10-10-03-0024

6/25/2026

This article presents a cross-layer framework that integrates realistic vehicle-to-network-to-vehicle (V2N2V) delay characterization with a rigorous stability analysis of automated vehicle steering control. Both constant and network-induced time-varying delays modeled via deterministic bounds are addressed. For constant delays, delay-independent stability regions within the controller gain space are analytically derived. For time-varying delays with stochastic network origins, modeled using deterministic bounds, a refined Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) incorporating augmented single- and double-integral terms is constructed. To establish delay-dependent linear matrix inequality (LMI) conditions, a reciprocally convex combination approach is employed to handle the delay interval partitioning, and the second-order Bessel–Legendre inequality is applied to tighten the integral quadratic bounds. The resulting LMI conditions explicitly capture the coupled effects of delay magnitude, delay variation rate, and control gains on closed-loop stability. Simulations of a lane-keeping scenario confirm that the predicted stability boundaries accurately match the closed-loop system behavior. Notably, incorporating a realistic time-varying V2N2V delay profile into the controller design reduces the lateral-state root-mean-square error (RMSE) by over 54% and decreases the settling time by a factor of 10 compared to designs relying on an average-delay assumption. However, high packet loss rates are shown to still induce residual oscillations due to information scarcity. Ultimately, these results elucidate delay-induced instability mechanisms and provide practical guidelines for designing delay-robust steering controllers for connected and automated vehicles.

Li, Jialin, Lu, Jianwei, Wei, Heng, Ao, Di

Enabling Flexibility Services through Interoperable V2X Infrastructures: Advanced Modeling and Operational Validation in the FLEXV2X Project

2026-37-0024

6/9/2026

The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) as active grid resources represents a pivotal shift towards decarbonization. However, the implementation of effective Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services faces technical challenges regarding interoperability, predictive management, and battery health preservation. This work presents a comprehensive system design and research methodology developed within the framework of the FLEXV2X project, aimed at addressing interdependencies within a unified bidirectional charging ecosystem. The proposed scientific framework addresses two complementary timescales. At the device level, the study details the modelling and optimization of bidirectional converters, focusing on control algorithms designed to ensure robust dynamic response and efficiency. Building upon this hardware foundation, the paper describes a system-level optimization strategy. By employing open-source cyber-physical modelling, the architecture simulates complex EV-grid interactions. This layer integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms to forecast stochastic variables such as renewable generation and fleet availability, driving a rule-based optimization engine. This dispatching logic will also be constrained by novel battery aging models, calibrated through experimental cycling stress-tests, balancing grid flexibility services with the preservation of the vehicle’s asset value. The effectiveness of this multi-layered design is assessed through a validation roadmap involving real-world deployment of a corporate mobility hub connected to a 10 MW wind farm, and a large-scale urban car-sharing fleet.

Lutzemberger, Giovanni, Barater, Davide, Ceraolo, Massimo, Fera, Cesare, Leaver, Ian, Pasini, Gianluca

A GenAI-Based Approach for Real-Time Multilingual In-Flight Communication Systems

2026-26-0784

6/1/2026

In today’s global aviation industry, passenger experience is strongly influenced by effective communication. In-flight announcements, often limited to English and a single local language, can create confusion and stress for international travelers who may not be fluent in either. This communication gap not only impacts passenger comfort but also poses potential risks in conveying time-sensitive or safety-critical information. Recent advances in Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI), particularly in speech recognition, neural machine translation, and naturalistic text-to-speech, provide a pathway to overcome these challenges. This paper explores the concept of real-time multilingual in-flight announcements delivered in each passenger’s preferred language through connected headphones or personal devices. The proposed system architecture integrates speech-to-text conversion, language translation, and speech synthesis with aircraft infotainment platforms. Potential applications range from pre-generated multilingual safety messages to long-term visions of fully personalized, real-time translations with minimal latency. Benefits include improved inclusivity, accessibility for hearing-impaired passengers, and enhanced brand differentiation for airlines. Challenges such as regulatory certification, translation accuracy, latency constraints, and hardware integration must be addressed. Beyond aerospace, this capability has cross-domain relevance in automotive, railways, and public services, making it a promising area for future customer experience innovations.

Mishra, Ashwini, Kature, Kartik, Patil, Ashish

Implementation of Wireless IoT Technology for Enhanced Communication and Monitoring in EVAC Slide Emergency Systems

2026-26-0792

6/1/2026

Emergency evacuation slides (EVAC slides) are critical safety devices used on aircraft to enable rapid egress during emergencies. While these slides provide a quick and reliable escape route, communication between separated slides during evacuation remains a challenge. Often, during raft deployment over water, slides may drift apart impeding communication among evacuees and rescue personnel potentially compromising safety. Existing aircraft EVAC systems lack integrated wireless communication relying on visual or voice signals that are unreliable in chaotic conditions. This paper explores the integration of wireless IoT technology into EVAC slide systems to facilitate inter-slide communication and monitor critical parameters such as slide air pressure and the floating weight of stranded passengers through embedded sensors. It proposes the adoption of Long Range (LoRa) modulation technology for wireless communication chosen for its low-power, long-range performance and license-free operation in emergency evacuation scenarios. In addition, the usage of this proposed technology can be further extended to locate the aircraft when other existing locating mechanisms fail.

Sengodan, Rajkumar, Talore, Suresh

Unified and Certifiable Cybersecurity Management Framework for IVHM

2026-26-0767

6/1/2026

Commercial and military aircraft increasingly rely on Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) as a critical enabler for predictive maintenance, operational efficiency, and mission availability. The evolution of IVHM data communication architecture- from legacy wire-based networks to more wireless based architecture involving onboard wireless sensor networks (WSN) and IP-based air to ground communication networks introduces multidomain cyber-physical attack surfaces that challenge both functional safety and continued airworthiness. DO-326A/ED-202A and DO-356A/ED-203A standards define aviation cybersecurity requirements within a safety-driven assurance context, and IEC 62443 standard offers a defense-in-depth, lifecycle-based control framework for industrial systems. A unified approach by mapping and harmonizing the complimentary aspects of these two standards has the potential to simplify and expedite the security assurance and certification process for the IVHM and other digital avionic systems. The proposed work is a unified, standard-aligned cybersecurity assurance framework for aircraft IVHM systems covering both airborne ground segments as a single integrated entity. The novel methodology evaluates risks by performing Fundamental Requirements (FR) analysis, mapping IEC 62443 to DO-326A/ED-202A requirements through qualitative risk assessment, protocol vulnerability analysis, and attack tree modelling on zone-conduits as per the Security Level (SL) requirements. The resulting risk treatment plan demonstrates a verifiable and auditable method to achieve security assurance and certification of aircraft IVHM system which is extendable to other digital avionic systems.

Samudrala, Ramakrishna, Ramamurthy, Prasanna

Design and Run-Time Information Exchange for Health-Ready Components

JA6268_202303 (Current)

5/26/2026

This Surface Vehicle & Aerospace Recommended Practice offers best practices and a methodology by which IVHM functionality relating to components and subsystems should be integrated into vehicle or platform level applications. The intent of the document is to provide practitioners with a structured methodology for specifying, characterizing and exposing the inherent IVHM functionality of a component or subsystem using a common functional reference model, i.e., through the exchange of design-time data and the application of standard vehicle data communications interfaces. This document includes best practices and guidance related to the specification of the information that must be exchanged between the functional layers in the IVHM system or between lower-level components/subsystems and the higher-level control system to enable health monitoring and tracking of system degradation severity. The intent is to provide an IVHM system that can robustly report the degradation of a given component before it reaches the point where it goes outside its operational performance envelope by providing sufficient advance notice to deal with the issue. This document does not specify or address how each layer in the IVHM system produces or uses the data available for exchange.

HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee

An Energy-Saving Coupling-Decoupling Optimization Strategy for Electric Modular Buses Considering Vehicle to Vehicle Charging

2026-99-0730

5/15/2026

As an emerging innovative mode of public transportation, electric modular buses (EMBs) offer a novel solution to the problems of existing public transportation systems, due to the coupling-decoupling processes. In this paper, we study the energy consumption characteristics of EMBs by joining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging and reduction in aerodynamic drag due to coupling. For the pursuit of energy economy, ride comfort, and operational efficiency, we constructed an optimization scheme based on the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm to facilitate the coupling-decoupling process. The simulation results show that EMBs can meet 82.5 % of service requests compared with 61.8 % for the benchmark group, and V2V presents a significant contribution to energy efficiency, especially at low battery state of charge (SOC). Additionally, sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the impact of initial SOC, operation interval, and route type. The results provide insights for optimizing EMBs’ operations and emphasize the potential role of EMBs in supporting low-carbon and sustainable urban mobility systems.

Liao, Peng, Guo, Jiahe, Ning, Donghong, Li, Sijia, Wang, Tao

Automated Vehicle Marshalling System

J3292_202604 (Current)

4/13/2026

The scope of this standard is Automated Vehicle Marshalling (AVM) of vehicles to enable remote control functionality for achieving SAE Level 4 (High Driving Automation according to the Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice SAE J3016) driving capabilities at controlled speeds within geofenced private controlled environments utilizing infrastructure-assisted sensing. It specifies a concept of operations which includes a reference-system architecture and use cases, system functional and performance requirements, multiple wireless communications protocols, and associated wireless messages to support AVM. AVM use cases such as plant marshalling, depot marshalling, valet parking, electric vehicle charging, etc. The Automated Vehicle Marshalling Central Server (AVM CS) infrastructure does detect objects, vehicles, vulnerable road users, and any obstructions that help guide the Automated Vehicle (AV) starting from uninitiated, activation, identification, automated control, unavailable and deactivation states of the respective feature lifecycle of AVM use cases by using only two wireless messages named Infrastructure Marshalling Message (IMM) and Vehicle Marshalling Message (VMM). This standard specifies the minimum requirements for the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) messages, such as IMM and VMM, and the corresponding data frames and elements which are defined to support Infrastructure guided AVM use cases over Direct (LTE-V2X) and Network-based wireless communications technologies. These messages are utilized to achieve desired interoperability, safety, and data integrity. This standard focuses on an infrastructure-led implementation of an AVM system analogue to a Type 2 Automated Vehicle Parking (AVP) system implementation as described in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 23374-1; the functional allocations listed below are part of the Type 2 AVP System where AVM CS of infrastructure carries out most of the operation functions including AV Identification and Emergency Stopping: Destination Assignment Route Planning Object and Event Detection and Response (OEDR) AV Localization Path Determination Trajectory Calculation Vehicle Motion Control (VMC) NOTE 1: Functional Safety rating Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) related requirements are outside the scope of this standard. NOTE 2: This standard could be utilized as a base for human operator assisted AVM. The implementation details from human operator assistance without Infrastructure assistance is outside the scope of this standard. NOTE 3: Unless otherwise marked as Informative, all material in this standard is to be considered normative.

V2X Core Technical Committee

A Simple Analytical Model for Predicting Cooperative Ratio in Agreement-Seeking Cooperative Driving Automation with C-V2X Communication

2026-01-0078

4/7/2026

Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) has emerged as an active research area in recent years, categorized into four classes of operations with varying levels of cooperation as defined in the SAE J3216 standard. Among these, Class C CDA, referred to as Agreement-Seeking Cooperation (ASC), has received limited attention in literature. Unlike Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), which typically engages when lead vehicles are identified as cooperative and disagree under manual override or safety-critical conditions, ASC requires agents to exchange messages interactively to reach consensus on a proposed plan and its implementation. This necessitates more sophisticated communication and control designs, which in turn influences customized ASC efficiency. Previous work has examined, through simulation, the impact of three key parameters on ASC system performance: CDA message transmission frequency, Packet Drop Ratio (PDR), and Cooperation Duration Length (CDL). In this paper, we extend that investigation by conducting Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) experiments in a scenario-based simulation environment, integrating the ASC controller with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication enabled by PC5-based Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) radios. Using HIL test data, we derived a simple analytical model based on Pascal Distribution to predict the Cooperative Ratio (CR), which is a key index defined by cooperative time over the total scenario time. The model explores the fundamental mechanism of how transmission frequency, total trip time, instance CDA engagement probability and CDL collaboratively impact Cooperative Ratio. The validation of the model with experimental data reports the relative error is less than 5% for scenarios with CDA message transmission frequency higher than 5 HZ. Furthermore, because the model is independent of specific control logic assumptions, it provides a practical tool for guiding the design of ASC communication protocols and control strategies.

Zhan, Lu, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, Debashis, Stutenberg, Kevin, Misra, Priyash, Jeong, Jongryeol, Hyeon, Eunjeong

Electric Vehicles & the Grid - Synergy or Strain?

2026-01-0398

4/7/2026

As the demand for electrical power has surged over recent years due to the increasing popularity of data centers for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is becoming evident that the aging electrical grid infrastructure is struggling to keep up. Some of the problems this aging infrastructure has resulted in include frequent blackouts due to weather related events, reduced efficiency resulting in higher maintenance costs and outdated communication systems causing poor monitoring and response times. Modernization of the grid in conjunction with integration of the transportation sector with the grid is essential to ensure the reliability and resiliency of the grid. Electric vehicles have dramatically increased in popularity, with most vehicle manufacturers offering at least one electric option in their lineups. Looking at recent developments in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, a new possibility becomes evident; instead of straining the power grid, the electric vehicle can synergize with it. This becomes possible when EVs can facilitate charging during off-peak (low demand) hours and supplying power back to the grid during on-peak (high demand) hours. There are quite a few challenges associated with this approach, lack of standardized charging infrastructure and higher install costs, regulatory and policy hurdles, gaps in technological know-how particularly in relation to impact of power supplied by EVs on grid and effect of V2G on EV battery degradation in the long run, to name a few. This paper reviews the current power demand and supply along with existing and projected power consumption metrics. We also discuss the V2G strategy to effectively manage load requirements, incentives that can be provided to facilitate the execution, and the challenges associated with its widespread implementation. Finally, we discuss case studies of vehicles that incorporate V2G capability and their implications.

Dahlmann, Alexander Drake, Lele, Sneha

Characterizing the Impact of C-V2X PC5 Radio on Cooperative Driving Automation in Hardware-in-the-Loop Experiments

2026-01-0077

4/7/2026

The SAE J3216 standard defines Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), which has received increasing attention in recent years as an umbrella framework encompassing a wide range of automated vehicle applications enabled by Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) technologies. Despite this growing interest, limited research has investigated the impact of Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) on CDA applications, particularly with respect to agreement-seeking operations. This work presents a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental study designed to evaluate an Argonne National Laboratory designed CDA controller under different message configurations and varying C-V2X PC5 radio transmission frequencies. A three-vehicle car-following scenario was implemented in the Argonne-developed Roadrunner simulator, incorporating CDA agreement-seeking logic, vehicle powertrain models, and V2V communication modules. CDA messages were exchanged through two physical C-V2X PC5 radios, capturing realistic communication impairment caused by the hardware characteristics. Packet loss and cooperation ratio were evaluated as functions of transmission frequency and message scheduling strategy. To further investigate the role of packet loss in the agreement-seeking process, a four-state Markov chain model was applied to characterize mechanisms that reduce cooperation ratio. The results indicate that synchronous transmission of CDA messages introduces half-duplex constraints, leading to increased packet loss and reduced cooperative driving duration. Increasing the message transmission frequency improves overall cooperation time, although it results in higher packet loss rates. These findings provide insight into the behavior of C-V2X radios and their impact on CDA applications, with a particular emphasis on cooperation duration, while remaining agnostic to specific controller performance characteristics.

Zhan, Lu, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, Debashis, Stutenberg, Kevin, Misra, Priyash, Jeong, Jongryeol, Hyeon, Eunjeong

Optimization of Road Reference Profiles Based on Highway Design for Connected and Automated Vehicles

2026-01-0096

4/7/2026

Advances in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) have developed a level in which high-definition maps can be used to improve road safety. Data compactness and robustness on road characterization is essential for the proper handling of vehicles under curves. In this paper, an optimization scheme that relates highway-design road curvature and optimal speed of travel is defined to safely navigate through a given road. The scheme is divided in two main steps. First a nonlinear optimization problem, in which curvature profiles are fitted from a model that based on street design standards as per the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Secondly, the optimized curvature profile is subject to a secondary optimization problem that uses vehicle dynamics for both constraints and objective function derivation. Guidance reference parameters such as curvature and velocity, at different levels of friction are analyzed. Results show that, even in sparse datasets, the algorithm can leverage on highway design to generate proper velocity profiles. These profiles in turn can be used to enhance existing wireless communication infrastructure and autonomous vehicle technology.

Jacome, Ricardo Osmar, Stolle, Cody, Grispos, George

Integration and Validation of Adaptive Cruise Control across Different Modes

2026-01-0076

4/7/2026

This paper presents the integration and validation of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) algorithms on a student-team-developed vehicle as part of the U.S. Department of Energy EcoCAR EV Challenge. The competition provided each team with a 2023 Cadillac Lyriq, which was modified to an all-wheel-drive configuration and re-architected to support the development of SAE Level 3 autonomous features including Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Automatic Intersection Navigation (AIN), Lane Centering Control (LCC), and Automatic Parking (AP). The scope of this paper, however, is limited to the development, implementation, and validation of a Level 2 longitudinal ADAS function. Higher-level automation requirements such as Operational Design Domain (ODD) definition and Driver Monitoring System (DMS) enforcement are addressed at the vehicle architecture and competition level but are not the focus of this work. The major contribution of this work is the development of ACC with Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) integration, highlighting the end-to-end implementation of the ACC algorithm and its interaction with key actuation systems in the modified vehicle architecture. The ACC algorithm encompassed multiple applications: conventional cruise control to maintain speed, adaptive cruise control to respond to a lead vehicle, and initial deceleration handling for intersection navigation in a single straight lane. By implementing a unified algorithm, transitions between these modes were smooth and more efficient compared to developing separate algorithms for each application. Track-based testing and calibration were conducted to validate these modes under real-world scenarios, ensuring safe operation while addressing the challenges of blended actuation. Multiple track tests were used to measure stopping distances at intersections for different entry speeds, evaluate controller performance during different driving scenarios, and identify system limitations. Results demonstrated that the controller maintained steady-state speed error within +/- 1 km/hr, preserved a minimum following distance of 8 m at a complete stop, and limited acceleration within +/- 2 m/s2 to support driver comfort. The work demonstrates the progression from simulation to real-world deployment using an empirical approach to system-level validation of ACC with V2I integration. The findings provide insights into calibration methodology, mode transition, and the benefits of a unified control framework for advancing software-defined vehicle features.

Gupta, Ishika, Estrada, Tyler, Tambolkar, Pooja, Midlam-Mohler, Shawn

Quantifying Highway Flow Improvements via CACC-Based Truck Platooning: A Statistical Modeling Approach

2026-01-0463

4/7/2026

The advancement of Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) technology enables vehicle platooning on public roads, offering significant potential to enhance urban mobility, driving safety, and energy efficiency. Among various applications, truck platooning has become a promising strategy to increase highway flow rates by reducing vehicle headways, improving coordination, and optimizing space utilization. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of a CACC-based truck platooning system, focusing on its effectiveness in enhancing highway mobility under varying traffic conditions. A statistical regression model is developed and calibrated using simulations of real-world highway networks to identify key influencing factors and evaluate the resulting improvements in traffic flow. The analysis considers five primary variables: desired platoon speed, platoon size, space headway, percentage of platooning trucks, and non-platoon traffic flow. The study systematically examines the impact of each parameter on overall traffic throughput. Results indicate that truck platooning can increase highway flow rates by up to 200%, particularly under conditions of high truck volumes and larger platoon sizes. Both platoon size and the percentage of platooning trucks show a positive correlation with flow rates, suggesting that greater coordination among vehicles enhances overall mobility. Conversely, higher desired speeds and larger space headways tend to diminish the benefits of platooning by reducing traffic density. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive quantitative evaluation of the mobility benefits of truck platooning and highlights its potential to significantly improve highway operations. Future work will extend these findings to assess the energy and emission benefits of platooning and to evaluate the performance of large-scale platooning deployment strategies.

Karbasi, Amir Hossein, Wang, Jinghui, Yang, Hao

OBD Traceability Matrix

J1939-90_202603 (Current)3/13/2026

This Information Report is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the application of SAE RP J1939 to OBD data communications in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual regulations and standards documents, and any discrepancies between this document and the published documents must be resolved in favor of the published documents. Regulatory Version(s): CARB 1971.1 OCTOBER 3, 2019 ; CARB 1968.2 OCTOBER 3, 2019; “CALIFORNIA GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSION STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR 2014 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES” As Amended: September 9, 2021; “CALIFORNIA STANDARDS AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR NEW 2021 AND SUBSEQUENT MODEL HEAVY-DUTY ZERO-EMISSION POWERTRAINS.” As Adopted: June 27, 2019; EPA 40 CFR Part 1036 Subpart B (up to date as of 10/10/2024)

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Power Line Carrier Communication for Commercial Vehicles

J2497_202603 (Historical)

3/13/2026

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a method for implementing a bidirectional, serial communications link over the vehicle power supply line among modules containing microcomputers. This document defines those parameters of the serial link that relate primarily to hardware and software compatibility such as interface requirements, system protocol, and message format that pertain to Power Line Communications (PLC) between Tractors and Trailers. This document defines a method of activating the trailer ABS Indicator Lamp that is located in the tractor.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

On-Board System Requirements for V2V Safety Communications

J2945/1_202603 (Current)

3/4/2026

This standard specifies the system requirements for an on-board vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) safety communications system for light vehicles1, including standards profiles, functional requirements, and performance requirements. The system is capable of transmitting and receiving the SAE J2735-defined basic safety message (BSM) [1] over a dedicated short range communications (DSRC) wireless communications link as defined in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1609 suite and IEEE 802.11 standards [2] to [6].

V2X Core Technical Committee

Overcoming Multipath Propagation

TBMG-54710

3/1/2026

The evolution of wireless communications and the miniaturization of electrical circuits have fundamentally reshaped our lives and the digital landscape. However, as we push toward higher-frequency communications in an increasingly connected world, engineers face growing challenges from multipath propagation — a phenomenon where the same radio signal reaches receiving antennas through multiple routes, usually with time delays and altered amplitudes. Multipath interference leads to many reliability issues, ranging from “ghosting” in television broadcasts to signal fading in wireless communications.

New MEMS Modulator Offers Significant Advancements in Optical Efficiency

TBMG-54712

3/1/2026

A new Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) grating modulator has been developed, offering significant advancements in optical efficiency and scalability for communication systems. By integrating a tunable sinusoidal grating with broadside-constrained continuous ribbons, a large-scale aperture of 30 × 30 mm is achieved and supports high-speed modulation up to 250 kHz.

Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture in Vehicle Computers

2026-28-0121

2/12/2026

Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for Internet Protocol (IP) based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update channels. This strategy enhances both data security and system isolation, creating protective boundaries between critical vehicle operations and potential external attacks. The architecture particularly excels in supporting Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity, facilitating seamless information exchange between vehicles, roadside infrastructure, and pedestrians. This capability is essential for enhancing roadway safety, optimizing traffic flow, and supporting autonomous driving technologies. The system incorporates dedicated proxy modules for specialized protocols including Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), Diagnostic Over Internet Protocol (Doip), and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), each fulfilling specific functions in vehicle diagnostics, software updates, and telemetry data management. Performance evaluations will measure latency and throughput metrics to validate the architecture's efficiency and reliability. The framework's modular design aims to provide scalability and adaptability to accommodate both technological advancements and emerging security challenges. The proxy-based security framework presented offers a holistic and forward-looking approach to safeguarding in-vehicle networks. It provides automotive manufacturers with the tools to develop connected vehicles that combine intelligence and efficiency with robust protection against diverse cybersecurity threats.

M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja

Vehicle-Level Validation Test Procedures for V2V Safety Communications

J3161/1A_202602 (Current)

2/11/2026

This document provides vehicle-level data collection, data analysis, and data verification procedures that may be used to verify that an instrument under test (IUT) satisfies the vehicle-level requirements specified in SAE J3161/1. For the purposes of this report, “vehicle-level requirements” primarily consist of those requirements which can be verified external to the vehicle. The IUT for these procedures is a configured LTE-V2X vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) device as defined in SAE J3161/1 and is installed on a vehicle of class 2, 3, 4, or 5. While the IUT is conceptually separated from the vehicle it is installed on, the tests outlined in this document are primarily vehicle level, so the terms “vehicle” and “IUT” can generally be considered interchangeable. Additionally, non-vehicle-level complementary tests, not included in this document, are required to verify that the entire set of requirements specified in SAE J3161/1 is satisfied. This document also includes a Traceability Matrix to provide traceability between SAE J3161/1 sections and the test procedures. This can be used to ensure thoroughness of testing coverage. The traceability matrix in Section 7 correlates test procedures from this document with the sections in SAE J3161/1 being tested. The SAE J3161/1 sections that are addressed in this document are indicated in Table 1. SAE J3161/1 major section numbers that are indicated as N/A do not contain any requirements (subsections may include requirements). Sections that are not in scope, such as standards profiles, are expected to be tested and verified as part of device-level certification, done prior to the vehicle-level testing described in this document.

C-V2X Technical Committee

Digital Annex of Medium/Heavy-Duty E/E Systems Diagnosis Nomenclature

J2403DA_202601 (Current)2/7/2026

This document is intended to supplement SAE J2403 by providing the content of Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 from SAE J2403 in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use. It is NOT intended as a substitute for the actual document, and any discrepancies between this Digital Annex and the published SAE J2403 document must be resolved in favor of the published document. This document provides the content of Table 1 and Table 2 published in SAE J2403 into the single table in the 'Term' tab, while the 'Recommended Term Definitions' tab provides the content of Table 3 in SAE J2403 and the 'Glossary' tab provides the content of Table 4 in SAE J2403.

Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee

Aircraft Lightning Zone

ARP5414B (Current)

2/6/2026

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines lightning strike zones and provides guidelines for locating them on particular aircraft, together with examples. The zone definitions and location guidelines described herein are applicable to Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. The zone location guidelines and examples are representative of in-flight lightning exposures.

AE-2 Lightning Committee

Assessment of Cybersecurity Risks in State-Operated Connected Electric Passenger Buses in India

2026-26-0610

1/16/2026

State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller Area Network or CAN bus) are important areas of interest. Potential interruptions to vehicle functionality and passenger safety are examined in relation to common attack techniques such spoofing, data injection, denial-of-service (DoS), and remote code execution. In comparison to international standards like ISO/SAE 21434 and UNECE rules R155/R156, the report also assesses regulatory and compliance deficiencies in India. It lists the operational difficulties that Indian STUs encounter, including as antiquated infrastructure, a deficiency in cybersecurity knowledge, and a lack of established protocols. The paper suggests a plan for installing a Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) in STU-operated EV fleets in order to reduce these threats. Strong incident response mechanisms, focused training initiatives, and the creation of cybersecurity standards tailored to India are among the recommendations. Implementing these measures will enhance the resilience of electric vehicle infrastructure against emerging cyber risks. Furthermore, collaboration between government agencies, industry stakeholders, and academic institutions is emphasized to ensure a comprehensive cybersecurity framework.

Mokhare, Devendra Ashok

Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility

2026-26-0629

1/16/2026

As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, enhance threat detection, anomaly monitoring, and adaptive security responses. Additionally, emerging blockchain-based security frameworks offer decentralized solutions for data integrity and secure transactions. For electric vehicles (EVs), lightweight and energy-efficient cybersecurity solutions are critical to securing EV-specific architectures. Global standardization efforts, including ISO/SAE 21434 and UN Regulation No. 155, are shaping industry best practices, ensuring interoperability and scalable security frameworks for next-generation vehicles. This review synthesizes research advancements from 2001 to 2024, identifying key challenges such as real-time threat mitigation, scalability, and adaptive security architectures. The paper aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and policymakers, fostering the development of secure, resilient, and sustainable automotive ecosystems in an increasingly digitized transportation network.

Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji

Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility

2026-26-0176

1/16/2026

This paper presents a comprehensive testing framework and safety evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging systems, incorporating advanced theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a modern, integrated 3-in-1 combo unit (PDU, DCDC, OBC). The proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and flexible charging solutions, with V2V technology emerging as a critical decentralized infrastructure component. This study establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for power flow analysis, develops novel safety protocols based on IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 functional safety standards, and presents comprehensive experimental validation across 47 test scenarios. The framework encompasses five primary test categories: functional performance validation, power conversion efficiency optimization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment, thermal management evaluation, and comprehensive fault-injection testing including Byzantine fault scenarios. Through systematic experimental validation using advanced power electronics simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, we demonstrate 98.2% power conversion efficiency, sub-50ms fault detection response times, and compliance with automotive safety integrity level ASIL-D requirements. Our results establish the theoretical foundations and practical validation methodologies essential for next-generation V2V charging infrastructure deployment.

Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Nikam, Sandip B.

A Dynamic Cybersecurity Benchmarking Framework for Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems

2026-26-0612

1/16/2026

The modern vehicle is no longer a mechanical appliance—it has transformed into a software-defined cyber-physical system, integrating OTA updates, cloud-connected diagnostics, V2X services, and telematics-driven personalization. While this evolution promises unprecedented value in consumer experience and fleet operations, it also surfaces a dramatically expanded and evolving attack perimeter, especially across safety-critical ECUs and communication buses. Cyber vulnerabilities have shifted from isolated IT threats to real-time, embedded exploits. Controller area network (CAN), the backbone of vehicle bus systems, remains intrinsically insecure due to its lack of authentication and encryption, making it highly susceptible to message injection and denial-of-service by low-cost tools. Similarly, OEM implementations of BLE-based passive entry systems have proven vulnerable to replay and spoofing attacks with minimal hardware. In the Indian context, the transition to connected mobility is advancing rapidly under national mandates such as FAME II, PM e-DRIVE, and the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP). However, field-level assessments of Indian and international vehicle models—including ICE cars, electric two-wheelers, and fleet EVs—reveal critical gaps in CAN architecture connected to critical ECUs, Cloud API and Endpoints and RF controls. Notably, many of these vulnerabilities materialized after vehicle homologation, propagating through OTA updates or third-party app integrations. This reality underscores the inadequacy of static, pre-market cybersecurity assessments in effectively mitigating operational risk. This paper introduces a novel, scalable methodology that addresses this critical gap by enabling empirical, attack-informed validation, aligned with both Indian priorities and international best practices

Shah, Ravindra, Awasthi, Vibhu Vaibhav, Karle, Ujjwala

Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security

2026-26-0622

1/16/2026

The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed publickey cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) - typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict real-time requirements. Our experimental study involved porting and optimizing PQC reference implementations for these constrained environments. We rigorously benchmarked key performance indicators, including key generation time, encapsulation/decapsulation speeds, signing/verification times, and memory footprint (stack usage, code size). The results demonstrate the feasibility of deploying specific PQC schemes, achieving practical execution times (e.g., key operations completing within tens to hundreds of milliseconds) and manageable memory overhead (fitting within typical MCU constraints) for securing functions like secure boot, firmware updates, and authenticated communication. Performance trade-offs between different PQC algorithms regarding speed, key/signature sizes, and memory consumption are analyzed. The significance of this contribution lies in providing the first quantitative performance data and feasibility analysis for PQC adoption within the specific context of two-wheeler embedded systems. These findings offer crucial insights for OEMs and suppliers planning the transition to quantum-safe security architectures, ensuring the long-term security and trustworthiness of connected two-wheelers against future cryptographic threats.

Mishra, Abhigyan

Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval and the Road Ahead

2026-26-0246

1/16/2026

Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure compliance as per the laid down norms. With the ever-increasing use of software to run vehicles, the regulatory requirements would need to be constantly updated by reviewing the future threats involved and probable measures to mitigate them. The paper presents an overview of these important elements of cyber security regulations viz., applicable standards and approval procedure and means for a constant update of the two.

Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin

RAKSH: A Blockchain Derived in-Vehicle Key Management System

2026-26-0620

1/16/2026

Modern cars have advanced significantly with the rapid growth of connectivity and communication technologies. In the wake of rising cyber attacks and enforcement of regulations, implementation of cybersecurity is imperative to safeguard vehicles. The cybersecurity controls such as secure boot, secure updates, and secure communication require cryptographic primitives (keys/certificates). These security features are largely dependent on robust Key Management System (KMS), as keys are the sensitive assets that must be protected throughout the lifecycle of vehicle. Several security critical applications like over-the-air and car-to-car interaction essentially needs robust KMS to protect the vehicle assets from expanding attack vectors. Traditionally KMS is established centrally in a backend server. The cloud based KMS is becoming complex due to increased number of keys/certificates required to provision in a vehicle. We propose a self-governing in-vehicle key management system for a gateway-based architecture. The solution is derived from core principles of Blockchain technology. Every key or certificate transaction is recorded in a registry, with the first block (genesis block) created during the vehicle manufacturing stage by the gateway. The first stage involves creation of a genesis block, followed by the generation of a PKI blockchain for each ECU during vehicle manufacturing. In the second stage, the established PKI blockchain will be utilized for secure on-road communication during vehicle operations. Key management operations such as key rotation, revocation, addition, and replacement will be performed based on the established blockchain, with the gateway serving as the anchor point. Each key management operation is appended to the chain starting from the genesis block, with updates securely broadcast and replicated across all ECUs ensuring a distributed, tamper-proof key management framework. Several diverse communications like CAN, CAN-FD and Ethernet are comparatively analyzed, against its usage, benefits and complexity in the proposed approach.

Goyal, Yogendra, Sutar, Swapnil, Jaisingh, Sanjay

Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility

2026-26-0691

1/16/2026

This paper presents a comprehensive technical review of the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV), a paradigm that is fundamentally reshaping the automotive industry. We analyze the architectural evolution from distributed Electronic Control Units (ECUs) to centralized zonal compute platforms, examining the critical role of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA), the AUTOSAR standard, and virtualization technologies in enabling this shift. A comparative analysis of leading High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms, including NVIDIA DRIVE, Tesla FSD, and Qualcomm Snapdragon Ride, is conducted to evaluate the silicon foundation of the SDV. The paper further investigates key enabling technologies such as Over- the-Air (OTA) updates, Digital Twins, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for applications ranging from predictive maintenance to software-defined battery management. We scrutinize the competing V2X communication standards (DSRC vs. C-V2X) and address the paramount challenges of functional safety (ISO 26262) and cybersecurity (ISO/SAE 21434) in this new landscape. Finally, we identify open research challenges, ethical considerations, and the future trajectory of SDVs toward fully AI-defined, intelligent, and connected mobility.

Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji

Integrating V2V and V2I Communication for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks

2026-26-0271

1/16/2026

This paper is a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. The Study is focused on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic light to share real-time data about speed and position. This work is aimed to discuss the methodology adopted for developing a system which predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. Inspired by the Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) , the proposed system is designed to help drivers approach traffic signals at speeds that minimize unnecessary stops, reduce delays, and improve traffic efficiency. This paper contains the approach taken, the decision-making algorithm, and the simulation framework built in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the concept under real traffic conditions. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate how the system generates speed recommendations based on vehicle parameters and traffic light states. We have worked on the integration of both V2V and V2I communications, combined with a speed advisory algorithm. This work paves the way for smarter, more responsive traffic management systems and supports the future deployment of connected and autonomous vehicles.

Pinto, Colin Aubrey, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Negotiation Via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-in Scenarios

2026-26-0274

1/16/2026

The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe longitudinal gap, which allows the cooperative vehicle to merge the ego’s lane. The negotiation process relies on the bidirectional exchange of MCMs to coordinate the timing and trajectories, ensuring both vehicles complete the manoeuvre safely. Additionally, the Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) allow the vehicles to share real-time information such as position, speed and heading. This connected-enhanced approach extends the capabilities of local perception systems, enabling an improved performance and reaction time to surround traffic participants. The described use case is implemented and validated in a prototype vehicle equipped with V2V communication capabilities and a Highway Pilot (HWP) SAE level 3 driving automation system. Proving ground tests demonstrate that the system can successfully negotiate cut-in manoeuvres in real time, enhancing both safety and traffic flow. The results confirm the feasibility of deploying standardized V2V coordination mechanisms within operational automated driving functions and lay the groundwork for broader integration into future CCAM applications.

Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat

Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System

2026-26-0642

1/16/2026

The rapid development of science and technology has impacted on the human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown an increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure and so on. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergency and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure and so on. We propose a solution which helps to navigate to the nearest health center or ambulance meeting point in emergency cases, overcoming technical glitches and delays by driving cars to the emergency center or meeting point, thus saving time for occupants. The prerequisite is that the vehicle has an advanced driver assistance system, detects health emergency of the occupants, V2X communication and SOS are triggered with the basic details of the situation. The system selects the nearest relevant hospital to drive to or requests the SOS center for the geo-coordinates of the ambulance meeting point using V2X communication. As soon as the system receives information related to meeting point from SOS center, autonomous driving mode is initiated, acknowledgment is sent to SOS center, and live location is shared for better communication and coordination. Additionally, the system triggers a siren and emergency lights to indicate an emergency drive, ensuring safety and a clear path. This proactive solution increases the probability of rescuing occupants by taking necessary action, rather than just monitoring, reporting, and waiting for measures.

Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed

Design of a Low-Power Consumption 4x4 MIMO Antenna for Next-Generation 4G LTE-A and 5G IoT Communication Systems

2026-26-0371

1/16/2026

This paper presents the design, simulation, and evaluation of a low-profile Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna configuration, optimized to meet the evolving demands of modernized wireless communication systems, incorporating LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and emerging 5G Internet of Things (5G-IoT) applications. The antenna’s geometry relies on a novel design comprising staircase-shaped rectangular radiating patches with an integrated stub. This configuration is employed to improve impedance bandwidth and strengthen the isolation between antenna components, which are critical parameters in MIMO system performance. The antenna is fabricated on a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate, distinguished by its low dielectric loss and high-frequency stability. With a compact physical footprint of 96 × 96 mm2, the proposed design effectively serves the feature of integration into portable and space-constrained wireless devices. The antenna operates effectively across frequency range of 2.13 GHz to 4.2 GHz, covering a broadband that encompasses multiple wireless communication bands, including sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. Comprehensive performance evaluation was conducted using key MIMO metrics. The design achieves an Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.015, indicating excellent diversity performance. The Mean Effective Gain (MEG) remains below -3 dB for all elements, while the Diversity Gain (DG) reaches up to 10 dB, supporting reliable signal reception in multipath environments. Furthermore, Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) is maintained below 0.12 bps/Hz, confirming the antenna’s proficiency in supporting fast data transmission rates with minimal degradation in channel capacity. Overall, the proposed MIMO monopole antenna exhibits a well-balanced trade-off between compactness, bandwidth, and isolation, making it a strong candidate for next-generation wireless platforms where high-performance, compact antennas are essential.

Gupta, Parul, Prasad, Anjay

Integration and Proving Ground Evaluation of a Connected Highway Pilot System

2026-26-0136

1/16/2026

Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities to be developed and integrated into the same platform, so it becomes a beta testing platform for the early-stage experimentation of innovative features. To validate the prototype, execution of scenario-based testing on a proving ground is used, which is part of the Safety Assurance Framework (SAF), which provides structured methods to help define test scenarios to cover the system’s Operational Design Domain (ODD). Experimental results demonstrate the prototype’s ability to operate in varied highway scenarios.

Domingo Mateu, Bernat, Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Facerias Pelegri, Marc, Perez, Marc

Distributed Robust Control of Heterogeneous Vehicular Platoons Based on IDM Following Model under Communication Delay

2025-01-7350

12/31/2025

With the rapid development of automobile industrialization, the traffic environment is becoming increasingly complex, traffic congestion and road accidents are becoming critical, and the importance of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is increasingly prominent. In our research, for the problem of cooperative control of heterogeneous intelligent connected vehicle platoons under ITS considering communication delay. The proposed method integrates the nonlinear Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) and a spacing compensation mechanism, aiming to ensure that the platoon maintains structural stability in the presence of communication disturbances, while also enhancing the comfort and safety of following vehicles. Firstly, construct heterogeneous vehicle platoon system based on the third-order vehicle dynamics model, Predecessor-Leader-Following (PLF) communication topology, and the fixed time-distance strategy, while a nonlinear distributed controller integrating the IDM following behavior and the front-vehicle spacing compensation mechanism is designed to enhance the robustness of the system to delay disturbance. Secondly, leveraging the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional framework in conjunction with the Moon inequality, an LMI-based stability condition is derived to ensure the uniform asymptotic stability of the system. The corresponding maximum admissible communication delay is then determined, followed by a detailed analysis of the system's string stability. Finally, comparative simulations are conducted on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Simulation results verify that the proposed controller offers enhanced convergence speed, reduced acceleration variability, and improved suppression of spacing errors under communication delay disturbances. Compared to conventional linear controllers, it demonstrates markedly superior control performance and greater practical applicability. This method provides a valuable reference for the robust design and performance optimization of cooperative control systems for heterogeneous vehicle platoons under communication delay conditions.

Ye, Xin, Kang, Zhongping

Effective Aperture Determination for Efficient Vehicle-Mounted Antennas Measurement via Spherical Wave Expansion Power Spectrum Analysis

2025-01-7321

12/31/2025

With the advancement of wireless technology within the automotive industry, vehicle antenna measurement has garnered increasing attention, as antenna system performance exerts critical influences on wireless communication performance. In spherical near-filed (SNF) automotive measurement, the assignment of minimum sphere radius (MSR) is of paramount significance in reducing test duration. Current industrial practice typically presumes the aperture equivalent to the entire vehicle, consequently assigning the minimum sphere to enclose the entire vehicle structure. Such a sampling scheme, however, is often redundant since regions distant from the antenna experience weak illumination and contribute negligibly to radiation, particularly at higher frequencies. Thus, determining the effective aperture becomes essential for MSR reduction and enhanced testing efficiency. To this end, this paper investigated the effective aperture of vehicle-mounted antenna (VMA) to reduce the test duration. The spherical mode coefficients (SMCs) of the VMA are derived, and their power spectrum is analyzed. Leveraging the correlation between source distribution and spectral power characteristics, modal truncation error was evaluated to ascertain the effective aperture dimensions. A GNSS antenna operating at 1.94 GHz is designed, fabricated, and mounted atop the front and rear of a vehicle model. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the proposed methodology, and measurement outcomes are presented to validate its efficacy.

Yang, Xin, Chen, Rui, Zhou, Liling, Tao, Tingting

Dynamic Switching Control of Vehicle Platoon with Kalman Filter Compensator Considering Communication Delays and Packet Dropouts

2025-01-7341

12/31/2025

This paper presents a dynamic switching control strategy for vehicle platoons to address communication delays and packet dropouts in connected and autonomous vehicle systems. The proposed strategy combines adaptive cruise control (ACC), cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), and a Kalman filter to compensate for time-varying delays, while employing an equidistant spacing policy to support reliable information flow within the platoon. A switching mechanism based on an acceleration threshold enables seamless transition between ACC, which depends on onboard sensor data, and CACC, which relies on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. This design reduces dependence on V2V communication, thereby lowering the risk of packet dropouts and improving platoon stability. The control architecture adopts a hierarchical structure: an upper-level sliding mode controller generates desired acceleration commands, and a lower-level PID controller converts them into throttle and brake actions. A Kalman filter is further applied to predict and compensate for sensor and communication delays, where time-varying delays are modeled using a Bernoulli random process. Simulation studies on a five-vehicle platoon show that the proposed strategy effectively suppresses speed fluctuations and maintains safe inter-vehicle distances. Compared with cases without delay compensation, spacing deviations are reduced by 72.4% and velocity deviations by 59.6%. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method to improve platoon control under non-ideal communication conditions.

Pan, Deng, Yao, Zhiyong, Wang, Chang, Ji, Jie, Zhang, Bohan

Trajectory Reconstruction at Signalized Intersections in a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Environment

2025-99-0217

12/23/2025

Vehicle trajectories encapsulate critical spatial-temporal information essential for traffic state estimation, congestion analysis, and operational parameter optimization. In a Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) environment, connected automated vehicles (CAVs) not only continuously transmit their own real-time trajectory data but also utilize onboard sensors to perceive and estimate the motion states of surrounding regular vehicles (RVs) within a defined communication range. These multi-source data streams, when integrated with fixed infrastructure-based detectors such as speed cameras at intersections, create a robust foundation for reconstructing full-sample vehicle trajectories, thereby addressing data sparsity issues caused by incomplete CAV penetration. Building upon classical car-following (CF) theory, this study introduces a novel trajectory reconstruction framework that fuses CAV-generated trajectories and infrastructure-based speed detection data. The proposed method specifically aims to reconstruct the unobserved trajectories of RVs located between successive CAVs within the same lane, ensuring continuity and accuracy in trajectory estimation. To validate the framework’s effectiveness, extensive SUMO simulations were conducted under different CAV penetration rates (PRs: 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) with a controlled traffic flow rate of 1000 veh/h. Key findings indicate that the proposed method maintains stable reconstruction accuracy across all tested penetration rates, with errors remaining within acceptable thresholds. Furthermore, comparative analysis against state-of-the-art CF-based reconstruction approaches reveals substantial improvements in accuracy, achieving reductions of 84.51% (LE), 97.07% (QLE) and 95.55% (TE), respectively. The result highlights the proposed method potential for enhancing real-time traffic state estimation, optimizing signal control strategies, and improving overall traffic management in V2I-enabled urban networks.

Bai, Wei, Fu, Chengxin, Yao, Zhihong

Toward Enhanced Goods Tracking in Commercial Vehicle Interiors through AI and Sensor Integrations

12-09-02-0016

12/23/2025

The efficient tracking and management of goods within light commercial vehicles (LCVs) is crucial for various industries, particularly craftsmen and parcel delivery services. This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies to enhance item tracking and optimize logistical operations in LCVs. Two technological approaches are examined: a Bluetooth-based tracking system and a camera-based parcel identification framework. The Bluetooth-based solution is designed primarily for craftsmen. It employs Bluetooth tags, vehicle connectivity gateways (VCGs), and a centralized server to provide real-time inventory monitoring and prevent tool misplacement. The camera-based system is aimed at parcel carriers. It utilizes AI-driven object detection and pose estimation to localize and identify parcels within the vehicle. Experimental evaluations show that Bluetooth tracking ensures reliability in tool management and the AI-based vision system holds promise for future scalability in parcel logistics. The findings underscore the need for adaptive tracking methodologies to improve efficiency, reduce operational costs, and support the digital transformation of commercial vehicle ecosystems.

Aslandere, Turgay, Lens, Mathijs, Kirchhof, Jörg Christian, Robberechts, Pieter, Grein, Marcel, Meert, Wannes, Vandewalle, Patrick, Davis, Jesse, Rumpe, Bernhard, Goedemé, Toon

Tire-Tooling Production and Maintenance Monitoring within a Fully Integrated Ecosystem

2025-36-0019

12/18/2025

The work presented here was developed within the scope of the Tire-Tooling Benchmark Project – Mover – FUNDEP – Line IV – in response to demands from the tire manufacturing sector for solutions to monitor tire molds. This study presented the development and validation of an embedded device that integrates RFID technology, wireless communication (LoRa and Wi-Fi), and local processing via an ESP32 microcontroller. The system was capable of collecting and processing data related to mold lifecycle, such as usage cycles, inspections, and maintenance activities, enabling predictive maintenance strategies. A functional prototype was successfully built and tested, validating reliable cycle readings, stable communication with a remote database, and consistent embedded logic. Based on these results, a custom Printed Circuit Board (PCB) was designed, focusing on robustness, compactness, and industrial applicability. Although the PCB has not yet been fabricated or tested in the production environment, the project lays a solid foundation for the next steps, such as field validation and improvements to the digital ecosystem - including the interactive dashboard and future integration with industrial platforms.

Pivetta, Italo Meneguello, Cecone, Eduardo Christiano, Del Conte, Erik Gustavo

Research on Track Test Method of Autonomous Driving Functions Based on V2X Technology

2025-99-0310

12/17/2025

V2X technology enables vehicles to obtain a wider range of information and is less susceptible to environmental factors such as weather, which can to some extent compensate for the insufficient range of visibility of onboard sensors such as radar and cameras. Based on the advantages of V2X technology, some autonomous driving functions may be achieved by integrating V2X technology with vehicular intelligence technology or only by V2X technology. How to effectively test and evaluate autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology has attracted widespread attention. This paper studies the track test method of autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology from the perspective of safety. The research results of this paper can provide reference and guidance for automotive industry testing institutions to carry out test of autonomous driving functions based on V2X technology.

Li, Chun, Sun, Hang, Zheng, Chang, Zhu, Pingqing

A Study of Electro-Hydraulic Brake of Electric Automobiles and Intelligent Connected Vehicles

2025-99-0402

12/10/2025

The traditional hydraulic braking system with vacuum booster technology is very mature, but it is not suitable for use in electric vehicles due to the lack of a vacuum source. The brake system by wire is an innovative electronic controlled braking technology, and the Electro-Hydraulic Brake is currently the most widely used brake system by wire in electric vehicles. The classification, structure, working principle, and advantages of Electro-Hydraulic Brake as a braking system for electric automobiles and intelligent connected vehicles are studied. The structure, working principle, advantages and disadvantages of Pump-Electro - Hydraulic Brake and Integrated Electro-Hydraulic Brake are compared and analyzed.

Song, Jiantong, Zhu, Chunhong, Ren, Xiaolong

Researchers Give New Meaning to the Term “Microwave Brain”

TBMG-54297

12/1/2025

Cornell researchers have developed a low-power microchip they call a “microwave brain,” the first processor to compute on both ultrafast data signals and wireless communication signals by harnessing the physics of microwaves.

Cellular Energy Architecture to Secure Resilient Energy Supply for Critical Infrastructure

2025-01-0516

11/25/2025

The introduction of renewable energy systems offers the opportunity to achieve energy self-sufficiency or autarky in addition to contributing towards carbon neutrality by reducing the dependency on energy logistics. Amidst growing geo-political conflicts and natural calamities, the scenario of energy shortage or disruption of energy logistics is a major threat, especially for Europe due to the significant reliance on import of primary energy. Achieving autarky, however, requires a distinction between energy consumers that need uninterrupted energy supply and consumers that could potentially be cut-off during energy shortages to avoid prohibitive costs resulting from oversizing the system. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, communication systems, emergency services and key mobility nodes like fuelling stations and charging points needed to sustain the services provided by them, always need continuous energy supply. The architecture in current tools for optimising the design and operation of distributed energy systems is unable to distinguish and prioritise such critical consumers. Therefore, a cellular architecture is proposed to prioritise energy flows to critical consumers even during energy supply shortages. In the proposed architecture, components of a macro-system, termed the Energy Organism, are grouped into energy cells. The energy cells are then assigned priorities based on criticality. Although the concept of energy cells is not new, its implementation in designing resilient energy systems is less explored. A proof-of-concept is presented in the simulation framework ENERsim to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept using a village quarter consisting of external energy supply, distributed energy resources, critical and non-critical consumers as an example. An improved energy system design for the macro-system is demonstrated by including the ability of the critical cells to interact with neighbouring non-critical cells, potentially accessing back-up reserves under multiple simulated disruptive scenarios.

Vijay, Arjun, Thaler, Bernhard, Köcheler, Valentin, Oppl, Thomas, Trapp, Christian

Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ SET File

J2945/BS_202511 (Current)11/20/2025

Included in this set are the SAE J2945/B Standard which specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between connected vehicles (CVs) and connected intersections (CIs) to support traffic signal priority and preemption (TSPP) applications. It specifies the use of updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) message format, data frame, and data element definitions. Also included is the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) messages, along with the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) application data, defined in SAE J2945/B defined in SAE J2945/B. Included in the ASN.1 file is the complete SAE J2735 ASN.1 along with the updates to the ASN.1 for the SRM and SSM defined in SAE J2945/B.

Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee

Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ ASN File

J2945/BA_202511 (Current)11/20/2025

This Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) messages, along with the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) application data, defined in SAE J2945/B. Included in the ASN.1 file is the complete SAE J2735 ASN.1 along with the updates to the ASN.1 for the SRM and SSM defined in SAE J2945/B.

Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee

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