Browse Topic: Communication protocols

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Towards a Smarter E-Bike: Enhancing Energy Efficiency through Adaptive Speed Control2026-01-0736To be published on 07/01/2026
This paper presents the development of a speed controller for e-bikes, designed as part of an energy-adaptive assistance system. The controller provides riders with appropriate support along planned routes, based on the available battery capacity. The control concept is intended for integration into existing commercial e-bikes without requiring extensive modifications to the drive system. Therefore, the rider remains part of the control loop, adjusting the support mode according to instructions from the controller. The speed controller is implemented as a rule-based state machine, enabling comprehensible design and parameterization Since the rider must manually switch between support modes while riding, the control logic incorporates hysteresis and dead times to ensure stability, prevent oscillations and avoid frequent mode switching. The user interface is a smartphone application that issues visual and audio instructions for switching support modes. An initial, system-independent
Rauch, Yannick, Simmann, Gabriel, Schneider, Manuel, Goss, Christian, Kriesten, Reiner
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202606 (Current)6/29/2026
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/6_202606 (Current)6/24/2026
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle
Hybrid - EV Committee
857 Securing Non-Safety SATCOM CommunicationsARINC857 (Current)6/15/2026
This document provides comprehensive guidance on cybersecurity practices, threat assessment, and security controls for non-safety satellite communication (Satcom) systems onboard commercial aircraft, emphasizing protection of data, system integrity, and privacy.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Design and Run-Time Information Exchange for Health-Ready ComponentsJA6268_202303 (Current)5/26/2026
This Surface Vehicle & Aerospace Recommended Practice offers best practices and a methodology by which IVHM functionality relating to components and subsystems should be integrated into vehicle or platform level applications. The intent of the document is to provide practitioners with a structured methodology for specifying, characterizing and exposing the inherent IVHM functionality of a component or subsystem using a common functional reference model, i.e., through the exchange of design-time data and the application of standard vehicle data communications interfaces. This document includes best practices and guidance related to the specification of the information that must be exchanged between the functional layers in the IVHM system or between lower-level components/subsystems and the higher-level control system to enable health monitoring and tracking of system degradation severity. The intent is to provide an IVHM system that can robustly report the degradation of a given
HM-1 Integrated Vehicle Health Management Committee
E/E Diagnostic Test Modes: OBDonUDSJ1979-2_202604 (Current)4/21/2026
SAE J1979-2 describes the communication between the vehicle’s OBD systems and test equipment required by OBD regulations. OBD regulations require passenger cars and light-, medium-, and heavy-duty trucks to support a minimum set of diagnostic information to external (off-board) “generic” test equipment.
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
OBD-II Scan Tool: First Generation ProtocolsJ1978-1_202604 (Current)4/20/2026
SAE J1978-1 specifies a complementary set of functions to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool. These functions provide complete, efficient, and safe access to all regulated OBD (on-board diagnostic) services on any vehicle which complies to SAE J1979. The content of this document is intended to satisfy the requirements of an OBD-II scan tool as required by current U.S. OBD regulations. This document specifies: A means of establishing communications between an OBD-equipped vehicle and an OBD-II scan tool. A set of diagnostic services to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool in order to exercise the services defined in SAE J1979. In addition, SAE J1978-1 covers first generation protocol functionality defined in SAE J1979 plus automatic protocol determination for all SAE J1979/J1979-2/J1979-3 application content. The presentation of the SAE J1978 document family, where SAE J1978-1 covers first generation protocol functionality defined in SAE J1979 and protocol determination for SAE J1979, SAE
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202604 (Historical)4/9/2026
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Embedded Real-Time Control of a Distributed Trailer Propulsion System with Regenerative Braking for Net Neutral Load Towing2026-01-00654/7/2026
Towing imposes substantial efficiency penalties on both battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, reducing range by 30-50%. This paper presents a proof-of-concept embedded control architecture for distributed trailer propulsion that actively regulates drawbar force to reduce towing loads. Unlike proprietary e-trailer systems requiring specialized hardware, the proposed implementation demonstrates feasibility using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and open-source software. The distributed architecture employs dual Raspberry Pi 4B single-board computers communicating via ROS 2 at 20 Hz. The trailer-mounted controller executes a Simulink-generated control node coordinating load cell acquisition (HX711 ADC), motor CAN bus telemetry, and throttle commands to a 5 kW BLDC traction motor powered by a 5 kWh LiFePO4 battery pack. A vehicle-mounted controller logs OBD-II/CAN validation data. The control pipeline implements cascaded EWMA/Hampel
Joshi, Gaurav, Adelman, Ian, Liu, Jun, Donnaway, Ruthie
The Simple Complexity of Reverse Engineering a Vehicle CAN Bus2026-01-00704/7/2026
Automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) closely guard information about their products due to the significant investment in vehicle research and development. However, advancing automotive innovation often requires insights from existing systems to improve safety, efficiency, and performance. The Controller Area Network (CAN) bus remains the industry standard for communication between electronic control units (ECUs), yet CAN message specifications are typically proprietary and undocumented. This paper presents a case study involving the reverse engineering of CAN messages from a 2024 Toyota Grand Highlander powertrain. By capturing and analyzing communication between a diagnostics tester and the vehicle’s ECUs and replicating the communication, substituting A CANcase and software in place of a diagnostics tester, we were able to reverse engineer the vehicle’s CAN bus, demonstrating a practical methodology for decoding and interpreting CAN traffic without prior access to
Bolarinwa, Emmanuel, Peters, Diane
Optimizing Custom Hybrid Solutions for Low-Volume Specialist Equipment2026-01-04794/7/2026
Off-road vehicles are typically powered by diesel engines, sized to cover the highest peak loads in their dutycycles. Such applications can be designed with downsized engines, using hybridization to supplement engine power with electrical power for short periods. However, many applications are low-volume and specialized, making it impractical to deploy heavy engineering resources to optimize each one. For this reason, manufacturers tend to produce maid-of-all-work vehicles to cover every situation. This paper demonstrates the benefits of custom hybridization for specialist applications, and addresses the lack of accessible software tools for evaluating such opportunities. Analysis is applied with a fast, low-cost, Concept-based software tool named “ePOP Concept”, suited to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) who seek to provide custom low-volume vehicles. It allows many different powertrain architectures to be evaluated rapidly at the product planning stage, and can be quickly set
De Salis, Rupert, Fons, Daniel
A Simple Analytical Model for Predicting Cooperative Ratio in Agreement-Seeking Cooperative Driving Automation with C-V2X Communication2026-01-00784/7/2026
Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) has emerged as an active research area in recent years, categorized into four classes of operations with varying levels of cooperation as defined in the SAE J3216 standard. Among these, Class C CDA, referred to as Agreement-Seeking Cooperation (ASC), has received limited attention in literature. Unlike Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), which typically engages when lead vehicles are identified as cooperative and disagree under manual override or safety-critical conditions, ASC requires agents to exchange messages interactively to reach consensus on a proposed plan and its implementation. This necessitates more sophisticated communication and control designs, which in turn influences customized ASC efficiency. Previous work has examined, through simulation, the impact of three key parameters on ASC system performance: CDA message transmission frequency, Packet Drop Ratio (PDR), and Cooperation Duration Length (CDL). In this paper, we extend
Zhan, Lu, Di Russo, Miriam, Das, Debashis, Stutenberg, Kevin, Misra, Priyash, Jeong, Jongryeol, Hyeon, Eunjeong
Signal Integrity in Distributed BMS: Reliable SPI and Ethernet Communication for Next-Gen Evs2026-01-01714/7/2026
Distributed battery management systems (BMS) are critical for scaling electric vehicle packs to hundreds of cells, but reliable high-speed communication between modules remains a challenge. Daisy-chained SPI and CAN FD are widely deployed today, while Ethernet is being evaluated for next-generation systems that require higher bandwidth, synchronization, and diagnostics. This paper examines the signal integrity (SI) challenges facing distributed BMS communication, including skew, jitter, crosstalk, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) across PCB traces and wiring harnesses. HyperLynx and SPICE-based simulations are combined with experimental results on a 192-cell test platform to quantify the impact of layout constraints, impedance mismatches, and harness parasitic. Results show that poor SI design can reduce signal margins by more than 18 dB, leading to data corruption and diagnostic failures. Results show poor SI design can reduce signal margins by 18 dB, causing data errors
Abdul Karim, Abdul Salam
Quantifying the Impact of Towing on BEV Energy Use: Instrumented On Road Testing and Chassis Dynamometer Reproduction2026-01-04314/7/2026
Electrification is rapidly entering all vehicle classes, including light- and heavy-duty trucks designed for heavy towing capabilities. Still, the quantitative impact of towing on battery-electric vehicle (BEV) energy use and range remains under-characterized. We conducted controlled towing tests with a Ford F-150 Lightning using two trailers of different sizes and varying payloads to isolate aerodynamic and mass effects and to span the full range of towable payloads within the vehicle’s rated capacity. The vehicle was instrumented at the CAN bus level, capturing motor power, torque, speed, and related internal signals from different control modules. On-road testing consisted of repeated back-and-forth passes on level, straight road segments at set speeds focusing on highway operation, where aerodynamic drag is stronger and real-world towing use cases occur. From these data, we extracted road load equations and dynamometer coefficients for each trailer combination, then reproduced
Timermans Ladero, Inigo
Mitigation of Sensor-Level Cyber-Physical Attacks on Electric Vehicle Powertrains: A Simulation-Based Study2026-01-00914/7/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) rely extensively on sensor feedback for safe and efficient powertrain operation. However, this dependency introduces cyber-physical vulnerabilities, especially when sensor signals are maliciously manipulated. This paper presents a simulation-based investigation into sensor-level cyberattacks on a mid-sized EV powertrain model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. The study quantifies mechanical consequences and evaluates mitigation strategies to enhance system resilience. Four representative attack scenarios were simulated. Speed sensor spoofing led the controller to misinterpret vehicle velocity, causing a 41% overshoot beyond the 50 km/h setpoint. False data injection into torque/current sensors triggered an unintended torque surge of approximately 20%, resulting in inverter current saturation within 2 seconds. Battery temperature spoofing delayed thermal protection, allowing a deviation of 1.5 °C/min beyond safe operating limits. A hybrid attack combining frozen
Tariq, Usama, Sahandabadi, Sahereh, Dianat, Ali
Application Layer - Generator Sets and IndustrialJ1939/75_202603 (Current)3/19/2026
SAE J1939-75 defines the set of data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) for information predominantly associated with monitoring and control generators and driven equipment in electric power generation and industrial applications. The data parameters (SPs) and messages (PGs) previously published within this document are published in SAE J1939DA. Applications using the SAE J1939-75 document must refer to SAE J1939DA for the SAE J1939 parameters and messages for monitoring and controlling the power units, e.g., engines and turbines, that power the generators and driven industrial equipment.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Serial Control and Communications Heavy-Duty Vehicle Network - Top-Level DocumentJ1939_202603 (Current)3/17/2026
This top-level document provides a general overview of the SAE J1939 network and describes the subordinate document structure. This document includes definitions of terms and abbreviations which are used among the various SAE J1939 subordinate documents.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
J1939 Enhanced DBCJ1939DBC_2026033/10/2026
The SAE J1939 Enhanced DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1939 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: The SAE J1939 Enhanced DBC file with Includes 2,400+ Parameter Group Numbers (PGNs) and 16,000+ Suspect Parameter Numbers (SPNs), derived from the J1939 Digital Annex (DA) released in March 2026. One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1939: Convert J1939 data in wide range of software/API tools Combines the J1939DBC and J1939-73DBC files into a single resource REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch Improved Accuracy & Reliability A fully standardized DBC file ensures precise signal decoding, eliminating errors and ensuring reliable data
IoT-Enabled Cloud-Integrated Smart Parking System with Real-Time Monitoring and AI-Based Space Optimization for Next-Gen Mobility2026-28-01132/12/2026
This study presents the design and implementation of an advanced IoT-enabled, cloud-integrated smart parking system, engineered to address the critical challenges of urban parking management and next-generation mobility. The proposed architecture utilizes a distributed network of ultrasonic and infrared occupancy sensors, each interfaced with a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller, to enable precise, real-time monitoring of individual parking spaces. Sensor data is transmitted via secure MQTT protocol to a centralized cloud platform (AWS IoT Core), where it is aggregated, timestamped, and stored in a NoSQL database for scalable, low-latency access. A key innovation of this system is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based space optimization algorithms, leveraging historical occupancy patterns and predictive analytics (using LSTM neural networks) to dynamically allocate parking spaces and forecast demand. The cloud platform exposes RESTful APIs, facilitating seamless
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, S, Balakrishnan, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Boobalan, Saravanan, Abdul Rahim, Mohamed Arshad, S, Manikandan, R, Jamuna, L, Rishi Kannan
AI Smart Timer-Based Power Control and Energy Monitoring System for Home Appliances2026-28-00602/12/2026
The paper presents the design and implementation of an AI-enabled smart timer-based power control and energy monitoring solution for household appliances. The proposed system integrates real-time sensing of electrical device parameters with cloud artificial intelligence for predictive analytics and automatic control. Continuous measurement of voltage, current and power consumption of the connected appliances are performed for analysis of the usage patterns. The appliance operation is completely automated by choosing between the best option which is the user-defined schedule or the load shifted schedule recommended by AI. The AI recommendation depends on peak demand of the day and the current load requirement thereby aiding approximate smoothening of daily load curve and improving load factor. The data collected is transmitted to the cloud for real-time and historical data collection, for prediction of consumption patterns, anomaly detection, and clustering appliances according to their
D, Anitha, D, Suchitra, Jain, Utsav, Maity, Souvik, Dinda, Atish
Automotive Ethernet Proxy-Based Security Architecture in Vehicle Computers2026-28-01212/12/2026
Modern vehicles require sophisticated, secure communication systems to handle the growing complexity of automotive technology. As in-vehicle networks become more integrated with external wireless services, they face increasing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This paper introduces a specialized Proxy based security architecture designed specifically for Internet Protocol (IP) based communication within vehicles. The framework utilizes proxy servers as security gatekeepers that mediate data exchanges between Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and outside networks. At its foundation, this architecture implements comprehensive traffic management capabilities including filtering, validation, and encryption to ensure only legitimate data traverses the vehicle's internal systems. By embedding proxies within the automotive middleware layer, the framework enables advanced protective measures such as intrusion detection systems, granular access controls, and protected over-the-air (OTA) update
M, Arvind, Praneetha, Appana Durga, Remalli, Ravi Teja
To Study and Compare Communication Protocol for Fast Charging in Electric Two-Wheeler with Respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-01981/16/2026
This comprehensive research presents an in-depth analysis of communication protocols essential for implementing fast charging systems in India's rapidly expanding electric two-wheeler and three-wheeler market. As India witnesses unprecedented growth in electric mobility, with two-wheelers representing over 95% of current EV sales, the establishment of standardized, secure, and efficient charging protocols becomes paramount for widespread adoption. This study examines the current landscape of AC charging methodologies, evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of DC fast charging implementation, and provides detailed comparative analysis of existing international standards including IS 17017-25, IS 17017-31, ChaoJi, and CCS 2.0. The research concludes with strategic recommendations for developing cyber-secure, cost-effective charging infrastructure specifically tailored to meet India's unique market requirements and operational constraints.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-01731/16/2026
The proliferation of wireless charging technology in electric vehicles (EVs) introduces novel cybersecurity challenges that require comprehensive threat analysis and resilient design strategies. This paper presents a proactive framework for assessing and mitigating cybersecurity risks in wireless charger Electronic Control Units (ECUs), addressing the unique vulnerabilities inherent in electromagnetic power transfer systems. Through systematic threat modeling, vulnerability assessment, and the development of defense-in-depth strategies, this research establishes design principles for creating robust wireless charging ecosystems resistant to cyber threats. The proposed framework integrates hardware security modules, encrypted communication protocols, and adaptive threat detection mechanisms to ensure operational integrity while maintaining charging efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed security measures in preventing unauthorized access, data
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-06131/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
Chaudhary lng, Vikash, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Cybersecurity in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Review of Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies2026-26-06141/16/2026
The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure introduces complex cybersecurity challenges across hardware, software, network, and cloud layers. This review paper synthesizes existing research, standards, and documented incidents to identify critical vulnerabilities and propose layered mitigation strategies. We present a structured threat taxonomy based on the STRIDE model, enriched with real-world attack vectors and mapped to mitigation controls. Our analysis spans physical tampering, insecure firmware updates, protocol-level flaws in OCPP and ISO 15118, and cloud misconfigurations. While prior studies often focus on isolated domains, this work unifies fragmented insights into a cohesive framework. We highlight gaps in current literature, such as inconsistent adoption of secure protocols and limited validation of EVSE identity formats. By aligning threats with industry standards (SAE J3061, NIST CSF, IEC 62443) and scoring risks using CVSS v3.1, we offer a
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee, Avik
Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval and the Road Ahead2026-26-02461/16/2026
Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure
Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin
Assessment of Cybersecurity Risks in State-Operated Connected Electric Passenger Buses in India2026-26-06101/16/2026
State Transport Units (STUs) are increasingly using electric buses (EVs) as a result of India's quick shift to sustainable mobility. Although there are many operational and environmental benefits to this development, like lower fuel prices, fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and quieter urban transportation, there are also serious cybersecurity dangers. The attack surface for potential cyber threats is expanded by the integration of connected technologies, such as cloud-based fleet management, real-time monitoring, and vehicle telematics. Although these systems make fleet operations smarter and more efficient, they are intrinsically susceptible to remote manipulation, data breaches, and unwanted access. This study looks on cybersecurity flaws unique to connected passenger electric vehicles (EVs) that run on India's public transit system. Electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), telematics control units (TCUs), over-the-air (OTA) update systems, and in-car networks (such as the Controller
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Gear Shift Validation of Multi Speed EV Transmission on Test Bench using Vehicle Control Unit2026-26-05321/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmissions play a vital role in powering EVs by channeling energy from the electric motor to the wheels. Recently, the focus has shifted to multi-speed transmissions in the EV sector due to their potential to improve efficiency and performance. By utilizing various gear ratios, these transmissions enable the motor to function within its most efficient range across different speeds. Most of these transmissions need electric control unit (ECU) with software for optimal functionality and smoother gear shifting. These controllers incorporate controller area network (CAN) communication protocol to operate along with other ECUs. Thus validation of these transmissions is a challenge as they are clutch less, motor has to be controlled for speed matching and have electro mechanical systems replacing conventional systems for operation. This paper proposes a methodology to validate multispeed EV transmissions on a test bench. The validation setup consists of electric
Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral, Soor, Debasis
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-05931/16/2026
The invention tackles the main drawback of traditional electric vehicle charge ports which use Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) communication intensively and tend to have separate actuators to fulfill the locking function and requirements. These existing systems do not only limit autonomous operation of the charging lid in ignition-off condition but they also add mechanical complexity and packaging space, as well. To overcome these limitations, this research work introduces a Smart Charge Port Housing (CPH), which combines a rotary actuator with an onboard microcontroller and single shaft self-locking device, which allows intelligent and autonomous control of the flaps without relying on vehicle wide control networks. The actuator can remember the last position that the charging lid was in so it can be operated even while the VCU is in the inactive state. The integrated self-locking functionality is achieved by using a specially designed hinge shaft that allows a certain free play for
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of Data Streaming Methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-06921/16/2026
As electric trucks become more central to modern logistics, the need for smarter, more adaptive route planning is growing rapidly. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing and recalibrating such optimized routes in real time. Integrating map features into the navigation mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, vehicle coordinates and deviation in expected energy consumption. This study compares the performance of Server sent events (SSE), web sockets, and Application programming interface (API) polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our results demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, Dadoo, Vishal, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-01761/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive testing framework and safety evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging systems, incorporating advanced theoretical modeling and experimental validation of a modern, integrated 3-in-1 combo unit (PDU, DCDC, OBC). The proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and flexible charging solutions, with V2V technology emerging as a critical decentralized infrastructure component. This study establishes a rigorous mathematical framework for power flow analysis, develops novel safety protocols based on IEC 61508 and ISO 26262 functional safety standards, and presents comprehensive experimental validation across 47 test scenarios. The framework encompasses five primary test categories: functional performance validation, power conversion efficiency optimization, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) assessment, thermal management evaluation, and comprehensive fault-injection testing including Byzantine fault scenarios
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Nikam, Sandip B.
Impact of Virtual ECUs on Software Development and Validation Using the Shift Left Strategy2026-26-06811/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformational shift with the addition of Virtual ECU in the development of software and validation. The Level 3 Virtual ECU concept will lead to the transformation in the SDLC process, as early detection of defects will have a significant impact on cost and effort reduction. This paper explains the application of a Level 3 virtual ECU which can enable to perform testing in initial period considering the Shift Left Strategy, which will significantly reduce development time. This paper demonstrates various development and validation strategies of virtual ECU and how it can impact project timeline.
Bhopi, Amey, Sengar, Bhan
Development of an Optimized XCP Software Stack for Real-Time Validation of Vehicle Control Units Using Next-Generation Communication Protocols2026-26-01901/16/2026
With the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), ensuring the reliability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of power electronic subsystems such as onboard chargers, DC-DC converters, and vehicle control units (VCUs) has become a critical engineering focus. These components require thorough validation using precise calibration and communication protocols. This paper presents the development and implementation of an optimized software stack for the Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol (XCP), aimed at real-time validation of VCUs using next-generation communication methods such as CAN, CAN-FD, and Ethernet. The stack facilitates read/write access to the ECU’s internal memory in runtime, enabling efficient diagnostics, calibration, and parameter tuning without hardware modifications. It is designed to be modular, platform-independent, and compatible with microcontrollers across different EV platforms. By utilizing the ASAM-compliant protocol architecture, the proposed system
Uthaman, Sreekumar
Sensorless Tire Health Monitoring System based on Machine Learning for Passenger Vehicles2026-26-06701/16/2026
Tire wear progression is a nonlinear and multi-factor degradation phenomenon that directly influences vehicle safety, handling stability, braking performance, rolling resistance, and fleet operational cost. Global accident investigations indicate that accelerated or undetected tread depletion contributes to nearly 30% of highway tire blowouts, highlighting the limitations of conventional wear indicators such as physical tread wear bars, mileage-based service intervals, and periodic manual inspections. These manual and threshold-based approaches fail to capture dynamic driving loads, compound ageing, pressure imbalance effects, or platform-specific wear behaviours, thereby preventing timely intervention in real-world conditions. This work presents an Indirect Tire Wear Health Monitoring System that employs an advanced Machine Learning + Transfer learning architecture to infer tread wear level and Remaining Useful Life (RUL) without relying on any tire-mounted sensors. The system ingests
Imteyaz, Shahma, Iqbal, Shoaib
Virtual ECU: Development & Validation Platform2026-26-06831/16/2026
The Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous
Singh, Jyotsana, Shaikh, Arshiya, Mane, Rahul, Burangi, Piyush
AI-Powered Intelligent Cognitive Lens for Driver Monitoring for Safe Transportation and Increased Fleet Efficiency Abstract2026-26-06341/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Chikhale, Shraddha, Sing, Sandip, Hivarkar, Umesh, Mardhekar, Amogh
Dynamic Diagnostic Controller Architecture for Scalable and Adaptive Zonal Based Vehicle Platforms2026-26-06891/16/2026
The rapid evolution of in-vehicle electronic systems toward zonal based architectures introduces a new layer of complexity in automotive diagnostics. Traditional architectures, built on Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocols, operate on a uniform Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), enabling simplified and consistent diagnostic workflows across Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, next-generation platforms must accommodate diverse communication protocols (e.g., CAN, LIN, DoIP, SOME/IP) and heterogeneous operating systems (e.g., RTOS, Linux, QNX), resulting in fragmented and inflexible diagnostic processes. This paper presents a Diagnostic controller that addresses these challenges by enabling unified, scalable, and adaptive diagnostic capabilities across modern vehicle platforms. The proposed system consolidates protocol handling at the application level, abstracts diagnostic complexities, and allows cross-platform communication through
Mukherjee, Soumyadeep, Raman, Kothanda
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202601 (Historical)1/2/2026
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and searched for easier use.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Toward Enhanced Goods Tracking in Commercial Vehicle Interiors through AI and Sensor Integrations12-09-02-001612/23/2025
The efficient tracking and management of goods within light commercial vehicles (LCVs) is crucial for various industries, particularly craftsmen and parcel delivery services. This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies to enhance item tracking and optimize logistical operations in LCVs. Two technological approaches are examined: a Bluetooth-based tracking system and a camera-based parcel identification framework. The Bluetooth-based solution is designed primarily for craftsmen. It employs Bluetooth tags, vehicle connectivity gateways (VCGs), and a centralized server to provide real-time inventory monitoring and prevent tool misplacement. The camera-based system is aimed at parcel carriers. It utilizes AI-driven object detection and pose estimation to localize and identify parcels within the vehicle. Experimental evaluations show that Bluetooth tracking ensures reliability in tool management and the AI-based vision system holds promise
Aslandere, Turgay, Lens, Mathijs, Kirchhof, Jörg Christian, Robberechts, Pieter, Grein, Marcel, Meert, Wannes, Vandewalle, Patrick, Davis, Jesse, Rumpe, Bernhard, Goedemé, Toon
Development of a Data Acquisition System for an Electric Formula SAE Vehicle2025-36-015112/18/2025
The acquisition of sensor data is essential for the operation and validation of the SAE vehicle. This system must be capable of converting analog data into digital form and communicating with the sensors. To this end, printed circuit boards (PCBs) were designed and manufactured, incorporating electromagnetic interference mitigation solutions through various analog filters, in order to ensure the integrity of the acquired signals. Data conversion and communication were implemented using a microprocessor from the STM32 family, with efficient transmission of the processed data carried out via the CAN protocol.
David, Mateus Padilha, Andrade, Fernanda Matsumoto Lima, Sousa Oliveira, Ivan, Carvalho, Luis Pedro Feio, Guerreiro, Joel Filipe, Ribeiro, Rodrigo Eustaquio, Santos Neto, Pedro José
An AI-Based Embedded Offline Voice Assistant for Commercial Trucks: Enhancing Driver Safety and HMI Design2025-36-007812/18/2025
Commercial vehicle operation faces challenges from driver distraction associated with traditional Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) and inconsistent network connectivity, particularly in long-haul scenarios. This paper addresses these issues through the development and presentation of an embedded, offline AI-powered voice assistant. The system is designed to reduce driver distraction and enhance operational efficiency by enabling hands-free control of vehicle functions and access to critical information, irrespective of internet availability. The technical approach involves a three-tier architecture comprising an Android-based In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) unit for primary user interaction and voice processing, an Android mobile device acting as a communication bridge and processing hub, and a proprietary OBD-II dongle for CAN bus interfacing. Offline speech recognition is achieved using embedded wake word detection and speech-to-intent engines. A user-centered design methodology
De Oliveira Nelson, Rafael, De Almeida, Lucas Gomes, Arantes Levenhagen, Ivan
State of the Art and Perspectives of V2G and Plug & Charge in the Electric Mobility Ecosystem2025-36-017512/18/2025
The advancement of electric mobility has driven the development of technologies aimed at enabling smart, secure, and interoperable electric vehicle (EV) charging. In this context, this paper presents a technical and market analysis of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Plug & Charge (PnC) functionalities, focusing on their architectures, applicable technical standards, communication protocols, levels of commercial maturity, and emerging applications. The discussion begins with a review of the main national and international standards relevant to charging infrastructure, with emphasis on IEC 61851, IEC 62196, and ISO 15118 series, which address the technical requirements of equipment, connectors, and vehicle-to-grid communication. The operation of V2G is then discussed as a technology that enables bidirectional energy flow between the EV and the power grid, with a focus on topological configurations, pilot project applications, and regulatory and economic challenges that currently limit its
Marques, Felipe L. R., Arioli, Vitor T., Bernardo, Rodrigo, Nakandakare, Cleber A., Pizzini, Luiz R., Nicola, Eduardo V.
OBD-II Scan Tool - Second Generation ProtocolsJ1978-2_202512 (Current)12/10/2025
SAE J1978-2 specifies a complementary set of functions to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool. These functions provide complete, efficient access to all regulated OBD services on any vehicle that is compliant with SAE J1979-2 and SAE J1979-3. The content of this document is intended to satisfy the requirements of an OBD-II scan tool as required by current U.S. OBD regulations. This document specifies: A means of establishing communications between an OBD-equipped vehicle and an OBD-II scan tool. A set of diagnostic services to be provided by an OBD-II scan tool in order to exercise the services defined in SAE J1979-2 and SAE J1979-3. In addition, SAE J1978-1 covers first generation protocol functionality defined in SAE J1979 plus automatic protocol determination for all SAE J1979/J1979-2/J1979-3 application content. The presentation of the SAE J1978 document family, where SAE J1978-2 covers second generation protocol functionality defined in SAE J1979-2 and SAE J1979-3, and SAE J1978-1
Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
647A-2 Flight Recorder Electronic Documentation (FRED)ARINC647A-2 (Current)12/1/2025
This specification is an international standard defining the content and format of electronic files which document Flight Data Recording systems. The FRED specification is an expansion of the Flight Recorder Configuration Standard (FRCS) and is intended to provide guidelines for software systems designers and developers of ground support equipment for flight data recorders. The FRED specification has been developed to facilitate the exchange of Flight Data Recorder (FDR) documentation between aircraft manufacturers, operators, and government agencies. This specification addresses the ARINC Specification 664: Part 7, Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet in numerous sections.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Controller Area Network–Based Vehicle Safety System09-13-02-001111/22/2025
This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque
Rampath, Amaan, Stopforth, Riaan, Proctor-Parker, Craig
CARLA Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Environment for Autonomous Driving12-09-02-001511/20/2025
This article suggests a validation methodology for autonomous driving. The goal is to validate front camera sensors in advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) based on virtually generated scenarios. The outcome is the CARLA-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment (CHASE). It allows the rapid prototyping and validation of the ADAS software. We tested this general approach on a specific experimental application/setup for a vehicle front camera sensor. The setup results were then proven to be comparable to real-world sensor performance. The CARLA simulation environment was used in tandem with a vehicle CAN bus interface. This introduced a significantly improved realism to user-defined test scenarios and their results. The approach benefits from almost unlimited variability of traffic scenarios and the cost-efficient generation of massive testing data.
Cardozo, Shawn Moses, Hlavác, Václav
Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ ASN FileJ2945/BA_202511 (Current)11/20/2025
This Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) messages, along with the Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) application data, defined in SAE J2945/B. Included in the ASN.1 file is the complete SAE J2735 ASN.1 along with the updates to the ASN.1 for the SRM and SSM defined in SAE J2945/B.
Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee
Minimum Requirements to Support Traffic Signal Priority and Preemption™ SET FileJ2945/BS_202511 (Current)11/20/2025
Included in this set are the SAE J2945/B Standard which specifies the over-the-air (OTA) interface between connected vehicles (CVs) and connected intersections (CIs) to support traffic signal priority and preemption (TSPP) applications. It specifies the use of updated revisions of the SAE J2735 Signal Request Message (SRM) and Signal Status Message (SSM) and the use of a Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Service Advertisement (WSA) to advertise support for TSPP at a CI. Included are a concept of operations, requirements, design, and the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) message format, data frame, and data element definitions. Also included is the Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) file precisely defines the structure of the data used to implement applications conformant to the SAE J2945/B Standard. Using this ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used to produce encodings to enable applications to easily encode and decode the Signal Request Message (SRM) and
Connected Transportation Interoperability Committee
SAE J1939 CAN FD Functional Safety Assurance DataJ1939-77_202511 (Current)11/19/2025
This document describes the functional safety (FuSa) assurance data to be included when communicating safety-related A_PDUs using either the Multi-PG service or the FD Transport service within an SAE J1939-22 protocol stack. It specifies the following: The parameters that make up the FuSa assurance information The behavioral requirements when producing and consuming FuSa assurance information The technical requirements for different FuSa profiles intended to meet different application requirements The trailer formats for the different FuSa profiles that can be incorporated into Multi-PG and FD Transport services This document does not specify the assignment of a FuSa profile to any values of the TOS and TF fields when using the Multi-PG service, or to any value of the AD TYPE field when using the FD Transport service; instead, SAE J1939-22, or an OEM in the manufacturer-specific ranges of these fields, specifies the assignments for these fields.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
SAE J1939 Functional Safety Communications ProtocolJ1939-76_202511 (Current)11/19/2025
This document provides the technical requirements for implementing the SAE J1939 Functional Safety Communication Protocol in a manner determined suitable for meeting industry applicable functional safety standards.
Truck and Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
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