Browse Topic: Communication protocols

Items (934)
In the automotive industry, the zonal architecture is a design approach that organizes a vehicle’s electronic and communication systems into specific zones. These zones group components based on their function and physical location, enabling more efficient integration and simplified communication between the vehicle’s various systems. An important aspect of this architecture is the implementation of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. CAN is a serial communication protocol developed specifically for automotive applications, allowing various electronic devices within a vehicle, such as sensors, actuators, and Electronic Control Units (ECUs), to communicate with each other quickly and reliably, sharing information essential for the vehicle’s operation. However, due to its limitations, there is a need for more efficient protocols like Automotive Ethernet and Controller Area Network Flexible (CAN FD), which allow for higher transmission rates and larger data packets. To centralize
Santos, Felipe CarvalhoSilva, Antônio LucasPaterlini, BrunoPedroso, Henrique GomesAlves, Joyce MartinsMilani, Pedro Henrique PiresKlepa, Rogério Bonette
Modern vehicles are increasingly integrating electronic control units (ECUs), enhancing their intelligence but also amplifying potential security threats. Vehicle network security testing is crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers and vehicles. ECUs communicate via the in-vehicle network, adhering to the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus protocol. Due to its exposed interfaces, lack of data encryption, and absence of identity authentication, the CAN network is susceptible to exploitation by attackers. Fuzz testing is a critical technique for uncovering vulnerabilities in CAN network. However, existing fuzz testing methods primarily generate message randomly, lacking learning from the data, which results in numerous ineffective test cases, affecting the efficiency of fuzz testing. To improve the effectiveness and specificity of testing, understanding of the CAN message format is essential. However, the communication matrix of CAN messages is proprietary to the Original Equipment
Shen, LinXiu, JiapengZhang, ZhuopengYang, Zhengqiu
This SAE Technical Information Report (TIR) establishes the instructions for the documents required for the variety of potential functions for PEV communications, energy transfer options, interoperability, and security. This includes the history, current status, and future plans for migrating through these documents created in the Hybrid Communication and Interoperability Task Force, based on functional objective (e.g., [1] If I want to do V2G with an off-board inverter, what documents and items within them do I need, [2] What do we intend for V3 of SAE J2953, …).
Hybrid - EV Committee
In an era where automotive technology is rapidly advancing towards autonomy and connectivity, the significance of Ethernet in ensuring automotive cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As vehicles increasingly rely on high-speed communication networks like Ethernet, the seamless exchange of information between various vehicle components becomes paramount. This paper introduces a pioneering approach to fortifying automotive security through the development of an Ethernet-Based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) tailored for zonal architecture. Ethernet serves as the backbone for critical automotive applications such as advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), infotainment systems, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, necessitating high-bandwidth communication channels to support real-time data transmission. Additionally, the transition from traditional domain-based architectures to zonal architectures underscores Ethernet's role in facilitating efficient communication between
Appajosyula, kalyanSaiVitalVamsi
Wearable devices that use sensors to monitor biological signals can play an important role in health care. These devices provide valuable information that allows providers to predict, diagnose, and treat a variety of conditions while improving access to care and reducing costs.
In recent times there has been an upward trend in “Connected Vehicles”, which has significantly improved not only the driving experience but also the “ownership of the car”. The use of state-of-the-art wireless technologies, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X) connectivity, is crucial for its dependability and safety. V2X also effectively extends the information flow between the transportation ecosystem pedestrians, public infrastructure (traffic management system) and parking infrastructure, charging and fuel stations, Etc. V2X has a lot of potential to enhance traffic flow, boost traffic safety, and provide drivers and operators with new services. One of the fundamental issues is maintaining trustworthy and quick communication between cars and infrastructure. While establishing stable connectivity, reducing interference, and controlling the fluctuating quality of wireless transmissions, we have to ensure the Security and Privacy of V2I. Since there are multiple and diverse
Sundar, ShyamPundalik, KrantiveerUnnikrishnan, Ushma
This SAE Standard specifies a message set, and its data frames and data elements, for use by applications that use vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications systems.
V2X Core Technical Committee
Controller area network (CAN) buses, the most common intravehicle network (IVN) standard, have been used for over 30 years despite their simple architecture for connecting electronic control units (ECUs). Weight, maintenance costs, mobility promotion, and wired connection complexity increase with ECU count, especially for autonomous vehicles. This paper aims to enhance wired CAN with wireless features for autonomous vehicles (AVs). The proposed solutions include modifying the traditional ECU architecture to become wireless, implementing a hidden communication environment using a unique complementary code keying (CCK) modulation equation and presenting a strategy for dealing with jamming signals using two channels. The proposed wireless CAN (WCAN) is validated using OPNET analysis for performance and reliability. The results show that the bit error rate (BER) and packet loss of the receiver ECU are stable between different CCK modifications, indicating the robustness of the basic
Ibrahim, QutaibaAli, Zeina
This standard provides a specification of a general misbehavior report format suitable for reporting misbehavior observed by a system running SAE V2X applications, and specific report contents for specific instances of misbehavior. It also provides an overview of the architecture of a system-wide misbehavior management service for the V2X system and positions the misbehavior reporting services within that architecture.
V2X Security Technical Committee
This article offers an algorithmic solution for moving a homogeneous platoon of position-controlled vehicles on a curved path with varying speeds and in the presence of communication losses and delays. This article considers a trajectory-based platooning with the leader–following communication topology, where the lead vehicle communicates its reference position and orientation to each autonomous follower vehicle. A follower vehicle stores this communicated information for a specific period as a virtual trail of the lead vehicle starting from the lead vehicle’s initial position and orientation. An algorithm uses this trail to find the follower vehicle’s reference position and orientation on that trail, such that the follower vehicle maintains a constant distance from the lead vehicle. The proposed algorithm helps form a platoon where each vehicle can traverse a curve with varying speeds. In contrast, in the existing literature, most of the solutions for vehicle platooning on a curved
Bhaskar, RintuWahi, PankajPotluri, Ramprasad
With the development of automotive intelligence and networking, the communication architecture of automotive network is evolving toward Ethernet. To improve the real-time performance and reliability of data transmission in traditional Ethernet, time-sensitive network (TSN) has become the development direction of next-generation of automotive networks. The real-time advantage of TSN is based on accurate time synchronization. Therefore, a reliable time synchronization mechanism has become one of the key technologies for the application of automotive Ethernet technology. The protocol used to achieve accurate time synchronization in TSN is IEEE 802.1AS. This protocol defines a time synchronization mechanism suitable for automotive Ethernet. Through the master clock selection algorithm, peer link delay measurement, and clock synchronization and calibration mechanism, the time of each node in the vehicle network is synchronized to a reference master clock. In addition, the protocol clearly
Guo, YiLuo, FengWang, ZitongGan, HaotianWu, MingzhiLiu, Hongqian
This article presents an optimization scheme for LoRaWAN-based electric vehicle batteries monitoring system located in warehouses by utilizing techniques to optimize packet delivery and power settings. Utilizing simulations, we identify that system optimization largely depends on network traffic, influenced by active users and the adoption of the pure ALOHA protocol. We define a reward metric based on the packet delivery rate and power efficiency, aiming for settings that yield the maximum reward. Our approach includes duty cycle management to minimize network traffic and maximize throughput, especially critical when handling urgent data from batteries. Traffic management based on the number of critical batteries in the warehouse also plays a crucial role. Predictive modeling of future traffic further refines power settings for optimal performance. The proposed system, tested through simulations, shows an average of 31% higher reward compared to traditional methods without duty cycle
Tabatowski-Bush, BenjaminXiang, Weidong
The controller area network (CAN) bus, the prevailing standard for in-vehicle networking (IVN), has been used for more than four decades, despite its simple architecture, to establish communications between electronic control units (ECUs). Weight, maintenance overheads, improved flexibility, and wiring complexity escalate as the quantity of ECUs rises, especially for high-demand autonomous vehicles (AVs). The primary objective of this study is to examine and discuss the significant challenges that arise during the migration from a wired CAN to a wireless CAN (WCAN). Suggested remedies include changing the configuration of the conventional ECU, creating a hidden wireless communication domain for each AV, and developing a plan to counteract the jamming signals. The simulation of the proposed WCAN was done using MATLAB and validated using OPNET analysis. The results showed that the packet loss of the eavesdropping electronic control unit ranged from 63% to 100%. Anti-jamming results show
Ali, ZeinaIbrahim , Qutaiba
In the context of urban smart mobility, vehicles have to communicate with each other, surrounding infrastructure, and other traffic participants. By using Vehicle2X communication, it is possible to exchange the vehicles’ position, driving dynamics data, or driving intention. This concept yields the use for cooperative driving in urban environments. Based on current V2X-communication standards, a methodology for cooperative driving of automated vehicles in mixed traffic scenarios is presented. Initially, all communication participants communicate their dynamic data and planned trajectory, based on which a prioritization is calculated. Therefore, a decentralized cooperation algorithm is introduced. The approach of this algorithm is that every traffic scenario is translatable to a directed graph, based in which a solution for the cooperation problem is computed via an optimization algorithm. This solution is either computed decentralized by various traffic participants, who share and
Flormann, MaximilianHenze, Roman
Investigating human driver behavior enhances the acceptance of the autonomous driving and increases road safety in heterogeneous environments with human-operated and autonomous vehicles. The previously established driver fingerprint model, focuses on the classification of driving styles based on CAN bus signals. However, driving styles are inherently complex and influenced by multiple factors, including changing driving environments and driver states. To comprehensively create a driver profile, an in-car measurement system based on the Driver-Driven vehicle-Driving environment (3D) framework is developed. The measurement system records emotional and physiological signals from the driver, including the ECG signal and heart rate. A Raspberry Pi camera is utilized on the dashboard to capture the driver's facial expressions and a trained convolutional neural network (CNN) recognizes emotion. To conduct unobtrusive ECG measurements, an ECG sensor is integrated into the steering wheel
Ji, DejieFlormann, MaximilianWarnecke, Joana M.Henze, RomanDeserno, Thomas M.
What are the differences between the traditional automotive companies and “new mobility” players—and even more importantly, who will win? Those are the questions that this report discusses, taking a particular focus on engineering aspects in the automotive/mobility sector and addressing issues regarding innovation, business, market, and regulation Two Approaches to Mobility Engineering was developed with input from nearly 20 industry experts from new and established companies to gain an overview of the intricacies of newcomers and incumbents, to see where the industry stands, and to provide an outlook on where the sector is headed. It provides recommendations as to what respective players should do to master their future and stay at the forefront of mobility innovation. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.
Beiker, Sven
This standard specifies the communications hardware and software requirements for fueling hydrogen surface vehicles (HSV), such as fuel cell vehicles, but may also be used where appropriate with heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., buses) and industrial trucks (e.g., forklifts) with compressed hydrogen storage. It contains a description of the communications hardware and communications protocol that may be used to refuel the HSV. The intent of this standard is to enable harmonized development and implementation of the hydrogen fueling interfaces. This standard is intended to be used in conjunction with the hydrogen fueling protocols in SAE J2601 and nozzles and receptacles conforming with SAE J2600.
Fuel Cell Standards Committee
Axiomatic AX141155, compact CAN-Bluetooth® Low Energy Converter, is IP67-rated, CE, FCC, and vibration compliant for off-highway. Operate in SAE J1939 interface or CAN (protocol independent) Bridge modes. Power from 12V, 24V or 48Vdc and temperature range from 30 to +85°C. Configure via the Axiomatic CAN2BT app on compatible Apple iOS or Android devices. axiomatic.com
This chapter delves into the field of multi-agent collaborative perception (MCP) for autonomous driving: an area that remains unresolved. Current single-agent perception systems suffer from limitations, such as occlusion and sparse sensor observation at a far distance. To address this, three unsettled topics have been identified that demand immediate attention. First, it is crucial to establish normative communication protocols to facilitate seamless information sharing among vehicles. Second, collaboration strategies need to be defined, including identifying the need for specific collaboration projects, determining the collaboration partners, defining the content of collaboration, and establishing the integration mechanism. Finally, collecting sufficient data for MCP model training is vital. This includes capturing diverse modal data and labeling various downstream tasks as accurately as possible.
Chen, GuangChalmers, SethZheng, Ling
The software installed in Electronic Control Units (ECUs) has witnessed a significant scale expansion as the functionality of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) has become more sophisticated. To seek convenient long-term functional maintenance, stakeholders want to access ECUs data or update software from anywhere via diagnostic. Accordingly, as one of the external interfaces, Diagnostics over Internet Protocol (DoIP) is inevitably prone to malicious attacks. It is essential to note that cybersecurity threats not only arise from inherent protocol defects but also consider software implementation vulnerabilities. When implementing a specification, developers have considerable freedom to decide how to proceed. Differences between protocol specifications and implementations are often unavoidable, which can result in security vulnerabilities and potential attacks exploiting them. Considering the security risks and technology trends of vehicles, this paper uses model learning for the
Luo, FengWang, JiajiaLi, ZhihaoZhang, Xiaoxian
Connectivity is becoming increasingly prevalent in the automotive industry, and with that comes a growing awareness among consumers and regulators of the potential risks. Present-day automobiles are becoming smart and more software-driven. Conversely, every line of code equals a possible threat to the vehicle, the passenger, or the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). To hit the brakes on the alarming increase in cyber threats, government bodies have introduced standards and regulations globally. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) WP.29 R155 & R156 regulations and International Organization for Standardization/Society of Automotive Engineers (ISO/SAE) 21434 standards are becoming mandatory for all OEMs and are designed to ensure that vehicle functionalities work as intended and are built to mitigate safety risks. UNECE R155 explicitly references ISO/SAE 21434 and mandates a certified cybersecurity management system (CSMS) as a prerequisite for automotive
Zachos, MarkBajpai, VishalAgarwal, Preeti
The automotive industry is currently undergoing a significant transformation characterized by technological and commercial trends involving autonomous driving, connectivity, electrification, and shared service. Vehicles are becoming an integral part of a much broader ecosystem. In light of various new developments, the Software-Defined Vehicle (SDV) concept is gaining substantial attention and momentum. SDV emphasizes the central role of software in realizing and enhancing vehicle functions, enriching features, improving performance, adapting to surrounding environment and external conditions, customizing user experience, addressing changing customer needs, and enabling vehicles to dynamically evolve over their entire life cycle. The advancements in vehicle Electrical/Electronic (E/E) architecture and various key technologies serve as the technical foundation for the emergence of SDV. This paper gives a definition of the SDV concept, provides views from different aspects, discusses the
Jiang, Shugang
SAE J1979 and its “OBD Modes” served for the protection of our environment against harmful pollutants for decades, but due to regulatory adoption of Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS), SAE J1979 has now become a multiple part document series: SAE J1979 will be replaced by SAE J1979-2 for vehicles with combustion engines (ICEs) and by SAE J1979-3 for Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) propulsion systems. For ZEVs, emission-related failures will be replaced by ZEV propulsion-related failures. Both SAE J1979-2 and -3 are variants of ISO 14229 (UDS) but limited to emission-related and ZEV propulsion-related failures, respectively, and associated diagnostic data. These new diagnostic communication protocols are required by California Air Resources Board (CARB) but do not support vehicle-manufacturer-specific diagnostic applications like calibration or flash programming. For performance reasons of the flash process, the deployment of UDS on Internet Protocol (UDSonIP) as it is standardized in ISO
Subke, PeterHeineman, LindseyMayer, Julian
Recently, as part of the effort to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce costs for eco-friendly vehicles, the R-gearless system has been implemented in the TMED (P)HEV system. Due to the removal of the reverse gear, a distinct backward driving method needs to be developed, allowing the Electronic Motor (e-Motor) system to facilitate backward movement in the TMED (P)HEV system. However, the capability of backward driving with the e-Motor is limited because of partial failure in the high-voltage system of an R-gearless system. Thus, we demonstrate that it is possible to improve backward driving problems by applying a new fail-safe strategy. In the event of a high-voltage battery system failure, backward driving can be achieved using the e-Motor with constant voltage control by the Hybrid Starter Generator (HSG), as proposed in this study. The introduction of feed-forward compensation for variable constant voltage control allows for the securement of more active output power within the
Rho, JeongwonPark, ChilseongKim, TaejinKim, YonghyunHong, Eui SunPark, Daero
Accurately predicting real-world vehicle energy consumption is essential for optimizing vehicle designs, enhancing energy efficiency, and developing effective energy management strategies. This paper presents a data-driven approach that utilizes machine learning techniques and a comprehensive dataset of vehicle parameters and environmental factors to create precise energy consumption prediction models. The methodology involves recording real-world vehicle data using data loggers to extract information from the CAN bus systems for ICE and hybrid electric, as well as hydrogen and battery fuel cell vehicles. Data cleaning and cycle-based analysis are employed to process the dataset for accurate energy consumption prediction. This includes cycle detection and analysis using methods from statistics and signal processing, and then pattern recognition based on these metrics. K-means clustering and t-SNE were used to influence the design of the prediction model and inform about vehicle and
Whitmore, GarrettRockstroh, TobyHaenel, PatrickWilbrand, KarstenPomrehn, Michael
The US EPA and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) require electric vehicle range to be determined according to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) surface vehicle recommended practice J1634 - Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test Procedure. In the 2021 revision of the SAE J1634, the Short Multi-Cycle Test (SMCT) was introduced. The proposed testing protocol eases the chassis dynamometer test burden by performing a 2.1-hour drive cycle on the dynamometer, followed by discharging the remaining battery energy into a battery cycler to determine the Useable Battery Energy (UBE). Opting for a cycler-based discharge is financially advantageous due to the extended operating time required to fully deplete a 70-100kWh battery commonly found in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). This paper provides a review of the communication protocols enabling V2X (Vehicle to X, where X can be grid, vehicle, building, etc.) power transfer and the tools required to initiate
Roy, ApoorvaSiegel, JasonBhagdikar, PiyushGankov, StanislavRao, Sandesh
Robust communications are crucial for autonomous military fleets. Ground vehicles function as mobile local area networks utilizing Controller Area Network (CAN) backbones. Fleet coordination between autonomous platforms relies on the Robot Operating System (ROS) publish/subscribe robotic middleware for effective operation. To bridge communications between the CAN and ROS network segments, the CAN2ROS bridge software supports bidirectional data flow with message mapping and node translation. Fuzzing, a software testing technique, involves injecting randomized data inputs into the target system. This method plays a pivotal role in identifying vulnerabilities. It has proven effective in discovering vulnerabilities in online systems, such as the integrated CAN/ROS system. In our study, we consider ROS implementing zero-trust access control policies, running on a Gazebo test-bed connected to a CAN bus. Our objective is to evaluate system security using fuzzers in three scenarios: (i
Aideyan, Iwinosa WinifredBrooks, RichardPese, Mert D.
Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in developing algorithms and improving hardware for automated driving. However, conducting research and deploying advanced algorithms on automated vehicles for testing and validation remains costly, especially for academia. This paper presents the efforts of our research team to integrate the newest version of the open-source Autoware software with the commercially available DataSpeed Drive-by-Wire (DBW) system, resulting in the creation of a versatile and robust automated vehicle research platform. Autoware, an open-source software stack based on the 2nd generation Robot Operating System (ROS2), has gained prominence in the automated vehicle research community for its comprehensive suite of perception, planning, and control modules. The DataSpeed DBW system directly communicates with the vehicle's CAN bus and provides precise vehicle control capabilities. However, there was no existing software package to make the ROS2-based
Guo, HengcongLi, JiangtaoSaravanan, Nithish KumarWishart, JeffreyZhao, Junfeng
In the rapidly evolving automotive landscape, integrating cutting-edge off-board diagnostics tools has triggered a paradigm shift in diesel engine applications. Simultaneously, engineers are compelled to transform conventional mechanical engines into advanced common rail direct injection (CRDi) systems amidst India’s changing pollution norms for industries. Aligned with Bharat Stage Emission Standards, non-road vehicles face stringent emission limits, necessitating complex electronic control predominantly managed by the engine control unit (ECU). Government mandates require the ECU to detect NOx control malfunctions and emission-affecting faults, storing data for off-board analysis. A tool that can read engine data and monitor engine health is required to deal with this situation. Network protocols such as CAN enable remote communication with specialized ECUs. This study examines implementing customized off-board tools, which helps easier coordination with protocols such as the unified
Ayachit, Vedashree VikasGandhi, NareshKakade, Suhas
This document covers the requirements for transceiver qualification. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance for the LIN transceiver block in the IC to which all compatible transceivers shall be designed. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this recommended practice. This will assure robust serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-1 is to commonize approval processes of LIN transceivers across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, LIN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
This document covers the requirements for transceiver qualification. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance for the CAN transceiver in the IC to which all compatible transceivers shall be designed. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this recommended practice. This will assure robust serial data communication among all connected devices, regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-2 is to commonize approval processes of CAN transceivers across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, CAN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the requirements for ethernet physical layer (PHY) qualification (and as applicable to other high-speed networks [i.e., Audio Bus, LVDS, Ser-Des, etc.]). Requirements stated in this document provide a minimum standard level of performance for the PHY in the IC to which all compatible ethernet communications PHY shall be designed. When the communications chipset is an ethernet switch with an integrated automotive PHY (xBASE-T1), then the testing shall include performance for all switch PHY ports as well as each controller interface. No other features in the IC are tested or qualified as part of this SAE Recommended Practice. This assures robust serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier. The goal of SAE J2962-3 is to commonize approval processes of ethernet PHYs across OEMs. The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ethernet PHY suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
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