Your Destination for Mobility Engineering Resources

Announcements for SAE Mobilus

Browse All

Recent EDGE Research Reports

Browse All 145

Recent Books

Browse All 942

Recently Published

Browse All
To gain an understanding of the software Application Programming Interface (API) landscape for SAE J3101 [SAEJ3101] devices, the SAE Vehicle Electrical Hardware Security Task Force conducted an analysis of various automotive-relevant crypto APIs. The purpose of this analysis was to identify how well the existing APIs cover the SAE J3101 requirements and to highlight the areas of coverage within these APIs. By examining these APIs, the Task Force aimed to gain insights into the current state of API support for SAE J3101 devices and identify any gaps in coverage that need to be addressed
Vehicle Electrical System Security Committee
This recommended practice provides recommendations for minimizing high temperature oxidation (HTO) during the heat treatment of aluminum alloy products and parts. HTO leads to deterioration of properties
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers metal products fabricated by direct metal deposition
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Liquid jet atomization is one of the key processes in many engineering applications, such as IC engines, gas turbines, and the like, to name a few. Simulating this process using a pure Eulerian or a pure Lagrangian framework has its own drawbacks. The Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomization (ELSA) modeling seems like a viable alternative in such scenarios. ELSA simulations consist of solving an additional transport equation for the surface area density (Σ) of the issuing jet. In this study we have proposed a dynamic approach to compute the turbulent timescale constant (α1), which appears in the source of Σ-transport equation and is responsible for restoring the surface area back to its equilibrium. The dynamic approach involves an analytical computation of the turbulent timescale constant (α1), thereby eliminating the need for ad hoc adjustments to surface area values during computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Unlike previous research which suggests using constant values in
Anumolu, China Rama LakshmanDahale, Ambarish R.
The global time that is propagated and synchronized in the vehicle E/E architecture is used in safety-critical, security-critical, and time-critical applications (e.g., driver assistance functions, intrusion detection system, vehicle diagnostics, external device authentication during vehicle diagnostics, vehicle-to-grid and so on). The cybersecurity attacks targeting the global time result in false time, accuracy degradation, and denial of service as stated in IETF RFC 7384 [2]. These failures reduce the vehicle availability, robustness, and safety of the road user. IEEE 1588 [3] lists four mechanisms (integrated security mechanism, external security mechanism, architectural solution, and monitoring & management) to secure the global time. AUTOSAR defines the architecture and detailed specifications for the integrated security mechanism “Secured Global Time Synchronization (SGTS)” to secure the global time on automotive networks (CAN, FlexRay, Ethernet). However, there are also
Kumaraswamy, PavithraRus, Andrei
The UN R155 regulation is the first automotive cybersecurity regulation and has made security a mandatory approval criterion for new vehicle types. This establishes internationally harmonized security requirements for market approval, presenting a challenge for manufacturers and suppliers to demonstrate compliance throughout the product life cycle. An issued type approval is internationally recognized by the member states of the UN 1958 Agreement. International recognition implies that uniform assessment criteria are applied to demonstrate compliance and to decide whether security efforts are sufficient. Independent accredited assessors assess the security engineering results during type approval. Considering the risk-based approach of ISO/SAE 21434 to security engineering, assessing whether threats have been appropriately addressed is a challenge. While there are currently no uniform assessment criteria at product level, the question arises as to which development artifacts serve as
Hellstern, MonaLanghanki, StefanGrün, FlorianKriesten, ReinerSax, Eric
Homologation is an important process in vehicle development and aerodynamics a main data contributor. The process is heavily interconnected: Production planning defines the available assemblies. Construction defines their parts and features. Sales defines the assemblies offered in different markets, where Legislation defines the rules applicable to homologation. Control engineers define the behavior of active, aerodynamically relevant components. Wind tunnels are the main test tool for the homologation, accompanied by surface-area measurement systems. Mechanics support these test operations. The prototype management provides test vehicles, while parts come from various production and prototyping sources and are stored and commissioned by logistics. Several phases of this complex process share the same context: Production timelines for assemblies and parts for each chassis-engine package define which drag coefficients or drag coefficient contributions shall be determined. Absolute and
Jacob, Jan D.
This document defines the criteria used for the selection and placement of landing gear shock strut upper and lower bearings (see Figure 1). Common problems associated with shock strut bearings are presented herein
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
This document provides standards for several aspects of aero-thermal system performance modeling using object-oriented programming systems. Nomenclature, application program interface, and user interface are addressed with the emphasis on nomenclature. The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) modeling environment is frequently used in this document as an archetype. Many of the standards are derived from NPSS common practice. NPSS was chosen because it is an available product. The standards described herein may be applied to other object-oriented systems. While this document applies broadly to any gas turbine engine, the great majority of engine performance computer programs have historically been written for aircraft propulsion systems. Aircraft and propulsion terminology and examples appear throughout
S-15 Gas Turbine Perf Simulation Nomenclature and Interfaces
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends the maintainability features that should be considered in the design of aircraft wheels and brakes. The effect on other factors, such as cost, weight, reliability, and compatibility with other systems, should be weighed before incorporation of any of these maintainability features into the design
A-5A Wheels, Brakes and Skid Controls Committee
The Single Cylinder Research Engine (SCRE) at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems is equipped with a variable valve train that allows to switch between regular intake valve lift and early intake valve closing (Miller). On the exhaust side, a secondary exhaust valve lift (SEVL) on each valve is possible with adjustable back pressure and thus the possibility of realizing internal EGR. In combination with alternative fuels, even if they are Drop-In capable as HVO, properties differ and can influence the emission and efficiency behavior. The investigations of this paper are focusing on regenerative Drop-In fuel (HVO), fossil fuel (B7), and an oxygenate (OME), that needs adaptions at the engine control unit, but offers further emission potential. By commissioning a 2-stage boost system, it is possible to fully equalize the air mass in Miller mode compared to the normal valve lift. This enables a comprehensive analysis of the behavior of the fuels under
Knost, FriedemarBeidl, Christian
In electrified vehicles, auxiliary units can be a dominant source of noise, one of which is the refrigerant scroll compressor. Compared to vehicles with combustion engines, e-vehicles require larger refrigerant compressors, as in addition to the interior, also the battery and the electric motors have to be cooled. Currently, scroll compressors are widely used in the automotive industry, which generate one pressure pulse per revolution due to their discontinuous compression principle. This results in speed-dependent pressure fluctuations as well as higher-harmonic pulsations that arise from reflections. These fluctuations spread through the refrigeration cycle and cause the vibration excitation of refrigerant lines and heat exchangers. The sound transmission path in the air conditioning heat exchanger integrated in the dashboard is particularly critical. Various silencer configurations can be used to dampen these pulsations. This paper compares the acoustic and thermodynamic performance
Saur, LukasHeidegger, PatrickNaeger, ChristophBecker, Stefan
Modeling thermal systems in Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency through predictive control strategies, thereby extending vehicle range. A major obstacle in this modeling is the often limited availability of detailed system information. This research introduces a methodology using neural networks for system identification, a powerful technique capable of approximating the physical behavior of thermal systems with minimal data requirements. By employing black-box models, this approach supports the creation of optimization-based control strategies, such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Reinforcement Learning-based control (RL). The system identification process is executed using MATLAB Simulink, with virtual training data produced by a Simulink models to establish the method's feasibility. The neural networks utilized for system identification are implemented in MATLAB code. This study conducts a comparative analysis between the white-box
Franke, KaiHemkemeyer, DavidSchutzeich, PatrickSchäfers, LukasPischinger, Stefan
Society's growing environmental awareness and increasing urbanisation require new and innovative vehicle concepts. The use of additive manufacturing (AM) expands the design freedom in component development. In this paper, these are utilised to further develop a front axle suspension for a new type of modular vehicle concept. The wheel suspension components are optimised on the basis of a new method that has already been applied in previous work. This is based on industry-standard load cases for the strength design of the components, as well as the available installation space determined for the design of the suspension components and the suitable configuration of the suspension components. The component geometries identified using numerical methods that are suitable for the force flow are optimised with regard to the integration of information, energy and material-carrying lines in the control arms and the lines are used as load-bearing structures as extensively as possible. High
Weitz, FabianDebnar, ChristianFrey, MichaelGauterin, Frank
The automotive industry is continuously evolving, demanding innovative approaches to enhance testing methodologies and preventively identify potential issues. This paper proposes an advanced test approach in the area of the overall vehicle system including the steering system and powertrain on a Road to Rig test bench. The research aims to revolutionize the conventional testing process by identifying faults at an early stage and eliminating the need to rely solely on field tests. The motivation behind this research is to optimize the test bench setup and bring it even closer to real field tests. Key highlights of the publication include the introduction of an expanded load spectrum, incorporating both steering angle and speed parameters along the test track. The load includes different route and driving profiles like on a freeway, overland and city drive in combination with the steering angles. Furthermore, for the first instance, specific driving manoeuvres, including slalom driving
Kopp, LennartHarfmann, PatrickNiederberger, LucasSchwämmle, TimmKley, Markus
Electrified drives will change significantly in the wake of the further introduction of automated driving functions. Precise drive dimensioning, taking automated driving into account, opens up further potential in terms of drive operation and efficiency as well as optimal component design. Central element for unlocking the dimensioning potentials is the knowledge about the driving functions and their application. In this paper the implications of automated driving on the drive and component design are discussed. A process and a virtual toolchain for electric drive development from concept optimization to detailed dimensioning validation is presented. The process is subdivided into a concept optimization part for finding the optimal drive topology and layout and a detailed prototype environment, where more detailed component models can be assessed in customer operation to enable representative component dimensioning. Furthermore, the detailed simulation allows the drive investigation in
Sturm, Axel WolfgangBrandes, GerritSander, MarcelHenze, RomanKüçükay, Ferit
Noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) is one of the most important performance evaluation aspects of electric motors. Among the different causes of the NVH issues of electrical drives, the spatial and temporal harmonics of the electrical drive system are of great importance. To reduce the tonal noise of the electric motors induced by these harmonics, harmonic injection methods are applied in many applications. However, a lot of existing researches focus more either on improving the optimization process of the harmonic injection parameter settings, or on the controller design of the harmonic injection process, while the structural dynamic characteristics of the motor are seldom considered. A lot of literature shows that the harmonic injection strategies can more effectively influence the mode 0 (M0) radial forces than the higher spatial orders, so it is more efficient to apply such methods at the frequencies/orders where the effect of mode 0 forces are dominant with respect to the
Fu, TongfangXu, ZhipengGünther, MarcoPischinger, StefanBöld, Simon
The ongoing energy transition will have a profound impact on future mobility, with electrification playing a key role. Battery electric vehicles (EVs) are the dominant technology, relying on the conversion of alternating current (AC) from the grid to direct current (DC) to charge the traction battery. This process involves power electronic components such as rectifiers and DC/DC converters operating at high switching frequencies in the kHz range. Fast switching is essential to minimise losses and improve efficiency, but it might also generate electro-magnetic interferences (EMI). Hence, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing is essential to ensure reliable system operations and to meet international standards. During DC charging, the AC/DC conversion takes place off-board in the charging station, allowing for better cooling and larger components, resulting in increased power transfer, currently up to 350 kW. The EMC requirements for this charging method are outlined in IEC 61851
Supa Stölben, Inti RunaBeltle, MichaelTenbohlen, Stefan
The pace of innovations in battery development is revolutionizing the landscape and opportunities for energy storage applications leading to a stronger market segmentation enabling a better suitability to fulfill specific application requirements. For automotive applications, several approaches to increase energy densities, to improve fast charging performance, and to reduce cost on a pack level are considered. Among them, a promising example is the direct integration of battery cells into the battery pack (Cell-to-pack; CTP) or vehicle (Cell-to-chassis, CTC) to increase energy densities and to reduce costs, as already commercialized by Tesla, CATL and others. On cell level, a segmentation between high-performance and low-cost applications is realized in the technology developments. Hereby, a diversification of the cell manufacturer’s product portfolio can be observed. As a strong demand for NMC and LFP-based battery cells is leading to fluctuating raw material prices (especially for
Miller, Ines
Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI) engines have emerged as a promising technology in the pursuit of a clean, efficient, and controllable combustion process. This article aims at elucidating the effect of piston geometry on the engine performance and emissions of a metal DFI engine. Three different types of pistons were investigated and the main piston design features including the piston bowl diameter, piston bowl floor angle, and the injection nozzle angle were examined. To achieve the target, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted coupled to a reduced chemical kinetics mechanism. Extensive validations were performed against the measured data from a conventional diesel engine. To calibrate the soot model, genetic algorithm and machine learning methods were utilized. The simulation results highlight the pivotal role played by piston bowl diameter and fuel injection angle in controlling soot emissions of a DFI engine. An increase in piston bowl diameter increases the
Shakeel, Mohammad RaghibLiu, XinleiNyrenstedt, GustavMueller, Charles J.Im, Hong
With the automotive industry’s increasing focus on electromobility and the growing share of electric cars, new challenges are arising for the development of electric motors. The requirements for torque and power of traction motors are constantly growing, while installation space, costs and weight are increasingly becoming limiting factors. Moreover, there is an inherent conflict in the design between power density and efficiency of an electric motor. Thus, a main focus in today’s development lies on space-saving and yet effective and innovative cooling systems. This paper presents an approach for a multi-physical optimization that combines the domains of electromagnetics and thermodynamics. Based on a reference machine, this simulative study examins a total of nine different stator cooling concepts varying the cooling duct positions and end-winding cooling concepts. To ensure the highest possible comparability, the rotor geometry as well as the overall dimensions in terms of outer
Reinecke, MikeKarayel, Akifvon Schöning, HendrikSchaefer, UweMoullion, MatthiasFaessler, VictorLehmann, Robert
With the COP28 decisions the world is thriving for a future net-zero-CO2 society and the and current regulation acts, the energy infrastructure is changing in direction of renewables in energy production. All industry sectors will extend their share of direct or indirect electrification. The question might arise if the build-up of the renewables in energy production is fast enough. Demand and supply might not match in the short- and mid-term. The paper will discuss the roadmaps, directions and legislative boundary parameter in the regenerative energy landscape and their regional differences. National funding on renewables will gain an increasing importance to accelerate the energy transformation. The are often competing in attracting the same know-how on a global scale. In addition the paper includes details about energy conversion, efficiency as well as potential transport scenarios from production to the end consumer. Technologies are compared in respect of their TLR level and
Rothbart, Martin