Technical Papers - SAE Mobilus

SAE Technical Papers are written and peer-reviewed by experts in the automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicle industries and provide the latest advances in technical research and applied technical engineering information.

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Enhancing Thermal Comfort and Vehicle Energy Efficiency: A Simulation Study Using GT ISE + TAITherm2026-26-0458To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is encountering difficulties in balancing occupant thermal comfort with HVAC system energy efficiency, particularly under the hot Indian conditions, to meet user expectations and address range anxiety in electric vehicles. Front-loaded comfort-based approach simulations during the development stages have the potential to increase energy savings compared to the stages required at the end of product design. The focus of the current research targets HVAC energy consumers, such as blower flow rates, temperatures, and Cabin heaters, and investigates how these factors influence occupant overall comfort. Additionally, design elements like glass properties and the impact of solar radiation on human comfort are studied at the early concept stages to adopt an energy-based approach for comfort optimization. Simulations are conducted using GT-SUITE and GT-TAITherm software, integrated with CFD field maps platforms to obtain exact flow field predictions. The simulation
BAVIRISETTI, SAI SAMPATH KUMAR, Chothave, Abhijeet, Gummadi, Gopakishore, Khan, Parvej, Thiyagarajan, Rajesh, A Sr, Mahesh
Enhancing EV Battery Safety: Progressive Crushing and Energy Absorption Techniques2026-26-0189To be published on 01/16/2026
• The paper presents and provides a crash energy absorption assembly and method for enhancing the safety and structural integrity of battery packs in electric vehicles during collision events adhering to global regulations. • One of our novel analyses is described here, in which the assembly comprises a battery housing designed to mount one or more battery cells, at least one crash member coupled to the side surface of the battery housing, flexural members coupled to the crash member. The flexural members are designed to absorb impact forces, deform, and store potential energy during sudden impacts. This innovative approach ensures that the energy is stored within the flexural elements rather than being transferred to the battery cells, thereby reducing almost cell intrusion for example by 50% under a 100kN which is EC100R requirement. The design effectively delays intrusion, enhances battery safety and minimizes cell-level damage. • Also, the strategic placement of flexural members
Amberkar S, Sunil, Lakshman singh, Meenakumari, Bodaindala, Anil
Steering On-Center Feel and Yaw Response Enhancement through Optimization of System Level Characteristics2026-26-0082To be published on 01/16/2026
To export India based SUVs to European markets, change in steering position is required to suit vehicle driving condition. Ideally, RHD and LHD variants of a same vehicle should have similar level of ride and handling performance parameters. However, due to various packaging constraints and regulations, there is a possibility of minor change in hardpoints of steering or suspension system which may lead to different behaviour in terms of body roll and steering response. While cornering or double lane change maneuvers, difference in steering phase angles or steering stiffness or suspension hardpoints results in different roll behaviour as well understeer characteristics of the vehicle. The present study shows key parameters and optimization methodology to maintain same level of ride and handling performance in both RHD and LHD variants. Objective measurements and, physical kinematics and compliance tests were carried out with various configurations of RHD and LHD variants to understand
Hussain, Inzamam Ul, Kamarthi, Ashwin, Rewale, Pratik, Nehal, S B, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Naidu, Kethireddi
Study of Drive Trace Indices and their correlation with CO2 in Chassis Dynamometer testing2026-26-0517To be published on 01/16/2026
With introduction of CAFÉ norms in India, the manufacturers of all M1 Category vehicles (not exceeding 3,500kg GVW) must ascertain that they comply with Annual Corporate average CO2 target as defined in regulation. Moreover, this target will become stricter in different stages in upcoming years. Hence CO2 emissions are becoming one of the major focus parameters during vehicle development. There are various factors that can impact CO2 emissions during measurement in test cycle such as MIDC/WLTC. One such major factor is driving variations. Although speed and time tolerances are provided during the test (as part of AIS 137/AIS 175) limit the variation, even within these tolerances, drive-related effects can be significant contributors to test results variability. Monitoring and control of such variations is important to understand the true fuel economy potential of the vehicle. Drive Trace indices are standardized metrics that can be used to evaluate the driving variations. The aim of
ER, Shivram, Rawat, Vijaypal, Khandelwal, Vineet, Kumar, Arun, Malhotra, Jitendra
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-0637To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
Torque Vectoring Control Techniques for Vehicle Parking2026-26-0590To be published on 01/16/2026
Parking in confined spaces can be quite challenging. It is often a herculean task to align the vehicle in the parking slots where the driver has to make several attempts to park properly. One such ingenious technology that augments vehicle handling, directional controlling and overall driving agility is torque vectoring. It is becoming a pioneer in creating smarter, more responsive vehicles unlike traditional vehicles. With torque vectoring, EV’s can precisely control the torque delivered to each wheel with independent motors per wheel. In confined spaces as well by selectively distributing torque to individual wheels, it optimizes traction and vehicle control, making tasks like parking, sharp turns, and navigating narrow streets smoother and more efficient. This paper confers about the use of torque vectoring techniques in electric vehicles for smoother and more proficient vehicles handling in tight spaces like parking, which significantly reduces driver efforts while maximizing the
Gangad, Vikas Shridhar, Gautam, Era, Chaudhari, Gitesh, Penta, Amar
Thermal Management Control strategy for Primary & Secondary Drive Cooling Hybrid Electric Tractor2026-26-0069To be published on 01/16/2026
Global emission norms are getting very strict due to combat the harmful pollutants from internal combustion engine. Hence internal combustion engine (ICE)-based agricultural tractors need to introduce complex after-treatment systems and fuel optimization to provide same or higher value to farmers as cost of these systems drive the overall cost of the product. Engineers around the world are building Electric vehicles to combat the problem and has range issues due to design constraints & Hybrid tractors have emerged as a promising intermittent solution. It helps in combining the advantages of respective ICE and electrification solutions while reducing overall vehicle emissions and enhances operational flexibility. This paper presents a modular thermal modes system developed for a hybrid electric tractor platform where a downsized diesel engine operates at optimal efficiency DC generator used to charge the battery & DC converter is used to charge the auxiliary battery. Battery which is
K, Sunil, D, Mari, Natarajan, Saravanan, Kumawat, Deepak, rojamanikandan, Arumugham, K, MALA, v, sridharan, Muniappan, Balakrishnan, Makana, Mohan
Dynamic Prime Mover Management for Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Electric Tractors2026-26-0185To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric tractors present unique opportunities for efficient power management by decoupling traction and auxiliary loads. In the proposed system, two independent electric motors are employed: one dedicated to vehicle traction and the other to drive the power take-off (PTO) and hydraulic functions, including steering and auxiliary attachments like loaders. Hydraulic flow demand directly impacts operational productivity; traditionally, hydraulic flow is linked to engine speed, requiring frequent manual adjustments. This paper proposes an innovative dynamic control strategy that optimizes motor speed based on real-time application demands, introducing three distinct modes: Low Idle Mode, Loader Mode, and PTO Mode. The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) at the heart in coordination with the Farm Machinery Control Unit (FMCU) and Motor Control Unit (MCU), dynamically selects the appropriate mode based on user inputs such as PTO activation and joystick controls Low Idle Mode minimizes energy usage
Natarajan, Saravanan, P, Shanmugavel, Joshi, Priyanka, sundaram, Pavithra, sameer, Kamat, Singh, Ruby, Arvind, Kumaran, T, Senthil Kumar
Multiphysics Simulation Approach for Evaluating Thermo-structural Performance of Electric Motors Using Spatial Electromagnetic Loss Mapping2026-26-0387To be published on 01/16/2026
High power and torque density electric motor is finding increasing demands in modern-day electric and hybrid vehicles because of compact and light-weight designs. These high-performance requirements are achieved by increasing the current flow, strengthening the magnetic field as well as downsizing the motor dimensions and hence can lead to multiple failure modes if not designed properly. Higher current flow results in increased magnitude of losses within the motor components such as ohmic loss, iron loss, hysteresis loss and mechanical losses. All these localized losses contribute to higher operating temperature and temperature gradient that can act as a catalyst to several modes of failure. Hence, accurate prediction of temperature distribution across the motor components is very crucial to come up with a robust and durable motor design. A common approach of predicting component temperature is by assuming bulk losses for lamination stack, hairpin and magnets. This approach might be
Munshi, Irshad Ahmed, ELANGO, GOKUL, Karmakar, Nilankan, Prasad, Praveen
A Performance-driven Numerical Approach for Optimizing the Plenum Opening Area of Cowl Box2026-26-0461To be published on 01/16/2026
There is a scarcity of research in literature regarding the determination of Plenum Opening Area of cowl box. The area of the plenum opening in the cowl box significantly affects the airflow rate in fresh airflow modes, such as face and defrost modes, as well as issues related to water ingress. Primarily, the size of the plenum opening is determined by the necessary HVAC airflow rate. This study aims to investigate how the plenum opening area impacts both airflow discharge and the water ingress issue in the HVAC module. A novel approach is introduced in this research to determine the optimal plenum opening area of the cowl box, taking into account both airflow rate and water ingress concerns. The ANSYS FLUENT software is utilized to analyze airflow discharge in both face and defrost modes, while the SPH (Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics) based Preonlab tool is employed for water ingress analysis. Airflow discharge is evaluated for various plenum opening sizes in both modes, and the area
Baskar, Subramaniyan, Mahesh, A, Gopinathan, Nagarajan
Sensorless Tire Health Monitoring System Based on Machine Learning for Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0670To be published on 01/16/2026
Tire wear is a critical factor in vehicle safety and operational reliability, with worn-out tires contributing to nearly 30% of highway blowouts and a significant portion of tire-related accidents. Traditional tire wear indicators—such as tread wear bars or mileage-based replacement schedules—lack precision, do not offer real-time feedback, and often fail to prevent hazardous situations caused by uneven or rapid tire degradation. These shortcomings underscore the urgent need for intelligent, data-driven solutions in predictive tire maintenance. While earlier efforts have focused on physical models or basic machine learning algorithms, their limited adaptability and poor generalization across platforms reduce effectiveness in real-world deployments. This paper presents a Machine Learning-based Tire Wear Prediction System, designed for both cloud-based analytics and on-vehicle edge deployment. The system predicts individual tire wear using CAN-based inputs, supported by a transfer
Imteyaz, Shahma, Iqbal, Shoaib
Assessment of emissions behaviour of Volatile compounds from polymeric materials used in automobile interiors2026-26-0222To be published on 01/16/2026
There is an increasing trend of using polymeric materials in the vehicle interior compartment. While the polymers provide benefits in terms of flexibility in profiling, lighter weight and aesthetics but one of the challenges with the polymers is emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during their usage and particularly at a temperature prevailing in the vehicle cabin. VOCs adversely impact the vehicle interior air quality and can pose a risk to occupants’ health. However, there is a lack of information on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive interior materials. There are two types of methods, a whole vehicle chamber method (ISO 12219-1) and a bag method (ISO 12219-2) for evaluation of VOCs emissions from materials used in vehicle interior parts. ISO 12219-2 method describes quantitative testing of VOCs and semi-VOCs. This test method is quick and cost effective for analysis of materials for quick emission checks and can prove to be very effective in
PAtil, Yamini Jitendra, Thipse, Sukrut, Bawase, Moqtik
Early prediction of relaxation voltage & detection of state of battery for functional safety2026-26-0166To be published on 01/16/2026
During parking condition of vehicle, state of the battery is uncertain as it goes through the relaxation process. In such scenarios the battery voltage may exceed the functional safety limits. If we cross the functional safety limits it is hazardous to the driver as well as the occupant. In this case relaxed voltage plays a crucial role in identifying the safe state of the battery. To estimate the relaxed cell voltage there are methods such as RC filter time constat modeling and relaxation voltage error method. The problem with these solutions is the waiting time and accuracy to determine the relaxation voltage. In this manuscript a solution is proposed which ensures the above problem gets reduced. To achieve the reduction of relaxation voltage estimation time, a python sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (PySindy) is used which identifies and fits an equation model based on observing the battery characteristics at different SOC and temperatures. The implementation is done and
Pandey, Priyanshu, Nilajkar, Ankur, Panda, Abinash
Comprehensive Analysis and Mitigation Strategies to minimize torque Steer phenomenon for FWD vehicles during the vehicle development2026-26-0097To be published on 01/16/2026
Born Electric SUVs is gaining immense popularity due to enhanced ride and handling characteristics, advanced tech features elevating both performance and customer experience to an elite standard. Due to the platform constraints, the vehicle adopts a Front Wheel Drive (FWD) layout with a rear twist beam configuration, housing the electric motor at the front to deliver drive torque directly to the front wheels. Torque steer is a phenomenon often found in FWD cars, which can be unsettling to a driver where the steering wheel could be pulled hard to one side when there is aggressive throttle input potentially leading to deviation of the vehicle from its desired path. In contrast to internal combustion engines (ICEs), electric motors provide an instantaneous torque, something that can worsen torque steer if not well addressed. However, torque steer remains a key concern, with high torque output of electric motors especially for a front wheel drive vehicle. This paper introduces a
PRABHAKARA RAO, VAGEESH, Wankhade, Krishna, Thakur, Pragyesh, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Asthana, Shivam
Power loss evaluation in 4WD axle and correlation with Testing results2026-26-0107To be published on 01/16/2026
In the tractor, the efficiency depends on the transmission system, of all the losses major contribution is given by the transmission elements. To improve the efficiency, it became crucial to monitor the areas of power losses. Power loss in transmission refers the reduction in amount of power which being generated from the engine source to the final drive elements. There are various parameters and factors influence this condition, analyzing those conditions helps in identifying & improving the higher contributing components for driveline power loss. This study presents a comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental data regarding power loss in the gear train of a 70HP 4WD front axle. The investigation incorporates theoretical power loss calculations for individual components, including the bevel gear, bearings, thrust washer and seal arrangements. To evaluate and validate the power losses in the 4WD axle, a Gear Train Endurance test was conducted in a controlled laboratory
Jayapal, Jayaraj, Mahapatra, Soumya Ranjan, Sethi, Suvendu Kumar, JOSHI, SHRIKANT, BANGE, PRASHANT
Feasibility Study of Cylinder Deactivation (CDA) Technology for an Off-Highway Tractor Engine2026-26-0074To be published on 01/16/2026
Cylinder Deactivation Technology is explored as an effective mechanism for enhancing the fuel economy and reducing emissions in internal combustion engines. The current exercise focuses upon the feasibility of Cylinder Deactivation Technology on a 3-cylinder, 3.3-liter naturally aspirated water-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application. A meticulous 1D thermodynamic simulation with individual cylinders deactivated one by one, proved that deactivating the second cylinder yielded the most favorable fuel economy, emissions and engine balancing, particularly at the loads lower than 55% and engine speeds higher than 1600 rpm. Upon deactivating the cylinders at Top Dead Centre (TDC) and Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), it was concluded that the most effective deactivation point occurred at TDC, where the minimum air mass is trapped inside the cylinder. This resulted in a reduction of pumping losses by maximum 29% and an increase in brake thermal efficiency by maximum 4%, as
Choudhary, Vasu, SAINI, SANJAY, Mukherjee, Nalini, Nene, Devendra
Development and Validation of a 1D Model for Evaluating Transmission Efficiency in Vehicles2026-26-0066To be published on 01/16/2026
This study develops a one-dimensional (1D) model to enhance transmission efficiency by evaluating power losses within a transmission system. The model simulates power flow and identifies losses at various stages such as gear mesh, bearing, churning, and windage losses. Using ISO/TR 14179, which provides a method for calculating the thermal transmittable power of gear drives with an analytical heat balance model, the 1D model ensures accurate thermal capacity evaluation under standard conditions. A key advantage of this 1D model is its efficiency in saving time compared to more complex 3D modelling, making it particularly useful during the conceptual stage of transmission system development. This allows engineers to quickly assess and optimize transmission efficiency before committing to more detailed and time-consuming 3D simulations. To validate the model, experimental tests were conducted at various motor speeds (RPM) and torque values, using high-precision sensors and dynamometers
Bandi, Nagendra Reddy, Kolla, Kalyan, P, Selvandran, PULUGUNDLA, KRISHNA CHAITANYA
Multiphysics Analysis of Heat Sink Designs for Efficient Thermal Performance in Power Electronics Systems2026-26-0446To be published on 01/16/2026
The thermal management capability of power electronic (PE) systems has a critical impact on the performance and efficiency of electric, fuel cell, or hybrid vehicles. Bus bars, high resistance sensor devices, semiconductor switches, power capacitors are the primary components, which has major contribution in total heat generation in electrical drive unit. As PE packaging sizes are projected to become smaller, the challenge of managing increased heat dissipation becomes more critical. Hence, this paper numerically compares conventional and advanced cooling strategies to determine the best possible thermal management scenario. A multi-physics finite element model, integrating fluid, electrical, thermal, and structural fields, is employed to analyze heat generation within the PE system and the associated cooling mechanisms. Due to the significant impact of surface roughness and topology on electrical and thermal contact resistance, the Cooper-Mikic-Yovanovich (CMY) correlation is utilized
Singh, Praveen Kumar, Natarajan, Nesamani, Murali, Sariki
A Machine Learning Approach to Early-Stage Failure Prediction in Traction Motor Manufacturing2026-26-0281To be published on 01/16/2026
Traction motors technology has, driving the EV industry forward with more efficient, lightweight, and durable solutions. However, despite these advancements, noise testing at the end of the production line remains a critical stage for identifying manufacturing defects in traction motors. Hence early fault detection in traction motors is crucial to ensure safety and reliability of EV. This research contributes a solution that predicts early-fault detection, supporting improved reliability, reduced material cost and minimizing process time in the series production line. To identify the root cause of this problem, historical quality data has been acquired from manufacturing plants to enable efficient analysis. Feature selection was then carried out using embedded and wrapper methods to identify the most important features. These selected features were subsequently used as input for ML models. The best accuracy was achieved using SVC model for early-stage motor failure prediction.
Gaikwad, Pooja, Nangare, Kapilraj, Suryawanshi, Chaitanya
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility.2026-26-0195To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Combustion dynamics and performance optimisation using higher HCNG blends for decarbonising the Gas Genset sector2026-26-0251To be published on 01/16/2026
Air pollution is profligate becoming a serious worldwide problem with the increasing population and its subsequent demands. Diesel, Gasoline, Natural Gas, Propane, etc., are some of the traditional fuels used in the power generation sectors. Diesel fuel, popularly utilized for backup power in critical operations, is valued for its swift activation time. This makes diesel generators a preferred choice for commercial properties and hospitals requiring reliable emergency power. Moreover, natural gas, distributed through local utility grids, provides a convenient and readily available fuel source for generators, eliminating the need for on-site fuel storage. On the other hand, CPCB has instructed to modify the emission regulations for genset engines for decarbonization and development clean fuel. The change from CPCB II to CPCB IV+ standard shows the commitment of the Indian government towards environmental sustainability and COP26. Pondering to the stringent emission norms, researchers
Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Dhar, Rit Prasad, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Rairikar, Sandeep D, Thipse, Sukrut S, Singh, Sauhard, Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Bera, Tapan, Badhe, Rajesh, Tule, Shubham, Aghav, Yogesh, Lakshminarasimhan, Krishna
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-0218To be published on 01/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Comparative Analysis of Pothole Depth Estimation Using LIDAR and Stereo Imaging with Polarized Lenses: A DOE Approach2026-26-0269To be published on 01/16/2026
For vehicles with automated control systems to operate safely and effectively, pothole depth must be accurately detected. Potholes filled with water can cause serious accidents since they are concealed hazards that can cause vehicles to hydroplane. These risks are made worse by the fact that water-filled potholes can be misleading, particularly at night or in low visibility situations. This paper presents a comparative study of two methodologies for pothole depth detection: 1. Stereo Imaging using Cameras with Polarized Lenses. 2. Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Technology. The performance, accuracy, and limitations of both approaches are thoroughly assessed under various surface and environmental circumstances using a structured Design of Experiment (DOE) methodology. In Challenging lighting situations, the stereo imaging method greatly improves depth estimate accuracy by utilizing polarization to increase contrast and decrease glare. This technique entails taking pictures from
Ashok, Deeksha, KUMAR, PRADEEP, Singh, Amandeep
Machine Learning based Engine Mount NVH Life Health Monitoring System2026-26-0359To be published on 01/16/2026
Refinement for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance, and long-term vehicle reliability are rapidly evolving in today’s automotive industry. Engine mounts play a central role in isolating powertrain-induced vibrations; their deterioration can significantly affect cabin comfort, powertrain integrity, and customer satisfaction. Prior work in this area has primarily focused on direct mount sensors and physical inspection at service centre after failure. While effective in controlled environments, such methods are not scalable, add system complexity, and increase vehicle cost due to sudden breakdowns—challenges that restrict practical OEM deployment. This paper introduces a novel indirect health monitoring method that leverages a driver seat rail-mounted accelerometer to capture driver specific vibrational responses. By analyzing these signals using machine learning models and domain-specific analytical features, engine mount health is inferred without requiring sensors on the
Iqbal, Shoaib, Dusane, Mangesh
Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) for Fast Instantaneous Prediction of Emission Level of an Automobile2026-26-0226To be published on 01/16/2026
Addressing climate issues is a key aspect of good global governance today. A key aspect of managing the threats caused to the environment around is to ensure a sustainable transportation system so that humans exist in peace with nature. According to sources, in 2020 alone, cars accounted for approximately 23% of global CO2 emissions. In addition, they also emit nitrogen oxides and other pollutants thus damaging the ecosystem. In line with this objective, there are emission level testing strategies in place in each country. However, we can do better for a sustainable future. On one hand, the huge volume of vehicles around the world makes it an excellent choice and source for a vast emission level dataset comprising of features such as vehicle type, fuel type, driving conditions, road type etc.. as well as the target variable representing the emission band of the vehicle. In addition to the big data available as mentioned above, there is a marked progress in the machine learning
Sridhar, Sriram, Aswani, Shelendra
Comprehensive Insights on Techniques for Managing and Preventing Thermal Runaway in EV Lithium-Ion Batteries.2026-26-0171To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms, risks, and mitigation strategies associated with thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). It begins by emphasizing the urgency of the issue, identifying key vulnerabilities within EV battery systems that contribute to runaway events. A multiscale, stage-wise breakdown of thermal runaway progression is provided, illustrating how physical, chemical, and thermal interactions compound during failure scenarios. The study analyzes global incident data from 2000 to 2025, revealing trends in human health impacts, vehicle damage, and public safety concerns. Particular attention is given to how battery aging, manufacturing defects, and external abuse conditions elevate the likelihood and severity of thermal runaway. Current emergency response protocols and state-of-the-art mitigation technologies are critically evaluated to identify best practices and existing gaps in safety management. A
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Enhanced Integrated Cooling-Protection Plate for Battery pack Underbody Impact Resistance in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0169To be published on 01/16/2026
In the quest for enhancing electric vehicle performance and safety, this paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the design and performance of high-voltage (HV) battery cooling plates featuring dedicated cooling channels, integrated with structural bottom protection members positioned at the bottom. The study aims to address the dual challenges of effective thermal management and enhanced crash protection in electric vehicles. Through a combination of Design iterations, Thermal performance evaluation and Crash simulations, the research evaluates the cooling efficiency and structural resilience of the proposed design. Findings reveal that the integrated cooling plates not only maintain optimal battery temperatures under various operating conditions but also significantly improve the vehicle's crashworthiness. The paper concludes with the results of numerical simulations, rigorously validated against the robust design requirement globally accepted for series components to
DUSAD, SAGAR, Kummuru, Srikanth, Joshi, Amarja
Influence of Bushing Stiffness Measurement Methodology on Axle Elasto-Kinematics2026-26-0094To be published on 01/16/2026
The handling of a vehicle is crucial to the perception of its dynamic characteristics, such as comfort, stability, composure, sportiness, and precision. Kinematics and elasto-kinematics, also known as Kinematics and Compliance (K&C), form the basis of an automobile's handling characteristics. Kinematics focuses on the movement of suspension components, including wheels, axles, and linkages, and how these movements relate to the vehicle's body motion. Compliance refers to the suspension's ability to deform under load, primarily due to the flexibility of springs, bushings, and other elastic components. Elastomer bushings, as flexible elements in the kinematic chain, significantly impact K&C and require a detailed study. Suspension bush stiffness is typically measured through static and dynamic tests, in various directions - radial, axial, torsional, etc. Tests involve applying a force or torque and measuring the resulting deflection and/or rotation. These measurements are used to
Avhad, Anish
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-0085To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
Comprehensive Validation Methodologies for Hydrogen IC Engines: Combustion Analysis and Performance Metrics2026-26-0256To be published on 01/16/2026
The validation of hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine (H2 ICE) is critical to assess its feasibility as sustainable transportation with zero carbon emissions. Validation of H2 ICE necessitates a specialized testing & analysis methodologies to achieve reliable test results. This study shows the adverse effects on engine performance due to barometric pressure variation, turbo compressor out temperature variation due to increase in ambient temperature. The analysis also shows experimental results of engine performance variation based on hydrogen gas quality. Charge air quality reduces due to presence of nitrogen and moisture content in hydrogen gas and has direct impact on combustion. Engine Performance variation also observed due to engine components detoriation like valve seat wear & spark plug gap expansion. This study emphasizes the significance of precise instrumentation of thermocouples across engine on cylinder head, intake manifold & exhaust manifold, to detect performance
Vasudevan, Sindhuja, J, Narayana Reddy, Bolar, Yogesh Ganesh, Pandey, Sunil, N, Harish, N R, Varatharaj, Karthikeyan, K, Kumar D, Kishore
Comparative Assessment of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Strategies: Unveiling Challenges, Optimizing Benefits, and Exploring Future Potential.2026-26-0201To be published on 01/16/2026
This research paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of lithium-ion battery recycling methods, tracing the entire journey from global demand to the practical challenges and solutions for sustainable battery recycling. It starts with the analysis of worldwide LIB demand growth alongside the exponential growth in volumes of spent batteries and recycling rates. The study focuses on the imbalance in production and recovery of critical battery components and its environmental and economic effects. The paper then systematically examines six major recycling methodologies: mechanical, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, biotechnological, direct, and ion-exchange recycling. It goes into detail about their advantages, limitations, and roles in maximizing the recovery of valuable metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. Traditional techniques like hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods, and emerging approaches including bioleaching and ion-exchange, are evaluated for their
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Advanced Thermal Management for High-Tonnage EVs: Increasing Coolant Flow and Reducing Energy Losses2026-26-0196To be published on 01/16/2026
With the increasing tonnage of electric heavy commercial vehicles, there is a growing demand for higher power and torque-rated traction motors. As motor ratings increase, efficient cooling of the EV powertrain system becomes critical to maintaining optimal performance. Higher heat loads from traction motors and inverters pose significant challenges, necessitating an innovative cooling strategy to enhance system efficiency, sustainability, and reliability. Battery-electric heavy commercial vehicles face substantial cooling challenges due to the high-pressure drop characteristics of conventional traction system cooling architectures. These limitations restrict coolant flow through key powertrain components and the radiator, reducing heat dissipation efficiency and constraining the operating ambient temperature range. Inefficient cooling also leads to increased energy consumption, impacting the overall sustainability of electric mobility solutions. This paper presents a novel approach to
DIXIT, SAMEER, Patil, Bhushan, Ghosh, Sandeep
High Voltage Safety for Electric Vehicles from Standards Perspectives2026-26-0188To be published on 01/16/2026
With rise of EV adoption globally, electrical system of EV's are continuously moving towards higher voltage for enabling fast charging capabilities and addressing efficiency. High Voltage electrical safety is a crucial part of safety standards for Electric Vehicles. There are several challenges, when any electrical system operating in High voltage region. This is posing risk for user, it means from design stage these systems should be designed in such a way for safeguarding user. These electric safety concepts are already mapped through different safety standards. In this paper, this high voltage safety related test and functional & constructional requirements will be explored through different EV standards and finally a comparatively analysis carried out.
BHATESHVAR, YOGESH KRISHAN, Mulay, Abhijit B, Santosh Jambhale, Medha, Patil, Sanjay
Analysis of High voltage fuse failures due to reverse surge currents flow in the Power distribution unit of Electric vehicles2026-26-0182To be published on 01/16/2026
Commercial Electric vehicles are revolutionizing the transportation industries with zero emission, lower noise level and increased efficiency. But, High voltage (HV) fuse failures due to reverse surge currents in the Power distribution unit (PDU) hampers the field operation and raise the sensitive safety concerns. This paper embarks on an in-depth exploration of the Reverse surge current flows from the DC-DC converter and Auxiliary (AUX) inverters high voltage input side to Traction system high voltage input point. Failures of HV fuses can lead to the unintentional shutdown of the e-compressor system and steering motor system while operating the EV, which raises critical safety concerns. If the steering motor fails, the bus will lose power steering assistance, making the steering wheel much harder to turn. If the e-compressor fails, it could result in loss of braking assist. This could make it difficult to stop the vehicle, especially in an emergency situation or when driving at high
Bamania, Mihir, kinjalkar, Milind, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, Salunke, Pradeep
Parameterizing External Factors Influencing E-motor Consumption2026-26-0175To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent times, a standard drive cycle is an excellent way to measure the electric range of EVs. This process is standardized and repeatable; however, it has the drawback of testing in a controlled environment with a low content of active functions. This can cause a significant variation in predicted range between drive cycles and actual on-road tests. This problem can be addressed via on-road testing and by using customer-based velocity cycles which involve more active functions. While on-road tests provide a more accurate idea of real-world consumption, the repeatability of these tests is low due to excessive randomness. External factors such as ambient temperature, driver behavior, traffic, terrain, altitude, and load conditions affect the vehicle during on-road testing, making repeatability difficult. No two measurements can have the same consumption even if done on the same road with the same vehicle due to these factors. This paper presents a machine learning-based method to
Kelkar, Kshitij, Kanakannavar, Rohit
DC Link Capacitor Size Reduction Using Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques for Pole Phase Modulated Induction Machine Drive2026-26-0170To be published on 01/16/2026
Multiphase machines i.e. electrical machines with more than three phases have many advantages compared to the three-phase machines for high power density applications. The major advantages of multiphase machines include lower space harmonics thereby reduced losses and improved efficiency, reduced torque pulsations leading to lesser vibrations and acoustical noise, higher fault tolerance which retains the self-starting ability with minimum deration in the output power in case of fault in one or more phases and enhancement of torque density by adding higher order harmonic currents into the stator currents. Requirement of power electronic switches with reduced rating compared three phase motor drives for a given power rating is another important advantage which supports employing multiphase machines in high power applications. Wider speed and torque ranges are other important requirements of a drive for high power traction and propulsion application. Conventional machines need to be over
A, Rajeshwari
Niobium Alloyed Brake Disc for reduced NVH and emission control2026-26-0285To be published on 01/16/2026
Recent regulations limiting brake dust emissions have presented many challenges to the brake engineering community. The objective of this paper is to provide a low cost, mass production solution utilizing well known existing technology to meet brake emissions requirements. The proposed process is to alloy the Gray Cast Iron with Niobium. The Niobium addition will reduce wear debris and improve NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness). The test methodology included: Manufacture of disc samples alloyed with Niobium, and Evaluation of airborne wear debris utilizing a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with emission collection capability. The airborne emission and wear surfaces were further analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive techniques (SEM-EDS), X-Ray Diffraction and Optical Microscopy. The cast iron test matrix included four groups; Unalloyed eutectic 4.3% Carbon Equivalent (CE), Unalloyed hypereutectic >4.3% CE, Niobium alloyed Eutectic and Niobium alloyed hypereutectic
Barile, Bernardo, Holly, Mike
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for secure communication between electric vehicles (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)2026-26-0202To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper discusses the cybersecurity precautions needed for EV and charger communication protocols to enable safe and reliable communication and charging. The Indian government's initiatives, such as the FAME program, aimed at accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption to combat pollution and global warming increased the establishment of DC fast charging infrastructure as well as the implementation of various communication protocols (GB/T, DC001, CHAdeMO, and CCS). The study describes the hazards encountered during EV charging, as well as the vulnerability and risk of hacking by cyber attackers. The paper exhibits the emulation of the charging setup, as well as the mitigation process required during it for a safe communication between EV and EV charger.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil PhD, Urmila
Comparative Analysis of Charger Identification Methods in Electric Truck Routing Algorithms2026-26-0206To be published on 01/16/2026
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations are crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison is the execution time of the algorithm, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal Vehicle Routing framework. By analysing execution times, the paper
Bhat, Adithya, Prasad P, Shilpa, Kolakar, Rakshita, Myers, Michael, Klein, Fischer, Shrivastava, Himanshu
Unveiling the Dynamics of Methanol-Diesel Dual Direct Injection Compression Ignition Combustion: A Synergistic Experimental and Numerical Study2026-26-0110To be published on 01/16/2026
The pressing global need for de-fossilization of the transport sector, especially within the heavy-duty segment, has intensified the exploration of alternative clean fuels. While light-duty applications are rapidly transitioning towards electrification, the heavy-duty sector remains a challenging frontier due to its high-power demand and extended runtimes. In this context, methanol gained traction due to their renewable production pathways, carbon-neutrality, and are being highly promoted by the Indian government to reduce CO2 emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the dual direct injection compression ignition (DDICI) strategy using methanol as primary fuel and diesel as a pilot for ignition assistance. In contrast to spark-ignited premixed methanol engines, this strategy involves a diffusion combustion of the methanol flame, thereby eliminating the knocking issue and running with high compression ratios. The work benchmarks the
Emran, Ashraf, Dhongde, Avnish, Singh, Inderpal, Raut PhD, Ankit, Güdden, Arne, Berry, Sushil
Flex-Fuel Technology for India: Challenges, Opportunities, and Compliance with Emerging Emission Norms2026-26-0109To be published on 01/16/2026
The adoption of flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) in India presents a significant opportunity to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure compliance with the country’s evolving emission norms. This paper explores the key aspects of flex-fuel technology in the context of Indian four-wheeler regulations, particularly Bharat Stage VI and potential future norms. The study begins with an overview of flex-fuel technology, detailing its advantages and associated challenges. A critical focus is placed on blend identification techniques, which play a vital role in optimizing combustion efficiency and ensuring seamless transitions between different ethanol-gasoline blends. Furthermore, the impact of ethanol blending on various fuel properties is examined, including changes in energy content, latent heat of vaporization, octane number rating, and stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. These factors significantly influence engine performance and emission characteristics
Balasubramanian, Karthick, KR, Prabhakar, KALLAHALLI SOMU, SANTHOSH KUMAR
Driving Thermal Intelligence – Pioneering Digital Twin-Driven Hardware-In-Loop for Smart Climate Control Modules2026-26-0380To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift from hardware-driven vehicle development to software-centric, model-based validation practices. At the heart of this evolution is the demand for smarter, more adaptive cabin climate management systems. The Climate Control Module (CCM) a critical embedded ECU—regulates the vehicle’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) functionality based on a fusion of passenger inputs and environmental sensor data. Traditionally, validation of such systems relied heavily on manual testing within climatic chambers or through in-vehicle trials using physical interfaces like the Climate Control Head (CCH) and the Infotainment Head Unit (HU). These legacy methods are increasingly inadequate in addressing rapid development cycles, high functional complexity, and stringent safety and quality standards. This paper introduces a Digital Twin-enabled Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) testing methodology using advanced real-time controllers to
More, Shweta, Shinde, Vivek, Turankar, Darshana, Patel, Dafiya, Gosavi, Santosh, GHANWAT, HEMANT
Assessment and Auralization of Cabin Noise from AVAS Operation in an Electric Vehicle Using a Hybrid BEM–SEA Methodology2026-26-0357To be published on 01/16/2026
In electric and hybrid vehicles, sound package optimization can follow a classical, proven, and structured approach for real-world loads, while also considering new transmission paths that might differ from those in traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. However, AVAS-induced interior noise is sometimes underestimated and therefore not taken into account during the optimization process. Nevertheless, especially at very low speeds, the presence of the AVAS can be perceived as an unwanted noise inside the vehicle, potentially compromising interior comfort. In this study, a hybrid boundary element–statistical energy analysis (BEM – SEA) approach is applied to an SEA dual-motor electric vehicle demonstrator model equipped with a baseline, standard sound package to assess AVAS-induced interior noise. A standard AVAS actuator is modeled, and a BEM model is used to compute the sound pressure levels on the exterior subsystems of the vehicle. These results are then transferred to the
Fiedler, Robert, Calloni, Massimiliano, Martin, Simon
Non-metallic inclusions in carburizing steels as a contributory factor for the formation of carbide net2026-26-0290To be published on 01/16/2026
The article deals with the issue of identifying structural defects that contribute to the formation of a carbide net during thermochemical treatment of steel parts, which negatively affects the mechanical properties complex of finished products. Based on the available data, a theory has been put forward regarding the influence of the present non-metallic inclusions in the carburizing steels structure on carbide formation process in the hardened layer. As an experimentally the samples have been produced from the varying chemical composition alloy structure carburized steel (0.17-0.23 % C, 0.17-0.37 % Si, 0.80-1.10 % Mn, 1.00-1.30 % Cr, 0.03-0.09 % Ti). During microstructure analysis of the samples it has been establish that non-metallic inclusions, in particular sulfides, contribute to the formation of carbides and carbide net in steel due to their high chemical activity with carbon. Thus, contamination of the metal of carburizing steels with non-metallic inclusions is not only a defect
Runova, Iuliia, Chatkina, Mariia, Musienko, Aleksandr
A systematic debugging methodology for identifying electric vehicle level EMC issues2026-26-0525To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric two and three-wheelers present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching, and low shielding practices. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying and mitigating radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement, Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 MHz to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case studies on 2W and 3W EVs
M, Gokul, Patel, Jinay, Mulay, Abhijit B
Automated evaluation of drive file simulation accuracy2026-26-0528To be published on 01/16/2026
In the area of structural durability testing using servo-hydraulic actuators, developing drive files for the actuators is a major step. Testing outcomes depend on ensuring the simulation accuracy of each drive file. These drive files are developed in an iterative process for different test track surfaces at different road and load combinations till the time we achieve better correlation. Evaluation of simulation accuracy of the drive files is an extensive manual review process, making it time-consuming and resource-intensive. To address this challenge, an application has been developed to automate the comparison of actuator signals with predefined target signal files. This tool enables quick and accurate analysis of each drive file in a test run, facilitating a comprehensive review of signal deviations. Each test run has thousands of drive files based on road-load mix and actuator settings. This application helped us significantly optimize the simulation workflow by reducing the manual
SONI, YASH, Katake, Vrishali, Mullapudi, Dattatreyudu, Chaskar, Mithun
Thermal Shock Test Rig for CNG Shut-off Valve2026-26-0526To be published on 01/16/2026
In Automobile, Gasoline Engines are being used along with electrically operated shut-off valve installed at the roof of bus in case of higher capacity of CNG systems. In order to start/ stop CNG supply from cylinder for running of engine/ safety/ servicing an electrical operated ignition switch/ key controlled CNG Shut-Off Valve is placed just after the cylinders. There have been few failures of these CNG shut-off valves in field application. On investigation, it was observed that the CNG shut-off valve gets failed due to water ingress in coils from the cracks on surface generated due to spray of water (due to daily washing of bus and rain) on heated shut-off valves. In order to validate this field failure and subsequent validation of modified design, a need was felt to use a test rig which can exactly simulate the water spray based thermal shocks. However, there was no low cost facility available to simulate the field service condition for validation. Therefore, a low cost test set-up
Srivastava, Pravin Kumar, Vivekanand, Vivekanand, Kumar, Satish
Implementation of Automotive Cybersecurity Assurance Level2026-26-0624To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper explores the implementation of ISO-21434 Automotive Cybersecurity Assurance Levels (CAL), focusing on enhancing component level cybersecurity for a vehicle. CAL values, which range from 1 to 4, provide a metric for ensuring that assets are protected against relevant threats at various phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). By identifying potential attack vectors and their severity early in the SDLC, specifically during the Concept phase of ISO 21434, organizations can determine the CAL values. The CAL value serves as a benchmark to determine the level of severity required during the design, development, and verification phases of the SDLC. This paper outlines a method to establish CAL values as per ISO-21434 guidelines. The proposed methodology includes a detailed analysis of threat modeling, which is crucial for identifying and mitigating potential cybersecurity risks. By conducting threat modeling, organizations can systematically assess vulnerabilities and
Ghosh, Subham, Khader Batcha, Jashic
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-0614To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee, Avik
Durability Validation of Full Vehicle Structures Using Strain Correlation and RLDA-Based Simulations2026-26-0523To be published on 01/16/2026
Durability validation of full vehicle structures is crucial to ensure long-term performance and structural integrity under real-world loading conditions. Accurate strain correlation between physical testing and finite element (FE) simulations plays a key role in the validation, ensuring reliable predictions of vehicle durability. In this paper, a comprehensive methodology for strain correlation on a full vehicle subjected to torture track testing is implemented. Strategic placement of strain gauges is determined through a combination of static analysis, modal analysis, and identification of critical stress regions in the FE model. Strain gauges were installed on key structural locations of a prototype to capture strain responses under severe loading environments. Simultaneously, vehicle wheel loads were recorded on the torture track to build a detailed Road Load Data Acquisition (RLDA) dataset at critical hard points, Loads measured in terms of wheel loads (WFT) are fed to MBD model to
JAJU, MAYUR, Dokhale, Sandeep, Gadre, Nilesh, Patil, Sanjay
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