Journal Articles - SAE Mobilus

SAE journals provide rigorously peer-reviewed, archival research by subject matter experts--basic and applied research that is valuable to both academia and industry.

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Pathway to Non-Intrusive In-Flight Flow Diagnostics with Filtered Rayleigh Scattering01-19-01-000112/26/2025
A pathway to in-flight application of filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is herein presented, including a viable concept, based on recently published related work. The proposed pathway considers the key technical, operational, and regulatory challenges to enable in-flight measurements using FRS for inlet flow distortion characterization ahead of the aeroengine. Solutions to these challenges are proposed, in particular methods for light delivery, flow imaging and integration of the measurement system in the in-flight environment. This complements the experimental lab-scale demonstration of an FRS concept for flow distortion measurements and provides a route for further exploitation as a diagnostic tool for next-gen aircraft.
Lawson, Nicholas John, Migliorini, Matteo, Doll, Ulrich, Melnikov, Sergey, Steinbock, Jonas, Dues, Michael, Zachos, Pavlos K., Röhle, Ingo, MacManus, David G.
Improving Late Pilot Injection Strategy in Dual-Fuel Diesel/Methane Engines through Supercharging and Hydrogen Enrichment03-18-08-004912/24/2025
In this study, a novel dual-fuel combustion strategy is investigated, employing late pilot injection in diesel–methane engines to improve performance and reduce emissions. The engine was first tested with conventional diesel and methane, exploring a wide range of pilot injection timings, injection pressures, and intake boost pressures. Subsequently, experiments were repeated using a methane/hydrogen blend to assess the influence of hydrogen addition. Results show that, when using only methane, delayed pilot injections have minimal effects on engine performance. In naturally aspirated operation, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are reduced, while in supercharged conditions, emissions increase; however, they remain within acceptable limits. Nitrogen oxides and particulate matter reach their lowest levels with delayed injection. Introducing hydrogen reduces engine performance and hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions; notably, it suppresses the typical nitrogen oxides
Carlucci, Antonio Paolo, Strafella, Luciano, Ficarella, Antonio
Toward Enhanced Goods Tracking in Commercial Vehicle Interiors through AI and Sensor Integrations12-09-02-001612/23/2025
The efficient tracking and management of goods within light commercial vehicles (LCVs) is crucial for various industries, particularly craftsmen and parcel delivery services. This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies to enhance item tracking and optimize logistical operations in LCVs. Two technological approaches are examined: a Bluetooth-based tracking system and a camera-based parcel identification framework. The Bluetooth-based solution is designed primarily for craftsmen. It employs Bluetooth tags, vehicle connectivity gateways (VCGs), and a centralized server to provide real-time inventory monitoring and prevent tool misplacement. The camera-based system is aimed at parcel carriers. It utilizes AI-driven object detection and pose estimation to localize and identify parcels within the vehicle. Experimental evaluations show that Bluetooth tracking ensures reliability in tool management and the AI-based vision system holds promise
Aslandere, Turgay, Lens, Mathijs, Kirchhof, Jörg Christian, Robberechts, Pieter, Grein, Marcel, Meert, Wannes, Vandewalle, Patrick, Davis, Jesse, Rumpe, Bernhard, Goedemé, Toon
A Comparative Lifecycle Assessment Framework for Automotive Battery Storage Systems13-07-01-000112/19/2025
The transportation sector faces heightened scrutiny to implement sustainable technologies due to market trends, escalating climate change and dwindling fossil fuel reserves. Given the decarbonization efforts underway in the sector, there are now rising concerns over the sustainability challenges in electric vehicle (EV) adoption. This study leverages ISO 14040 Lifecycle Assessment methodology to evaluate EVs, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) spanning cradle-to-grave lifecycle phases. To accomplish this an enhanced triadic sustainability metric (TSM) is introduced that integrates greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), energy consumption, and resource depletion. Results indicate EVs emit approximately 29% fewer GHG emissions than ICEVs but about 4% more than HEVs on the current the US grid, with breakeven sustainability achieved within a moderate mileage range compared to ICEVs. Renewable energy integration on the grid significantly enhances EV
Koech, Mercy Chelangat, Fahimi, Babak, Balsara, Poras T., Miller, John
Mixed Aggregation by Comprehensive Normalization Technique–Based Parametric Optimization of Turning of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Minimum Quantity Lubrication Environment05-19-03-002212/19/2025
Although Ti-6Al-4V alloy offers high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility properties, its machining is challenging due to low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and chemical reactivity. This study examines turning of Ti-6Al-4V under minimum quantity lubrication (soybean oil). Cutting speed (CS), feed rate (FR), and depth of cut (DOC) are considered as the input parameters. On the other hand, material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR), surface roughness (SR), and cutting force (Fc) are treated as the responses. Optimization of the said process is carried out using the mixed aggregation by comprehensive normalization technique (MACONT), a recently developed multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method. The optimal parameters are identified as CS = 72.26 m/min, FR = 0.022 mm/rev, and DOC = 0.2 mm, achieving high MRR with low TWR, SR, and Fc. The effects of different turning parameters on the responses are also investigated. Sensitivity analysis
Das, Partha Protim, Sharma, Saurabh, Chakraborty, Shankar
Farewell and Thank You to Our Founding Editor, Thomas W. Ryan III03-18-08-004512/18/2025
SAE International extends its heartfelt thanks to Tom Ryan for his dedicated work as Editor-in-Chief of the SAE International Journal of Engines from 2008 to 2025. His vision for SAE allowed and encouraged the establishment of our journals program in 2008. As the SAE president that year, he saw the launch of our first journals, assuming the leadership for this journal, as well as establishing the beginning of our other journals. His dedication has helped to establish the journal as an impactful venue for academics and industry researchers alike. Dr. Ryan has been the leading force behind the SAE International Journal of Engines since its inception and is now retiring at the end of 2025 after an impressive tenure with the journal. Because of his instrumental policies and practices, Dr. Ryan will be listed on the journal as Founding Editor in perpetuity. We offer our thanks and great respect for his efforts, dedication, and leadership throughout the years. Dr. Ryan has been working
Martin, Kimberly J.
A Literature Review on Application of Maintenance and Management Strategies for Electric-Vertical Take-Off and Landing Aircraft’s Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Organizations01-18-03-001612/18/2025
In the context of emerging technology developed for advanced air mobility concept, its maintenance protocols are not yet mature and existing aviation maintenance systems may not support electric-vertical take-off and landing (e-VTOL) needs. Thus, the operation of e-VTOL aircraft during its deployment stage necessitates the need for qualitative maintenance support. The main purpose of this study is to develop the basic structural principles of the projected new maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) organization for e-VTOL air vehicles, which will support airworthiness through comprehensive maintenance approaches. Thus, the operation of e-VTOL aircraft during its deployment stage necessitates the need for qualitative maintenance support. The importance of the study is to offer standard procedures based on management and maintenance strategies, application of predictive and prescriptive maintenance tools, which pose a significant contribution to ensuring safety, reliability, and cost
Imanov, Tapdig, Bozdereli, Arzu
2024–2025 Reviewers09-13-02-001412/15/2025
2024–2025 Reviewers
Hardy, Warren
Development of an Adaptive Algorithm for the Automatic Emergency Braking System10-10-01-000812/13/2025
Automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems are crucial for road safety but often face performance challenges in complex road and climatic conditions. This study aims to enhance AEB effectiveness by developing a novel adaptive algorithm that dynamically adjusts braking parameters. The core of the contribution is a refined mathematical model that incorporates vehicle-specific correction coefficients and a real-time prediction of the road–tire friction coefficient. Furthermore, the algorithm features a unique driver-style adaptation module to optimize warning times. The developed system was functionally tested on a vehicle prototype in scenarios including dry, wet, and snow-covered surfaces. Results demonstrate that the adaptive algorithm significantly improves collision avoidance performance compared to a non-adaptive baseline, particularly on low-friction surfaces, without introducing excessive false interventions. The study concludes that the proposed adaptive approach is a vital step
Petin, Viktor, Keller, Andrey, Shadrin, Sergey, Makarova, Daria, Antonyan, Akop, Furletov, Yury
2024–2025 Reviewers13-06-03-002612/12/2025
2024–2025 Reviewers
Pilla, Srikanth
Tailpipe NOx Emissions Modeling of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck Using Deep Learning Methods03-18-08-004812/11/2025
This study develops deep learning (DL) long–short-term memory (LSTM) models to predict tailpipe nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions using real-driving on-road data from a heavy-duty Class 8 truck. The dataset comprises over 4 million data points collected across 11,000 km of driving under diverse road, weather, and load conditions. The effects of dataset size, model complexity, and input feature set on model performance are investigated, with the largest training dataset containing around 3.5 million data points and the most complex model consisting of over 0.5 million parameters. Results show that a large and diverse training dataset is essential for achieving accurate prediction of both instantaneous and cumulative NOx emissions. Increasing model complexity only enhances model performance to a certain extent, depending on the size of the training dataset. The best-performing model developed in this study achieves an R2 higher than 0.9 for instantaneous NOx emissions and less than a 2
Shahpouri, Saeid, Jiang, Luo, Koch, Charles Robert, Shahbakhti, Mahdi
Identification of Runway Friction Coefficient Using Extended Kalman Filter09-13-02-001212/11/2025
Aircraft operations during landing or takeoff depend strongly on runway surface conditions. Safe runway operations depend on the tire-to-runway frictional force and the drag offered by the aircraft. In the present research article, a methodology is developed to estimate the braking friction coefficient for varied runway conditions accurately in real-time. To this end, the extended Kalman filtering technique (EKF) is applied to sensor-measured data using the on-ground mathematical model of aircraft and wheel dynamics. The aircraft velocity and wheel angular velocity are formulated as system states, and the friction coefficient is estimated as an augmented state. The relation between the friction coefficient and wheel slip ratio is established using both simulated and actual ground roll data. Also, the technique is evaluated with the simulated data as well as real aircraft taxi data. The accuracy of friction estimation, with and without the measurement of normal reaction force on the
T.K., Khadeeja Nusrath, Singh, Jatinder
Letter from the Guest Editors04-19-01-000112/10/2025
Letter from the Guest Editors
Assanis, Dimitris, Cho, Seokwon, Lawler, Benjamin, Pintor, Dario Lopez
The Technological Concept of a Self-Adjusting Segmented Ceramic Sealing System for a Turboshaft Engine with Isochoric Combustion03-18-08-004612/08/2025
The article presents self-adjusting segmented ceramic seals designed for a novel turboshaft engine operating according to the Humphrey thermodynamic cycle. The sealing system is an integral part of the developed engine concept, which features rotating isochoric combustion chambers. The seals utilize centrifugal force as the sealing force, enabling uniform sealing regardless of thermal conditions and associated deformations. The sealing consists of segments with adjustable dimensions in both circumferential and transverse directions. The sealing elements should be made of Si3N4 ceramic, characterized by high thermal resistance (1300°C) and low thermal expansion (3.2•10−6/°C). The article presents three different variants of sealing systems, differing in terms of the technological possibilities of their manufacturing. Special treatments must be applied to ensure high machining accuracy of the sealing elements. The proposed sealing system is a critical point in the design of an engine
Tarnawski, Piotr
Study of Long-Term Variation of Air Resistance of a Tractor with Semitrailer Using Recorded Weather Data Together with Vehicle Data02-19-02-001012/08/2025
With air resistance being one of the two major energy losses in on-road vehicles (the other one being tire losses) and therefore heavily contributing to the range of battery electric and fuel cell electric vehicles, it is necessary to account for realistic air resistance in a priori assessments like vehicle range estimations, component dimensioning, and system simulations. However, lack of input data tempts analysts to instead assume unrealistic “nominal conditions” throughout—a simplification which usually underestimates the amount of energy actually required to overcome air resistance and completely ignores the fact that varying environmental conditions will lead to significant variances in energy consumption and therefore vehicle range. Using “nominal conditions,” it is thus impossible to assess the robustness of these measures and, therefore, difficult to design robust systems and to perform meaningful trade-off studies. In this study, we show how publicly available data from
Filla, Reno
A Review of the Application and Research Progress of Turbulent Jet Ignition Technology03-18-08-004712/03/2025
For the sustainable development of human society, energy saving, emission reduction, and carbon reduction are urgent challenges to be addressed in the energy industry. As a power device for energy conversion in the transportation sector, the internal combustion engine also needs to enhance its thermal efficiency while cutting pollutant emissions. To meet the current stringent requirements, lean combustion has been widely studied as an effective strategy. However, the ignition difficulty resulting from lean burn needs to be addressed. As a high-energy ignition system, the prechamber turbulent jet ignition can accelerate in-cylinder combustion, thereby enhancing engine efficiency and reducing emissions. Thus, it is considered a promising technology. This review reveals efforts to apply prechamber ignition systems to optimize combustion in the engine characterized by low-carbon fuels and low-emission features. First, this article briefly introduces the evolution of the prechamber
Bai, Xiujuan, Zheng, Dayuan
Robust Lateral Trajectory Tracking of Intelligent Vehicles by Using Fuzzy Adaptive Dynamic Model Predictive Control10-10-02-000912/03/2025
To further improve the smoothness and robustness of lateral trajectory tracking for intelligent vehicles under complex operating conditions, this study proposes and experimentally validates a fuzzy adaptive dynamic model predictive control (FADMPC) strategy on the basis of model predictive control (MPC) framework. Thereinto, a three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model serves as the predictive model, and a recursive least-squares algorithm with a forgetting factor is used to estimate tire cornering stiffness, thereby improving model fidelity. A whale optimization algorithm (WOA)–based adaptive horizon scheduler is devised to address the sensitivity of the prediction horizon to vehicle speed and road friction, and a fuzzy regulator adjusts the weight on the lateral displacement error in the objective function in real time. Hardware-in-the-loop tests on jointed and split-road surfaces show that compared with adaptive dynamic MPC, traditional MPC, and linear quadratic regulator, the
Teng, Fei, Jin, Liqiang, Wang, Junnian, Yang, Chen, Fan, Jiapeng, Qiu, Neng, Li, Andong, Zhou, Yanbo
Micromachining through Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Discharge Process: A Review05-19-03-002112/03/2025
As demand for microcomponents has escalated in diverse areas of automotive, medicine, communications, electronics, optics, biotechnology, and avionics industries, there is a need for hybrid manufacturing techniques that can effectively micromachine hard and brittle materials. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an advanced manufacturing process for machining difficult-to-cut materials. With a need for precision and accuracy, tool kinematics is a potential research area in ECDM for achieving geometrical dimensioning and tolerances (GD&T). Therefore, the present study reviews the ultrasonic vibration–assisted ECDM (UA-ECDM) hybrid process and the performance of its process parameters (voltage, electrolyte type and its concentration, electrode material, pulse duration, and amplitude) on the material removal rate (MRR), tool electrode wear (TEW), surface integrity, and difficult-to-cut materials. Also, the present work mentions current problems (debris and bubbles trapped
Prajapati, Mehul S., Lalwani, Devdas I.
Quantifying Naturalistic Changes in Occupant Postures in Belt-Positioning Booster Seats Utilizing Pressure Mats2025-22-000812/02/2025
Belt-positioning booster seats (BPBs) help promote proper seat belt fit for children in vehicles. The effectiveness of BPBs depends on occupant posture, which can be influenced by BPB design features. This study aimed to quantitatively describe how children's postures naturally change over time in BPBs, using pressure mats. Thirty children aged 5 to 12 participated in two 30-minute trials using randomly assigned seating configurations. Five configurations were studied by installing two backless BPBs in vehicle captain’s chairs, varying booster profile (high, low, or no BPB) and armrest presence (with or without BPB/vehicle seat armrests). TekScan 5250 pressure mats were placed on the seating surfaces. Children began in an ideal reference posture, and center of force (COF) data were collected continuously. Additional observations on posture, behavior, and comfort were periodically collected. Mixed models, including effects of seating configuration, time, and volunteer characteristics
Connell, Rosalie, Baker, Gretchen H., Mansfield, Julie A.
TOC99-07-06-0TOC12/02/2025
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
2024–2025 Reviewers14-14-03-002311/28/2025
2024-2025 Reviewers
Onori, Simona
Impinging Shockwave/Boundary Layer Interaction–Induced Separation Mitigation Using Passive Control01-18-03-001411/28/2025
A passive control device to mitigate shock-induced separation in a generic supersonic inlet model is computationally studied. The simulations were based on the Favre-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. The shockwave was generated by an 8° turn supersonic inlet. The Mach number in the inlet was varied between 2.1 and 2.46. The baseline shockwave/boundary layer interaction (SBLI) simulation results compare favorably with experimental data. The passive device, in the form of a splitter plate, eliminates both the separation and flow unsteadiness. The splitter plate causes reduction in the total pressure of the boundary layer at the exit of the inlet due to increased skin friction on the floor and due to wake of the plate.
Olcmen, Semih, Wahidi, Redha, Hegde, Amruthkiran, Datta, Narendra
2024–2025 Reviewers02-18-04-002511/28/2025
2024–2025 Reviewers
Sandu, Corina
Full-State Decoupling Motion Control Strategy for Distributed Vehicle via Bayesian Parameter Optimization10-10-01-000711/26/2025
With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are gradually replacing humans to perform tasks such as reconnaissance, target tracking, and search in special scenarios. Omnidirectional mobility based on rapid adjustment of vehicle heading posture enhances the applicability of UGVs in specialized scenarios. Omnidirectional mobility signifies the capability for rapid adjustments to the vehicle’s heading angle, longitudinal velocity, and lateral velocity. Traditional vehicles are constrained by the limitations of under-actuation, which prevents active regulation of lateral movement. Instead, they rely on the coordinated regulation of longitudinal and yaw movements, failing to meet the requirements for omnidirectional mobility. Distributed vehicles featuring steering distributed between the front/rear axles and four-wheel independent drive leverage the over-actuation advantages provided by multi-actuator coordinated control, making them
Chen, Guoying, Dong, Jiahao, Wang, Xinyu, Zhao, Xuanming, Bi, Chenxiao, Gao, Zhenhai, Zhang, Yanping, He, Rong
2024–2025 Reviewers12-08-04-003911/25/2025
2024–2025 Reviewers
Watzenig, Daniel, Fruehling, Terry
Uncertainty Optimization of Vibration Characteristics in Engineering Machinery Powertrain Mounting Systems Using Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithms10-10-01-000611/22/2025
With the rising demand for high performance and reliability in engineering machinery, the vibration isolation performance and robustness of the powertrain mounting system (PMS) have become critical to overall machine performance. However, during service, rubber mounts are prone to environmental influences, causing significant stiffness deviations that render traditional optimization and analysis methods inadequate. To address this, this article proposes an uncertainty optimization strategy combining Monte Carlo and genetic algorithm (MC-GA), applied to design optimization accounting for stiffness uncertainty due to mount aging, to enhance vibration isolation robustness under large-scale stiffness fluctuations. The study first establishes a Monte Carlo analysis framework based on the statistical characteristics of retired mount stiffness and a dynamic model, systematically evaluating the impact of varying stiffness deviations on vibration characteristics under the original PMS
Xiang, Xingyu, Yi, Hongwei, Hou, Jie, Peng, Cheng, Huang, Haibo, Huang, Xiaorong
Controller Area Network–Based Vehicle Safety System09-13-02-001111/22/2025
This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque
Rampath, Amaan, Stopforth, Riaan, Proctor-Parker, Craig
Evaluation of Advanced Powertrain Technologies for Large Agricultural Tractors: Insights on Energy Consumption and Life Cycle Environmental Impact13-06-03-002511/21/2025
This study aims to assess how alternative electrified powertrain technologies affect energy use for agricultural tractors in the Autonomie simulation tool. The goal of this study is also to assess the feasibility and performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines as a suitable alternative for the agricultural tractor powertrains. The energy consumption and efficiencies of alternative powertrains and fuel options are analyzed and compared across a variety of duty cycles using modeling and simulation methodologies. The considered alternative powertrains are series, parallel, power-split hybrid electric, fuel cell, and battery electric powertrains. The alternative fuel and powertrains are evaluated for their energy efficiency as well as their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve overall tractor performance in a variety of agricultural applications. Following a methodology developed by Argonne National Laboratory and Aramco Americas, the study applied prospective
Kim, Namdoo, Yan, Ziming, Vijayagopal, Ram, Jung, Jaekwang, He, Xin
Current Research Progress and Future Perspectives of Early Fire Prediction Modeling for Electric Vehicles14-15-01-000111/21/2025
With the wide application of electric vehicles (EVs) around the world, the increase in battery pack energy density and the growing complexity of electrical systems have gradually heightened the risk of vehicle fires. Therefore, achieving efficient and timely fire risk prediction is essential to minimize the probability of fires in EVs. However, the development of EV prediction models requires multidisciplinary integration to address complex safety challenges. This article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanisms and combustion characteristics of EV fires, followed by an investigation into the high-risk factors that trigger such fires. Based on the above content, this article conducts an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of different models for high-risk factors such as batteries, electrical systems, and collision damage, offering insights to bridge the gap between different disciplines. Finally, it explores the future development direction of predictive models for EVs
Shao, Yuyang, Cong, Beihua, Jianghong, Liu
Measurement of Road Friction Coefficient with Strain at Tire Sidewall: Verification by Actual Vehicle Driving Experiments10-10-01-000511/20/2025
If road friction coefficient can be measured in a car driving, the performance of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) such as antilock braking system (ABS) and automatic braking systems can be improved. Generally, ADAS uses information obtained from wheel speed sensors, acceleration sensors, and the like. However, it is difficult to measure accurately road friction coefficients with these sensors. Therefore, many studies measured road friction coefficients from strain or deformation in the bottom of a tire (tread), which is the only place to contact with a road surface. However, a sensor installed on the bottom of a tire is easy to peel or damage because greater deformation occurs locally on the bottom of a tire. Therefore, this study develops a method of measuring the road friction coefficient from the strain induced in a tire sidewall. If the tire sidewall can be used, stable measurement can be expected because the sidewall is harder to deform locally than the bottom of a tire
Higuchi, Masahiro, Tachiya, Hiroshi
Effect of Fuel Injection Strategies on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Diethyl Ether–Fueled Compression Ignition Engine03-18-07-004311/20/2025
This experimental study compared a blend of diesel–DEE (DEE 40% v/v in diesel) with baseline diesel. This experimental study assesses different fuel injection strategies for controlling the in-cylinder charge stratification, such as single, double, and triple injections. The peak in-cylinder pressure under the partially premixed combustion mode was higher than conventional diesel combustion. Higher in-cylinder pressure with increasing dwell time was observed under triple injections. Retarding pilot injections increased the peak in-cylinder pressure. Conventional diesel combustion mode exhibited the highest brake thermal efficiency and lowest emissions with all injection strategies. A longer dwell time of 12° CA showed higher brake thermal efficiency, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions, whereas hydrocarbon emissions were lower compared to a shorter dwell time of 6° CA. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased, but nitric oxide and brake thermal efficiency were
Sonawane, Utkarsha, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management under Extreme Fast Charging with Deep Reinforcement Learning14-14-03-002211/20/2025
The increasing importance of electric vehicles requires addressing challenges related to fast charging, safety, and battery range. Thermal management ensures safety, prolongs battery life, and enables extremely fast charging. In this regard, this article proposes a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) optimization approach based on a model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) for a battery pack of an electric vehicle under extreme fast-charging conditions considering the detailed dynamics of vehicle-level BTMS. The objective of the proposed approach seeks to minimize the battery degradation and power consumption of the underlying BTMS. In this respect, the dynamic equations of the thermal system model are constructed considering the air-conditioning refrigerant loop and indirect battery liquid cooling loop. Further, the proposed methodology is implemented on a battery pack, and the results are compared with those of model predictive control (MPC) and proportion–integral
Arjmandzadeh, Ziba, Hossein Abbasi, Mohammad, Wang, Hanchen, Zhang, Jiangfeng, Xu, Bin
CARLA Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Environment for Autonomous Driving12-09-02-001511/20/2025
This article suggests a validation methodology for autonomous driving. The goal is to validate front camera sensors in advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) based on virtually generated scenarios. The outcome is the CARLA-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment (CHASE). It allows the rapid prototyping and validation of the ADAS software. We tested this general approach on a specific experimental application/setup for a vehicle front camera sensor. The setup results were then proven to be comparable to real-world sensor performance. The CARLA simulation environment was used in tandem with a vehicle CAN bus interface. This introduced a significantly improved realism to user-defined test scenarios and their results. The approach benefits from almost unlimited variability of traffic scenarios and the cost-efficient generation of massive testing data.
Cardozo, Shawn Moses, Hlavác, Václav
Comparative Analysis on the Characteristics of Palm Biodiesel–Diesel Blend–Powered Compression Ignition Engine Using Novel Dimensionless Index04-19-02-000711/20/2025
In this study, a Kirloskar TV1 compression ignition engine is put to test using diesel, palm biodiesel (B100), and palm biodiesel–diesel blend (B40D60). Among the tested fuels, engine performance at 75% loading condition with reference fuel diesel showed the highest brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust gas temperature at 27.78%, 12.96 MJ/kWh, and 335.88°C, respectively. While B100 and B40D60 were observed to give a lower value for the same parameters due to their inferior physiochemical properties. In terms of combustion pressure, mean gas temperature, rate of heat release, and rate of pressure rise, the values observed with B40D60 at 67.39 bar, 1397.76 K, 68.83 J/CAD, and 4.34 bar/CAD, correspondingly are better than B100 due to the presence of diesel. Yet for the same combustion parameters, the values for both the aforementioned fuels are still lower than the results seen with pure diesel fueling. Owing to higher cetane number in comparison to
Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Muhammad, Syahidah Akmal
Enhancing Aircraft Engine Part Inspection Using a Handheld 3D Scanner01-18-03-001311/17/2025
Accurate defect quantification is crucial for ensuring the serviceability of aircraft engine parts. Traditional inspection methods, such as profile projectors and replicating compounds, suffer from inconsistencies, operator dependency, and ergonomic challenges. To address these limitations, the 4D InSpec® handheld 3D scanner was introduced as an advanced solution for defect measurement and analysis. This article evaluates the effectiveness of the 4D InSpec scanner through multiple statistical methods, including Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (Gage R&R), Isoplot®, Youden plots, and Bland–Altman plots. A new concept of Probability of accurate Measurement (PoaM)© was introduced to capture the accuracy of the defect quantification based on their size. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in measurement variability, with Gage R&R improving from 39.9% (profile projector) to 8.5% (3D scanner), thus meeting the AS13100 Aerospace Quality Standard. Additionally, the 4D InSpec
Aust, Jonas, Donskoy, Gene
A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Compression Ratio and Pilot Injection Strategy on Alcohol Compression Ignition03-18-07-004411/13/2025
Achieving compression ignition (CI) with ethanol, a renewable fuel, comes with challenges because of its much lower cetane number compared to diesel. Additionally, ethanol’s high cooling potential and high volatility compared to diesel also offer challenges and opportunities to achieving robust, high-efficiency CI. Increasing the compression ratio (CR) and expanding the injection strategy beyond a conventional close-coupled pilot-main diesel injection strategy can help overcome these challenges. This work experimentally tested ethanol CI with several different injection strategies with CRs ranging from 16.3 to 22.3. The results showed that in homogeneous charge CI (HCCI), increasing the CR improved thermal efficiency but incurred a combustion efficiency penalty. In any CI concept, increasing the CR lowered the required intake temperature to achieve ignition. Using close-coupled pilot injections is an effective way to achieve ethanol CI, but it was also shown that HCCI-like intake
Gainey, Brian, Vedpathak, Kunal, Kumar, Mohit, Lawler, Benjamin
2024–2025 Reviewers15-18-03-001911/13/2025
2024–2025 Reviewers
El-Sayed, Mohamed
Letter from the Guest Editors13-06-03-001711/12/2025
Letter from the Guest Editors
He, Xin, Belgiorno, Giacomo, Joshi, Ameya
2024–2025 Reviewers04-18-03-001911/12/2025
2024-2025 Reviewers
Yilmaz, Nadir
Research on Light Transmission Technology of Wood Veneer for Automotive Interior Smart Surfaces15-19-01-000111/12/2025
Automotive wooden interiors are increasingly popular among consumers for their excellent appearance and texture. However, low light transmittance limits their application in automotive interior smart surfaces. This study explores light transmission technology for wood veneer in automotive interiors, proposing two solutions based on the properties of wood veneer: the light-transmitting veneer solution and the laser-engraved beacon solution. Both solutions were tested through production experiments to evaluate the light transmission effects and process feasibility. Experimental results show that the light-transmitting veneer solution significantly improves the light transmittance of wood veneers through material modification, but instability in structure and materials leads to the difficulty of presenting a better light transmission effect. In contrast, the laser-engraved beacon solution achieves clear and stable light transmission effects by directly processing light-transmitting
Yu, Yang, Dai, Xiaodong, Yu, Peng, He, Ping, Lin, Huangxu, Zhang, Xuechang
An Open-Source Solenoid Injector Driver Circuit for Fuel Injection Research03-18-07-004111/10/2025
Common rail, high-pressure electronic fuel injection is one of the primary technologies enabling high-efficiency and low emissions in modern diesel engines. Most fuel injectors utilize an actively controlled solenoid valve to actuate a needle that modulates the fuel supply into the combustion chamber. The electrical drive circuit for the injector requires extensive development costs, and thus, most designs are proprietary in nature, making it difficult to perform academic studies of the fuel injection processes. This research presents an injector driver circuit to control one or more solenoid injectors simultaneously for research-based injector development efforts. The electrical circuit was computationally modeled and optimized iteratively, and then, electronic hardware was developed to demonstrate control of a Bosch CRIN3 solenoid diesel injector as proof of concept. In addition, the injector performance was quantified by the fuel rate of injection (ROI) profiles obtained in a test
Bogdanowicz, Edward, Agrawal, Ajay, Lemmon, Andrew N., Bittle, Joshua
Pedestrian Injury Case Reconstruction through Data Fusion and Machine Learning2025-22-000711/10/2025
The proportion of pedestrian injuries in motor-vehicle-crash-induced injuries in the U.S. has been increasing in recent years. Although extensive police-reported data on pedestrian injuries is available, the incomplete nature of the crash and injury information in these datasets presents a significant challenge for statistical injury analysis and pedestrian protection research. This study aims to address this issue by combining simulation data and field data to impute critical missing crash information in pedestrian crash cases through machine learning techniques. A total of 9,000 MADYMO simulations were generated using maximal projection design, incorporating variables such as pedestrian demographics, crash conditions, and vehicle impact parameters. Gaussian process (GP) surrogate models were trained to predict injury risks with simulation parameters calibrated using the complete crash information in the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) dataset. Maximum likelihood estimations were
Song, Xiaoyang, Sun, Wenbo, Hu, Jingwen, Flannagan, Carol, Karlow, Jared, Bowman, Patrick, Farooq, Iskander, Kalra, Anil
Assessing Engine Dynamics, Fuel Efficiency, and Emission Characteristics with HHO-Enriched Fuel: A System-Level Evaluation of a HydroBoost™ Technology03-18-07-004211/08/2025
In the present work, the effect of HHO addition to gasoline was investigated using HHO produced via the HydroBoost™ electrolysis technology—a system specifically designed to overcome the limitations of conventional electrolysis methods, such as electrode degradation, low efficiency, and safety concerns. Engine performance, fuel behavior, and emission characteristics were evaluated both with and without HHO enrichment. A comprehensive four-phase testing protocol was adopted to simulate various real-world driving conditions. Through a multi-parameter assessment—including fuel economy (FE), engine response under different load conditions, fuel savings accounting for parasitic load, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—it was demonstrated that HHO addition significantly enhances both the performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. Statistical significance of these parameters was assessed across four
Sherman, Gregory, Singh, Amit Pratap
Characterization of the Brake Linings Coefficient of Friction by Means of Instrumented Suspensions Equipped on a Hybrid Race Vehicle10-10-01-000411/08/2025
The knowledge of the brake linings coefficient of friction (BLCF) is crucial for the control of the braking moment in modern vehicles equipped with electric powertrains. In the case of race vehicles equipped with carbon–carbon brakes, the coefficient of friction exhibits great variations as a function of the main influencing factors, namely the pressure, the temperature, and the sliding speed at the pad–disc interface. In this work, a Le Mans Hypercar instrumented with more than 150 sensors was adopted to perform the characterization of the BLCF from racetrack acquisitions. The front and rear left suspensions of the vehicle were instrumented with strain gauge channels and position transducers to acquire the reaction loads at the upright and the orientation of the arms. Then, the geometric matrix method was implemented for calculating the moments at the upright from which the braking torque was derived without the need to know any of the wheel inertia, nor the driveshaft torque. Data
Cortivo, Davide, Vendramin, Mattia, Dindo, Luigi
Establishing a Sustainability Certification System for Aviation Fuel in China01-18-03-001211/07/2025
Amid escalating global warming challenges, the aviation industry must adopt low-carbon and green practices. China, aiming to meet its dual carbon goals, urgently requires enhanced research and development in sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), including their sustainability certification. However, China’s regulatory framework and limited research foundation in biofuels exacerbate this endeavor. This article summarizes the development status of SAF sustainability certification internationally and within China, encompassing the indicator framework, full life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) calculation methodologies, and emission reduction thresholds. It also highlights issues encountered in the application of current international sustainability certification systems in China, such as high certification costs and inadequate data security. Advancement in domestic sustainability certification in China faces obstacles related to the incomplete foundational database, despite possessing life cycle
Zhang, Shuping, He, Yin, Jia, Quanxing, Jia, Qin, Tao, Zan, Miao, Jiahe, Shi, Yao, Zhang, Xiangping, Wang, Siyu
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Magnetorheological Fluid Selection in Automotive Brakes05-19-03-002011/04/2025
Magnetorheological brakes based on MR technology are being investigated for their potential use for automotive purposes. Among the design decisions, the selection of an appropriate MR fluid for the brake application remains an unexplored key issue. This article proposes an MCDM-based framework comprising analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to select an appropriate MR fluid for the automotive brake application. Three commercially available MR fluids from Lord Corporation (MRF-122EG, MRF-132DG, and MRF-140CG) are assessed against six criteria, viz. density, temperature range, yield stress, viscosity, magnetic saturation limit, and solid content. Considering all the criteria, the AHP ranked MRF-140CG highest, while TOPSIS chose MRF-122EG. Excluding the temperature range, both methods converged on MRF-122EG as the optimal choice. The proposed framework can be used for the MR fluid selection problem of other MR
Powar, Kanhaiya, Patil, Satyajit
Influence of Laser Sintered Process Parameters on Crystalline Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg Alloy05-19-03-001911/03/2025
The present study examines the influence of process parameters on the effect of strength and crystalline properties of AlSi10Mg alloy with laser sintered process. A detailed work was carried out with the effects of varying the laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance on crystalline structure, hardness, and surface roughness. From the analysis, the improved surface quality and mechanical performance were achieved with a scan speed of 1200 mm/s, a laser power of 370 W, and a hatch distance of 0.1 mm. An increase in hardness, improved surface finish, and reduced porosity was observed with decreased hatch distance. However, the balanced results were obtained for scanning speed of 1200 mm/s and laser power of 370 W. The ideal processing conditions decreased the crystalline size, increasing the overall material strength, when crystalline analysis was carried out. The higher scanning speeds supported improved grain refinement and heat diffusion, with the poor hardness value. With the lower
Shailesh Rao, A.
Optimization of Arc Welding Parameters for FB590 Hot-Rolled Ferritic-Bainitic Steel with 2.5 mm Thickness05-19-03-001810/31/2025
In this study, the optimization of robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) parameters for joining hot-rolled ferritic-bainitic FB590 steel sheets with a thickness of 2.5 mm was investigated. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of wire feed speed and welding speed on the penetration depth, throat thickness, and mechanical performance of the welded joint. A series of welding experiments were carried out with wire feed speeds ranging from 50 cm/min to 100 cm/min and welding speeds ranging from 5 cm/min to 15 cm/min. Tensile and microhardness tests were carried out to evaluate the structural integrity of the welded joints. The results show that increasing the wire feed speed significantly improves the weld penetration and throat thickness, especially at constant welding speeds. The most suitable combination was found to be 70 cm/min wire feed at 8 cm/min travel speed and 100 cm/min wire feed at 12 cm/min and 15 cm/min travel speeds. The microhardness in the heat-affected zone
Babir, Naime, Üzel, Uğur
Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Engine Cooling System Based on One-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Coupling Analysis Method03-18-07-004010/29/2025
The design of motorcycle engine cooling systems is often hampered by a trade-off between computational efficiency and simulation accuracy, making optimized design iterative and costly. A streamlined, coupled 1D–3D methodology, validated across diverse engine configurations, is needed to address this challenge. This study develops and validates an iterative simulation framework to efficiently optimize cooling systems for various motorcycle engines. The 1D system model defines the performance targets, while 3D CFD analysis enables detailed component optimization (water jackets, radiator airflow); an iterative process ensures the target fulfillment. The 1D–3D coupling analysis methodology is applied to single-, two-, and four-cylinder engines. Results show that the coolant flow velocity within the water jackets are sufficient to ensure effective heat removal of engines and confirms the rational layout design of water jackets. The radiator inlet coolant temperature for the original design
Tan, Libin, Yuan, Yuejin
Integral–Derivative-Tilted Controller for Semi-Active Magnetorheological Truck Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm02-19-02-000910/29/2025
This study proposes a novel control strategy for a semi-active truck suspension system using an integral–derivative-tilted (ID-T) controller, developed as a modification of the TID controller. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is employed to tune the controller parameters. Performance is evaluated on an eight-degrees-of-freedom semi-active suspension system equipped with MR dampers. The objective is to minimize essential dynamic responses (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) of the sprung mass, cabin, and seat. The controller also considers the nonlinear effects including suspension travel, pitch dynamics, dynamic tire loads, and seat-level vibration dose value (VDV). System performance is assessed under both single bump and random road excitations. The ACO-tuned ID-T controller is compared against passive suspension, MR passive (OFF/ON), and ACO-tuned PID and TID controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves superior performance in
Gad, S., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M.
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