Journal Articles - SAE Mobilus

SAE journals provide rigorously peer-reviewed, archival research by subject matter experts--basic and applied research that is valuable to both academia and industry.

Items (10,954)

Robust Lateral Trajectory Tracking of Intelligent Vehicles by Using Fuzzy Adaptive Dynamic Model Predictive Control

10-10-02-0009

12/03/2025

To further improve the smoothness and robustness of lateral trajectory tracking for intelligent vehicles under complex operating conditions, this study proposes and experimentally validates a fuzzy adaptive dynamic model predictive control (FADMPC) strategy on the basis of model predictive control (MPC) framework. Thereinto, a three-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model serves as the predictive model, and a recursive least-squares algorithm with a forgetting factor is used to estimate tire cornering stiffness, thereby improving model fidelity. A whale optimization algorithm (WOA)–based adaptive horizon scheduler is devised to address the sensitivity of the prediction horizon to vehicle speed and road friction, and a fuzzy regulator adjusts the weight on the lateral displacement error in the objective function in real time. Hardware-in-the-loop tests on jointed and split-road surfaces show that compared with adaptive dynamic MPC, traditional MPC, and linear quadratic regulator, the

Teng, Fei, Jin, Liqiang, Wang, Junnian, Yang, Chen, Fan, Jiapeng, Qiu, Neng, Li, Andong, Zhou, Yanbo

A Review of the Application and Research Progress of Turbulent Jet Ignition Technology

03-18-08-0047

12/03/2025

For the sustainable development of human society, energy saving, emission reduction, and carbon reduction are urgent challenges to be addressed in the energy industry. As a power device for energy conversion in the transportation sector, the internal combustion engine also needs to enhance its thermal efficiency while cutting pollutant emissions. To meet the current stringent requirements, lean combustion has been widely studied as an effective strategy. However, the ignition difficulty resulting from lean burn needs to be addressed. As a high-energy ignition system, the prechamber turbulent jet ignition can accelerate in-cylinder combustion, thereby enhancing engine efficiency and reducing emissions. Thus, it is considered a promising technology. This review reveals efforts to apply prechamber ignition systems to optimize combustion in the engine characterized by low-carbon fuels and low-emission features. First, this article briefly introduces the evolution of the prechamber

Bai, Xiujuan, Zheng, Dayuan

Micromachining through Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrochemical Discharge Process: A Review

05-19-03-0021

12/03/2025

As demand for microcomponents has escalated in diverse areas of automotive, medicine, communications, electronics, optics, biotechnology, and avionics industries, there is a need for hybrid manufacturing techniques that can effectively micromachine hard and brittle materials. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an advanced manufacturing process for machining difficult-to-cut materials. With a need for precision and accuracy, tool kinematics is a potential research area in ECDM for achieving geometrical dimensioning and tolerances (GD&T). Therefore, the present study reviews the ultrasonic vibration–assisted ECDM (UA-ECDM) hybrid process and the performance of its process parameters (voltage, electrolyte type and its concentration, electrode material, pulse duration, and amplitude) on the material removal rate (MRR), tool electrode wear (TEW), surface integrity, and difficult-to-cut materials. Also, the present work mentions current problems (debris and bubbles trapped

Prajapati, Mehul S., Lalwani, Devdas I.

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99-07-06-0TOC

12/02/2025

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Tobolski, Sue

Quantifying Naturalistic Changes in Occupant Postures in Belt-Positioning Booster Seats Utilizing Pressure Mats

2025-22-0008

12/02/2025

Belt-positioning booster seats (BPBs) help promote proper seat belt fit for children in vehicles. The effectiveness of BPBs depends on occupant posture, which can be influenced by BPB design features. This study aimed to quantitatively describe how children's postures naturally change over time in BPBs, using pressure mats. Thirty children aged 5 to 12 participated in two 30-minute trials using randomly assigned seating configurations. Five configurations were studied by installing two backless BPBs in vehicle captain’s chairs, varying booster profile (high, low, or no BPB) and armrest presence (with or without BPB/vehicle seat armrests). TekScan 5250 pressure mats were placed on the seating surfaces. Children began in an ideal reference posture, and center of force (COF) data were collected continuously. Additional observations on posture, behavior, and comfort were periodically collected. Mixed models, including effects of seating configuration, time, and volunteer characteristics

Connell, Rosalie, Baker, Gretchen H., Mansfield, Julie A.

2024–2025 Reviewers

14-14-03-0023

11/28/2025

2024-2025 Reviewers

Onori, Simona

Impinging Shockwave/Boundary Layer Interaction–Induced Separation Mitigation Using Passive Control

01-18-03-0014

11/28/2025

A passive control device to mitigate shock-induced separation in a generic supersonic inlet model is computationally studied. The simulations were based on the Favre-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. The shockwave was generated by an 8° turn supersonic inlet. The Mach number in the inlet was varied between 2.1 and 2.46. The baseline shockwave/boundary layer interaction (SBLI) simulation results compare favorably with experimental data. The passive device, in the form of a splitter plate, eliminates both the separation and flow unsteadiness. The splitter plate causes reduction in the total pressure of the boundary layer at the exit of the inlet due to increased skin friction on the floor and due to wake of the plate.

Olcmen, Semih, Wahidi, Redha, Hegde, Amruthkiran, Datta, Narendra

2024–2025 Reviewers

02-18-04-0025

11/28/2025

2024–2025 Reviewers

Sandu, Corina

Full-State Decoupling Motion Control Strategy for Distributed Vehicle via Bayesian Parameter Optimization

10-10-01-0007

11/26/2025

With the rapid development of autonomous driving technology, unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are gradually replacing humans to perform tasks such as reconnaissance, target tracking, and search in special scenarios. Omnidirectional mobility based on rapid adjustment of vehicle heading posture enhances the applicability of UGVs in specialized scenarios. Omnidirectional mobility signifies the capability for rapid adjustments to the vehicle’s heading angle, longitudinal velocity, and lateral velocity. Traditional vehicles are constrained by the limitations of under-actuation, which prevents active regulation of lateral movement. Instead, they rely on the coordinated regulation of longitudinal and yaw movements, failing to meet the requirements for omnidirectional mobility. Distributed vehicles featuring steering distributed between the front/rear axles and four-wheel independent drive leverage the over-actuation advantages provided by multi-actuator coordinated control, making them

Chen, Guoying, Dong, Jiahao, Wang, Xinyu, Zhao, Xuanming, Bi, Chenxiao, Gao, Zhenhai, Zhang, Yanping, He, Rong

2024–2025 Reviewers

12-08-04-0039

11/25/2025

2024–2025 Reviewers

Watzenig, Daniel, Fruehling, Terry

Controller Area Network–Based Vehicle Safety System

09-13-02-0011

11/22/2025

This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque

Rampath, Amaan, Stopforth, Riaan, Proctor-Parker, Craig

Uncertainty Optimization of Vibration Characteristics in Engineering Machinery Powertrain Mounting Systems Using Monte Carlo and Genetic Algorithms

10-10-01-0006

11/22/2025

With the rising demand for high performance and reliability in engineering machinery, the vibration isolation performance and robustness of the powertrain mounting system (PMS) have become critical to overall machine performance. However, during service, rubber mounts are prone to environmental influences, causing significant stiffness deviations that render traditional optimization and analysis methods inadequate. To address this, this article proposes an uncertainty optimization strategy combining Monte Carlo and genetic algorithm (MC-GA), applied to design optimization accounting for stiffness uncertainty due to mount aging, to enhance vibration isolation robustness under large-scale stiffness fluctuations. The study first establishes a Monte Carlo analysis framework based on the statistical characteristics of retired mount stiffness and a dynamic model, systematically evaluating the impact of varying stiffness deviations on vibration characteristics under the original PMS

Xiang, Xingyu, Yi, Hongwei, Hou, Jie, Peng, Cheng, Huang, Haibo, Huang, Xiaorong

Current Research Progress and Future Perspectives of Early Fire Prediction Modeling for Electric Vehicles

14-15-01-0001

11/21/2025

With the wide application of electric vehicles (EVs) around the world, the increase in battery pack energy density and the growing complexity of electrical systems have gradually heightened the risk of vehicle fires. Therefore, achieving efficient and timely fire risk prediction is essential to minimize the probability of fires in EVs. However, the development of EV prediction models requires multidisciplinary integration to address complex safety challenges. This article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanisms and combustion characteristics of EV fires, followed by an investigation into the high-risk factors that trigger such fires. Based on the above content, this article conducts an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of different models for high-risk factors such as batteries, electrical systems, and collision damage, offering insights to bridge the gap between different disciplines. Finally, it explores the future development direction of predictive models for EVs

Shao, Yuyang, Cong, Beihua, Jianghong, Liu

Measurement of Road Friction Coefficient with Strain at Tire Sidewall: Verification by Actual Vehicle Driving Experiments

10-10-01-0005

11/20/2025

If road friction coefficient can be measured in a car driving, the performance of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) such as antilock braking system (ABS) and automatic braking systems can be improved. Generally, ADAS uses information obtained from wheel speed sensors, acceleration sensors, and the like. However, it is difficult to measure accurately road friction coefficients with these sensors. Therefore, many studies measured road friction coefficients from strain or deformation in the bottom of a tire (tread), which is the only place to contact with a road surface. However, a sensor installed on the bottom of a tire is easy to peel or damage because greater deformation occurs locally on the bottom of a tire. Therefore, this study develops a method of measuring the road friction coefficient from the strain induced in a tire sidewall. If the tire sidewall can be used, stable measurement can be expected because the sidewall is harder to deform locally than the bottom of a tire

Higuchi, Masahiro, Tachiya, Hiroshi

CARLA Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Environment for Autonomous Driving

12-09-02-0015

11/20/2025

This article suggests a validation methodology for autonomous driving. The goal is to validate front camera sensors in advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) based on virtually generated scenarios. The outcome is the CARLA-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment (CHASE). It allows the rapid prototyping and validation of the ADAS software. We tested this general approach on a specific experimental application/setup for a vehicle front camera sensor. The setup results were then proven to be comparable to real-world sensor performance. The CARLA simulation environment was used in tandem with a vehicle CAN bus interface. This introduced a significantly improved realism to user-defined test scenarios and their results. The approach benefits from almost unlimited variability of traffic scenarios and the cost-efficient generation of massive testing data.

Cardozo, Shawn Moses, Hlavác, Václav

Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management under Extreme Fast Charging with Deep Reinforcement Learning

14-14-03-0022

11/20/2025

The increasing importance of electric vehicles requires addressing challenges related to fast charging, safety, and battery range. Thermal management ensures safety, prolongs battery life, and enables extremely fast charging. In this regard, this article proposes a novel battery thermal management system (BTMS) optimization approach based on a model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) for a battery pack of an electric vehicle under extreme fast-charging conditions considering the detailed dynamics of vehicle-level BTMS. The objective of the proposed approach seeks to minimize the battery degradation and power consumption of the underlying BTMS. In this respect, the dynamic equations of the thermal system model are constructed considering the air-conditioning refrigerant loop and indirect battery liquid cooling loop. Further, the proposed methodology is implemented on a battery pack, and the results are compared with those of model predictive control (MPC) and proportion–integral

Arjmandzadeh, Ziba, Hossein Abbasi, Mohammad, Wang, Hanchen, Zhang, Jiangfeng, Xu, Bin

Effect of Fuel Injection Strategies on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Diethyl Ether–Fueled Compression Ignition Engine

03-18-07-0043

11/20/2025

This experimental study compared a blend of diesel–DEE (DEE 40% v/v in diesel) with baseline diesel. This experimental study assesses different fuel injection strategies for controlling the in-cylinder charge stratification, such as single, double, and triple injections. The peak in-cylinder pressure under the partially premixed combustion mode was higher than conventional diesel combustion. Higher in-cylinder pressure with increasing dwell time was observed under triple injections. Retarding pilot injections increased the peak in-cylinder pressure. Conventional diesel combustion mode exhibited the highest brake thermal efficiency and lowest emissions with all injection strategies. A longer dwell time of 12° CA showed higher brake thermal efficiency, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions, whereas hydrocarbon emissions were lower compared to a shorter dwell time of 6° CA. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased, but nitric oxide and brake thermal efficiency were

Sonawane, Utkarsha, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar

Comparative Analysis on the Characteristics of Palm Biodiesel–Diesel Blend–Powered Compression Ignition Engine Using Novel Dimensionless Index

04-19-02-0007

11/20/2025

In this study, a Kirloskar TV1 compression ignition engine is put to test using diesel, palm biodiesel (B100), and palm biodiesel–diesel blend (B40D60). Among the tested fuels, engine performance at 75% loading condition with reference fuel diesel showed the highest brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and exhaust gas temperature at 27.78%, 12.96 MJ/kWh, and 335.88°C, respectively. While B100 and B40D60 were observed to give a lower value for the same parameters due to their inferior physiochemical properties. In terms of combustion pressure, mean gas temperature, rate of heat release, and rate of pressure rise, the values observed with B40D60 at 67.39 bar, 1397.76 K, 68.83 J/CAD, and 4.34 bar/CAD, correspondingly are better than B100 due to the presence of diesel. Yet for the same combustion parameters, the values for both the aforementioned fuels are still lower than the results seen with pure diesel fueling. Owing to higher cetane number in comparison to

Balakrishnan, Navaneetha Krishnan, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Muhammad, Syahidah Akmal

Enhancing Aircraft Engine Part Inspection Using a Handheld 3D Scanner

01-18-03-0013

11/17/2025

Accurate defect quantification is crucial for ensuring the serviceability of aircraft engine parts. Traditional inspection methods, such as profile projectors and replicating compounds, suffer from inconsistencies, operator dependency, and ergonomic challenges. To address these limitations, the 4D InSpec® handheld 3D scanner was introduced as an advanced solution for defect measurement and analysis. This article evaluates the effectiveness of the 4D InSpec scanner through multiple statistical methods, including Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (Gage R&R), Isoplot®, Youden plots, and Bland–Altman plots. A new concept of Probability of accurate Measurement (PoaM)© was introduced to capture the accuracy of the defect quantification based on their size. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in measurement variability, with Gage R&R improving from 39.9% (profile projector) to 8.5% (3D scanner), thus meeting the AS13100 Aerospace Quality Standard. Additionally, the 4D InSpec

Aust, Jonas, Donskoy, Gene

2024–2025 Reviewers

15-18-03-0019

11/13/2025

2024–2025 Reviewers

El-Sayed, Mohamed

A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Compression Ratio and Pilot Injection Strategy on Alcohol Compression Ignition

03-18-07-0044

11/13/2025

Achieving compression ignition (CI) with ethanol, a renewable fuel, comes with challenges because of its much lower cetane number compared to diesel. Additionally, ethanol’s high cooling potential and high volatility compared to diesel also offer challenges and opportunities to achieving robust, high-efficiency CI. Increasing the compression ratio (CR) and expanding the injection strategy beyond a conventional close-coupled pilot-main diesel injection strategy can help overcome these challenges. This work experimentally tested ethanol CI with several different injection strategies with CRs ranging from 16.3 to 22.3. The results showed that in homogeneous charge CI (HCCI), increasing the CR improved thermal efficiency but incurred a combustion efficiency penalty. In any CI concept, increasing the CR lowered the required intake temperature to achieve ignition. Using close-coupled pilot injections is an effective way to achieve ethanol CI, but it was also shown that HCCI-like intake

Gainey, Brian, Vedpathak, Kunal, Kumar, Mohit, Lawler, Benjamin

2024–2025 Reviewers

04-18-03-0019

11/12/2025

2024-2025 Reviewers

Yilmaz, Nadir

Letter from the Guest Editors

13-06-03-0017

11/12/2025

Letter from the Guest Editors

He, Xin, Belgiorno, Giacomo, Joshi, Ameya

Research on Light Transmission Technology of Wood Veneer for Automotive Interior Smart Surfaces

15-19-01-0001

11/12/2025

Automotive wooden interiors are increasingly popular among consumers for their excellent appearance and texture. However, low light transmittance limits their application in automotive interior smart surfaces. This study explores light transmission technology for wood veneer in automotive interiors, proposing two solutions based on the properties of wood veneer: the light-transmitting veneer solution and the laser-engraved beacon solution. Both solutions were tested through production experiments to evaluate the light transmission effects and process feasibility. Experimental results show that the light-transmitting veneer solution significantly improves the light transmittance of wood veneers through material modification, but instability in structure and materials leads to the difficulty of presenting a better light transmission effect. In contrast, the laser-engraved beacon solution achieves clear and stable light transmission effects by directly processing light-transmitting

Yu, Yang, Dai, Xiaodong, Yu, Peng, He, Ping, Lin, Huangxu, Zhang, Xuechang

Pedestrian Injury Case Reconstruction through Data Fusion and Machine Learning

2025-22-0007

11/10/2025

The proportion of pedestrian injuries in motor-vehicle-crash-induced injuries in the U.S. has been increasing in recent years. Although extensive police-reported data on pedestrian injuries is available, the incomplete nature of the crash and injury information in these datasets presents a significant challenge for statistical injury analysis and pedestrian protection research. This study aims to address this issue by combining simulation data and field data to impute critical missing crash information in pedestrian crash cases through machine learning techniques. A total of 9,000 MADYMO simulations were generated using maximal projection design, incorporating variables such as pedestrian demographics, crash conditions, and vehicle impact parameters. Gaussian process (GP) surrogate models were trained to predict injury risks with simulation parameters calibrated using the complete crash information in the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) dataset. Maximum likelihood estimations were

Song, Xiaoyang, Sun, Wenbo, Hu, Jingwen, Flannagan, Carol, Karlow, Jared, Bowman, Patrick, Farooq, Iskander, Kalra, Anil

An Open-Source Solenoid Injector Driver Circuit for Fuel Injection Research

03-18-07-0041

11/10/2025

Common rail, high-pressure electronic fuel injection is one of the primary technologies enabling high-efficiency and low emissions in modern diesel engines. Most fuel injectors utilize an actively controlled solenoid valve to actuate a needle that modulates the fuel supply into the combustion chamber. The electrical drive circuit for the injector requires extensive development costs, and thus, most designs are proprietary in nature, making it difficult to perform academic studies of the fuel injection processes. This research presents an injector driver circuit to control one or more solenoid injectors simultaneously for research-based injector development efforts. The electrical circuit was computationally modeled and optimized iteratively, and then, electronic hardware was developed to demonstrate control of a Bosch CRIN3 solenoid diesel injector as proof of concept. In addition, the injector performance was quantified by the fuel rate of injection (ROI) profiles obtained in a test

Bogdanowicz, Edward, Agrawal, Ajay, Lemmon, Andrew N., Bittle, Joshua

Characterization of the Brake Linings Coefficient of Friction by Means of Instrumented Suspensions Equipped on a Hybrid Race Vehicle

10-10-01-0004

11/08/2025

The knowledge of the brake linings coefficient of friction (BLCF) is crucial for the control of the braking moment in modern vehicles equipped with electric powertrains. In the case of race vehicles equipped with carbon–carbon brakes, the coefficient of friction exhibits great variations as a function of the main influencing factors, namely the pressure, the temperature, and the sliding speed at the pad–disc interface. In this work, a Le Mans Hypercar instrumented with more than 150 sensors was adopted to perform the characterization of the BLCF from racetrack acquisitions. The front and rear left suspensions of the vehicle were instrumented with strain gauge channels and position transducers to acquire the reaction loads at the upright and the orientation of the arms. Then, the geometric matrix method was implemented for calculating the moments at the upright from which the braking torque was derived without the need to know any of the wheel inertia, nor the driveshaft torque. Data

Cortivo, Davide, Vendramin, Mattia, Dindo, Luigi

Assessing Engine Dynamics, Fuel Efficiency, and Emission Characteristics with HHO-Enriched Fuel: A System-Level Evaluation of a HydroBoost™ Technology

03-18-07-0042

11/08/2025

In the present work, the effect of HHO addition to gasoline was investigated using HHO produced via the HydroBoost™ electrolysis technology—a system specifically designed to overcome the limitations of conventional electrolysis methods, such as electrode degradation, low efficiency, and safety concerns. Engine performance, fuel behavior, and emission characteristics were evaluated both with and without HHO enrichment. A comprehensive four-phase testing protocol was adopted to simulate various real-world driving conditions. Through a multi-parameter assessment—including fuel economy (FE), engine response under different load conditions, fuel savings accounting for parasitic load, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—it was demonstrated that HHO addition significantly enhances both the performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. Statistical significance of these parameters was assessed across four

Sherman, Gregory, Singh, Amit Pratap

Establishing a Sustainability Certification System for Aviation Fuel in China

01-18-03-0012

11/07/2025

Amid escalating global warming challenges, the aviation industry must adopt low-carbon and green practices. China, aiming to meet its dual carbon goals, urgently requires enhanced research and development in sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), including their sustainability certification. However, China’s regulatory framework and limited research foundation in biofuels exacerbate this endeavor. This article summarizes the development status of SAF sustainability certification internationally and within China, encompassing the indicator framework, full life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) calculation methodologies, and emission reduction thresholds. It also highlights issues encountered in the application of current international sustainability certification systems in China, such as high certification costs and inadequate data security. Advancement in domestic sustainability certification in China faces obstacles related to the incomplete foundational database, despite possessing life cycle

Zhang, Shuping, He, Yin, Jia, Quanxing, Jia, Qin, Tao, Zan, Miao, Jiahe, Shi, Yao, Zhang, Xiangping, Wang, Siyu

Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Magnetorheological Fluid Selection in Automotive Brakes

05-19-03-0020

11/04/2025

Magnetorheological brakes based on MR technology are being investigated for their potential use for automotive purposes. Among the design decisions, the selection of an appropriate MR fluid for the brake application remains an unexplored key issue. This article proposes an MCDM-based framework comprising analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to select an appropriate MR fluid for the automotive brake application. Three commercially available MR fluids from Lord Corporation (MRF-122EG, MRF-132DG, and MRF-140CG) are assessed against six criteria, viz. density, temperature range, yield stress, viscosity, magnetic saturation limit, and solid content. Considering all the criteria, the AHP ranked MRF-140CG highest, while TOPSIS chose MRF-122EG. Excluding the temperature range, both methods converged on MRF-122EG as the optimal choice. The proposed framework can be used for the MR fluid selection problem of other MR

Powar, Kanhaiya, Patil, Satyajit

Influence of Laser Sintered Process Parameters on Crystalline Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of AlSi10Mg Alloy

05-19-03-0019

11/03/2025

The present study examines the influence of process parameters on the effect of strength and crystalline properties of AlSi10Mg alloy with laser sintered process. A detailed work was carried out with the effects of varying the laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance on crystalline structure, hardness, and surface roughness. From the analysis, the improved surface quality and mechanical performance were achieved with a scan speed of 1200 mm/s, a laser power of 370 W, and a hatch distance of 0.1 mm. An increase in hardness, improved surface finish, and reduced porosity was observed with decreased hatch distance. However, the balanced results were obtained for scanning speed of 1200 mm/s and laser power of 370 W. The ideal processing conditions decreased the crystalline size, increasing the overall material strength, when crystalline analysis was carried out. The higher scanning speeds supported improved grain refinement and heat diffusion, with the poor hardness value. With the lower

Shailesh Rao, A.

Optimization of Arc Welding Parameters for FB590 Hot-Rolled Ferritic-Bainitic Steel with 2.5 mm Thickness

05-19-03-0018

10/31/2025

In this study, the optimization of robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) parameters for joining hot-rolled ferritic-bainitic FB590 steel sheets with a thickness of 2.5 mm was investigated. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of wire feed speed and welding speed on the penetration depth, throat thickness, and mechanical performance of the welded joint. A series of welding experiments were carried out with wire feed speeds ranging from 50 cm/min to 100 cm/min and welding speeds ranging from 5 cm/min to 15 cm/min. Tensile and microhardness tests were carried out to evaluate the structural integrity of the welded joints. The results show that increasing the wire feed speed significantly improves the weld penetration and throat thickness, especially at constant welding speeds. The most suitable combination was found to be 70 cm/min wire feed at 8 cm/min travel speed and 100 cm/min wire feed at 12 cm/min and 15 cm/min travel speeds. The microhardness in the heat-affected zone

Babir, Naime, Üzel, Uğur

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Engine Cooling System Based on One-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Coupling Analysis Method

03-18-07-0040

10/29/2025

The design of motorcycle engine cooling systems is often hampered by a trade-off between computational efficiency and simulation accuracy, making optimized design iterative and costly. A streamlined, coupled 1D–3D methodology, validated across diverse engine configurations, is needed to address this challenge. This study develops and validates an iterative simulation framework to efficiently optimize cooling systems for various motorcycle engines. The 1D system model defines the performance targets, while 3D CFD analysis enables detailed component optimization (water jackets, radiator airflow); an iterative process ensures the target fulfillment. The 1D–3D coupling analysis methodology is applied to single-, two-, and four-cylinder engines. Results show that the coolant flow velocity within the water jackets are sufficient to ensure effective heat removal of engines and confirms the rational layout design of water jackets. The radiator inlet coolant temperature for the original design

Tan, Libin, Yuan, Yuejin

Integral–Derivative-Tilted Controller for Semi-Active Magnetorheological Truck Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

02-19-02-0009

10/29/2025

This study proposes a novel control strategy for a semi-active truck suspension system using an integral–derivative-tilted (ID-T) controller, developed as a modification of the TID controller. The ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is employed to tune the controller parameters. Performance is evaluated on an eight-degrees-of-freedom semi-active suspension system equipped with MR dampers. The objective is to minimize essential dynamic responses (displacement, velocity, and acceleration) of the sprung mass, cabin, and seat. The controller also considers the nonlinear effects including suspension travel, pitch dynamics, dynamic tire loads, and seat-level vibration dose value (VDV). System performance is assessed under both single bump and random road excitations. The ACO-tuned ID-T controller is compared against passive suspension, MR passive (OFF/ON), and ACO-tuned PID and TID controllers. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves superior performance in

Gad, S., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M.

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99-07-05-0TOC

10/23/2025

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Tobolski, Sue

Characterization of High-Power Cold-Start Emissions Part 2: Impact of Hybrid Topologies and Powertrain Sizing on Tailpipe Emissions Performance

03-18-06-0039

10/22/2025

The current work is the second installment of a two-part study designed to understand the impact of high-power cold-start events for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) on tailpipe emissions. In part 1, tailpipe emissions and powertrain signals of a modern PHEV measured over three drive cycles identified that high-power cold-start events generated the highest amounts of gaseous and particulate emissions. The trends in emissions data and powertrain performance were specific to the P2-type hybrid topology used in the study. In this second part of the study, the effects of different PHEV hardware configurations are determined. Specifically, the tailpipe emissions of three production plug-in hybrid vehicles, operated over the US06 drive cycle, are characterized. The approach compared the tailpipe emissions of the test vehicles on the basis of the hybrid topologies and corresponding engine operational characteristics during a high-power cold-start event. Analysis of test results showed

Chakrapani, Varun, O’Donnell, Ryan, Fataouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret

Characterization of High-Power Cold-Start Emissions Part 1: Analysis of a Modern Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Tailpipe Emissions

03-18-06-0038

10/22/2025

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) have recently introduced targets for tailpipe emissions during high-power cold-start conditions for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, the performance characteristics of hybrid powertrains and the effectiveness of cold-start strategies in PHEVs are not well known. In this two-part study, the performance of a production PHEV is examined with the objective of quantifying the impact of high-power cold-start events on overall tailpipe emissions. High temporal fidelity data of powertrain performance and tailpipe emissions generated during cold-start events for various driving conditions are presented for the first time. The selected P2 hybrid vehicle was tested using (i) the European Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test, (ii) the US06 (Supplemental Federal Test Procedure), and (iii) a custom drive cycle developed for this study. Results show that driving conditions leading

Chakrapani, Varun, O’Donnell, Ryan, Fatouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret

First Investigation of Ducted Fuel Injection on a Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Multi-Cylinder Production Engine

04-19-01-0005

10/22/2025

Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was tested for the first time on a production multi-cylinder engine. Design-of-experiments (DoE) testing was carried out for DFI with a baseline ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel as well as three fuels with lower lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: renewable diesel, neat biodiesel (from soy), and a 50/50 blend by volume of biodiesel with renewable diesel denoted B50R50. For all fuels tested, DFI enabled simultaneous reductions of engine-out emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with late injection timings. DoE data were used to develop individual calibrations for steady-state testing with each fuel using the ISO 8178 eight-mode off-road test cycle. Over the ISO 8178 test, DFI with a five-duct configuration and B50R50 fuel reduced soot and NOx by 87% and 42%, respectively, relative to the production engine calibration. Soot reductions generally decreased with increasing engine load. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions tended to increase

Ogren, Ryan M., Baumgard, Kirby J., Radhakrishna, Vishnu, Kempin, Robert C., Mueller, Charles J.

On Optimal Tire Usage in the Path-Tracking Control of Four-Wheel Independent Steering Four-Wheel Independent Drive Electric Vehicles

12-09-02-0014

10/22/2025

Four-wheel independent steering four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles have an independent steering motor and an independent driving motor for each wheel, for a total of eight motors. About 28 works in this emerging field have shown path-tracking control algorithms for these vehicles, 18 of them explicitly or implicitly aspire for a condition known as optimal tire usage. This article first defines this optimality condition and explains its significance. Second, this article identifies three indicators of tire usage that aid in assessing the existing algorithms. Third, this article performs block diagram examination of four of the 18 works, revealing significant commonalities across the 28 works and identifying areas for improvement in three of the four algorithms. Lastly, this article suggests motor control systems to fill these gaps. Furthermore, it employs these motor control systems in one of the four algorithms, and illustrates path-tracking and achievement of the

Kumar, Dileep, Potluri, Ramprasad

A Hybrid Framework for Kinematic Vehicle Prediction: YOLOv11 with Unscented Kalman Filter

12-09-02-0013

10/22/2025

In the context of intelligent transportation systems and applications such as autonomous driving, it is essential to predict a vehicle’s immediate future states to enable precise and timely prediction of vehicles’ movements. This article proposes a hybrid short-term kinematic vehicle prediction framework that integrates a novel object detection model, You Only Look Once version 11 (YOLOv11), with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF), a reliable state estimation technique. This study provides a unique method for real-time detection of vehicles in traffic scenes, tracking and predicting their short-term kinematics. Locating the vehicle accurately and classifying it in a range of dynamic scenarios is achievable by the enhanced detection capabilities of YOLOv11. These detections are used as inputs by the UKF to estimate and predict the future positions of the vehicles while considering measurement noise and dynamic model errors. The focus of this work is on individual vehicle motion prediction

Pahal, Sudesh, Nandal, Priyanka

2024–2025 Reviewers

05-18-04-0034

10/16/2025

2024–2025 Reviewers

Barkey, Mark

2024–2025 Reviewers

01-18-03-0017

10/16/2025

2024–2025 Reviewers

Rajamani, Ravi

A Microstructural Comparison of NiCoCrAlY Superalloy Coatings Manufactured by Combustion Flame Spray and High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel Processes

05-19-03-0017

10/15/2025

NiCoCrAlY powders were thermally sprayed by combustion flame spray (CFS) and high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) processes on IN 718 alloy substrates. Experimental parameters were fixed to manufacture coatings with a thickness about 200 μm. Microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to reveal microstructural characteristics of both developed CFS and HVOF coatings, and it was observed that they were formed by a lamellar morphology composed of β and γ phases. The analyses also revealed lower porosity in the coatings produced by HVOF process while was compared with CFS process. While a microstructure composed of like-deformed powder was developed in HVOF process, in the case of CFS a building layer-by-layer was characteristic. Vickers hardness tests were also performed, and it was found that coating developed by HVOF process showed quite higher hardness values compared with those measured on the coatings developed with the CFS process, nonetheless this difference was small

Juarez-Lopez, Fernando, Mendoza, Melquisedec Vicente, Meléndez, Rubén Cuamatzi, Ramírez, Ángel de Jesús Morales

2024–2025 Reviewers

10-09-04-0038

10/14/2025

2024–2025 Reviewers

Xu, Peijun

Coordinated Strategy of Trajectory Tracking and Stability Control for Autonomous Vehicles with Switched Envelope and Composite Evaluation

10-10-01-0003

10/13/2025

Trajectory tracking and lateral stability under extreme conditions are critical yet conflicting control objectives due to nonlinear tire dynamics and road adhesion limitation, where accurate characterization of vehicle dynamics for each objective is essential to enable coordinated performance. This article proposes a coordinated control strategy based on switched envelope and composite evaluation to improve both tracking accuracy and stability. Unlike previous stability envelope methods that rely solely on the vehicle’s rear tire saturation boundary to prevent instability, the switched envelope approach incorporates both front and rear tire saturation boundaries to simultaneously mitigate steering loss and instability in trajectory tracking. A critical steering angle, derived from tire slip dynamics and phase plane stability analysis, is formulated as the switching criterion. Additionally, a composite stability evaluation is developed by combining a future disturbance resistance index

Shi, Wenbo, Wang, Junlong, Ding, Haitao, Xu, Nan

Find Optimal Suspension Kinematics Targets for Vehicle Dynamics Using Reinforcement Learning

10-10-01-0002

10/11/2025

Setting up suspension kinematics targets has been a challenging task for vehicle engineers. The challenges involve a high-dimensional search space, nonlinear relationships between the suspension kinematics and vehicle dynamics, exploration and exploitation trade-offs, and the need for domain-specific knowledge. Traditional multi-objective optimization methods are time-consuming, sensitive to initial conditions, and rarely converge to the global optimum in high-dimensional spaces. This article explores how reinforcement learning can be used to automate the design of suspension kinematics targets, addressing a longstanding challenge in vehicle dynamics design: the inverse problem of satisfying high-level handling objectives through low-level subsystem parameters. The method is based on the accumulation of knowledge through the interaction between an intelligent agent and a simulation environment. The agent optimizes suspension kinematics targets by receiving rewards tied to vehicle

Huang, Yansong, Boerboom, Max, Wolff, Krister, Jacobson, Bengt

Investigation of Traffic Oscillation Suppression by Periodic-Configuration Vehicular Platoon

12-09-02-0012

10/11/2025

To mitigate traffic oscillation in mixed traffic flow environments, which reduces road capacity and may lead to traffic accidents, this article innovatively proposes a periodic-configuration vehicular platoon to enhance traffic stability, inspired by the vibration attenuation properties of periodic structures. First, the vehicular platoon model is developed based on the periodic structure principle, and the lumped mass method is applied to derive the platoon spacing transfer matrix. Second, the band gap range is calculated based on the common traffic oscillation frequency by appropriately designing the period parameters in the periodic-configuration vehicular platoon. Additionally, the influence of these period parameters on the band gap range is analyzed. Finally, simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the propagation characteristics of traffic oscillations within the platoon, and the relative position diagrams of vehicles in the platoon are obtained. To validate the

Yang, Xiujian, Zhuang, Qingyuan, Wang, Shenyi

A Novel Vehicle Simulation Framework for the Evaluation of H ₂ and Battery Electric Powertrain Architectures

14-14-03-0021

10/10/2025

Recent policies have set ambitious goals for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. In this context, the feasibility of hydrogen applications is under investigation in various sectors and promoted by government funding. The transport sector is one of the most investigated sectors in terms of emission mitigation strategies, as it contributes to about one-fifth of the total GHG emissions. This study proposes an integrated numerical approach, using a simulation framework, to analyze potential powertrain alternatives in the road transport sector. Non-causal point parametric vehicle models have been developed for various vehicle classes to evaluate key environmental, energy, and economic performance indicators. The modular architecture of the simulation framework allows the analysis of different vehicle classes. The developed framework has been used to compare powertrain alternatives based on hydrogen and electricity energy

Pipicelli, Michele, Sedarsky, David, Di Blasio, Gabriele

Impact of Oil Composition on Pre-Ignition in a Hydrogen Engine

04-18-03-0018

10/10/2025

Pre-ignition (PI) is a common issue in internal combustion engines (ICE) with spark ignition. While the various causes have been identified with conventional fuels (such as gasoline or gasoline blends), the causes with hydrogen in ICE are not yet fully understood. This article presents the results of investigations into the influence of seven different lubricating oils on PI in a single-cylinder hydrogen research engine. The variation of two different parameters at two engine speeds were investigated: load and air/fuel mixture. For both variations, the tests start at the same conditions and run until the operating limit of the engine is reached (peak firing pressure, or maximum intake manifold pressure). The PI and knocking PI are investigated, while classifying them according to the peak cylinder pressure. It has been observed that enleanment above λ = 2.4 can lead to higher PI rates, while simultaneously reducing the knocking PI. During the load sweep at 2000 1/min, the highest

Pehlivanlar, Benjamin, Torkler, Michael, Fischer, Marcus, Göbel, Christoph, Pischinger, Stefan, Maulbetsch, Theo, Nübling, Fritz, Neumann, Stephan

Review of Bio-Inspired Actuators and Their Potential for Adaptive Vehicle Control

12-09-02-0011

10/10/2025

Adaptive vehicle control systems are crucial for enhancing safety, performance, and efficiency in modern transportation, particularly as vehicles become increasingly automated and responsive to dynamic environments. This review explores the advancements in bio-inspired actuators and their potential applications in adaptive vehicle control systems. Bio-inspired actuators, which mimic natural mechanisms such as muscle movement and plant tropism, offer unique advantages such as flexibility, adaptability, and energy efficiency. The article categorizes these actuators based on their mechanisms, including shape memory alloys, dielectric elastomers, ionic polymer–metal composites, and soft pneumatic actuators. The review highlights the properties, operating principles, technical maturity, and potential applications for each mechanism in automotive systems. Additionally, it investigates current uses of these actuators in adaptive suspension, active steering, braking systems, and human–machine

Mittal, Vikram, Shah, Rajesh, Roshan, Mathew

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