Browse Topic: Hazards and emergency operations

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Survivability, Lethality, and Mobility Requirements of Military Vehicles Conducting Future Wet Gap Crossings2026-01-0264To be published on 04/07/2026
Wet gap crossings, which involve moving military forces across rivers and other water obstacles, are among the most difficult maneuvers that units can perform. These operations are complicated by choke points, fast-flowing water, and the exposure of forces to enemy fire. Despite these challenges, wet gap crossings remain critical to battlefield success, particularly during large-scale combat operations. Consequently, military vehicles must be designed with these operations in mind. This study examines doctrinal approaches to wet gap crossings and the trade-offs between mobility, survivability, and lethality in relation to fording, floating, rafting, and bridging. The analysis incorporates open-source data from the Institute for the Study of War, which provides daily updates on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and Oryxspioenkop, which collates open-source images of Russian and Ukrainian battle-damaged equipment. This data is used to assess additional challenges encountered during wet gap
Lynch, Benjamin, Dosan, Logan, Mittal, Vikram
Thermal Insulation Materials Used in Battery Pack Assembly: A Review of Materials, Test Methods, and Key Considerations2026-01-0406To be published on 04/07/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) battery packs have undergone substantial advancements in recent years, driven by engineering design improvements, material innovations, and increasingly stringent regulatory enforcement. These developments have enabled battery packs to become more energy-dense, which is essential for extending driving range and improving overall vehicle performance. However, with increased energy density comes a heightened risk of thermal events, such as thermal runaway, which continue to raise concerns regarding vehicle safety, reliability, and long-term durability. This review focuses on the critical role that thermal insulation materials play in mitigating the impact of such thermal events within EV battery systems. It presents an overview of commonly used thermal insulation materials, emphasizing their chemical composition, thermal resistance, and mechanical integrity under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and physical stress. The ability of these materials to
Ng, Sze-Sze, Dhyani, Abhishek, Gorin, Craig, Jeon, Junho, Nuguri, Sravya, Repollet Pedrosa, Milton, Rylski, Adrian, Shete, Abhishek, Steinbrecher, Jacob, Thomas, Ryan
Noninvasive Loss Breakdown of an Electric Drive Unit2026-01-0448To be published on 04/07/2026
Techniques exist to precisely measure the electromechanical efficiency in an electric drive unit (EDU, defined here as the combined motor and geartrain). While total drive unit efficiency is an important metric, it does not quantify the different loss sources in the EDU. Due to the tight packaging in production EDUs, it’s impractical to mount a torque transducer between the electric machine and gearbox to separate the losses from these components. Additionally, this approach does not separate the winding, core, and mechanical losses present in the electric machine. In this work, we developed a noninvasive approach to distinguish winding, core, and mechanical losses for EDUs containing synchronous electric machines. To separate the effects of these losses, mechanical output power was held constant at several test points while varying the stator’s current amplitude and angle. By maintaining the mechanical power at a constant value and varying the stator current, the core and winding
Woods, Tyler, Gross, Michael, Drallmeier, Joseph
A System of System Design Framework for Multi-Domain Vehicles2026-01-0263To be published on 04/07/2026
A System of System Design Framework for Multi-Domain Vehicles - U.S. Army OPSEC approval has been received. Please find the approved Abstract for your consideration below : Traditionally, ground vehicle design is based on identifying engineering solutions that fulfil the requirements and specifications put forth by the stakeholders. Although a vehicle is a single entity, it is composed of many subsystems and thousands of parts that must operate together in unison to meet all design goals. A System of Systems (SoS) design approach enables the consideration of sub-system performance within a framework of overall system operation which includes possible trade-offs. This collaborative approach to subsystem and primary system design draws upon modelling, optimization, tradespace analysis and virtual studies. In this paper, a system of system design approach will be investigated for a collection of multi domain vehicles assembled to undertake coordinated search and rescue operations on land
Somanchi, Anang, Abeynayake, Chandima, deshmukh, Mrunal, Suresh, Johir, Ramnath, Satchit, Turner, Cameron, Schmid, Matthias, Castanier, Matthew P., Rapp, Stephen, Jaczkowski, Jeffery, Wagner, John
Simulation of Conjugate Heat Transfer using the Lattice Boltzmann Method2026-01-0135To be published on 04/07/2026
Flow simulation with conjugate heat transfer, which involves fluid flow, conduction, and radiation in solid components, is a critical capability that helps engineers design and evaluate cooling systems for heat-generating components such as brakes, powertrains, batteries, and power electronics for both gasoline and electric vehicles. For this study, we utilize PowerFLOW™, featuring its novel native thermal solver, which models both fluid and solid domains within a single model. For the flow domain, we use the Lattice Boltzmann Method with VLES turbulence modeling based on the RNG k-epsilon method. And for the solid domain, the finite volume method with second-order accuracy for thermal conduction and a surface-to-surface radiation for the surfaces. This approach not only leads to a more integrated and streamlined workflow but also enables an accurate modeling of conduction and radiation. In this study, we demonstrate the accuracy of the conjugate heat transfer simulation methodology
Mukutmoni, Devadatta, Shock, Richard, Li, Han, Wanderer, John
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Firefighting on High Rise Structures2026-28-0115To be published on 02/12/2026
Fires in Urban high-rise structures and industrial areas pose significant challenges to traditional firefighting methods. Traditional firefighting methods often struggle to address the challenges posed by height, accessibility and rapid response. In such a scenario innovative technologies become vital for effective and efficient methods. This project introduces an unmanned aerial vehicle designed to suppress fire on high-rise building by using drone technologies and robotics. The drone is equipped with a stereo camera which will detect fire and measure its coordinates with the help of algorithms fed on the companion computer raspberry pi. Upon receiving the coordinates, the drone will station itself at a predetermined distance from the fire. The drone will adjust itself in the vertical direction for proper ejection of water at the fire. The water will be ejected through a nozzle integrated with the drone, which is connected to the pump at the ground via hose. This drone solution
R, Abhiram, Sadique, Anwar, PV, Anurag, J, Harisankar V, A, Geethu, vs, Amarnath
Aircraft Lightning ZoneARP5414B (Current)2/6/2026
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines lightning strike zones and provides guidelines for locating them on particular aircraft, together with examples. The zone definitions and location guidelines described herein are applicable to Parts 23, 25, 27, and 29 aircraft. The zone location guidelines and examples are representative of in-flight lightning exposures.
AE-2 Lightning Committee
Electro Magnetic Radiation Analysis for the Vehicle Cable and Shielding Techniques and Performance Assessment2026-26-05631/16/2026
This study discusses the generalized workflow and design techniques for detecting radiated emissions from vehicle electronic systems to ensure an electromagnetic compatible (EMC) vehicle specified by radiated emission standards such as CISPR-12 and CISPR-25. In this work, CST studio suite software is used to examine the vertical polarization in an E vehicle. The results of the radiated emission are plotted as dBμV/m vs Hz to understand the radiation effects generated by different electronic devices across different frequencies. The discussed method serves as a guide for forming a virtual electromagnetic environment where a real vehicle is simulated to study the interference effects and design a suitable filter to reduce the effect of EMI.
Manuelraj, Masilamani, Prasad, Suryanarayana, Narayanan, Siva Suriya
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-02181/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, Soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Optimizer Sunshade Packaging with Half Aluminum Cassette and Metal Pull Bar2026-26-05971/16/2026
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Bornare, Harshad, Ritesh, Kakade
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-02671/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include a transient dynamometer with an advanced automation system for
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Cabin Heat-Up Thermal Assessment for Human Comfort in Passenger Car2026-26-04081/16/2026
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning) system is designed to fulfil the thermal comfort requirement inside a vehicle cabin. Human thermal comfort primarily depends upon an occupant’s physiological and environmental condition. Vehicle AC performance is evaluated by mapping air velocity and local air temperature at various places inside the cabin. There is a need to have simulation methodology for cabin heating applications for cold climate to assess ventilation system effectiveness considering thermal comfort. Thermal comfort modelling involves human manikin modeling, cabin thermal model considering material details and environmental conditions using transient CAE simulation. Present study employed with LBM (Lattice-Boltzmann Method) based PowerFLOW solver coupled with finite element based PowerTHERM solver to simulate the cabin heat up. Human thermal comfort needs physiological modelling; thus, the in-built Berkeley human comfort library is used in simulation. Human
Baghel, Devesh Kumar, Kandekar, Ambadas, Kumar, Ravi, Dimble, Nilesh
Battery Thermal Management Approach for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-01511/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. The two-wheeler segment dominates the Indian automotive market, accounting for the largest share of total sales. Consequently, the manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive (natural) air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly during charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. FEV is actively developing the
Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar S, Emran, Ashraf, Garg, Shivam, Berry, Sushil
Comprehensive Insights on Techniques for Managing and Preventing Thermal Runaway in EV Lithium-Ion Batteries2026-26-01711/16/2026
This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the mechanisms, risks, and mitigation strategies associated with thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). It begins by emphasizing the urgency of the issue, identifying key vulnerabilities within EV battery systems that contribute to runaway events. A multiscale, stage-wise breakdown of thermal runaway progression is provided, illustrating how physical, chemical, and thermal interactions compound during failure scenarios. The study analyzes global incident data from 2000 to 2025, revealing trends in human health impacts, vehicle damage, and public safety concerns. Particular attention is given to how battery aging, manufacturing defects, and external abuse conditions elevate the likelihood and severity of thermal runaway. Current emergency response protocols and state-of-the-art mitigation technologies are critically evaluated to identify best practices and existing gaps in safety management. A
Jain, Gaurav, Premlal, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Electric Mobility and Materials Circularity - A Study of Recycled PET Textiles for Automotive Interiors2026-26-02371/16/2026
The adoption of sustainability in electric mobility has made it crucial to investigate environmentally friendly materials. Polymer materials used in automotive application plays very important role in material circularity contributing significant value addition to the overall carbon footprint index. This study discloses the development of recycled polyester textiles derived from PET bottle waste and use for automotive interior parts. The use of recycled textiles is directly helping the organization in scope 3 emissions to get the lower carbon footprint value as it is eliminating the use of fossil fuel resources in making the PET textiles. In this study, the development of 50% recycled PET textile and its feasibility for automotive interior is disclosed in detail. The 50 % recycled PET was tested against automotive critical requirements such as sun load UV resistance, abrasion durability, color migrations, soiling resistance, mechanical and thermal properties. The findings showed that
Palaniappan, Elavarasan, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Balaji, K V, Dodiya, Rohanbhai
Wearable Health Tech Brings Research to PeopleTBMG-544061/1/2026
Researchers are exploring new ways to utilize microwave technology in monitoring and assessing health conditions. The results of experiments conducted with realistic models are promising. Bras that detect breast cancer, leg sleeves that identify blood clots, and a helmet that monitors the effects of radiation therapy offer a glimpse into what future healthcare might look like.
Study on the Environment of Subway Stations from the Passengers’ Perception: A Case Study of Shenzhen Metro2025-99-023012/23/2025
As a part of high-capacity public transportation system, subway stations necessitate evaluations from passengers’ perspective, which is the goal of this study. It took Shenzhen Metro as an object, employing field observations and questionnaire interviews as primary methods. The questionnaire was structured across four dimensions: subjects demographics, travel routines and in-station experiences, evaluations of wayfinding systems and facilities, and suggestions for improvements. Data analysis reveals that the majority of the subjects use the subway for daily commuting, and the congestion spots are concentrated at station entrances/exits, security checkpoints, vertical circulation points, and train door zones. The subjects’ overall satisfaction with Shenzhen Metro is quite high, driven primarily by wayfinding signage efficacy, route fluency (entry/exit/transfer), and safety perceptions. Subway station design should take spatial layouts and passenger flow optimization into consideration
Wu, Xiangyang, Gan, Xuanci
A Control Method of Time-Domain Noise from Shells Based on a CGVF Algorithm2025-99-020112/23/2025
The presence of time-varying loads on shell structures can result in the generation of undesirable noise in the time domain. This paper presents a time-domain noise control method based on piezoelectric smart shell structures. Firstly, a coupled time-domain finite element/boundary element method (TDFEM/BEM) is used to calculate the sound pressure radiated from shell structures subjected to arbitrary time-varying loads. Then a classical time-domain CGVF algorithm is used to control the vibration and to suppress the sound radiation from structures. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate a 44.2% reduction in the displacement response, a 35.8% decrease in acceleration response, a 36.2% decline in sound pressure of the central node, and a 28.5% decrease in average surface sound pressure. The results show that after CGVF control, the vibration and radiation noise of the plate/shell structure under time domain load are effectively reduced, which is of great significance in engineering
Zheng, Hao, Wang, Hongfu, Li, Jingjing, Zhou, Qiang, Sun, Yong, Zhou, Ling, Zhang, Hongliang, Wang, Baichuan, Huang, Junsong, Liu, Xiaorang, Yin, Guochuan
Nanosilica-Based Treatments for Fabrics: Aspects of Wettability and Selective Oil/Water Separation2025-36-021312/18/2025
Nanosilica-treated fabrics have a variety of properties, such as durability, water resistance, and specific surface characteristics. Due to that, many applications of those components are highlighted in literature. Some examples include waterproofing and water repellency, stain resistance, flame retardancy, improved durability, UV protection, improved comfort, antimicrobial properties, and textile coatings for electronics. These applications demonstrate how nanosilica-based treatments can enhance the performance of fabrics, making them more suitable for various specialized uses. In this work, a technical fabric with a mesh opening of 45 μm and an open area of 29.6% was surface treated. The treatments were performed by the dip-coating method using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and nanosilica at different concentrations. Optical microscopy (OM) images of the fabrics’ surface and water contact angle (WCA) measurements were carried out before and after the fabrics’ treatments. The results
Kerche, Eduardo Fischer, Leal, Débora, Romano, Paulo, Oliveira, Vinícius, Polkowski, Rodrigo
Metro Security Inspection Method Based on Spatial Feature Transformation Network2025-99-044612/10/2025
In order to ensure the safety of urban rail transit, X-ray baggage inspection systems have been widely used. However, at the current, baggage inspection mainly relies on manual judgment, which has the problems of high labor cost, low efficiency and lack of objectivity. This paper aims to realize intelligent and automated baggage inspection and studies and designs a dangerous goods detection method based on spatial feature transformation network. This method adopts target detection technology based on Anchor mechanism, and transforms high-level semantic features spatially spatial transformation network layer. The feature pyramid fusion approach is employed to integrate the transformed high-level semantic features with the low-level detailed features, resulting in the generation of multi-scale features that are rich in semantic information. This innovative method enables accurate prediction of the categories and precise localization of various hazardous items within X-ray images, thereby
Zhang, Zhiming, Yang, Xiangfei, Li, Dongxue, Sun, Bingmei, Wang, Qingqing
Experts agree on need for large-scale fire testing of battery energy storage systems25AUTP12_1612/1/2025
A panel of four battery testing experts from different fields agreed that large scale fire testing, as called for in a proposed update to testing standard UL 9540A, could help address confusion among consumers, battery companies and insurers. Moderated by LaTanya Schwalb, principal engineer for energy and industrial automation at UL Solutions, the panel discussion held at the Battery Show North America underscored the need for a current standard and for standards to adapt more quickly to new battery chemistries and technologies.
Clonts, Chris
Metal Powder Feedstock Size ClassificationsAMS7025 (Current)11/26/2025
This specification covers particle size classifications and corresponding particle size distribution requirements for metal powder feedstock conforming to a classification.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing (BJAM) ProcessAMS7022 (Current)11/26/2025
This specification establishes process controls for the repeatable production of sintered parts by binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM). It is primarily intended to be used to manufacture metallic or ceramic aerospace parts, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Current Research Progress and Future Perspectives of Early Fire Prediction Modeling for Electric Vehicles14-15-01-000111/21/2025
With the wide application of electric vehicles (EVs) around the world, the increase in battery pack energy density and the growing complexity of electrical systems have gradually heightened the risk of vehicle fires. Therefore, achieving efficient and timely fire risk prediction is essential to minimize the probability of fires in EVs. However, the development of EV prediction models requires multidisciplinary integration to address complex safety challenges. This article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanisms and combustion characteristics of EV fires, followed by an investigation into the high-risk factors that trigger such fires. Based on the above content, this article conducts an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of different models for high-risk factors such as batteries, electrical systems, and collision damage, offering insights to bridge the gap between different disciplines. Finally, it explores the future development direction of predictive models for EVs
Shao, Yuyang, Cong, Beihua, Jianghong, Liu
PSF-Net: Uncertainty-Aware Fusion of TabPFN and SAINT for 5G Base-Station Electromagnetic Radiation Prediction2025-99-012711/11/2025
With more 5G base stations coming into play, making an accurate assessment of RF-EMF exposure currently faces increasing demand to check if they meet regulatory requirements and ensure people’s safety. We present here PSF-Net, a novel deep learning network by uniting TabPFN’s meta-learned prior knowledge and SAINT’s dual attention structure; its use makes it particularly suitable to deal with applications like prediction of downlink power density and radiation level classification under different conditions within various kinds of 5G cell. A major component in the design of this approach is an uncertainty-aware gating block that determines the optimal weighting for each model output—TabPFN or SAINT—based on the estimated prediction variance as quantified via Monte Carlo sampling during training or the prediction variance calculated using inference-time dropout. In addition, a residual multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is also included to extract refined fused features and maintain a steady
Zhang, Yanjin, Yu, Zefeng
Research on Workshop Virtual Monitoring Technology Driven by Digital Model2025-99-012011/11/2025
In order to meet the demand for the transformation of traditional manufacturing industries into intelligent manufacturing, a virtual monitoring system for the production workshops of nuclear - key products has been built. There are problems such as poor environment, long distance and remote collaborative office in this production workshop, and managers lack information tools to master the workshop status in real time. In order to minimize the harm of nuclear radiation to the human body, in view of the problems of low transparency, poor real - time performance and low data integration in traditional two - dimensional forms, configuration software and video monitoring, a remote monitoring system for virtual workshops driven by digital models has been developed. This system realizes the remote dynamic display of real - time information in the workshop based on data collection and three - dimensional modeling technologies. Virtual monitoring technology improves the management efficiency of
Wu, Yiming, Chen, Rui, Li, Na
Self-Healing Biodegradable Composites for Off-Highway Vehicles in Extreme Environments2025-28-021111/6/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) frequently operate in extreme environments—ranging from arid deserts and frozen tundras to dense forests and abrasive mining zones—where structural wear, impact damage, and environmental stress compromise their material integrity. Frequent repairs and component replacements increase operational costs, downtime, and environmental waste, making durability and sustainability key concerns for next-generation vehicle systems. This paper explores a novel class of self-healing biodegradable composites, inspired by biological systems, to address these challenges. The proposed materials combine bio-based resins, microencapsulated healing agents, and shape-memory polymers (SMPs) to autonomously repair microcracks and surface-level damage when triggered by thermal, UV, or mechanical stimuli. The design draws inspiration from natural self-healing systems such as tree bark and reptile skin, replicating their regenerative behavior to enhance structural resilience in OHVs
Vashisht, Shruti
Safety Critical Series Arc Detection and Measurement in Medium and High Voltage DC Circuits2025-32-001211/3/2025
Direct current (DC) systems are increasingly used in small power system applications ranging from combined heat and power plants aided with photovoltaic (PV) installations to powertrains of small electric vehicles. A critical safety issue in these systems is the occurrence of series arc faults, which can lead to fires due to high temperatures. This paper presents a model-based method for detecting such faults in medium- and high-voltage DC circuits. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on high-frequency signal analysis, the proposed method uses a physical circuit model and a high-gain observer to estimate deviations from nominal operation. The detection criterion is based on the variance of a disturbance estimate, allowing fast and reliable fault identification. Experimental validation is conducted using a PV system with an arc generator to simulate faults. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in distinguishing fault events from normal operating variations. The
Winkler, Alexander, Mayr, Stefan, Grabmair, Gernot
Context-Based Configuration Management SystemTBMG-5412611/1/2025
NASA has developed a new technology to track the status of, and changes to, enterprise level programmatic operations. Enterprise decision making and operations rely on management of non-traditional configuration management (CM) components like estimates, agreements, goals, policies, etc. Additionally, enterprise operations have unique and diverse contexts/ environments such as reviews, workshops, fire drills, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Congressional actions, procurements, etc.
Rubber: Fluorosilicone (FVMQ) High Temperature Fuel and Oil Resistant For Seals In Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil SystemsAMS7273D (Current)10/24/2025
This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Rubber: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) Fuel and Low Temperature Resistant 60 - 70 Type “A” Hardness For Seals in Fuel SystemsAMS7271K (Current)10/22/2025
This specification covers an acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber in the form of molded rings, compression seals, O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Aircraft Fire Protection for Helicopter Gas Turbine Powerplant and Related Systems InstallationsAIR1262A (Current)10/21/2025
This document is reissued for application to helicopters. It is primarily intended to apply to the engine or engines, but it shall also apply to fire protection of lines, tanks, combustion heaters, and auxiliary powerplants (APU). Post-crash fire protection is also discussed.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Simulation Research on Passenger Evacuation under Sudden Fire in Metro Station2025-99-005610/17/2025
In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of sudden fire in urban rail transit station, taking the National Exhibition and Convention Center Station of Tianjin Rail Transit Line 1 as the research object, a three-dimensional model of the station is established. Based on the evening peak passenger flow on October 1, 2023, the parameters were calculated and reasonably set in the Pathfinder software to simulate the evacuation process of 3316 people in the fire scene of train arrival, and the evacuation process of sudden fire in the station is simulated. The simulation results show that the station can basically ensure the safe emergency evacuation within 6 minutes under the existing conditions. The stairs, escalators, automatic gate machine and passageways in the station are identified as the evacuation bottlenecks. The total time for all station personnel to evacuate outside the metro station is 514.8 s. According to the simulation results, some suggestions on evacuation strategy and
Fu, Yanrong, Wang, Lianxia, Li, Yijuan, Liu, Yibo, Wang, Duolong
Automotive Engineering: October 202525AUTP1010/2/2025
Engineering EV, charger safety and security From a quick access port to help firefighters fight EV battery fires faster than otherwise possible to preventing public charger vandalism, here are some developments that haven't made the big headlines. Electronic stability control builds the foundation for safer roads How a mechanically simple idea has kept cars stable for decades, and why it can still evolve for an autonomous future. The factory's hidden power grid Why smart electrical distribution is the new frontier in sustainable manufacturing. Safety by design: a next-gen blueprint for EV batteries The EV industry can - and should - stop pushing decades-old battery architecture well past its limits. Vehicle fire safety with Erbis Biscarri Author turns classroom quest into a tome for anyone who wants to engineer safer cars. Editorial IAA Mobility: A new class of auto show Supplier Eye The new supplier strategy playbook BMW brings EV motor production to Steyr in Austria Ford unveils its
Drones Can Detect Fires and Monitor Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTBMG-5389910/1/2025
Forest fire prevention and control agencies in São Carlos, in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, will soon have help from the sky to detect fires more quickly and combat them before they grow out of control and cannot be extinguished.
Built-In Smart Sensors Can Prevent Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Before They StartTBMG-5387710/1/2025
New smart sensors can help detect dangerous internal failures in lithium-ion batteries before they escalate into fires or explosions, say researchers from the University of Surrey. Lithium-ion batteries are at the heart of the global shift to electric vehicles and renewable energy — but when they fail, the results can be devastating.
SAE BOOKS: Vehicle fire safety with Erbis Biscarri25AUTP10_0510/1/2025
Author turns classroom quest into a tome for anyone who wants to engineer safer cars. A seasoned engineer with a multi-discipline background in electronics, manufacturing systems, and forensic analysis, Erbis Biscarri brought decades of experience to the topic of automotive safety in his latest work. Biscarri's book, Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysis, published by SAE International, offers a comprehensive guide to one of the industry's most pressing challenges: vehicle fire safety. In addition to technical analysis, Biscarri said, the book helps clarify common misconceptions, especially those surrounding electric vehicle fires, by grounding the discussion in documented incident data and established technological principles.
Blanco, Sebastian
Engineering EV, charger safety AND SECURITY25AUTP10_0110/1/2025
From a quick access port to help firefighters fight EV battery fires faster to preventing public charger vandalism, here are some safety developments that haven't made the big headlines. Most of the news surrounding EV technological development in the past year has been around batteries and charging capacity. But engineers have also been busy working on security and safety issues, from charging stations to finding ways for firefighters to better douse fires. We've rounded up a few of the most notable and novel efforts below.
Clonts, Chris
Selecting the Best Plastic for Spacecraft Applications25AERP10_0310/1/2025
Plastic materials are used for a wide variety of spacecraft applications including seals, bearings, fasteners, electrical insulators, thermal isolators, and radomes. Selecting plastics for use in space is complex due to wide operating temperature ranges, vacuum conditions, and exposure to radiation and atomic oxygen. Additionally, some spacecraft applications require sealing flammable propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen. This article will present some design considerations when selecting plastics for use in spacecraft. It will provide rich data on the performance characteristics of plastics as well as examples of successful spacecraft applications.
Communication Network Construction Behaviors for Robotic Convoying2025-01-04339/16/2025
We develop a set of communications-aware behaviors that enable formations of robotic agents to travel through communications-deprived environments while remaining in contact with a central base station. These behaviors enable the agents to operate in environments common in dismounted and search and rescue operations. By operating as a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), robotic agents can respond to environmental changes and react to the loss of any agent. We demonstrate in simulation and on custom robotic hardware a methodology that constructs a communications network by “peeling-off” individual agents from a formation to act as communication relays. We then present a behavior that reconfigures the team’s network topology to reach different locations within an environment while maintaining communications. Finally, we introduce a recovery behavior that enables agents to reestablish communications if a link in the network is lost. Our hardware trials demonstrate the systems capability to
Noren, Charles, Chaudhary, Sahil, Shirose, Burhanuddin, Vundurthy, Bhaskar, Travers, Matthew
AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION FOR RECIPROCATING AND GAS TURBINE ENGINE INSTALLATIONSAIR1076 (Historical)9/11/2025
This document is reissued for application to helicopters.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Evaluating Safety Behavior of Li-Ion Batteries Regarding Negative Electrode Composition2025-24-01499/7/2025
Li-ion battery performance is highly dependent on the electrode materials. The composition of the negative and positive electrodes influences crucial aspects of the Li-ion cell, including energy density, ageing behavior and thermal stability. Recent Li-ion technologies include the use of composite graphite-silicon negative electrodes to improve the energy storage capacity of the otherwise graphite-only negative electrode. This article evaluates the impact of negative electrode composition (standard graphite vs. Si-Gr) on the performance of two recent technologies of Li-ion batteries from the same manufacturer, focusing on electrical performance and safety behavior. The studied technologies are the LG M50LT and LG M58T, the latest one introducing a considerable increase of capacity, passing from 4.80 to 5.65 in nominal capacity. This article abords the comparison of both technologies in electric performance, electrode composition, cell design and thermal stability. Electrical
Cruz Rodriguez, Jesus Armando, Lecompte, Matthieu, Redondo-Iglesias, Eduardo, Pelissier, Serge, Abada, Sara
Fitting More Functionality Into Increasingly Smaller, Smarter Devices: Heterogeneous IntegrationTBMG-537699/1/2025
The increased functionality of today’s medical devices is astounding. Optical devices, for example, analyze chemicals, toxins, and biologic specimens. Semiconductor devices sense, analyze, and communicate. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices utilize inertial methods to detect motion, direct light, and move components over short distances. Radiofrequency (RF) devices communicate wirelessly to other devices directly and remotely over the Internet. Handheld acoustic devices scan the body and build a virtual 3D model that shows conditions in the body. The innovation currently happening in the medical device industry is staggering, limited only by imagination and finding technical methods to implement the vision.
Experimental Investigation of Factors Influencing Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Battery Cells2025-01-03067/2/2025
Experimental testing in automotive development sometimes relies on ad hoc approaches like ‘One Factor at a Time’, particularly in time- and resource-limited situations. While widely used, these approaches are limited in their ability to systematically capture parameter interactions and system complexities, which poses significant challenges in safety-critical applications like high-voltage battery systems. This study systematically investigates the factors influencing thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery cells using a statistical full-factorial experimental design. Key parameters, including state of charge, cell capacity and heating trigger power, have been analyzed under controlled conditions with an autoclave setup, enabling precise measurement of thermal and mechanical responses. The use of automotive-grade lithium-ion cells ensures relevance for next-generation applications. By employing factorial regression and statistical analysis, the study identifies critical temperatures
Ceylan, Deniz, Kulzer, André Casal, Winterholler, Nina, Weinmann, Johannes, Schiek, Werner
Anodic Treatment - Titanium and Titanium Alloys Solution pH 13 or HigherAMS2488F (Current)7/1/2025
This specification establishes the engineering requirements for producing an anodic coating on titanium and titanium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Compound, Alkaline Rust Remover Aircraft Turbine Engine ComponentsAMS1379A (Current)6/23/2025
This specification covers an alkaline rust remover compound in the form of a liquid concentrate or a water-soluble powder for dilution with water.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Compound, Hot Carbon and Paint Remover Aircraft Turbine Engine ComponentsAMS1385A (Current)6/23/2025
This specification covers a solvent-based compound in the form of a liquid.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Design and Performance Criteria: Interior Passenger Stairways on Transport Category AirplanesAS5671A (Current)6/17/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Portable Cabin Fire Extinguishers Transport AircraftARP4712B (Current)6/17/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes general criteria for the installation (e.g., type, location, accessibility, stowage) and crew member training needed for portable fire extinguishers.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Ultra-Sensitive Sensor with Gold Nanoparticle ArrayTBMG-532236/1/2025
Researchers have developed a new type of sensor platform using a gold nanoparticle array. The sensor is made up of a series of gold disk-shaped nanoparticles on a glass slide. When an infrared laser is pointed at a precise arrangement of the particles, they start to emit unusual amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light.
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