Browse Topic: Hazards and emergency operations

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UNMMANED AERIAL VEHICLE FOR FIREFIGHTING ON HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES2026-28-0115To be published on 02/12/2026
Fires in Urban high-rise structures and industrial areas pose significant challenges to traditional firefighting methods. Traditional firefighting methods often struggle to address the challenges posed by height, accessibility and rapid response. In such a scenario innovative technologies become vital for effective and efficient methods. This project introduces an unmanned aerial vehicle designed to suppress fire on high-rise building by using drone technologies and robotics. The drone is equipped with a stereo camera which will detect fire and measure its coordinates with the help of algorithms fed on the companion computer. Upon receiving the coordinates, the drone will station itself at a predetermined distance from the fire. The drone will adjust itself in the vertical direction for proper ejection of water at the fire. The water will be ejected through a nozzle integrated with the drone, which is connected to the pump at the ground via hose. This paper includes the details of the
R, Abhiram, Sadique, Anwar
Electro Magnetic Radiation Analysis for the Vehicle Cable and Shielding Techniques and Performance Assessment2026-26-0563To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper addresses the challenges and methodologies for evaluating radiated emissions from automotive electronic systems, which is critical for achieving electromagnetic interference and compatibility (EMI/EMC) standards. The rapid integration of advanced electronic components in modern vehicles has transformed automotive systems, their potential to generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes a significant concern, particularly due to its impact on vital communication and safety systems. The study mainly investigates radiated EMI, which is the unintentional emission of electromagnetic energy emitted by HV cables in the wiring harness layout, potentially disrupting the operation of nearby systems. This study utilized CST Studio Suite to analyse the electromagnetic behaviour of vertically and horizontally polarized antenna configuration in electric vehicles. The simulated results are benchmarked against international EMI/EMC standards such as CISPR-12 and CISPR-25, which
Manuelraj, Masilamani, Prasad, Suryanarayana, Narayanan, Siva Suriya
Establishing a High-Pressure Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine Test Facility with Integrated Ammonia Fuel Capability: Technical Considerations, Safety Framework, and Best Practices2026-26-0267To be published on 01/16/2026
The transition toward zero-carbon propulsion technologies has highlighted the urgent need for specialized test infrastructure to support hydrogen and alternative fuel research. This paper presents the conceptualization, design, and operation of a High-Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (H2 ICE) test facility with integrated ammonia fuel testing capability, marking a significant advancement in India’s sustainable automotive research efforts. Drawing from practical experience, it outlines crucial technical specifications, safety protocols, and best practices for establishing robust, adaptable, and secure testing environments. Addressing the industry’s need for dedicated infrastructure, it is engineered for adaptability across various engine types—including heavy-duty, light-duty, and multi-utility vehicles—while aligning with global technical standards. Key technical considerations include the use of a transient dynamometer that features an advanced
Dhyani, Vipin, Kurien, Caneon, Subramanian, Balaji, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-0218To be published on 01/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, Soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Electric mobility and materials circularity - a study of recycled PET textiles for automotive interiors2026-26-0237To be published on 01/16/2026
The adoption of sustainability in electric mobility has made it crucial to investigate environmentally friendly materials. Polymer materials used in automotive application plays very important role in material circularity contributing significant value addition to the overall carbon footprint index. This study discloses the development of recycled polyester textiles from PET bottle waste, use for automotive interior parts and carbon footprint impact. The use of recycled textiles is directly helping the organization in scope 3 emissions to get the lower carbon footprint value by eliminating the use of fossil fuel resources in making the PET textiles. In this study, the development road map methodology adopted, and validation cycle of recycled polyester textiles (PET) were explained broadly with results of different constructions, color and finishes against automotive critical requirements such as sun load UV resistance, abrasion durability, color migrations, soiling resistance
Palaniappan, Elavarasan, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran, Balaji, K V, Dodiya, Rohanbhai
OPTIMIZER SUNSHADE PACKAGING WITH HALF ALUMINIUM CASSET AND METAL PULL BAR2026-26-0597To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the Sunshade packaging in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and are increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact. Car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window, and it is used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and improves the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components specifically plastic and seats based on thermal stress properties. When we exposed these parts direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit then interior plastic parts can start softening and melt after that they emit harmful chemical which is caused to anemia and poor immune systems. So, Sunshade protection not only serve to protect passenger comfort inside car
Palyal, Nikita, D, Gowtham, Bhaskararao, Pathivada, Bornare, Harshad, Ritesh, Kakade
Cabin Heat-up Thermal Assessment for Human Comfort in Passenger Car2026-26-0408To be published on 01/16/2026
The HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning) system is designed to fulfil the thermal comfort requirement inside vehicle cabin. Thermal comfort is significantly subjective which predominantly dependent on occupant’s physiological condition. Vehicle AC performance is evaluated by air flow and local temperature thus, thermal comfort assessment is carried out by mapping of velocity and temperature at various places inside cabin. There is need to have Simulation methodology for heating cabin during cold climate to assess ventilation system effectiveness. Thermal comfort modelling involves human manikin, complex cabin material along with environmental condition in expensive transient simulation. Present study employed with LBM (Lattice-Boltzmann Method) based PowerFLOW solver coupled with finite element based PowerTHERM solver to simulate the cold soaking and heating up of cabin. Thermal comfort is subjective to human physiological modelling thus in-built Berkeley human comfort
Baghel, Devesh Kumar, Kandekar, Ambadas, Kumar, Ravi, Dimble, Nilesh
A Control Method of Time-Domain Noise from Shells Based on a CGVF Algorithm2025-99-0201To be published on 12/23/2025
The presence of time-varying loads on shell structures can result in the generation of undesirable noise in the time domain. This paper presents a time-domain noise control method based on piezoelectric smart shell structures. Firstly, a coupled time-domain finite element/boundary element method (TDFEM/BEM) is used to calculate the sound pressure radiated from shell structures subjected to arbitrary time-varying loads. Then a classical time-domain CGVF algorithm is used to control the vibration and to suppress the sound radiation from structures. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate a 44.2% reduction in the displacement response, a 35.8% decrease in acceleration response, a 36.2% decline in sound pressure of the central node, and a 28.5% decrease in average surface sound pressure. The results show that after CGVF control, the vibration and radiation noise of the plate/shell structure under time domain load are effectively reduced, which is of great significance in engineering
Zheng, Hao, Wang, Hongfu, Li, Jingjing, Zhou, Qiang, Sun, Yong, Zhou, Ling, Zhang, Hongliang, Wang, Baichuan, Huang, Junsong, Liu, Xiaorang, Yin, Guochuan
Study on the Environment of Subway Stations from the Passengers’ Perception: A Case Study of Shenzhen Metro2025-99-0230To be published on 12/23/2025
As a part of high-capacity public transportation system, subway stations necessitate evaluations from passengers’ perspective, which is the goal of this study. It took Shenzhen Metro as an object, employing field observations and questionnaire interviews as primary methods. The questionnaire was structured across four dimensions: subjects demographics, travel routines and in-station experiences, evaluations of wayfinding systems and facilities, and suggestions for improvements. Data analysis reveals that the majority of the subjects use the subway for daily commuting, and the congestion spots are concentrated at station entrances/exits, security checkpoints, vertical circulation points, and train door zones. The subjects’ overall satisfaction with Shenzhen Metro is quite high, driven primarily by wayfinding signage efficacy, route fluency (entry/exit/transfer), and safety perceptions. Subway station design should take spatial layouts and passenger flow optimization into consideration
Wu, Xiangyang, Gan, Xuanci
Nanosilica-Based Treatments for Fabrics: Aspects of Wettability and Selective Oil/Water Separation2025-36-021312/18/2025
Nanosilica-treated fabrics have a variety of properties, such as durability, water resistance, and specific surface characteristics. Due to that, many applications of those components are highlighted in literature. Some examples include waterproofing and water repellency, stain resistance, flame retardancy, improved durability, UV protection, improved comfort, antimicrobial properties, and textile coatings for electronics. These applications demonstrate how nanosilica-based treatments can enhance the performance of fabrics, making them more suitable for various specialized uses. In this work, a technical fabric with a mesh opening of 45 μm and an open area of 29.6% was surface treated. The treatments were performed by the dip-coating method using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and nanosilica at different concentrations. Optical microscopy (OM) images of the fabrics’ surface and water contact angle (WCA) measurements were carried out before and after the fabrics’ treatments. The results
Kerche, Eduardo Fischer, Leal, Débora, Romano, Paulo, Oliveira, Vinícius, Polkowski, Rodrigo
Metro Security Inspection Method Based on Spatial Feature Transformation Network2025-99-044612/10/2025
In order to ensure the safety of urban rail transit, X-ray baggage inspection systems have been widely used. However, at the current, baggage inspection mainly relies on manual judgment, which has the problems of high labor cost, low efficiency and lack of objectivity. This paper aims to realize intelligent and automated baggage inspection and studies and designs a dangerous goods detection method based on spatial feature transformation network. This method adopts target detection technology based on Anchor mechanism, and transforms high-level semantic features spatially spatial transformation network layer. The feature pyramid fusion approach is employed to integrate the transformed high-level semantic features with the low-level detailed features, resulting in the generation of multi-scale features that are rich in semantic information. This innovative method enables accurate prediction of the categories and precise localization of various hazardous items within X-ray images, thereby
Zhang, Zhiming, Yang, Xiangfei, Li, Dongxue, Sun, Bingmei, Wang, Qingqing
Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing (BJAM) ProcessAMS7022 (Current)11/26/2025
This specification establishes process controls for the repeatable production of sintered parts by binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM). It is primarily intended to be used to manufacture metallic or ceramic aerospace parts, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Metal Powder Feedstock Size ClassificationsAMS7025 (Current)11/26/2025
This specification covers particle size classifications and corresponding particle size distribution requirements for metal powder feedstock conforming to a classification.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Current Research Progress and Future Perspectives of Early Fire Prediction Modeling for Electric Vehicles14-15-01-000111/21/2025
With the wide application of electric vehicles (EVs) around the world, the increase in battery pack energy density and the growing complexity of electrical systems have gradually heightened the risk of vehicle fires. Therefore, achieving efficient and timely fire risk prediction is essential to minimize the probability of fires in EVs. However, the development of EV prediction models requires multidisciplinary integration to address complex safety challenges. This article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanisms and combustion characteristics of EV fires, followed by an investigation into the high-risk factors that trigger such fires. Based on the above content, this article conducts an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of different models for high-risk factors such as batteries, electrical systems, and collision damage, offering insights to bridge the gap between different disciplines. Finally, it explores the future development direction of predictive models for EVs
Shao, Yuyang, Cong, Beihua, Jianghong, Liu
Research on Workshop Virtual Monitoring Technology Driven by Digital Model2025-99-012011/11/2025
In order to meet the demand for the transformation of traditional manufacturing industries into intelligent manufacturing, a virtual monitoring system for the production workshops of nuclear - key products has been built. There are problems such as poor environment, long distance and remote collaborative office in this production workshop, and managers lack information tools to master the workshop status in real time. In order to minimize the harm of nuclear radiation to the human body, in view of the problems of low transparency, poor real - time performance and low data integration in traditional two - dimensional forms, configuration software and video monitoring, a remote monitoring system for virtual workshops driven by digital models has been developed. This system realizes the remote dynamic display of real - time information in the workshop based on data collection and three - dimensional modeling technologies. Virtual monitoring technology improves the management efficiency of
Wu, Yiming, Chen, Rui, Li, Na
PSF-Net: Uncertainty-Aware Fusion of TabPFN and SAINT for 5G Base-Station Electromagnetic Radiation Prediction2025-99-012711/11/2025
With more 5G base stations coming into play, making an accurate assessment of RF-EMF exposure currently faces increasing demand to check if they meet regulatory requirements and ensure people’s safety. We present here PSF-Net, a novel deep learning network by uniting TabPFN’s meta-learned prior knowledge and SAINT’s dual attention structure; its use makes it particularly suitable to deal with applications like prediction of downlink power density and radiation level classification under different conditions within various kinds of 5G cell. A major component in the design of this approach is an uncertainty-aware gating block that determines the optimal weighting for each model output—TabPFN or SAINT—based on the estimated prediction variance as quantified via Monte Carlo sampling during training or the prediction variance calculated using inference-time dropout. In addition, a residual multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is also included to extract refined fused features and maintain a steady
Zhang, Yanjin, Yu, Zefeng
Self-Healing Biodegradable Composites for Off-Highway Vehicles in Extreme Environments2025-28-021111/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) frequently operate in extreme environments—ranging from arid deserts and frozen tundras to dense forests and abrasive mining zones—where structural wear, impact damage, and environmental stress compromise their material integrity. Frequent repairs and component replacements increase operational costs, downtime, and environmental waste, making durability and sustainability key concerns for next-generation vehicle systems. This paper explores a novel class of self-healing biodegradable composites, inspired by biological systems, to address these challenges. The proposed materials combine bio-based resins, microencapsulated healing agents, and shape-memory polymers (SMPs) to autonomously repair microcracks and surface-level damage when triggered by thermal, UV, or mechanical stimuli. The design draws inspiration from natural self-healing systems such as tree bark and reptile skin, replicating their regenerative behavior to enhance structural resilience in OHVs
Vashisht, Shruti
Safety Critical Series Arc Detection and Measurement in Medium and High Voltage DC Circuits2025-32-001211/03/2025
Direct current (DC) systems are increasingly used in small power system applications ranging from combined heat and power plants aided with photovoltaic (PV) installations to powertrains of small electric vehicles. A critical safety issue in these systems is the occurrence of series arc faults, which can lead to fires due to high temperatures. This paper presents a model-based method for detecting such faults in medium- and high-voltage DC circuits. Unlike traditional approaches that rely on high-frequency signal analysis, the proposed method uses a physical circuit model and a high-gain observer to estimate deviations from nominal operation. The detection criterion is based on the variance of a disturbance estimate, allowing fast and reliable fault identification. Experimental validation is conducted using a PV system with an arc generator to simulate faults. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in distinguishing fault events from normal operating variations. The
Winkler, Alexander, Mayr, Stefan, Grabmair, Gernot
Context-Based Configuration Management SystemTBMG-5412611/01/2025
NASA has developed a new technology to track the status of, and changes to, enterprise level programmatic operations. Enterprise decision making and operations rely on management of non-traditional configuration management (CM) components like estimates, agreements, goals, policies, etc. Additionally, enterprise operations have unique and diverse contexts/ environments such as reviews, workshops, fire drills, Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Congressional actions, procurements, etc.
Rubber: Fluorosilicone (FVMQ) High Temperature Fuel and Oil Resistant For Seals In Fuel Systems and Specific Engine Oil SystemsAMS7273D (Current)10/24/2025
This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Rubber: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR) Fuel and Low Temperature Resistant 60 - 70 Type “A” Hardness For Seals in Fuel SystemsAMS7271K (Current)10/22/2025
This specification covers an acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber in the form of molded rings, compression seals, O-ring cord, and molded-in-place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
Aircraft Fire Protection for Helicopter Gas Turbine Powerplant and Related Systems InstallationsAIR1262A (Current)10/21/2025
This document is reissued for application to helicopters. It is primarily intended to apply to the engine or engines, but it shall also apply to fire protection of lines, tanks, combustion heaters, and auxiliary powerplants (APU). Post-crash fire protection is also discussed.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Simulation Research on Passenger Evacuation under Sudden Fire in Metro Station2025-99-005610/17/2025
In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of sudden fire in urban rail transit station, taking the National Exhibition and Convention Center Station of Tianjin Rail Transit Line 1 as the research object, a three-dimensional model of the station is established. Based on the evening peak passenger flow on October 1, 2023, the parameters were calculated and reasonably set in the Pathfinder software to simulate the evacuation process of 3316 people in the fire scene of train arrival, and the evacuation process of sudden fire in the station is simulated. The simulation results show that the station can basically ensure the safe emergency evacuation within 6 minutes under the existing conditions. The stairs, escalators, automatic gate machine and passageways in the station are identified as the evacuation bottlenecks. The total time for all station personnel to evacuate outside the metro station is 514.8 s. According to the simulation results, some suggestions on evacuation strategy and
Fu, Yanrong, Wang, Lianxia, Li, Yijuan, Liu, Yibo, Wang, Duolong
Automotive Engineering: October 202525AUTP1010/02/2025
Engineering EV, charger safety and security From a quick access port to help firefighters fight EV battery fires faster than otherwise possible to preventing public charger vandalism, here are some developments that haven't made the big headlines. Electronic stability control builds the foundation for safer roads How a mechanically simple idea has kept cars stable for decades, and why it can still evolve for an autonomous future. The factory's hidden power grid Why smart electrical distribution is the new frontier in sustainable manufacturing. Safety by design: a next-gen blueprint for EV batteries The EV industry can - and should - stop pushing decades-old battery architecture well past its limits. Vehicle fire safety with Erbis Biscarri Author turns classroom quest into a tome for anyone who wants to engineer safer cars. Editorial IAA Mobility: A new class of auto show Supplier Eye The new supplier strategy playbook BMW brings EV motor production to Steyr in Austria Ford unveils its
Drones Can Detect Fires and Monitor Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTBMG-5389910/01/2025
Forest fire prevention and control agencies in São Carlos, in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, will soon have help from the sky to detect fires more quickly and combat them before they grow out of control and cannot be extinguished.
Built-In Smart Sensors Can Prevent Lithium-Ion Battery Fires Before They StartTBMG-5387710/01/2025
New smart sensors can help detect dangerous internal failures in lithium-ion batteries before they escalate into fires or explosions, say researchers from the University of Surrey. Lithium-ion batteries are at the heart of the global shift to electric vehicles and renewable energy — but when they fail, the results can be devastating.
SAE BOOKS: Vehicle fire safety with Erbis Biscarri25AUTP10_0510/01/2025
Author turns classroom quest into a tome for anyone who wants to engineer safer cars. A seasoned engineer with a multi-discipline background in electronics, manufacturing systems, and forensic analysis, Erbis Biscarri brought decades of experience to the topic of automotive safety in his latest work. Biscarri's book, Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysis, published by SAE International, offers a comprehensive guide to one of the industry's most pressing challenges: vehicle fire safety. In addition to technical analysis, Biscarri said, the book helps clarify common misconceptions, especially those surrounding electric vehicle fires, by grounding the discussion in documented incident data and established technological principles.
Blanco, Sebastian
Engineering EV, charger safety AND SECURITY25AUTP10_0110/01/2025
From a quick access port to help firefighters fight EV battery fires faster to preventing public charger vandalism, here are some safety developments that haven't made the big headlines. Most of the news surrounding EV technological development in the past year has been around batteries and charging capacity. But engineers have also been busy working on security and safety issues, from charging stations to finding ways for firefighters to better douse fires. We've rounded up a few of the most notable and novel efforts below.
Clonts, Chris
Selecting the Best Plastic for Spacecraft Applications25AERP10_0310/01/2025
Plastic materials are used for a wide variety of spacecraft applications including seals, bearings, fasteners, electrical insulators, thermal isolators, and radomes. Selecting plastics for use in space is complex due to wide operating temperature ranges, vacuum conditions, and exposure to radiation and atomic oxygen. Additionally, some spacecraft applications require sealing flammable propellants such as hydrogen and oxygen. This article will present some design considerations when selecting plastics for use in spacecraft. It will provide rich data on the performance characteristics of plastics as well as examples of successful spacecraft applications.
Communication Network Construction Behaviors for Robotic Convoying2025-01-043309/16/2025
We develop a set of communications-aware behaviors that enable formations of robotic agents to travel through communications-deprived environments while remaining in contact with a central base station. These behaviors enable the agents to operate in environments common in dismounted and search and rescue operations. By operating as a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), robotic agents can respond to environmental changes and react to the loss of any agent. We demonstrate in simulation and on custom robotic hardware a methodology that constructs a communications network by “peeling-off” individual agents from a formation to act as communication relays. We then present a behavior that reconfigures the team’s network topology to reach different locations within an environment while maintaining communications. Finally, we introduce a recovery behavior that enables agents to reestablish communications if a link in the network is lost. Our hardware trials demonstrate the systems capability to
Noren, Charles, Chaudhary, Sahil, Shirose, Burhanuddin, Vundurthy, Bhaskar, Travers, Matthew
AIRCRAFT FIRE PROTECTION FOR RECIPROCATING AND GAS TURBINE ENGINE INSTALLATIONSAIR1076 (Historical)09/11/2025
This document is reissued for application to helicopters.
S-12 Powered Lift Propulsion Committee
Evaluating Safety Behavior of Li-Ion Batteries Regarding Negative Electrode Composition2025-24-014909/07/2025
Li-ion battery performance is highly dependent on the electrode materials. The composition of the negative and positive electrodes influences crucial aspects of the Li-ion cell, including energy density, ageing behavior and thermal stability. Recent Li-ion technologies include the use of composite graphite-silicon negative electrodes to improve the energy storage capacity of the otherwise graphite-only negative electrode. This article evaluates the impact of negative electrode composition (standard graphite vs. Si-Gr) on the performance of two recent technologies of Li-ion batteries from the same manufacturer, focusing on electrical performance and safety behavior. The studied technologies are the LG M50LT and LG M58T, the latest one introducing a considerable increase of capacity, passing from 4.80 to 5.65 in nominal capacity. This article abords the comparison of both technologies in electric performance, electrode composition, cell design and thermal stability. Electrical
Cruz Rodriguez, Jesus Armando, Lecompte, Matthieu, Redondo-Iglesias, Eduardo, Pelissier, Serge, Abada, Sara
Fitting More Functionality Into Increasingly Smaller, Smarter Devices: Heterogeneous IntegrationTBMG-5376909/01/2025
The increased functionality of today’s medical devices is astounding. Optical devices, for example, analyze chemicals, toxins, and biologic specimens. Semiconductor devices sense, analyze, and communicate. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices utilize inertial methods to detect motion, direct light, and move components over short distances. Radiofrequency (RF) devices communicate wirelessly to other devices directly and remotely over the Internet. Handheld acoustic devices scan the body and build a virtual 3D model that shows conditions in the body. The innovation currently happening in the medical device industry is staggering, limited only by imagination and finding technical methods to implement the vision.
Experimental Investigation of Factors Influencing Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Battery Cells2025-01-030607/02/2025
Experimental testing in automotive development sometimes relies on ad hoc approaches like ‘One Factor at a Time’, particularly in time- and resource-limited situations. While widely used, these approaches are limited in their ability to systematically capture parameter interactions and system complexities, which poses significant challenges in safety-critical applications like high-voltage battery systems. This study systematically investigates the factors influencing thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery cells using a statistical full-factorial experimental design. Key parameters, including state of charge, cell capacity and heating trigger power, have been analyzed under controlled conditions with an autoclave setup, enabling precise measurement of thermal and mechanical responses. The use of automotive-grade lithium-ion cells ensures relevance for next-generation applications. By employing factorial regression and statistical analysis, the study identifies critical temperatures
Ceylan, Deniz, Kulzer, André Casal, Winterholler, Nina, Weinmann, Johannes, Schiek, Werner
Anodic Treatment - Titanium and Titanium Alloys Solution pH 13 or HigherAMS2488F (Current)07/01/2025
This specification establishes the engineering requirements for producing an anodic coating on titanium and titanium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Compound, Alkaline Rust Remover Aircraft Turbine Engine ComponentsAMS1379A (Current)06/23/2025
This specification covers an alkaline rust remover compound in the form of a liquid concentrate or a water-soluble powder for dilution with water.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Compound, Hot Carbon and Paint Remover Aircraft Turbine Engine ComponentsAMS1385A (Current)06/23/2025
This specification covers a solvent-based compound in the form of a liquid.
AMS J Aircraft Maintenance Chemicals and Materials Committee
Design and Performance Criteria: Interior Passenger Stairways on Transport Category AirplanesAS5671A (Current)06/17/2025
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides design criteria for onboard stairways intended for use by passengers aboard multi-deck transport category airplanes. It is not intended for stairways designed for use only by crewmembers, supernumeries, or maintenance personnel. Additionally, this AS does not apply to fuselage mounted or external stairways used for boarding passengers, which are covered by ARP836.
S-9B Cabin Interiors and Furnishings Committee
Portable Cabin Fire Extinguishers Transport AircraftARP4712B (Current)06/17/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes general criteria for the installation (e.g., type, location, accessibility, stowage) and crew member training needed for portable fire extinguishers.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Ultra-Sensitive Sensor with Gold Nanoparticle ArrayTBMG-5322306/01/2025
Researchers have developed a new type of sensor platform using a gold nanoparticle array. The sensor is made up of a series of gold disk-shaped nanoparticles on a glass slide. When an infrared laser is pointed at a precise arrangement of the particles, they start to emit unusual amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light.
Directivity Driven Simulation Methodology for Efficient Acoustic Encapsulation2025-01-004805/05/2025
Noise reduction at the source level is key to achieve the overall vehicle level interior targets. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates directivity analysis with simulation techniques to optimize acoustic encapsulation design for automotive sound sources to achieve the targeted radiation levels. The foundation for this methodology is to measure the angular distribution of sound pressure levels around the noise source so called Directivity, at every frequency of interest and determine the most effective acoustic encapsulation to achieve the targeted sound radiation. Accurate measurement of directivity in physical testing with fine angular resolutions can be complex and expensive, this study utilizes numerical simulation techniques using FEA to mitigate the challenges in mid frequency range. The scope of the study is focused on mid frequency sound pressure levels between 500-2500 Hz, which are determined to be significant contributors to overall DU noise. The first step is
Kaluvakota, Srikanth, Ghaisas, Nikhil, Pilz, Fernando
Hybrid 3D Sound Intensity Measurements and Simulations Applied to a Truck Rear Axle2025-01-010505/05/2025
This study presents a novel methodology for optimizing the acoustic performance of rotating machinery by combining scattered 3D sound intensity data with numerical simulations. The method is demonstrated on the rear axle of a truck. Using Scan&Paint 3D, sound intensity data is rapidly acquired over a large spatial area with the assistance of a 3D sound intensity probe and infrared stereo camera. The experimental data is then integrated into far-field radiation simulations, enabling detailed analysis of the acoustic behavior and accurate predictions of far-field sound radiation. This hybrid approach offers a significant advantage for assessing complex acoustic sources, allowing for quick and reliable evaluation of noise mitigation solutions.
Fernandez Comesana, Daniel, Vael, Georges, Robin, Xavier, Orselli, Joseph, Schmal, Jared
Prediction and Optimization of Noise radiation from a Heavy-Duty Commercial Vehicle Transmission using Statistical Energy Analysis2025-01-005105/05/2025
Heavy Duty (HD) linehaul vehicles are majorly used in transportation of goods and heavy loads between different cities or long distances. Considering the current trend, payload capacity of these heavy-duty trucks are increasing due to constant increase in the load demand. Due to which engine torques of these HD vehicles are increasing which in turn increases the transmission input torque. At higher torque levels, gear excitation also increases and transmission becomes more susceptible towards higher noise radiation. The transmission is an integral part of the driveline in a heavy duty commercial vehicle. Along with speed and torque conversion, the transmission design is crucial to achieve better fuel economy. Important factors to consider in the transmission design are duty cycle, torque capacity, fuel economy and overall weight. Global vehicle pass-by noise regulations for HD commercial vehicles are becoming more stringent and transmissions are expected to be very quiet. Historically
Rastogi, Sarthak, Milind, T. R.
Low Cost Air Traffic Control for DronesTBMG-5300205/01/2025
With the exponential rise in drone activity, safely managing low-flying airspace has become challenging — especially in highly populated areas. Just last month an unauthorized drone collided with a ‘Super Scooper’ aircraft above the Los Angeles wildfires, grounding the aircraft for several days and hampering the firefighting efforts.
Advancements in Lightning Strike Damage Modeling: Finite Element Model to Predict Thermal Damage Induced on Composites01-18-02-000704/21/2025
Modern aircraft, ships, and offshore structures are increasingly constructed using fiber-reinforced composite materials. However, when subjected to lightning strikes, these materials can suffer significant structural and functional damage due to their electrical and thermal properties. This study aims to develop a novel finite element (FE) model to minimize the error in estimating the thermal damage caused during lightning strikes. This will aid in design and optimization of lightning protection systems. The developed model introduces a simplified numerical approach to model the lightning arc interaction with CFRP laminate. The existing FE model includes idealized loading conditions, leading to high error in estimation of severe damage area and in-depth damage. The proposed methodology incorporates a more realistic lightning-induced loading pattern to improve accuracy. Several cases are analyzed using available FE methods and compared to the proposed model (case 6) to evaluate the
Sontakkey, Akshay, Kotambkar, Mangesh, Kaware, Kiran
Powerplant Fire Test StandardsAS6826 (Current)04/14/2025
This aerospace standard provides guidance for use in demonstrating compliance with powerplant fire protection requirements by fire test.
A-22 Fire Protection and Flammability Testing Committee
Predicting Real-time Crash Risks during Hurricane Evacuation Using Connected Vehicle Data09-13-01-000604/12/2025
Hurricane evacuations generate high traffic demand with increased crash risk. To mitigate such risk, transportation agencies can adopt high-resolution vehicle data to predict real-time crash risks. Previous crash risk prediction models mainly used limited infrastructure sensor data without covering many road segments. In this article, we present methods to determine potential crash risks during hurricane evacuation from an emerging alternative data source known as connected vehicle data that contain vehicle speed and acceleration information collected at a high frequency (mean = 14.32, standard deviation = 6.82 s). The dataset was extracted from a database of connected vehicle data for the evacuation period of Hurricane Ida on Interstate-10 in Louisiana. Five machine learning models were trained considering weather features and different traffic characteristics extracted from the connected vehicle data. The results indicate that the Gaussian process boosting and extreme gradient
Syed, Zaheen E Muktadi, Hasan, Samiul
Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Thermoplastic Composite Magnetic Field Shielding for Stepper Motors2025-01-820104/01/2025
As stepper motors become more and more widely used in engineering systems (vehicles, 3-D printers, manufacturing tools, and similar), the effects of their induced magnetic fields present a concern during the packing and orientation of components within the system. For applications requiring security, this is also a concern as the background electromagnetic radiation (EMF) can be captured at a distance and used to reproduce the motion of the motor during operation. One proposed alternative is to use customized non-magnetic plastic shields created using additive manufacturing. Some small studies have been completed which show some effectiveness of this approach but these studies have been small-scale and difficult to reproduce. To seek a more rigorous answer to this question and collect reproducible data, the present study used full factorial design of experiments with several replications. Three materials were used: Polylactide (PLA), PLA with 25% (weight) copper powder, and PLA with 15
Hu, Henry, Patterson, Albert E., Karim, Muhammad Faeyz, Porter, Logan, Kolluru, Pavan V.
Flexible Lightweight Radiation ShieldingTBMG-5282104/01/2025
Lead-filled aprons are currently used for atomic number (Z)-grade radiation shielding in the medical industry to protect personnel from hazardous gamma radiation. These apron garments are made with lead-filled elastomeric sheets encased in polymeric fabrics and are both heavy and bulky to meet necessary shielding requirements. In addition, there are environmental safety concerns surrounding disposal of these garments due to their lead content. An innovator at NASA Langley Research Center has developed a novel method for making thin, lightweight radiation shielding that can be sprayed or melted onto common textiles used in clothing such as cotton, nylon, polyester, Nomex, and Kevlar.
Nail Penetration Adapter for Li-Ion Battery TestingTBMG-5281404/01/2025
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have designed a pneumatic nail penetration trigger system that drives a Li-ion battery cell into thermal runaway using a tungsten nail. By creating a targeted rupture in a battery cell’s outer casing, researchers can initiate an exothermic chain reaction within the battery, much like a short circuit, causing a spike in temperature that can lead to battery failure, fire or explosion.
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