Browse Topic: Air traffic control
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) envisions heterogenous airborne entities like crewed and uncrewed passenger and cargo vehicles within, and between urban and rural environment. To achieve this, a paradigm shift to a cooperative operating environment similar to Extensible Traffic Management (xTM) is needed. This requires the blending of traditional Air Traffic Services (ATS) with the new generation UAM vehicles having their unique flight dynamics and handling characteristics. A hybrid environment needs to be established with enhanced shared situational awareness for all stakeholders, enabling equitable airspace access, minimizing risk, optimized airspace use, and providing flexible and adaptable airspace rules. This paper introduces a novel concept of distributed airspace management which would be apt for all kinds of operational scenarios perceived for UAM. The proposal is centered around the efficiency and safety in air space management being achieved by self-discipline. It utilizes
Aerospace is an industry where competition is high and the need to ensure safety and security while managing costs is foremost. Stakeholders, who gain the most by working together, do not necessarily trust each other. Changing backbone technologies that drive enterprise systems and secure historical records does not happen quickly (if at all). At best, businesses adapt incrementally, building customized applications on top of legacy systems. The complexity of these legacy systems leads to duplication of efforts and data storage, making them very inefficient. Technology that augments, rather than replaces, is needed to transform these complex systems into efficient, digital processes. Blockchain technology offers collaborative opportunities for solving some of the data problems that have long challenged the aerospace industry. The industry has been slow to adopt the technology even though experts agree that it has real potential to revolutionize the global supply chain—including
Before airplanes even reach the runway, pilots must file a plan to inform air traffic controllers where they’re going and the path they are going to take. When planes are in the air, however, that plan often changes. From turbulence causing passenger discomfort and additional fuel use to unexpected weather patterns blocking the original path, pilots have to think on the fly and inform air traffic controllers of any modifications to their routes
A novel method which has the potential for improving the U.S. Navy's ability to perform continuous assurance on autonomous and other cyberphysical systems. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA Autonomous systems are poised to provide transformative benefits to society. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to reduce the frequency and severity of collisions, enhance mobility for blind, disabled, and underage drivers, lower energy consumption and environmentally harmful emissions, and reduce population density in metropolitan regions. In civilian aviation, increasingly autonomous systems could mitigate two of the most costly features of human pilots: the cost associated with training and paying highly skilled operators, and the reduced efficiency incurred by flight time limitations and crew rest requirements. Additionally, autonomous air traffic management systems could reduce the cognitive burden on air traffic controllers by automating the monitoring and analysis of high
ARINC 858 Part 3 defines a Common IPS Radio Interface (CIRI) protocol for conveying radio status information and transferring digital data between the Airborne IPS System and Airborne Radios. This standard includes the functional description of the protocol, including applicable use cases, protocol message formats, and protocol operation for both control plane and data plane exchanges. The protocol is intended to operate over a variety of on-aircraft communication means, including, but not limited to, ethernet-based and ARINC 664-based aircraft networks. The reader should also reference ARINC 858 Part 1 and Part 2. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108
An Air Traffic Controller(ATC) is a person responsible for the proper Take-Off and Landing of an Aircraft from the runway, and for relaying continuous vital information back and forth from Pilots. The proposed ATC will automate this entire process to reduce human-generated errors and save costs. The entire system will be made using Artificial Intelligence and will use Natural Language Processing and Artificial Neural Networks to create a human-like, but a better-prepared system. The model needed to create the ATC, can be trained on already available crucial flight data. The data must include flight take-off and landing time, along with altered time based on weather, climate and other physical factors. The back-end system of the ATC, can be then made to work on this trained model, and produce correct and calculated flight path and timings for the take-off and Landing. The system will do an automatic Pre-flight checkup, based on weather and other clear-sky conditions, such as birds and
A team of researchers at Carnegie Mellon University believe they have developed the first AI pilot that enables autonomous aircraft to navigate a crowded airspace. The artificial intelligence can safely avoid collisions, predict the intent of other aircraft, track aircraft and coordinate with their actions, and communicate over the radio with pilots and air traffic controllers. The researchers aim to develop the AI so the behaviors of their system will be indistinguishable from those of a human pilot
Letter from the Guest Editors
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes standard phraseology for the communication procedures during aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing operations. NOTE: The minimum requirements to accomplish an aircraft deicing/anti-icing operation are specified in AS6285. Clear concise standard phraseology between the groundcrew and flightcrew is an important part of the deicing/anti-icing process. It plays a key role in the overall safety of the deicing program. Historically, flightcrew and groundcrew have had to deal with differing communication scripts at multiple airport locations. This has led to unsafe situations, including aircraft moving before the deicing process has been fully completed
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies minimum performance requirements for pressure altimeter systems other than air data computers. This document covers altimeter systems that measure and display altitude as a function of atmospheric pressure. The pressure transducer may be contained within the instrument display case or located remotely. Requirements for air data computers are specified in AS8002. Some requirements for nontransducing servoed altitude indicators are included in AS791. This document does not address RVSM requirements because general RVSM requirements cannot be independently detailed at the component level. The instrument system specified herein does not include aircraft pressure lines. Unless otherwise specified, whenever the term “instrument” is used, it is to be understood to be the complete system of pressure transducer components, any auxiliary equipment, and display components. The test procedures specified herein apply specifically to mechanical type
The general English speech recognition is based on the techniques of n-grams where the words before and after are predicted and the utterance prediction is produced. At the same time, having a significantly lengthier n-gram has its own impact in training and the accuracy. Shorter n-grams require the utterances to be split and predicted than using the complete utterance. This article discusses specific techniques to address the specific problems in Air Traffic Speech, which is a medium length utterance domain. Moving from the adapted language models (LMs) to rescored LM, a combined technique of syntax analysis along with a deep learning model is proposed, which improves the overall accuracy. It is explained that this technique can help to adapt the proposed method for different contexts within the same domain and can be successful
Scope of this effort intends to provide both educational materials and recommended practices regarding how system theoretic process analysis (STPA) may be applied within a safety assessment process focusing on safety-critical content
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are envisioned to operate much closer to each other in low-altitude airspace than in the conventional high-altitude air traffic system and therefore impose challenges not only to the vehicle design but also to the development of a safe yet efficient low-altitude air traffic system. NASA Ames developed an air traffic simulation tool known as Flexible engine for Fast time evaluation of Flight environments (Fe3
This document establishes the general requirements for the quality management of aircraft ground deicing/anti-icing systems and processes. It covers the areas of: Quality system, documentation, and control of records; Management responsibility; Resource management; Product realization; and Measurement, analysis, and improvement. This document defines these areas and their key aspects so they can be practically managed, and that deicing operations can become safer with time. In alignment with AS6285 and AS6286, the primary focus of this standard is on the deicing/anti-icing of aircraft using deicing and anti-icing fluids
This document addresses the operational safety and human factors aspects of unauthorized laser illumination events in navigable airspace. The topics addressed include operational procedures, training, and protocols that flight crew members should follow in the event of a laser exposure. Of particular emphasis, this document outlines coping strategies for use during critical phases of flight. Although lasers are capable of causing retinal damage, most laser cockpit illuminations, to date, has been relatively low in irradiance causing primarily startle reactions, visual glare, flashblindness and afterimages. Permanent eye injuries from unauthorized laser exposures have been extremely rare. This document describes pilot operational procedures in response to the visual disruptions associated with low to moderate laser exposures that pilots are most likely to encounter during flight operations. With education and training, pilots can take actions that safeguard both their vision and the
This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for airborne collision and avoidance systems. The visual and aural characteristics are covered for the display of traffic information as well as the escape maneuver display on conventional and electronic flight decks. System utilization philosophy and flight deck integration considerations are also presented
This document sets forth general, functional, procedural, and design criteria and recommendations concerning human engineering of data link systems. The recommendations are based on limited evidence from empirical and analytic studies of simulated data link communication, and on experience from operational tests and actual use of data link. However, because data are not yet available to support recommendations on all potentially critical human engineering issues these recommendations necessarily go beyond the data link research and include requirements based on related research and human factors engineering practice. It is also recognized that evolution of these recommendations will be appropriate as experience with data link accumulates and new applications are implemented. This document focuses primarily on recommendations for data link communications between an air traffic specialist and a pilot, i.e., air traffic services communications, although some recommendations address use of
Contemporary air traffic management (ATM) challenges are both (1) acute and (2) growing at rates far outpacing established ways for absorbing technological innovation. Lack of timely response will guarantee failure to meet demands. Immediately that creates a necessity to identify means of coping and judging new technologies based on possible speed of adoption. Paralleling the challenges are developments in capability, both recent and decades old. Some steps (e.g., Global Positioning System (GPS) backup) are well known and, in fact, should have progressed further long ago. Others (e.g., sharing raw measurements instead of position fixes) are equally well known and, if followed by further flight tests initiated (and successful) years ago, would have produced a wealth of in-flight experience by now if development had continued. Other possibilities (e.g., automated pilot override) are much less common and are considered largely experimental. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report is aimed at
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers air data computer equipment (hereinafter designated the computer) which when connected to sources of aircraft electrical power, static pressure, total pressure, outside air temperature, and others specified by the manufacturer (singly or in combination) provides some or all of the following computed air data output signals (in analog and/or digital form) which may supply primary and/or standby flight instruments: Pressure Altitude Pressure Altitude, Baro-Corrected Vertical Speed Calibrated Airspeed Mach Number Maximum Allowable Airspeed Over-speed Warning Total Air Temperature
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides information and guidance for the control of hazardous laser energy in the navigable airspace. This ARP does not address techniqies that pilots can apply to mitigate laser illuminations during a critical phase of flight. Such mitigation strategies are described in ARP6378
AIR1608 ESTIMATION OF TOTAL ERROR IN ALTIMETRY proposes a method of estimating overall error of altimetry in order to provide a basis for safe vertical separation of aircraft
The scope of this document is to: 1 Provide a requirements document for RFID tag manufacturers to produce passive-only UHF RFID tags for the aerospace industry. 2 Identify the minimum performance requirements specific to the Passive UHF RFID Tag to be used on airborne equipment, to be accessed only during ground operations. 3 Specify the test requirements specific to Passive UHF RFID tags for airborne equipment use, in addition to EUROCAE ED-14 / RTCA DO-160 compliance requirements separately called out in this document. 4 Identify existing standards applicable to Passive UHF RFID Tag. 5 Provide a certification standard for RFID tags which will use permanently-affixed installation on airborne equipment
This document establishes the minimum requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Types II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer's recommendations
This document establishes the minimum requirements for ground based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer's recommendations
This document establishes the minimum requirements for ground based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures to ensure the safe operation of aircraft during icing conditions on the ground. This document does not specify the requirements for particular aircraft models. The application of the procedures specified in this document are intended to effectively remove and/or prevent the accumulation of frost, snow, slush, or ice contamination which can seriously affect the aerodynamic performance and/or the controllability of an aircraft. The principal method of treatment employed is the use of fluids qualified to AMS1424 (Type I fluid) and AMS1428 (Type II, III, and IV fluids). All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturer's recommendations
This document provides information and guidance material to assist in assessing the need for and feasibility of developing deicing facilities, the planning (size and location) and design of deicing facilities, and assessing environmental considerations and operational considerations associated with de-icing facilities. The document presents relevant information necessary to define the need for a deicing facility and factors influencing its size, location, and operation. The determination of the need for deicing facilities rests with Airports. Although this document intends to provide information to airport operator and deicing facility planner/designer, all stakeholders, including deicing service providers, should be involved in the development process
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