Browse Topic: Active safety systems

Items (1,955)
Find
Intelligent Steering System to Improve Fuel Efficiency in Heavy Duty Vehicles2026-28-0103To be published on 02/12/2026
In commercial vehicles, conventional engine-driven hydraulic steering systems result in continuous energy consumption, contributing to parasitic losses and reduced overall powertrain efficiency. This study introduces an Electric Powered Hydraulic Steering (EPHS) system that decouples steering actuation from the engine and operates only on demand, thereby optimizing energy usage. Field trials conducted under loaded conditions demonstrated a 3–6% improvement in fuel economy, confirming the system’s effectiveness in real-world applications. A MATLAB-based simulation model was developed to replicate dynamic steering loads and vehicle operating conditions, with results closely aligning with field data, thereby validating the model’s predictive accuracy. The reduction in fuel consumption directly translates to lower CO₂ emissions, supporting regulatory compliance and sustainability goals, particularly in the context of tightening emission norms for commercial fleets. These findings position
T, Aravind Muthu Suthan, Mani, Kishore, Ayyappan, Rakshna, D, Senthil Kumar, S, Mathankumar
Development of Advanced Rider Assistance System (ARAS) for Electric Motorcycles: A Level-1 Collision Avoidance and Emergency Braking Prototype Using Ultrasonic Sensors2026-28-0118To be published on 02/12/2026
This paper presents the design, development, and validation of an Advanced Rider Assistance System (ARAS) for electric motorcycles, focused on a Level-1 collision avoidance and emergency braking prototype using ultrasonic sensors. The motivation stems from the disproportionate risk faced by two-wheeler riders and the current lack of widespread ARAS deployment compared to Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in cars. The proposed system addresses this gap by integrating front and rear ultrasonic sensors (operating at 40 kHz, with a detection range of 2 cm to 4 m and ±1% accuracy) to continuously monitor the proximity of obstacles in real time, even when the motorcycle is inclined up to 30°. Sensor data is processed by an embedded microcontroller (STM32 series), which executes a collision risk assessment algorithm based on measured distance and relative speed. When the distance to an obstacle falls below a configurable safety threshold (typically 3 m), the system initiates a multi
Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Karu, Ragupathy, Karthick, K N, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, Kumar, V, Manojkumar, R, M, Karthick, M, Rishab
STEERING AUTOMATION FOR LANE KEEP ASSISTANCE2026-28-0117To be published on 02/12/2026
The design of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is essential to improve the safety and autonomy of vehicles in harsh conditions. This work introduces the design and development of a steering automation system for Lane Keep Assistance (LKA) in a vehicle with a parallel steering system. The system utilizes an ArduCam module to take real-time images of the ground in front, and these are processed via machine learning techniques on a Raspberry Pi in order to identify lane edges with great precision. The corrective steering maneuvers are carried out by a motorized steering actuator based on the visual data after processing, and an encoder that is built into the actuator constantly tracks the steering angle and position. This closed-loop feedback affords accurate, real-time corrections to ensure lane discipline without driver intervention. Extensive calculations for steering effort, torque, and gear design confirm the system's mechanical viability. Combining low-cost vision sensing
A R, Arundas, Sadique, Anwar
Case study for tibia execution & improvement for codriver foot region2026-28-0107To be published on 02/01/2026
Vehicle safety systems are divided into two type active safety system and passive safety system. Active Safety features comprise of technologies that actively work and sense the driving dynamics and real-time road conditions to prevent or mitigate an unfortunate crash viz. ABS, EBD, ESP. Passive safety features come into play in the unfortunate case of collision. The primary objective of passive safety features is to mitigate collision impact and injuries to occupant that may arise out of it viz. Airbags, Isofix, pretensioners. Also, Passive system includes energy absorbers & foot area foams which restrict travel of to avoid/reduce injury. This area is designed to absorb and dissipate energy during a collision, protecting occupants by allowing controlled deformation and reducing the force transmitted to the passenger. In case of accident, codriver legs would accelerate in the direction of impact which could result in mild to severe lower leg/tibia injury. In vehicle front & rear floor
Bable, Shubham, Udugu, Kumaraswamy, Dharmatti, Girish, bornare, harshad, Deoli, Manish, Reddy, Siva
Microcontroller-based modular mirror for Heavy and Mid commercial vehicles2026-26-0018To be published on 01/16/2026
Existing ICE Mid and Heavy commercial vehicles in the Indian and international market are recording a large number of mishaps due to blind spots and non accessibility of the driver to the opposite side mirror in real-time driving. Non-driver side rear view mirror adjustment creates the need for the driver to get down and adjust the mirror manually/ get support from the co-passenger. The paper proposes a solution for a Microcontroller-based compact mirror adjustment system, which will run with minimal economy and highest efficiency. This will assist drivers in aesthetically and safely monitoring of mirror to check on specific blind spots in day conditions. Mirror will be actuated via a Modular control panel, a Dashboard with audio input or button-operated system based on vehicle type and customer need, along with a quick response mechanism to operate the mirror. This will reduce the prone accidents due to non-visibility by approximately 30%, ensuring enhanced road safety and driver
Jambagi, Vaibhavi Vyankatesh, Gangvekar, Onkar, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Mileage Accumulation Target Identification For AEBS Validation for Medium & Heavy Trucks Considering Real-World Accidents In India2026-26-0036To be published on 01/16/2026
Robust validation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) considering real-world conditions is a vital for ensuring safety. Mileage accumulation is a one of the validation method for ensuring ADAS system robustness. By subjecting systems to diverse real-world driving environments and edge-case scenarios, engineers can evaluate performance, reliability, and safety under realistic conditions. In accordance with ISO 21448 (SOTIF), known hazardous scenarios are explicitly tested during robustness validation in combination of virtual and physical testing at component, sub system and vehicle level, while unknown hazards may emerge through extended mileage by running vehicles on roads, allowing them to be identified and classified. However, defining a mileage target that ensures comprehensive safety remains a significant engineering challenge. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to define mileage accumulation targets for validating Autonomous Emergency Braking Systems (AEBS
Koralla, Sivaprasad, Ravjani, Amin, Tatikonda, Vijay, Gadekar, Ganesh
Single Radar: A Robust and Cost-Effective Solution for ADAS and Parking functionality2026-26-0049To be published on 01/16/2026
With rapid advancements in Autonomous Driving (AD) & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), numerous sensors are integrated in vehicles to achieve higher and reliable level of autonomy. Due to the growing number of sensors and its fusion creates complex architecture which causes challenges in calibration, cost, and system reliability. Considering the need for further ADAS advancements and addressing the challenges, this paper evaluates a novel solution called One Radar - a single radar system with a wide field of view enabled by advanced antenna design. Placing the One Radar at the rear of the vehicle eliminates the need for corner radars and ultrasonic sensors used for parking assistance. With rigorous real-world testing in different urban and low-speed scenarios, the One Radar solution showed comparable accuracy in object detection with warning and parking assistance to the conventional combination of corner radars and ultrasonic sensors. The simple single sensor-based
Anandan, Ram, Sharma, Akash
Adapting ADAS to Indian Driving and User Needs2026-26-0045To be published on 01/16/2026
To enhance ADAS usability, safety, and localization in India, this study aims to identify gaps in ADAS system performance and Indian drivers’ expectations by capturing customer’s voice, underlining the need for context-aware ADAS development tailored to emerging Indian markets. The penetration of ADAS in automotive markets is increasing rapidly. However, their effectiveness and acceptance are significantly influenced by regional driving behavior and infrastructure. This study explores the interaction between naturalistic driver behaviour in India and the operational characteristics of ADAS Level 2 systems (FCW, ACC, LCF and BSD) with focus on cars. Using real-world driving data collected from Indian roads, the research aims to highlight the divergence between ADAS design assumptions often based on structured Western traffic environments and the complex, dynamic nature of Indian traffic, characterized by frequent human negotiation, informal road practices, and different vehicle types
Sankpal, Krishnath Namdev, Magar, Akshay, Khot, Ankush, Kulkarni, Alok, Perez, Marc
Integrated Evaluation of Pre-Crash Braking and Crash Injury Outcomes Using Human Body Models and ATDs2026-26-0019To be published on 01/16/2026
Traditionally, vehicle occupant safety research has focused on passive safety aspects like crashworthiness and occupant restraint systems. However, with the advent of Active Safety technologies such as Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB), research has expanded to include occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase. AEB, by inducing occupant movement, often leads to out-of-position (OOP) behavior, compromising available space during the crash phase. Current Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) are limited in simulating occupant kinematics during the pre-crash phase, especially in the neck and torso regions. These devices are rigid and unable to replicate human body dynamics during low-acceleration events like AEB. To address this gap, Human Body Models (HBMs) such as THUMS, GHBMC, and SAFER are used to provide more biofidelic simulations. This study begins with physical vehicle trials conducted with human volunteers at various speeds to measure
Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, THANIGAIVEL RAJA, T, Kondala, Hareesh, Sudarshan, B.Sudarshan, Nehe, Vaibhav, Rao, Guruprakash
Estimating the Road Friction Coefficient Dynamically using Machine Learning2026-26-0630To be published on 01/16/2026
In autonomous vehicles, it is vital for the vehicle to drive in a manner that ensures the driver is comfortable and has confidence in the system, which ensures he does not feel compelled to intervene or take control of the vehicle. The system must consider environmental factors and other aspects to provide the driver with a comfortable and stress-free drive. In this regard, the road friction coefficient, which quantifies the grip experienced by the tire on a road, is a critical parameter to be considered by several comfort and safety functions. An inaccurate estimation of road friction coefficient can lead to discomfort in worst case safety risks for the driver, as the system would be over or underestimating the tire’s grip on the road and this alters the vehicle’s response to control inputs. In the context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), dynamically estimating the road friction coefficient can significantly improve the safety and comfort of driving functions. However
Rangarajan, Rishi, Sukumar Rajammal, Prem Kumar, Singh, Akshay Pratap, Kumaravel, Sujeeth Selvam, Kop, Anand, Bharadwaj, Pavan
Indirect Road Departure Mitigation System for Passenger Vehicle2026-26-0669To be published on 01/16/2026
Road departures remain a major cause of fatal accidents in passenger vehicles, especially on highways, driving the demand for robust and accessible active safety technologies. Conventional Road Departure Mitigation Systems (RDMS) typically depend on camera- or LiDAR-based sensing, which can be cost-prohibitive and challenging to integrate across diverse vehicle platforms. While existing RDMS solutions have enhanced vehicle safety, their dependency on expensive, specialized sensors limits broader adoption, particularly in cost-sensitive market segments. This study introduces a sensor-less, cost-effective Road Departure Mitigation (RDM) system that utilizes existing vehicle sensors accessed through CAN channels. A threshold-based logic algorithm processes key parameters such as vehicle speed, steering angle, yaw rate, and lateral acceleration to detect potential road departure events. Upon detection, the system initiates a two-stage intervention: a driver alert followed by automatic
Iqbal, Shoaib, Adsul, Sourabh
Vision Driven Testing Framework for Human-Machine Interfaces: An Automated Approach Using Computer Vision / Machine Learning2026-26-0571To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern automotive infotainment systems and digital instrument clusters require rigorous testing to ensure reliability and compliance with industry standards. Traditional testing methods are labor-intensive and lack scalability. This research proposes a phased, vision-based approach using image processing, machine learning (ML), and computer vision (CV) to enhance testing automation and accuracy. Phase 1 employs open-loop testing using an NVIDIA Jetson Nano with camera modules to capture visual data from infotainment and instrument cluster displays. This phase focuses on the static analysis of visual elements, screen transitions, animations, and error messages. Feature extraction and pattern recognition techniques identify interface behaviors and detect anomalies without a feedback loop. This research will focus in depth on Phase 1, providing a detailed evaluation of its implementation and effectiveness. Phase 2 extends the testing environment with a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) system
Lad, Rakesh Pramod, Mehrotra, Soumya, Mishra, Arvind
Real-time Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for Vehicle Networks Using Machine Learning for Predictive Threat Analysis2026-26-0617To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid adoption of connected vehicle technologies and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) necessitates robust security mechanisms capable of identifying and mitigating sophisticated cyber threats in real-time. Traditional signature-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are often inadequate in addressing the dynamic and evolving nature of automotive cybersecurity threats, particularly in modern vehicle networks like Controller Area Network (CAN), CAN with Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD), and Automotive Ethernet. This research introduces a novel Real-time Intrusion Detection System utilizing advanced Machine Learning (ML) techniques designed specifically for automotive network environments. The proposed IDS framework employs supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms, including anomaly detection, behavioral analytics, and predictive threat modeling, to achieve high accuracy and rapid threat identification capabilities. Through extensive testing in simulated and actual vehicle
Chaudhary lng, Vikash, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik
Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System2026-26-0642To be published on 01/16/2026
human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to
Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed
Establishing a Scalable Virtual Framework for ADAS Validation: Traffic Jam Pilot with Real-World Scene Integration2026-26-0506To be published on 01/16/2026
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are instrumental in improving road safety and minimizing traffic-related incidents. However, their development and validation processes are resource-intensive, requiring substantial time, cost, and domain-specific expertise. Moreover, real-world testing introduces significant safety challenges. To address these issues, virtual simulation platforms offer high-fidelity environments for the secure and efficient testing of ADAS functions. This research presents a virtual validation framework for a Traffic Jam Pilot (TJP) algorithm utilizing such simulators. The framework features detailed models of camera and radar sensors, capturing essential parameters like detection range and field of view, alongside a vehicle plant model and road infrastructure modeling that includes elements such as curvature, slope, banking angles, and varying lane widths. A perception stack is developed using synthetic sensor data and is integrated with the TJP control
Agrawal, Mridul, Ithape, Avinash, Sharma, Prashant, Trivedi, Abhishek
Integrated Quality Assurance Frameworks for Testing Advanced Automotive Systems in the Era of ADAS and E-Mobility2026-26-0568To be published on 01/16/2026
As the automotive industry rapidly transitions toward intelligent, electrified, and connected mobility, ensuring the safety and performance of advanced vehicle systems has become increasingly complex. Technologies such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), electric powertrains, and software-defined architectures demand robust quality assurance (QA) frameworks capable of addressing the multi-domain nature of modern vehicle platforms. This paper presents an integrated QA methodology that combines traditional testing protocols with model-based validation, digital twin environments, and real-time system monitoring to comprehensively evaluate the reliability and functionality of next-generation automotive systems. The proposed framework focuses on end-to-end traceability from requirements to validation, encompassing hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), software-in-the-loop (SIL), and over-the-air (OTA) testing strategies. Emphasis is placed on simulating complex scenarios for ADAS, battery
Komanduri, Arun Srinivas, Srivastava, Anuj
Predicting cut-in events using LSTM based techniques2026-26-0636To be published on 01/16/2026
Highway accidents caused by sudden cut-in and braking events pose critical challenges for driver safety, particularly when traditional Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) only react after a cut-in is complete and time-to-collision (TTC) is critically low. This research proposes a predictive system that uses Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to forecast the probability of cut-in events and potential collisions in advance. By doing so, it enables earlier driver alerts and proactive responses, particularly in scenarios where ADAS may fail to intervene—such as when a slow-moving vehicle in an adjacent lane initiates an abrupt lane change without signaling. The model is trained using a combination of real-world driving data and synthetically generated high-risk scenarios to address data imbalance. Predictive features include relative velocity, lateral velocity, and lane overlap—key indicators of imminent risk. Results indicate an average early warning time of approximately 1.35
Srivastava, Rohan, Nayak, Apoorva S., Suvvari, Sai Dileep, Satwik, Rahul, Bhattacharya, Abhinov
Digital Rack Load Estimation Methodology for Electric Power Steering to Optimize Motor Sizing2026-26-0383To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Power Assisted Steering (EPAS) systems are integral to modern passenger vehicles, contributing to improved steering performance, enhanced safety, and enabling the integration of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). A critical aspect of EPAS design is precise motor sizing, which has a direct impact on steering dynamics, driver input effort, and overall system efficiency. The selection of an appropriate motor is governed by several parameters, including peak rack load, maximum steering speed, electrical supply constraints, thermal limitations, and spatial packaging considerations. This study specifically addresses the accurate estimation of rack force, a primary parameter guiding motor selection and assist control calibration. Previous researchers have explored multiple EPAS motor sizing methodologies such as iterative physical testing and simplified analytical modelling. Out of these, iterative physical testing incurs high resource costs and may hamper the development
Adsul, Sourabh, Iqbal, Shoaib
Crowdsourcing Indian traffic scenarios for ADAS development and testing2026-26-0046To be published on 01/16/2026
In the Indian context, introduction of ADAS can play a positive role in improving road safety by assisting the driver and preventing unsafe driver behaviour. Technologies like Automated Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keep System, Adaptive Cruise Control, Driver Drowsiness Detection, Driver Alcohol detection etc., if deployed safely and used in a safe manner can help prevent many of the current road deaths in India. Safe deployment and safe use of such ADAS technologies require the systems to operate without failure within their operational design domains (ODD) and not surprise the drivers with sudden or unpredictable failures, to help develop their trust in the technology. As a result, identifying test scenarios remain a key step in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). This remains a challenge due to the large test space especially for the Indian context due to the unpredictable traffic behaviour and occasional road infrastructure. In this paper, we introduce a
Serry, Hamid, Dodoiu, Tudor, Alakkad, Fadi, Zhang, Xizhe, Khastgir, Siddartha, Jennings, Paul
Algorithm development for AI driven Path planning using Augmented reality for navigating in Indian complex road scenarios2026-26-0038To be published on 01/16/2026
The road infrastructure in India has complex navigational challenges, with 82% roads being unstructured according to Ministry of Roads Transports and Highways (MoRTH). Decision-making becomes a challenge for drivers in unpredictable environments such as narrow roads or sometimes flooded roads and heavy traffic. In this paper, an augmented reality (AR) driver assistance algorithm has been proposed that improves awareness to safely maneuver in these conditions.The methodology for development and validation of this AR algorithm contains multiple steps. Firstly, extensive data collection is conducted using real time capture and benchmark datasets like Berkeley Deep Drive (BDD) and Indian Driving Dataset (IDD). Secondly, A machine learning model consisting of the collected data are labelled and trained to rightly identify the complex scenario. In third step, an AR navigation algorithm is developed, integrating these models to accurately detect floods and estimate road widths and provide
Anandaraj, Prem Raj, Sivakumar, Vishnu, Thanikachalam, Ganesh, L, Radhakrishnan, Motoki, Yaginuma, Selvam, Dinesh Kumar
Methodical Approach to preparedness of India specific automotive database matrix with example of AEB scenarios.2026-26-0651To be published on 01/16/2026
The purpose of this report is to identify systematic approach of formation of India specific automotive database matrix. At first the paper reviews the practices used to prepare automotive dataset catalogue with established pattern to showcase automotive dataset from which appropriate data clusters can be picked up judiciously in order to train ADAS algorithms. The work applies this framework which helps to establish strategy to build a grid in which Indian automotive dataset can be contoured and selection of serviceable data bunches can be picked. This would make sure prompt selection of database aiming model training with valid input. This serves the purpose of implementation and evaluation of varied ADAS levels in India which insist upon good quality of distinguished dataset pertaining to Indian scenarios. The paper describes the approach with the example of AEB scenarios and present appropriate matrix readiness comprising of relevant data objects excluding unnecessary junk data
Behere, Sayali Rajendra, Karle, Manish, Karle, Ujjwala
Virtual Validation of ADAS Algorithms Using Driver-in-the-Loop Simulation2026-26-0050To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulators have become crucial tools across automotive, aerospace, and maritime industries in enabling the evaluation of design concepts, testing of critical scenarios and provision of effective training in virtual environments. With the diverse applications of DIL simulators highlighting their significance in vehicle dynamics assessment, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicle development, testing of complex control systems is crucial for vehicle safety. A comprehensive review of current research trends reveals key areas of focus such as realism of simulated experiences through improved vehicle dynamics models and advanced sensory feedback. The integration of virtual and augmented reality technologies help to create more immersive and informative simulations to improve the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of DIL simulation platforms. By examining the current landscape of DIL simulator use cases, this paper critically focuses on
Sharma, Chinmaya, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Advancing Automotive Radar Characterization: OTA HIL Testing for Enhanced ADAS Safety2026-26-0043To be published on 01/16/2026
The increasing demand for reliable Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies necessitates the precise validation of automotive radar sensors. Traditional on-road testing, while effective, presents challenges such as limited repeatability, high costs, and safety concerns. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an Over-the-Air (OTA) Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) methodology for radar characterization, providing a controlled and repeatable lab-based validation approach. This methodology enables dynamic testing of key radar parameters, including range estimation, angle of arrival measurement, Doppler velocity analysis, and object detection accuracy. The proposed setup supports diverse testing scenarios, such as variable target distances, relative speeds, multiple object simulation, and environmental effects, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of radar behaviour under complex and safety-critical conditions. Through OTA testing, developers can
Jadhav, Tejas, Karle, Ujjwala, Paul, Harshit, SNV, Karthik
Leveraging road accident database to enhance ADAS features and testing protocols in context of Indian driving conditions2026-26-0014To be published on 01/16/2026
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are pivotal in enhancing road safety by reducing human error and assisting drivers in critical situations. Since, major ADAS technologies are developed and validated using data and test scenarios that are predominantly based on driving conditions and road environments of developed countries. But for country like India where driving behaviour, traffic dynamics, road infrastructure and the accident characteristics differ significantly, the ADAS technologies and test scenarios validated by different forums create a critical gap in deploying such systems on vehicles to work on Indian roads. The objective of this research is to identify and generate India specific ADAS test scenarios from the Road Accident Sampling system India (RASSI) database, available MoRTH reports, data available from previously executed ADAS test cases, etc. Through this research we propose a methodology to identify, extract and analyse accident scenarios pertaining to Indian
Adhikari, Mayur, Bhagat, Ajinkya, Verma, Harshal, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala, Sharma, Chinmaya
Ocular-Behavioral Metrics for Driver State Classification for Indian Driving Contexts: KSS-Based Evaluation, Conformance and implementation challenges2026-26-0668To be published on 01/16/2026
With the increasing integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in Indian automotive markets, robust Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) have become critical for road safety. This study focuses on the development and validation of a Driver Distraction and Attention Warning System (DDAWS), tailored to the unique challenges of Indian driving conditions. The DDAWS module, a core component of DMS, leverages a driver-facing high-resolution camera to continuously evaluate driver behaviour. The system architecture is bifurcated into two primary subsystems: the Driver Attention Monitoring module and the Drowsiness Detection module. DMS primarily is divided into two parts, first being the Driver Attention monitoring system, which ensures the driver maintain a proper focus on the road by not being distracted either by the inner and the external environment of the vehicle. This is generally achieved using the head pose monitoring of the driver, post processing which results in an
Verma, Harshal, Kale, Jyoti Ganesh, Karle, Ujjwala
Optimizing Collision Warnings: A Shift from Time to Collide to Time to Brake2026-26-0047To be published on 01/16/2026
In automotive safety systems, Time to Collide (TTC) is traditionally used to trigger warnings in auto-emergency braking systems. However, TTC can lead to premature or inaccurate warnings as it is calculated based on the relative speed and distance between the ego and an obstacle. TTC does not consider the vehicle's braking dynamics, such as brake prefill lag which varies across different vehicles, maximum deceleration, and the effectiveness of braking systems and assumes constant speed which may not always be realistic. We propose Time to Brake (TTB) as a more effective parameter for driver warnings. TTB directly relates to the action a driver needs to take—braking. It provides a clear indication of when braking should begin to avoid a collision, whereas TTC only tells us about the possibility of a collision. To calculate TTB we utilize the brake profile, which incorporates both deceleration and system jerk for improved accuracy. The proposed warning time is the sum of variable brake
Singh, Ashutosh Prakash, Kumawat, Himanshu, Gupta, Sara
Application framework with multi-tiered approach in validating UI based animation in automotive product.2026-26-0586To be published on 01/16/2026
As part of their market segmentation strategy, each OEM is using UX (user experience) as a crucial aspect for product differentiation. Though there are many parts to UX, the one which would have a profound effect on the user is through animation of real-world aspects on the instrument panel, like falling snowflakes when it’s snowing outside, real time traffic conditions as part of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) or even a unique welcome or farewell message. The unique and realistic nature of such implementations and customizing it to the needs of market segments introduces a lot of complexity in evaluating the correctness of implementation with respect to design. In this paper, we would extensively evaluate the current practices in analyzing the test basis, test environment needs, test data and test methods used in testing animation. However, the primary focus of this paper is to introduce a novel multi-tiered approach towards evaluating animations - where we would introduce
Kandrattha A, Mohammed Azharuddin, Kulkarni, Apoorva
Advancing Safe and Sustainable Mobility: A Review of Emerging Trends and Challenges in ADAS2026-26-0042To be published on 01/16/2026
India’s severe road safety challenges, marked by high accident rates and fatalities, necessitate innovative solutions like Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to align with SIAT 2026’s theme, “Innovative Pathways for Safe and Sustainable Mobility. This review synthesizes recent studies to explore ADAS’s role in enhancing safety and sustainability in India’s unique traffic environment. Technologies such as automatic emergency braking, lane departure warnings, and driver monitoring systems show promise in reducing crashes caused by human error, a leading factor in road incidents. However, India’s complex road conditions unmarked lanes, dense urban traffic, and prevalent two-wheelers pose significant challenges to ADAS effectiveness. Recent surveys highlight strong public support for ADAS, with many Indian road users recognizing its safety benefits and advocating for its integration into vehicles. Despite growing adoption by automakers like Tata and Mahindra, barriers such as high
Neelakanthu, Karra, Sreenivasulu, T, Kumar, Om, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji, Kumar, Rajiv
A Centralized Framework for Sustaining Safety-Critical Vehicle Systems Through Periodic Servicing2026-26-0003To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles are becoming more complex, maintaining the effectiveness of safety critical systems like adaptive cruise control, lane keep assist, electronic breaking and airbag deployment extends far beyond the initial design and manufacturing. In the automotive industry these safety systems must perform reliably over the years under varying environmental conditions. This paper examines the critical role of periodic maintenance in sustaining the long-term safety and functional integrity of these systems throughout the lifecycle. As per the latest data from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), in 2022, India reported a total of 4.61 lakh road accidents, resulting in 1.68 lakh fatalities and 4.43 lakh injuries. The number of fatalities could have been reduced by the intervention of periodic services and monitoring the health of safety critical systems. While periodic maintenance has contributed to long term safety of the vehicles, there are a lot of vehicles on the road
HN, Sufiyan Ahmed, Khan, Furqan, Srinivas, Dheeraj
Market Research On Actual User Experience And Efficacy Of ADAS Features in Indian Driving Conditions2026-26-0035To be published on 01/16/2026
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become increasingly prevalent in modern vehicles, promising improved safety and reducing accidents. However, their implementation comes with several challenges and limitations. The efficacy of these systems in diverse and challenging road conditions of India, remains as a concern. For deeper understanding of the ADAS feature related concerns in Indian market due to the factors such as unique road conditions, traffic situations, driving patterns, an extensive study was done throughout Indian terrain. The functionality and performance of different ADAS features were evaluated in the real-world scenarios. The objective data of the observations and occurrence conditions were captured with help of data loggers & camera setups inside the vehicle. This research paper represents a comprehensive study on the challenges faced by user while using ADAS enabled cars in Indian road conditions. We captured the performance data of various ADAS features
Kumbhar, Prasad Uttam, Pyasi, Praveen
Dynamic Integration of Bilateral and Adaptive Cruise Control for Intuitive Vehicle Behavior and Congestion Mitigation2026-26-0037To be published on 01/16/2026
Bilateral Cruise Control (BCC) is a new concept that has been shown to reduce traffic congestion and enhance fuel/energy efficiency compared to Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC). BCC considers both lead and trailing vehicles to determine the ego vehicle’s acceleration, effectively dampening any disturbance down the vehicle string and reducing possibilities for congestion. Despite the advantages demonstrated with BCC, one major limitation is its non-intuitive behavior, which stems from the fact that the BCC reacts not just to the lead vehicle but also to the trailing vehicle’s movement. This paper identifies key issues with BCC control and proposes solutions that retain the benefits of BCC while maintaining intuitive behavior. Specifically, a novel switching strategy is proposed to switch between ACC and BCC control modes by critically analyzing the driving conditions. The proposed system ensures acceptable driving behavior with predictable braking and acceleration, resulting in an
A, Arya, A, Aishwarya, D, Vishal Mitaran, M, Senthil Vel, Kumar, Vimal
Chinese Standard Typical Traffic Participant Characteristic Parameters Model Library Construction Technology2025-99-021012/23/2025
In the context of the automotive industry’s rapid evolution, traffic safety has become a top priority. Automobile active safety technology has shown great potential in reducing traffic accidents. Soft targets in intelligent vehicle testing play a pivotal role in assessing active safety performance. However, these targets are designed according to standards set by European and American countries, which may not fully reflect China’s needs. The study’s objective is to design a library of pedestrian parameter models that meet Chinese standards. It began with the design of a representative pedestrian target, created using Chinese body size parameters and data. An experimental investigation was then conducted to determine the radar characteristics of pedestrian targets. A comparative analysis was performed with reference products. The study led to the creation of a model library for pedestrian targets, following the Chinese standard. It was formulated using experimental data and standards.
Tian, Xinpeng, Guo, Juwei, Chen, Xingyu, Zhang, Jie, Zhang, Xin, Wang, Ke
Zonal Architecture Integration into the ADAS System of Commercial Vehicles2025-36-013412/18/2025
In the automotive industry, zonal architecture is a design approach that organizes a vehicle’s electronic and communication architecture into specific zones. These zones group components based on their function into the same control unit, allowing for more efficient integration and simplified communication between the various systems of the vehicle. To improve the efficiency of information centralization, zonal architecture groups Electronic Control Units (ECUs) according to their functionalities, facilitating faster data exchange between them and enabling better prioritization filtering among different categories. An important aspect of this architecture is the implementation of the Controller Area Network Flexible Data-rate (CAN FD) protocol and Automotive Ethernet. These are serial communication protocols specifically developed for automotive applications, enabling higher transmission rates and larger data packets. With the growing need for higher speed and quality in communication
Santos, Felipe Carvalho, Paterlini, Bruno Scarano, Pereira, Luca Angelone Canhete, Baptistella, Luiz Felipe Leardini, Pedroso, Henrique Gomes, Milani, Pedro Henrique Pires, Gama, Ulisses Araujo
Development of an Adaptive Algorithm for the Automatic Emergency Braking System10-10-01-000812/13/2025
Automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems are crucial for road safety but often face performance challenges in complex road and climatic conditions. This study aims to enhance AEB effectiveness by developing a novel adaptive algorithm that dynamically adjusts braking parameters. The core of the contribution is a refined mathematical model that incorporates vehicle-specific correction coefficients and a real-time prediction of the road–tire friction coefficient. Furthermore, the algorithm features a unique driver-style adaptation module to optimize warning times. The developed system was functionally tested on a vehicle prototype in scenarios including dry, wet, and snow-covered surfaces. Results demonstrate that the adaptive algorithm significantly improves collision avoidance performance compared to a non-adaptive baseline, particularly on low-friction surfaces, without introducing excessive false interventions. The study concludes that the proposed adaptive approach is a vital step
Petin, Viktor, Keller, Andrey, Shadrin, Sergey, Makarova, Daria, Antonyan, Akop, Furletov, Yury
TOC99-07-06-0TOC12/02/2025
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Controller Area Network–Based Vehicle Safety System09-13-02-001111/22/2025
This article entails the design, manufacturing, application, testing, and analysis/discussion of a controller area network (CAN)–based vehicle safety system that detects vehicle failure such as brake failure, gear failure, tire blowouts, and other failures that can be monitored using digital or analogue sensors. The aim and objectives are to implement a real-life tire blowout on an Iveco S-Way Euro III and design a system that sends out CAN-based messages using J1939 protocol to the Iveco S-Way Euro III to downshift the gears, retarders, activate the limp mode braking system, activate the hooter, and activate the hazards. The system is split into five sections: (1) detection and activation, (2) gear control system, (3) retarder control system, (4) braking control system, and (5) hooter and hazard control system; while analyzing the: acceleration in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical acceleration (g) vs. time (s), vehicle speed (km/h), rate of deflation (s), and the steering torque
Rampath, Amaan, Stopforth, Riaan, Proctor-Parker, Craig
CARLA Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Environment for Autonomous Driving12-09-02-001511/20/2025
This article suggests a validation methodology for autonomous driving. The goal is to validate front camera sensors in advanced driver-assist systems (ADAS) based on virtually generated scenarios. The outcome is the CARLA-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation environment (CHASE). It allows the rapid prototyping and validation of the ADAS software. We tested this general approach on a specific experimental application/setup for a vehicle front camera sensor. The setup results were then proven to be comparable to real-world sensor performance. The CARLA simulation environment was used in tandem with a vehicle CAN bus interface. This introduced a significantly improved realism to user-defined test scenarios and their results. The approach benefits from almost unlimited variability of traffic scenarios and the cost-efficient generation of massive testing data.
Cardozo, Shawn Moses, Hlavác, Václav
Analysis of Zonal and Distributed Based Architecture with MBSE Approach through Duration Simulation2025-28-033711/06/2025
Present study aims to analyze different E/E architectures trending in automotive industry currently. This study shows the comparison analysis done between zonal architecture and distributed architecture. Comparison methodology includes duration simulation performed for a vehicle feature on both architectures. Present study has adopted MBSE approach for the analysis. Study includes analysis done for distance control, airbag activation and rear park assist features developed on zonal and domain architecture. Duration simulation is also performed on same feature on both architectures. While performing duration simulation of all above features on both zonal and distributed architecture time constraints where assumed based on run time machine performance. Results shows that when only feature must be executed distributed architecture is more feasible. However, when feature has been made more updatable, upgradable and scalable Zonal architecture has been more feasible. To summarize study
Mishra, Ayush Manish
Automatic Brake Failure Detection with Electromagnetic Braking System2025-28-037310/30/2025
Brake failures in the vehicles can cause hazardous accidents so having a better monitoring and emergency braking system is very important. So, this project consists of an autonomous brake failure detector integrated with Automatic Braking using Electromagnetic coil braking which detects the braking failure at the time and applied the combinations of the brakes, to overcome this kind of accidents. So, here the system comprises of IR sensor circuit, control unit and electromagnetic braking system. How it works: The IR sensor monitors the brake wire, and if the wire is broken, the control unit activates the electromagnetic brakes, stopping the vehicle in a safe manner. This system enhances vehicle safety by ensuring immediate braking action without driver intervention. Key advantages include real-time brake monitoring, reduced mechanical wear, quick response time, and an automatic failsafe mechanism. The system’s minimal reliance on hydraulic components also makes it suitable for harsh or
Raja, Selvakumar, John, Godwin, Siddarth, J P, Senthilkumar, Akash, Mathew, Abhay, R. S., Nakandhrakumar, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Arumugam, Sivasankar
TOC99-07-05-0TOC10/23/2025
TOC
Tobolski, Sue
Research on The Architecture of Vehicle Front Collision Warning Function2025-99-006110/17/2025
The rapid development of the automobile industry has put forward higher requirements for safe travel, especially in today’s vigorous development of new energy vehicle technology, faster driving speed and more intelligent vehicle configuration, which makes the automobile safety technology become a key research direction. If you can judge the current driving state of the vehicle and provide early warning information to the driver, the occurrence of traffic accidents can be avoided to a large extent. However, in the current field of vehicle safety technology, vehicle collision warning systems are rarely involved. Therefore, this paper proposes a system functional architecture for vehicle front collision warning, which can provide the driver with collision warning according to the current state of the vehicle. If the driver fails to take effective actions within a specified time, the vehicle will automatically brake. This function can effectively avoid the occurrence of traffic accidents.
Shao, Youlin, Zhao, Guochu, Li, Xiaoqing, Shi, Ling, Cheng, Zhiqing
Adapted Intelligent Driver Model for Improved Vehicle Following and Assessment of Energy Impacts2025-01-038710/07/2025
Central to predicting the impacts of individual vehicle operations within microscopic traffic simulation is the driver model. A driver model determines a vehicle’s velocity profile in various driving scenarios and interactions with other vehicles. Characteristics including driver behavior and interactions with stop signs, traffic signals, and with a lead vehicle can be modeled and assessed with a representative driver model. This paper presents the application of an existing intelligent driver model (IDM) with an adaptation for vehicle following dynamics and the interaction with the lead vehicle to be more representative of driver assist systems concerning the relative distance between the lead and simulated ego vehicle. The method uses an additional control term to augment the existing IDM and reduce the inter-vehicle distance to the time gap. The impact on vehicle dynamics is compared and validated with real-world ego vehicle data recorded through driver-assist systems. The adapted
Udipi, Anirudh, Jadhav, Shreeprasad, Bhure, Mayur, Hegde, Bharatkumar, Poovalappil, Aman, Robare, Andrew, Apostol, Peter, Bahramgiri, Mojtaba, Naber, Jeffrey
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - ADAS Takeover: Are Drivers Ready to Let Go?1353710/03/2025
With Ford's BlueCruise logging 58 million miles in 2024 and GM's Super Cruise generating hundreds of millions in revenue, more and more drivers are embracing Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) to arrive at their destination more relaxed and alert. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte dives into reports from various automakers, Goldman Sachs, and Consumer Reports to show just how widespread ADAS adoption has become. He also explores the surprising benefits of "relaxed driving" and how hands-free driving systems could become as commonplace as cruise control. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube.
Patterson, Lori
Fault Tree Analysis Generation Using Generative Artificial Intelligence with an Autonomy Sensor Usecase12-09-02-001009/25/2025
Functional safety forms an important aspect in the design of systems. Its emphasis on the automotive industry has evolved significantly over the years. Till date many methods have been developed to get appropriate fault tree analysis (FTA) for various scenarios and features pertaining to autonomous driving. This article is an attempt to explore the scope of using generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) FTA with the use case of malfunction for the LIDAR sensor in mind. We explore various available open source large language models (LLM) models and then dive deep into one of them to study its responses and provide our analysis. Although the article does not solve the entire problem but has given some guidance or thoughts/results to explore the possibility to train existing LLM through prompt engineering for FTA for any autonomy use case aided with PlantUML tool.
Shetiya, Sneha Sudhir, Garikapati, Divya, Sohoni, Veeraja
Software Defined VehiclesR-59509/22/2025
Software Defined Vehicles This book provides a clear, in-depth introduction to the concept of software-defined vehicles (SDVs) and their role in the changing mobility ecosystem. It explores how software has become the core enabler of innovation, allowing manufacturers to deliver new features, safety functions, and comfort enhancements to their customers after a vehicle leaves the showroom floor. From advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to AI-powered co-pilots, SDVs are shifting the focus from hardware to dynamic, user-centric, service models that offer continuous software updates and upgrades. Software Defined Vehicles also delves into the broader societal and consumer shifts driving this change. Readers will gain insight into how new generations view transportation, how business models like Mobility as a Service (MaaS) are evolving, and why sustainability and flexibility now take precedence over traditional car ownership. Whether you're a technology professional, automotive
Pathrose, Plato
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - AVs in Europe: Balancing Innovation and Regulation1353509/18/2025
What does it take to bring safe, reliable autonomous vehicles to Europe's roads? From shifting to performance-based regulations for L3 and L4 systems to the role of human oversight, the European Commission Joint Research Centre is using technology, policy, and collaboration to drive the future of autonomy. Listen in as we sit down with members Akos Kriston, Officer, Scientific Research for ADAS, and Espedito Rusciano, Programme Manager, Scientific Research for Connected, Automated and Smart Mobility, to discuss the EU's evolving approach to semi and fully autonomous driving. You'll learn how projects like HIDDEN are pushing the boundaries of safety in complex urban environments, how the Open Regulatory Framework could shape the next decade of mobility, and why international collaboration is key to success. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a
Patterson, Lori
Using Vehicle Kinematics to Enhance Situational Awareness2025-01-047709/16/2025
Armored vehicles offer limited view to the driver and crew. Two-dimensional vision-based situational awareness (SA) systems provide the driver a view of the area around the vehicle. The addition of distance to objects can offer a more comprehensive understanding of the surroundings assisting the driver with the locations of obstacles and rollover hazards. Methods currently available or under development for depth perception have issues limiting their utility in the field.. Some interfere with crew operations, others are are too costly, are not covert or require excessive processing. We offer a low-cost and computationally efficient approach called Kinetically Enhanced Situational Awareness (KESA) that derives distance to objects using existing SA sensors and processors combined with a knowledge of vehicle kinematics. We demonstrate how range can be used to enhance and supplement AI based driver assistance and threat warnings.
Pilgrim, Robert A., Brown, Roy C.
Identification of Vehicle Mass via Experimental Data Analysis under Real Driving Conditions for On-Board Advanced Mobility Technologies Applications2025-24-011409/07/2025
The growing emphasis on road safety and environmental sustainability has spurred the development of technologies to enhance vehicle efficiency. Accurate vehicle mass knowledge is crucial for all vehicles, to optimize advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and CCAM (Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility) systems, as well as to improve both safety and energy consumption. Moreover, the continuous need to report precisely on the greenhouse emissions for good transports is becoming a key point to certificate the impact of transportation systems on the environment. Mass influences longitudinal dynamics, affecting parameters such as rolling resistance and inertia, which in turn are critical to adaptive control strategies. Moreover, the knowledge of vehicle mass represents a key challenge and a fundamental aspect for fleet managers of heavy-duty vehicles. Typically, this information is not readily available unless obtained through high-cost weighing systems or estimated
Vicinanza, Matteo, Adinolfi, Ennio Andrea, Pianese, Cesare
Comparative Analysis of Battery Degradation in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Through Integrated System-Level Simulation2025-24-014309/07/2025
This study presents the development and validation of a numerical model for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV), with a focus on analyzing battery degradation under various driving scenarios and modes. The proposed model integrates a comprehensive vehicle dynamics framework with a detailed battery model to evaluate the impact of different driving conditions on battery performance and longevity. The vehicle model captures the hybrid powertrain's behavior, including energy management strategies, while the battery model incorporates electrochemical dynamics to predict degradation mechanisms such as capacity fade and resistance increase. Two primary driving scenarios are examined: urban driving, characterized by frequent stops, accelerations, and transitions between aggressive and relaxed driving styles, and long-distance highway driving, where cruising speeds and driving patterns vary. The urban scenario emphasizes the effects of stop-and-go traffic and
Martinez, Santiago, Merola, Simona, Irimescu, Adrian, Bibiloni Ipata, Sebastian
Automotive Engineering: September 202525AUTP0909/04/2025
Converting classic cars is just step one of this mission Electrogenic has developed EV conversion kits for seven models that are of interest to classic vehicle collectors. But it's a smaller, lower-cost version for Africa that might offer the real solution. Unlocking the clean potential of ICE Even after over 100 years, the internal combustion engine holds promise, especially with a tank of H2 or biofuel. Making connections: New V2X technologies bring in smartphones, next-gen eCall Vehicle-to-whatever communication technologies continue to be put through their paces around the world. SAE Books: From ADAS to SDVs with Plato Pathrose Author's third book delves deeper into software defined vehicles. Editorial Bodies in motion Supplier Eye Looking ahead to 2026 Sharper testing delivers better AV performance MOIA's L4 ID. Buzz Avs starting service next year Bidirectional charging is nearly mainstream Unifying design and multiphysics simulation for electric drive development Orbis says
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 1955