Browse Topic: Safety testing and procedures

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Mind the Gap: Quantifying Behavioral Fidelity in CARLA using Naturalistic Drone Data2026-01-0771To be published on 07/01/2026
The rapid advancement of autonomous driving systems, particularly SAE Levels 3 and 4, requires rigorous validation strategies to ensure safety during handover and fallback procedures. Although virtual environments provide the necessary scalability, the simulation-reality gap poses a significant risk to the reliability of human-in-the-loop (HITL) assessments. This paper presents a comprehensive, empirical investigation into the transferability of human driving behavior from the Car-Learning-to-Act (CARLA) simulation environment to real-world traffic situations. Using the exiD dataset, which comprises high-precision, drone-recorded, naturalistic trajectories from German highways, we systematically reconstructed distinct traffic scenarios. These scenarios included lane changes, cut-in maneuvers, and curve navigation. Twenty-five participants navigated these scenarios in a driving simulator. The study employed a robust, multidimensional analytical framework to compare the simulated
Rebling, Patrick, Alphan, Metehan, Nenninger, Philipp
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment and Experimental Validation of Automotive Ultrasonic Sensors2026-01-0782To be published on 07/01/2026
Ultrasonic sensors are widely deployed in automotive driver assistance systems for near-range environment perception and provide safety-relevant inputs for functions such as parking assistance and automated parking. With increasing vehicle automation, the integrity and availability of ultrasonic sensor data become more critical, as compromised measurements may lead to incorrect vehicle decisions and hazardous behavior. While prior research has extensively studied physical attacks on ultrasonic sensors, a structured cybersecurity risk analysis in accordance with automotive cybersecurity standards, combined with experimental validation, is largely missing. In particular, the serial communication interface between ultrasonic sensors and control units has received limited attention despite its relevance as a potential attack surface. This paper presents a systematic security analysis of an automotive ultrasonic sensing system based on a demonstrator setup. The work applies a Threat
Gahm, Sebastian, Haller, Jonathan, Kriesten, Reiner
Harmonizing Generative AI and ISO 26262 for Safe and Intelligent ADAS Systems2026-01-0785To be published on 07/01/2026
The convergence of Generative AI (GenAI) and Functional Safety (FuSa) under ISO 26262 is reshaping Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) by merging adaptive intelligence with stringent safety assurance. GenAI significantly improves perception, object classification, pedestrian intent prediction, and risk assessment, empowering vehicles to navigate highly dynamic, real-world environments. Furthermore, GenAI-driven synthetic data generation accelerates ADAS validation by enabling exhaustive testing of rare and safety-critical scenarios not covered by conventional datasets. However, the integration of GenAI into safety-critical automotive systems introduces major challenges. Its probabilistic nature, limited transparency, and vulnerability to adversarial inputs directly conflict with ISO 26262 principles that demand determinism, traceability, and fault isolation. This paper proposes a co-engineering framework that combines GenAI’s learning-based adaptability with deterministic safety
Jain, Yesha
Route-Based Sensor-Aware Speed Planning and Support for Safety Validation for Level-3 Automated Driving2026-01-0772To be published on 07/01/2026
Level-3 and higher automated driving systems require longitudinal speed strategies that remain consistent with both physical stopping feasibility and realistic sensing constraints. This paper presents a route-based, sensor-aware speed planning method that supports safety validation and explicitly couples longitudinal driving strategy with sensor field-of-view coverage. Based on a concrete route extracted from digital maps and enriched with fleet data, point-wise maximum speeds are computed considering road curvature, speed limits, and comfort constraints. From the resulting drivable speed profile, physically consistent stopping paths and their endpoints are calculated for each route position, accounting for friction limits, scenario-dependent deceleration capabilities, and system delays between perception and braking. The set of stopping paths is aggregated into a region of interest (ROI) representing the spatial area that must be reliably perceived to guarantee safe stopping. This ROI
Kohler, Paul Leonhard, Resch, Michael
Bridging Simulation And Reality: Incorporating Seal Contact Detachment Into Stick–Slip Prediction2026-01-0714To be published on 06/20/2026
Preventing stick–slip in virtual vehicle development combines virtual displacement data with experimental sliding tests. If the calculated relative displacement at a contact exceeds the distance of two stick–slip impulses, that contact could be a potential noise source. Such risks can be mitigated only by design changes or alternative sealing concepts. Stick–slip tests provide the experimental reference, showing how often a frictional pairing produces impulses over a defined sliding distance. The basis for this assessment is Multibody Dynamics (MBD) simulations, which compute component deformations during virtual drives and derive relative displacements at contact interfaces (e.g. in the sealing gap between body and closure), representing the theoretical sliding distance that enables stick–slip effects. Yet, this combined approach has overlooked a critical factor: the deformability of automotive seals. Due to their elastomeric properties and geometry, seals can elastically follow
Strangfeld, Martin, Fritz, Susanne, Weber, Jens, Rosell, Anneli
NoiseSphere: An AI-Based Approach for Dynamic and Large-Scale Noise Mapping2026-01-0719To be published on 06/20/2026
Noise pollution is a major environmental and health challenge, yet its strong spatial and temporal variability makes comprehensive mapping highly complex. Current approaches under the European Noise Directive (END) provide only partial coverage and often lack temporal dynamics. The NoiseSphere project, fundet by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency FFG, develops an AI-based methodology for dynamic, large-scale noise prediction and mapping. A machine learning model is trained on heterogeneous data sources, including semantically enriched Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, OpenStreetMap road data, floating car data (traffic density and speed), and existing noise maps. The model is refined through integration of noise emission data and validated using targeted in-situ measurements. Two case studies, one located in an urban environment (Graz) and the other one in a rural region near Linz demonstrate the model’s applicability across contrasting settings. By combining remote sensing, traffic
Girstmair, Josef
Improvement of rCF behaviour through the introduction of NF2026-37-0039To be published on 06/09/2026
The use of recycled carbon fibres (rCF) allows for reduction of emissions impacting energy and resource requirements. A major drawback of using rCF composites is the discontinuous nature of the fibres as this limits the performance and applications. The present investigation aimed to overcome some of these limitations by manufacturing hybrid composites by combining rCF and natural fibres (NF). One of the key observations was a significant change in the failure mode of hybrid samples under various loading scenarios, where the composite did not shatter but rather failed in a controlled manner. Initial results also showed an overall improvement impact properties in comparison to plain rCF. Similar performance was observed in other tests. Research was focused on determining the most effective ply sequencing under different types of loading and understanding the effect of the ply sequence on the failure mechanisms. It was determined that depending on the application, the layups does effect
Hnatyk, Dawid, Chrysanthou, Andreas, De Vuyst, Tom, Ismail, Sikiru
Data-Driven Air Traffic Management: Forecasting Demand, Modeling Delay Propagation, and Demand Capacity Balancing2026-26-0772To be published on 06/01/2026
Air traffic management (ATM) systems must accurately estimate flight demand, analyze network delays, and optimize capacity. This research uses a global airline dataset with passenger information, airport characteristics (including geographic markers and continental classifications), flight scheduling data (timing and destination details), crew information, operational status records, and OpenSky Network real-time states data to create an intelligent ATM decision-support framework. Advanced machine learning (ML) methods like gradient boosting and sequential modeling are used to build network models of flight routes between origins and destinations, develop temporal demand patterns for individual airports, analyze delay factors, and predict congestion periods. The research uses mixed-effects statistical models using crew data to measure operational variability and demographic and nationality-based analysis to identify demand trends for improving staffing and security processing during
Senthilkumar, N., S, Gopalakrishnan, Gopinath, S
Integrating Formal Methods into Model Based Systems Engineering(MBSE) to Mitigate Requirement Escapes2026-26-0712To be published on 06/01/2026
The industry is undergoing a significant digital transformation in the way system requirements are defined, communicated, and managed. Major original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are moving toward fully model-based development processes, with plans to deliver requirements exclusively in the form of system models. It is no longer sufficient to manage requirements using traditional document-based approaches; instead, organizations must adopt tools and processes that enable the consumption, interpretation, and implementation of model-based requirements. Preparing to meet this industry direction is critical to maintaining competitiveness and alignment with our customers’ expectations. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) plays a central role in this transition. MBSE enables engineers to define, analyze, and manage system requirements, architectures, behaviors, and verification strategies within a cohesive model-based framework. It supports traceability, promotes consistency across
Gupta, Chandan, Nakkeeran, Rupashree
Predictive Obsolescence Management2026-26-0780To be published on 06/01/2026
This abstract is towards Aerospace Sustainability - End-of-Life Management for Aerospace Assets. In the field of Aerospace, which has a long Life-Cycle process [20-30Years], Component Obsolescence has become a major problem as it prevents Maintenance & sustenance of a product with committed life-cycle period. Obsolescence Management plays a vital role by deriving strategic plans on proactive obsolescence where the system needs to be supported for several decades. This abstract analyzes the obsolescence challenges in the Aviation industry especially in Avionics System impacted by component obsolescence and present the possible proactive obsolescence management in terms of Engineering, Technology, and business/cost elements. The Obsolescence problem cannot be avoided but the impact of obsolescence and mitigate the risk can be minimized by planning and managing response. The obsolescence risk assessment for the Bill Of Materials (BOM) is a paramount activity to manage obsolescence
Dharmananyala, Rohith, Munirathnam, Krishna, Marokeyfrancis, Joisyjose, Sadashivaiah, Nagesh, Kondamari, Harshitha
Integrating Human Factors and Predictive Modeling for Enhanced Aviation Safety: A Data-Driven Approach to Risk Mitigation and System Design2026-26-0795To be published on 06/01/2026
The evolution of the aviation industry from manual control to highly automated and autonomous systems has brought human factors to the forefront of safety, design, and operational efficiency. This paper presents an integrated analysis combining machine learning techniques with statistical modeling to assess the impact of human-system interaction on aviation incident outcomes. The first phase of this research involved a longitudinal dataset covering aircraft design evolution, training programs, and incident records. Using classification algorithms, including XGBoost, the study achieved an accuracy of 81.82% in predicting incident likelihood. Performance metrics such as F1-scores (0.85 for “Incident” and 0.78 for “No Incident”) highlighted the model’s robustness in identifying risk patterns associated with human factors and system complexity. In the second phase, 50 plus detailed aviation incident reports were analyzed using logistic regression, t-tests, and Cook’s Distance to identify
Valiyaparambil, Praveen
Accelerating aircraft verification and certification through an integrated virtual and physical testing approach2026-26-0710To be published on 06/01/2026
Aircraft verification and certification entails a variety of testing tasks and requires coordination among numerous stakeholders across different disciplines to ensure alignment on requirements. Historically, certification strategies have relied on both physical testing and high-fidelity simulation. The integration of these complementary approaches is essential to address their respective blind spots and to support credible certification evidence. A key challenge lies in the rigorous correlation of simulation models with physical test data. Flutter verification, for instance, is a critical component in defining the aircraft’s flight envelope and plays a foundational role in certifying safe operational boundaries. In this work, the process of freedom from flutter verification starting from the pre-test analysis is demonstrated. This work introduces a novel approach to combining simulation and test data with the aim to accelerate and streamline the verification process leading to more
Hallez, Raphael, Yadabettu, Dayanand Kumar, de Boer, Jens, Aspasiou, Vicky
REFLEX REFLECTORSJ594E_197003 (Historical)5/24/2026
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
REFLEX REFLECTORSJ594C_196502 (Current)5/24/2026
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
REFLEX REFLECTORSJ594_199412 (Current)5/24/2026
This SAE Standard provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for reflex reflectors.
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
Snowmobile Tail Lamp (Rear Position Lamp)J279_201103 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE document provides test methods and requirements for tail lamps for snowmobiles.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Motorcycle Turn Signal LampsJ131_201006 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard provides design parameters and general requirements for motorcycle turn signal lamps. It does not apply to mopeds.
Motorcycle Lighting Standards Committee
Motorcycle Auxiliary Front LampsJ1306_201808 (Current)5/23/2026
This engineering design specification provides parameters and general requirements for auxiliary front lamps to be used on motorcycles.
Motorcycle Lighting Standards Committee
FLASHING WARNING LAMP FOR AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENTJ974_198801 (Current)5/23/2026
This SAE Standard covers the general requirements and the test requirements for a flashing warning lamp for agricultural equipment.
Agricultural Tractor Standards Committee (ATSC)
Risk Assessment of Bunkering Process for LNG River Powered Ship2026-99-17225/22/2026
At present, with the rapid development of LNG powered ships, China’s LNG powered ships have formed a certain scale, but the speed of infrastructure construction such as bunkering stations restricts the development of LNG powered ships. In this process, “tank truck-to-ship bunkering”(TTS) has become one of the most widely used bunkering methods in China because of its flexible, fast and convenient characteristics, but there are many hidden dangers in the bunkering process. According to the characteristics of TTS, fault tree method is used to identify the risk of bunkering process, and the leakage of pipeline system is listed as the basic risk factor. The leakage probability of different aperture is analyzed by industry statistics. Three different leakage scenarios are selected and the consequences are simulated by PHAST software. The study shows that the failure of the valve and flange can easily lead to the leakage of LNG in the TTS process, and the leakage of the medium aperture and
Dong, Yuanchao
Study on Impact Resistance of Sandwich-Structured Battery Protection Panels2026-99-17285/22/2026
With new energy vehicles developing rapidly, battery safety, as an important part of the impact on the range of new energy vehicles and vehicle safety, has become the focus of attention. The battery pack protection plate is a core component to protect the battery, its performance needs not only impact resistance, but also lightweight, honeycomb sandwich structure with its excellent energy absorption characteristics and weight reduction performance by the battery pack protection plate performance research. At present, the core-to-face sheet interaction in conventional sandwich structures subjected to impact loads has not been fully elucidated, and the quantitative characterization of damage is insufficient, so this paper aims to optimize the lightweight impact-resistant structure by exploring the synergistic energy dissipation mechanism between the high-strength core material and the steel plate. The study combines theory and simulation, adopting ideal rigid-plastic film theory to
Zhang, Guanghao, Zhang, Mingming, Luo, Changjie, Zhou, Jun, Zhang, Fengqiang, Yu, Wenze, Li, Jiongfeng, Guo, Qingrong
SIDE TURN SIGNAL LAMPSJ914B_197807 (Historical)5/21/2026
This engineering design specification provides parameters and general requirements for side turn signal lamps. It may be supplemented by a service performance requirement.
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
Snowmobile Stop LampJ278_201103 (Historical)5/21/2026
This document provides test methods and requirements for the stop lamp on snowmobiles.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Performance Requirements for Road Illumination Devices Using Light Emitting Diode (LED) SourcesJ2650_202104 (Current)5/21/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document establishes additional performance requirements specifically for road illumination devices using light emitting diode (LED) sources.
Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Retroreflective Materials for Vehicle ConspicuityJ1967_200601 (Current)5/20/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to retroreflective materials that are used on truck tractors and trailers 2032 mm or more in overall width and with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) over 4536 kg, and school buses. The retroreflective materials for the truck tractors and trailers are super-high-intensity materials containing microprisms. The retroreflective materials for school buses may contain flexible non-exposed glass bead lens or microprisms.
Heavy Duty Lighting Standards Committee
Motorcycle Auxiliary Front LampsJ1306_201209 (Historical)5/19/2026
This engineering design specification provides parameters and general requirements for auxiliary front lamps to be used on motorcycles.
Motorcycle Lighting Standards Committee
Seven Conductor Cable - Truck and BusJ1067_201208 (Historical)5/19/2026
This SAE standard establishes the minimum construction and performance requirements for seven conductor 1/8-1/10-5/12 cable for use on trucks, trailers and converter dollies. Where appropriate, the standard refers to two types of cables, (Type F and S, described later in the standard), due to the variation in the performance demands of cables used in flexing and stationary applications.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
SIDE TURN SIGNAL LAMPSJ914A_197308 (Historical)5/19/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice provides definitions, test requirements, and related procedures for side turn signal lamps.
Signaling and Marking Devices Stds Comm
Constructing a Development Assurance Plan for Integrated SystemsAIR6218A (Current)5/15/2026
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) supplements ARP4754B/ED-79B by identifying the crucial elements to be considered when constructing the development assurance plans described in Section 3 (Development Assurance Planning) of ARP4754B/ED-79B for integrated systems. Section 4.6.4 of ARP4754B/ED-79B expands the aircraft/system integration and verification activities by emphasizing testing during integration to investigate for unintended behaviors. However, guidelines are needed for planning that are specifically aimed at the aircraft level and at integrating across system functions and boundaries. Until such guidelines are more comprehensively provided, this AIR presents a collection of lessons learned from past certification programs involving integrated systems, and as such it may be considered in conjunction with Sections 3 and 4 of ARP4754B/ED-79B. ARP4761A/ED-135 elaborates the safety activities by adding processes and methods such as the Aircraft or System Functional Hazard
S-18 Aircraft and Sys Dev and Safety Assessment Committee
Short-Term Sag Prediction Approach Based on XGBoost Combining Monotonic Constraints with EMA Features2026-99-07555/15/2026
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Li, Xingyu, Lin, Shizhong, Shao, Zhan, Cui, Shicheng, Chen, Ruiduan, Luo, He
Letter from the Guest Editor09-14-01-00345/13/2026
Letter from the Guest Editor
Tylko, Suzanne
Feature Reduction for Scenario-Based Safety Assessment of Automated Driving Systems09-14-01-00185/4/2026
Vehicles equipped with an Automated Driving System (ADS) have the potential to significantly reduce road collisions. To enable widespread adoption of ADSs, rigorous safety assessment is essential. Valuable insights for ADS safety validation can be gained by simulating scenarios across a broad range of feature variations. A common challenge in simulating these scenarios is known as the curse of dimensionality, where increasing the number of scenario features requires a near-infinite number of simulations to cover all variations. This issue of complexity presents a need for reducing scenario features. Most related work focuses on identifying important scenario features, while few evaluate how reducing these features impacts ADS failure estimation. The present study aims to address this gap by employing a wide range of feature reduction methods and assessing their effect on ADS failure estimation. Previous research generated datasets for three distinct scenario categories by performing
Lankhorst, Bram, de Gelder, Erwin, Janssen, Christian P., Scholich, Andre
Neck and Spinal Responses in the Reclined Large Omnidirectional Child Anthropomorphic Test Device with and without a Booster Seat during Far-Side Lateral Oblique Impacts09-14-01-00115/4/2026
Objective The objective of this study was to examine the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) neck and spine responses in reclined seating configurations with and without a backless belt-positioning booster (BPB) in far-side lateral oblique impacts. Methods The LODC was seated on a production passenger seat with an integrated seatbelt and tested in nine lateral oblique impact (80° from frontal) sled tests (31.3 km/h). A condition with a nominal seatback angle (~25°) with a backless BPB and two conditions with reclined seatback angles (~45° and ~60°) with and without a BPB were compared. Each condition was repeated, except for the 60° without BPB. Peak upper neck tension force and lateral moment, T1, T6, and T12 lateral rotation, lumbar axial and lateral shear forces, and lumbar axial moment (Mz) were extracted. Results With noBPB, upper neck tension (45° noBPB: 2.0 ± 0.1 kN; 60° noBPB: 1.8 kN) and lateral moment (45° noBPB: 31.7 ± 2.3 Nm; 60° noBPB: 29.2
Graci, Valentina, Humm, John, Hauschild, Hans
Frontal Crash Classification and Occupant Outcomes from 2017 to 2023 US Field Cases09-14-01-00245/4/2026
This study provides an updated characterization of real-world frontal crash types—considering overlap and obliquity—based on their overall frequency and associated injury outcomes. The results of this study will support an evaluation of how well NHTSA’s frontal oblique crash test condition addresses the current population of serious frontal crashes, as compared to frontal test modes in existing crashworthiness programs. U.S. field crash data from 2017 to 2023 were analyzed to classify frontal crashes by coded damage characteristics. Oblique frontal crashes were defined as those with principal direction of force between 10°–40° and 320°–350°. Non-ejected belted first and second row occupants in model year 2000 and newer passenger vehicles absent a rollover event were included. Occupants were stratified by sex, age, and body mass index, and injury outcomes based on moderate, serious, and fatal thresholds were analyzed across crash configurations. Among the belted first row occupants
Rudd, Rodney W.
Characterization of Front Row Occupants Involved in Motor Vehicle Crashes Compared to ATDs and the U.S. Population09-14-01-00275/4/2026
Currently, adult anthropomorphic test devices used in regulatory and consumer information crash testing in the United States are targeted to represent a small female (5th percentile) and an average male (50th percentile). The anthropometry determined previously might not represent the current population, or as investigated in the current study, those that are at least moderately injured during a motor vehicle crash. The objective of this study was to use field data to determine if the current frontal anthropomorphic test devices are representative. Data from the National Automotive Sampling System–Crashworthiness Data System (2010-2015) and Crash Investigation Sampling System (2017–2023) were queried for sex, age, size, and injury information for front seat occupants in frontal crashes. Additional datasets used were from the National Trauma Data Bank and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. According to field data, the most frequently injured female and male is approximately
McNeil, Elizabeth, Atwood, Jonathan, Rudd, Rodney, Craig, Matthew
Modification and Validation of a Finite Element Model of a Pedestrian Dummy09-14-01-00125/4/2026
Aims of the research This study aims to modify the lower body (the pelvis, thigh, and leg) of the mid-sized male pedestrian dummy FE model by considering the latest version of the physical dummy and to evaluate both the accuracy by comparing test results of the past studies and the biofidelity specified in SAE J2782 in both component and full-scale validations. Methods 1 Component validation The validation of the modified pelvis model was performed in dynamic lateral compression simulations. The sacrum and the pubis force-deflection responses of the iliac or the acetabulum impact were measured. The modified thigh and leg models were evaluated in a dynamic 3-point lateral bending simulation, measuring the force-deflection responses. The results from the simulations were compared with test results and the biofidelity requirements. 2 Full-scale validation The whole-body model was updated by incorporating these modified component models. The model of the generic buck developed for the
Asanuma, Hiroyuki, Gunji, Yasuaki, Mori, Fumie, Nagashima, Akiko
The Effect of Initial Foot Position on THOR-50M and THOR-05F Lower Leg Response in a Realistic Vehicle Buck09-14-01-00085/4/2026
This study aims to explore and evaluate the effect of various foot positions on the kinematic and kinetic response of the lower extremity during frontal crashes using a realistic vehicle interior. Frontal impact sled tests were performed with the Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint, 50th-percentile Male (THOR-50M) and Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint, 5th-percentile Female (THOR-05F) anthropometric test device (ATD) in the driver’s seat of a midsize SUV testing buck (with realistic interior components including an instrument panel with steering wheel and steering wheel airbag, seat, three-point seat belt with pretensioner and force-limiter, accelerator pedal, brake pedal, knee airbag, and seat belt retractor pretensioner). Six sled tests were performed in two principal directions of force (PDOF) [three each in frontal (0°) and oblique (−20°) configurations]. The right foot was positioned on the accelerator pedal, fully on the brake, and half on the brake. A single test was
Noss, Junior, Donlon, John-Paul, Morris, Anna, Samier, Germain, Park, Joseph, Forman, Jason
Interactions of Rear-Facing Child Restraints in Frontal Crash Tests09-14-01-00105/4/2026
The aims of this study were to investigate the kinematics of child anthropomorphic test devices in a large sample of rear-facing child restraint system installations and the effects of anti-rebound features and load legs on the kinematics of rear-facing child anthropomorphic test devices. The test matrix included a general sample of 70 rear-facing child restraint system installations to observe trends in frontal crash tests; 14 full-scale crash tests with paired comparisons to investigate the effect of anti-rebound features; and five paired comparisons of rear-facing child restraint systems installed with and without a load leg. The paired t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of differences in kinematic responses. In the general sample, 84% of anthropomorphic test devices in infant seats with the base in outboard seats interacted with the first-row seat. In 52% of tests, the anthropomorphic test device head directly contacted the front seatback. Head accelerations
Tylko, Suzanne, Tang, Kathy
Biomechanical Responses and Injuries of Male Post-Mortem Human Subjects in Rear-Facing Frontal Impacts with Unreinforced Airbag-Equipped Production Seats09-14-01-00305/4/2026
Previous rear-facing post-mortem human subject (PMHS) studies utilizing a reinforced seat have prompted questions as to whether the seat could have been a contributing factor to the severe rib and pelvis injuries observed in those experiments. In response, a recent PMHS study used an unreinforced seat in a similar experiment, which was expected to mitigate severe injuries by dissipating energy from seatback deformations. However, the PMHS tested in the unreinforced seat sustained even more severe rib fracture numbers than in the reinforced seat. No studies have investigated how additional variables (i.e., countermeasures) may influence rib fractures in high-speed rear-facing frontal impacts (HSRFFI). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of an airbag-equipped seat (AES) on male PMHS responses and injuries. Rear-facing sled tests were conducted using five mid-size male PMHS seated in the AES at ΔV of 56 km/h: PMHS1 with no airbag as a baseline, PMHS2 with a seatback airbag
Kang, Yun-Seok, DeWitt, Timothy, Wensink, Timothy, Marcallini, Angelo, Jung, Yong Hyun, Lee, Dong Gil, Harm, Jae Jun, Ko, Seokhoon, Hunter, Randee, Agnew, Amanda M.
Machine Learning–Driven Safety Analysis of Automated Vehicles in Simulated Mixed Traffic Environments09-14-01-00215/4/2026
Automated Vehicles (AV) pose new challenges in road safety, multimodal interaction, and urban planning, requiring a holistic approach that prioritizes sustainability and protects all road users. The KASSA.AST project addresses this by deploying and evaluating an automated shuttle in southern Austria on three routes. The study area is a Park & Ride zone near a train station, enabling seamless transfers and higher transit use. To assess the safety impacts of the automated shuttle, four Mobility Observation Boxes (MOBs) were deployed. These AI-based systems detect and classify road users, track their trajectories and geospatial coordinates, and identify safety-critical events via Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs). Over 10 days, a trajectory dataset captured interactions among vehicles and the shuttle. The resulting real-world dataset is a core contribution. This dataset underpins microscopic behavior modeling. Trajectory pairs yield car-following and interaction metrics (relative distance
Losada Arias, Ángel, Rosenkranz, Paul, Hula, Andreas, Aleksa, Michael, Saleh, Peter, Erdelean, Isabela
Effects of Vehicle Speed, Category, and Front-End Design on Full-Body Injury Risks of a Midsized Male Pedestrian09-14-01-00175/4/2026
This study investigated how vehicle front-end geometry, impact speed, and vehicle category influence injury risk to a midsize male pedestrian. Eighty-one generic vehicle (GV) models representing sedans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), pickup trucks, and minivans sold in the United States were developed by morphing three base models using an automated pipeline. Front-end parameters that were varied included ground clearance (GC), bumper height (BH), hood leading-edge (HLE) height, hood length (HL), bumper lead angle (BLA), hood angle (HA), and windshield angle (WSA). Each vehicle impacted the Global Human Body Models Consortium 50th percentile male simplified pedestrian (GHBMC M50-PS) model at 30, 40, and 50 kph, totaling 243 simulations. Boundary conditions followed the European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) pedestrian test protocol. Thirty-five injury metrics were extracted across the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities. Linear mixed-effects regression
Poveda, Luis, Miller, Logan E., Edwards, Colin C., Pollock, Madeline, Armstrong, William M., Hsu, Fang-Chi, Gayzik, Scott F., Weaver, Ashley A., Stitzel, Joel D., Devane, Karan S.
Assessing Injury Prediction with Human Body Models: Application to Rib Fracture Risk Prediction Using SAFER HBM09-14-01-00235/4/2026
As a consequence of the introduction of mathematical human body models (HBMs) in consumer information programs, there is an increased need for reliable methods that can demonstrate and build trust in the capability of HBMs to predict human response and injury risk in crashes. Therefore, a framework for validation of strain-based injury prediction is proposed. The framework comprises stepwise validation with the final step to validate the utility of risk predictions by means of the area under the curve (AUC) combined with Brier scores. SAFER HBM V11.1.0 previously validated at component and body part levels was selected for the demonstration of the final step of the framework to validate the capability to predict fracture risk in frontal, oblique, and lateral loading. For frontal loading, five postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) test series with 43 PMHS (age range: 19–88 years) were reconstructed. The predicted rib fracture risk for 2+ and 3+ fractured ribs was compared to the number of
Pipkorn, Bengt, Niranjan Poojary, Yash, Osth, Jonas, Larsson, Karl-Johan, Iraeus, Johan
Camera Monitor Systems Test Protocols and Performance RequirementsJ3155_202604 (Current)4/13/2026
This SAE Recommended Practice provides test protocols with performance requirements for camera monitor systems (CMS) to replace existing statutorily required inside and outside rearview mirrors for U.S. market road vehicles. This practice expands specific technical content while retaining harmonization with the FMVSS 111 rear visibility standard and other international standards. This is accomplished by defining required roadway fields of view as specific fields of view (FOV) displayed inside the vehicle. Specific testing protocols and/or specifications are added to enhance ease of use using straightforward language, and any specifications are intended to be independent of different camera and display technologies unless otherwise explicitly stated.
Driver Vision Standards Committee
Method of Measuring and Reporting the Pressure Differential Flow Characteristics of a Hydraulic Fluid Power ValveJ1117_202604 (Current)4/13/2026
Applies to hydraulic fluid power valves as applied to Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Statistical Assessment of Pretensioner and Load Limiter Effects on the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Response in Frontal Impacts2026-01-05504/7/2026
Enhancing child occupant protection requires a clear understanding of how seatbelt restraint parameters influence crash injury metrics. Real-world vehicles mostly include pretensioner and load limiter technologies to mitigate injuries, but rear seat restraints often do not include these. The FMVSS No. 213 test bench closely represents current restraint systems but does not involve such active vehicle restraint features. This study explores the response of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD to evaluate potential injury mitigation under FMVSS No. 213 frontal sled test conditions. A simulation-based full factorial design was implemented in LS-DYNA to vary pretensioner retraction, retractor load-limiting thresholds, and webbing payout, with injury measures including head acceleration, head excursion, chest compression, and abdominal pressure twin sensors (APTS). Statistical evaluation using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests quantified main and interaction
Khattak, Mohid Muneeb, Bendig, Colleen, Louden, Allison, Noll, Scott
Understanding Adversarial Transferability in Vision-Language Models for Autonomous Driving: A Cross-Architecture Analysis2026-01-01704/7/2026
Vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly used in autonomous driving because they combine visual perception with language-based reasoning, supporting more interpretable decision-making, yet their robustness to physical adversarial attacks, especially whether such attacks transfer across different VLM architectures, is not well understood and poses a practical risk when attackers do not know which model a vehicle uses. We address this gap with a systematic cross-architecture study of adversarial transferability in VLM-based driving, evaluating three representative architectures (Dolphins, OmniDrive, and LeapVAD) using physically realizable patches placed on roadside infrastructure in both crosswalk and highway scenarios. Our transfer-matrix evaluation shows high cross-architecture effectiveness, with transfer rates of 73–91% (mean TR = 0.815 for crosswalk and 0.833 for highway) and sustained frame-level manipulation over 64.7–79.4% of the critical decision window even when patches
Fernandez, David, MohajerAnsari, Pedram, Salarpour, Amir, Pese, Mert D.
Evaluating the Effects of Improper Positioning and Unbuckling of a Restraint System on a 10-Year-Old Child ATD in a Far Side Side-Impact Environment2026-01-05624/7/2026
Five sled tests were performed with a Hybrid III (H-III) 10-year-old child sized Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) positioned in the 2nd row left seat of a three row 2006 Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV). A HYGE Sled buck was positioned to represent/replicate a side impact collision to the passenger (right) side of the SUV, with a Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) of 60 degrees, resulting in a far side side-impact for the ATD. Of the 5 tests performed, three of the five tests were performed with a delta-V of 17 mph, and two of the tests at a delta-V of 24 mph. Of the 17 mph tests, one test was performed with a properly restrained ATD, and two tests performed with improper restraint positioning. Both of the 24 mph tests were performed with improper restraint positioning, effectively identical to the two 17 mph delta-V tests. The two improper restraint use tests (at both 17 and 24 mph delta-V) included two different improper restraint scenarios. The first scenario of improper restraint
Luepke, Peter, Hewett, Natalie, Betts, Kevin, Van Arsdell, William, Weber, Paul, Stankewich, Charles, Miller, Gregory, Watson, Richard, Sochor, Mark
Embedded Real-Time Control of a Distributed Trailer Propulsion System with Regenerative Braking for Net Neutral Load Towing2026-01-00654/7/2026
Towing imposes substantial efficiency penalties on both battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, reducing range by 30-50%. This paper presents a proof-of-concept embedded control architecture for distributed trailer propulsion that actively regulates drawbar force to reduce towing loads. Unlike proprietary e-trailer systems requiring specialized hardware, the proposed implementation demonstrates feasibility using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components and open-source software. The distributed architecture employs dual Raspberry Pi 4B single-board computers communicating via ROS 2 at 20 Hz. The trailer-mounted controller executes a Simulink-generated control node coordinating load cell acquisition (HX711 ADC), motor CAN bus telemetry, and throttle commands to a 5 kW BLDC traction motor powered by a 5 kWh LiFePO4 battery pack. A vehicle-mounted controller logs OBD-II/CAN validation data. The control pipeline implements cascaded EWMA/Hampel
Joshi, Gaurav, Adelman, Ian, Liu, Jun, Donnaway, Ruthie
Development and Validation of a Self-Propelled Trailer: A Standards-Based Approach to Enhancing Compact Vehicle Towing2026-01-00554/7/2026
This paper presents a structured test plan for the development and validation of a Self-Propelled Trailer (SPT), an emerging concept designed to enhance the towing capacity of compact, fuel-efficient vehicles. Unlike conventional trailers, the proposed system integrates electric propulsion and autonomous sensing to actively assist the towing vehicle, reducing engine load and improving both safety and fuel economy. The methodology employs a Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (DFMEA) to systematically identify potential risks, while incorporating Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standards to guide environmental durability testing (dust, water ingress, gravel impact) and dynamic performance evaluations (gradeability, braking, and stability). A comprehensive set of test procedures is outlined to validate system reliability, robustness, and compliance with established towing requirements. The study demonstrates how powered trailer technology can extend the practical use of
Reilly, Carter, Peters, Diane, Zadeh, Mehrdad
Reconstruction of Pedestrian-Vehicle Collisions Using 3D Skeletal Estimation from Vehicle-Mounted Camera Video2026-01-05754/7/2026
Pedestrian fatalities in traffic accidents continue to rise, with severe injuries often resulting from both vehicle impact and subsequent ground contact, frequently occurring outside the field of view of vehicle-mounted cameras. This study presents a proof-of-concept (PoC) approach for reconstructing three-dimensional pedestrian motion—including occluded regions—using dashcam video. The method integrates 2D human pose estimation (MMPose) and monocular depth estimation (Depth Anything V2),the latter was fine-tuned on a custom dataset, to generate 3D skeletal coordinates.To evaluate motion matching, the reconstructed pedestrian poses were quantitatively compared with a database of vehicle collision simulations using the THUMS human body model and skeletal data representing real-world crash scenarios generated in PC-Crash. Composite similarity indices based on thoracic center of gravity trajectory and torso orientation vectors were employed for this comparison. Preliminary results
Onishi, Koji, Wang, Kewang, Uno, Eriko, Ichikawa, Koji, Tanase, Noboru, Ando, Takahiro
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