Browse Topic: Advanced manufacturing

Items (1,069)
Additive manufacturing technologies, particularly wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), have gained recognition for their ability to produce large metallic components efficiently and cost-effectively. This study investigates both the mechanical properties and microstructure of 304L austenitic stainless steel produced via WAAM, focusing on orientation-dependent behavior. Tensile specimens were prepared in transversal, diagonal, and longitudinal orientations according to ASTM E8 standards, and their mechanical properties were evaluated. The results show that the diagonal sample exhibited the highest tensile strength of 555 MPa with an elongation of 47.9%, while the longitudinal sample demonstrated the highest ductility with a notable elongation of 61.4%. Microstructural analysis, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed refined grain structures and alignment that influenced mechanical properties and stress distribution. Hardness measurements showed an increase across all
Navaneethasanthakumar, S.Suresh, R.Santhosh, V.Godwin Raja Ebenezer, N.Sankarapandian, S.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing additive manufacturing method employed for printing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Nonetheless, the performance of printed parts is often constrained by inherent defects. This study investigates how the varying annealing parameter affects the tribological properties of FDM-produced polypropylene carbon fiber composites. The composite pin specimens were created in a standard size of 35 mm height and 12 mm diameter, based on the specifications of the tribometer pin holder. The impact of high-temperature annealing process parameters are explored, specifically annealing temperature and duration, while maintaining a fixed cooling rate. Two set of printed samples were taken for post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min, respectively. The tribological properties were evaluated using a dry pin-on-disc setup and examined both pre- (as-built) and post-annealing at temperature of 85°C for 60 and 90 min printed samples
Nallasivam, J.D.Sundararaj, S.Kandavalli, Sumanth RatnaPradab, R.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact metal additive manufacturing (AM). Understanding how one might use AI in AM is challenging because AM experts are not AI experts, nor the other way around. This document introduces AI in AM and guides researchers in accessing relevant literature. It also discusses the hype surrounding AI in AM, the rush to publish peer-reviewed papers that use AI in AM, and the resulting uneven quality of the literature. Conclusions regarding the application of AI in both large and small enterprises are discussed. This document is intended to help illuminate AI in AM for Hands-on engineers who need to quickly understand what levels of problems they might encounter when dealing with AI in AM Engineering managers who need to stay current on emerging trends in their technical realm of responsibilities Policymakers who may not have the relevant technical expertise Faculty and students who want an introduction to AI in AM NOTE: SAE Edge Research
King, Wayne
3-Dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technology that deposits materials in layers to build a three-dimensional component. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is the most widely used 3D printing technique to produce the thermoplastic components. In FDM, the printing process parameters have a major role in controlling the performance of fabricated components. In this study, carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites were fabricated using FDM technique based on Taguchi's Design of experimental approach. The matrix and reinforcement materials were poly-lactic acid (PLA) and short carbon fibre, respectively. The goal of this study is to optimize the FDM process parameters in order to obtain the carbon fibre reinforced PLA composites with enhanced hardness and compressive strength values. Shore-D hardness and compression tests were carried out as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D2240 and ASTM D695 standards respectively, to measure the output responses
Sugumar, SureshDhamodaran, GopinathSeetharaman, PradeepkumarSivakumar, Rajkamal
Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has become a highly promising method for creating intricate shapes using different materials. Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) is a highly utilized thermoplastic that is recognized for its exceptional strength, resistance to chemicals, and effortless processing. This study aims to optimize the process parameters of the FDM technique for PETG material using Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). An empirical study was carried out to examine the impact of various FDM process parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on important outcome variables like dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties. The Taguchi method was used to systematically design a series of experiments, while GRA was used to optimize the process parameters and performance characteristics. The results unveiled the most effective parameter combinations for attaining
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeKiruthika, JothiD, PalanisamySilambarasan, R
Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically Fusion Deposition Modeling (FDM), has transformed the manufacturing industry by allowing the creation of complex structures using a wide range of materials. The objective of this study is to enhance the FDM process for Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) material by utilizing the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) optimization method. The study examines the influence of FDM parameters, such as layer height, nozzle temperature, and infill density, on important characteristics of the printing process, such as tensile strength, flexibility, and surface finish. The collection of experimental data is achieved by conducting systematic FDM printing trials that cover a variety of parameter combinations. The TOPSIS optimization method is utilized to determine the optimal parameter settings by evaluating each parameter combination against the ideal and anti-ideal solutions. This method determines the optimal parameter
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanKiruthika, JothiRamesh Naik, MudeSilambarasan, R
This specification establishes process controls for the repeatable implementation of the CSAM process for the manufacturing of metallic and metal-nonmetal blend components
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
The market for battery-fitted electric cars continues to experience robust growth globally as well as in Indian market. During the charging process heat generation happen because of internal resistance of the battery cells and electrical connectors. Making an efficient battery cooling system is vital for all electric vehicles. One common cause of battery overheating is due to low cooling efficiency. So this research highlights the importance of scientifically designing coolant circuits and selecting appropriate coolant hose materials. Currently, EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) material is widely used for battery cooling hoses due to its design Flexibility, Compatibility with a 50:50 glycol-water mixture and Resistance to thermal and ozone cracking [1]. This study benchmarks EPDM hose technical properties with leading EV battery cooling plastic hose materials, such as mono layer polyamide, mono layer TPVs (thermoplastic vulcanizates) and PA PP two layer hose. Comparative
Murugesan, Annarajan
Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has become a revolutionary technology for creating intricate shapes using different materials. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic that is commonly used in additive manufacturing (AM) because of its environmentally friendly properties, affordability, and ease of use. The objective of this study is to optimize the FDM parameters for PLA material and create predictive models using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to forecast printing performance. An investigation was carried out through experimental trials to examine the impact of important FDM parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on critical outcomes such as dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and mechanical properties. The utilization of design of experiments (DOE) methodology enabled a methodical exploration of parameters. A predictive model using ANFIS was created to
Pasupuleti, ThejasreeNatarajan, ManikandanKiruthika, JothiRamesh Naik, MudeSilambarasan, R
Additive Manufacturing (AM), specifically Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has transformed the manufacturing industry by allowing the creation of intricate shapes using different materials. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic that is commonly used in additive manufacturing (AM) because of its environmentally friendly nature, affordability, and ease of processing. This study aims to optimize the parameters of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) for PLA material using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach. The researchers performed experimental trials to examine the impact of important FDM parameters, such as layer thickness, infill density, printing speed, and nozzle temperature, on critical outcomes, including dimensional accuracy, surface finish, and mechanical properties. The methodology of design of experiments (DOE) enabled a systematic exploration of parameters. The TOPSIS approach, a technique for making decisions
Natarajan, ManikandanPasupuleti, ThejasreeKiruthika, JothiKatta, Lakshmi NarasimhamuSilambarasan, R.
This specification covers an alpha-beta Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing and subjected to hot isostatic press (HIP) operation. Typically, this material is used for complex-shaped aerospace products made to near net shape dimensions. These products have been used typically for parts requiring operating strength up to 750 °F (399 °C), but usage is not limited to such applications
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Researchers have developed a printing process that prints strong nonmetallic materials in record time — five times faster than traditional 3D printing. The process, called SWOMP, which stands for Selective dual-wavelength Olefin metathesis 3D printing, uses dual-wavelength light, unlike the traditional printing process
Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory have developed a machine learning method that could have a huge impact on understanding how material is formed during the additive manufacturing process. John Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) in Laurel, Maryland, have demonstrated a novel approach for applying machine learning to predict microstructures produced by a widely used additive manufacturing technique. Their approach promises to dramatically reduce the time and cost of developing materials with tailored physical properties and will soon be implemented on a NASA-funded effort focused on creation of a digital twin. “We anticipate that this new approach will be extremely impactful in helping design and understand material formation during additive manufacturing processes, and this fits into our overarching strategy focused on accelerating materials development for national security,” said
As “point of need” additive manufacturing emerges as a priority for the Department of Defense (DoD), Australian 3D printing provider SPEE3D is one of several companies demonstrating that its machines can rapidly produce castings, brackets, valves, mountings and other common replacement parts and devices that warfighters often need in an on-demand schedule when deployed near or directly within combat zones. DoD officials describe point of need manufacturing as a concept of operations where infantry and squadron have the equipment, machines, tools and processes to rapidly 3D print parts and devices that are being used in combat. Based in Melbourne, Australia, SPEE3D provides cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) machines that use a combination of robotics and high-speed kinetic energy to assemble and quickly bind metal together into 3D-printed parts without the need for specific environmental conditions or post-assembly cooling or temperature requirements. Over the last two years, the
Honda has long been at the cutting edge of mobility and tech, with everything from the Asimo robot of 20 years ago to plans for reusable rockets to launch lightweight satellites into orbit. During a Tech Day event in early October in Tochigi, Japan, the Japanese automaker announced further details of its upcoming Honda 0 architecture (Honda calls it “Honda Zero” but writes it with the number), its first in-house electric platform designed from the ground up. Honda also discussed some of the advanced manufacturing techniques it's pioneering to reach its core design and technology tenants
Bassett, Abigail
ABSTRACT An examination of the current state-of-the-art in additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic armor products for ground vehicles was conducted. Primary barriers to the implementation of AM on ground systems are related to elevated cost compared to traditional fabrication techniques, a lack of public engineering data, and lack of specifications. Initial ballistic testing against 0.30-cal. armor-piercing (AP)M2 and 0.30-cal. fragment-simulating projectile (FSP) threats was conducted on a range of test coupons made from Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 23) extra-low-interstitial (ELI) materials made by direct metal laser melting (DMLM), wire-laser directed-energy deposition (WL-DED), and wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Initial attempts at evaluating lot-to-lot variation, machine-to-machine variation, process-to-process variation, and the effect of asprinted surface roughness on ballistic protection were made to direct future research and development. Given the elevated cost
Slocumb, William JamesHolm, BrandonKelsey, Vic
ABSTRACT 3D printing is a rapidly evolving technique for alternative piston manufacturing that offers the ability to realize complex combustion bowl geometry, robust structure and advanced cooling channel geometries while delivering precise tolerance and mass control. IAV has designed, analyzed, optimized and produced 3D printed pistons for heavy-duty diesel engines. The key features include an innovative form of combustion bowl, 300 bar peak cylinder pressure capability and advanced cooling channels in a mass neutral to less capable design. During 2018, these pistons will undergo fired engine testing
Dolan, RobertBudde, RogerSchramm, ChristianRezaei, Reza
ABSTRACT The objective in this paper is to understand the challenges of making additive manufacturing a future source of supply for the Department of Defense through the redesign of a part for metal laser Powder Bed Fusion. The scope of this paper involved the redesign of a single cast-and-machined part for an Army ground vehicle system. The component was redesigned using topology optimization based on suitable replacement materials and design data from the representative part. In parallel, a brief review of AM standards identified a process to qualify the component through post-processing, non-destructive evaluation, and witness testing. Alongside this redesign analysis, a brief cost analysis was conducted to understand the cost associated with manufacturing and qualifying this part for multiple AM materials. The resulting analysis demonstrated that for this component, which was subject to high design loads, Scalmalloy, Ti-6Al-4V, and 17-4PH Stainless Steel could produce the most cost
Burke, RorySimpson, Timothy
ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the application of a novel Additive Molding™ process in the design optimization of a combat vehicle driver’s seat structure. Additive Molding™ is a novel manufacturing process that combines three-dimensional design flexibility of additive manufacturing with a high-volume production rate compression molding process. By combining the lightweighting benefits of topology optimization with the high strength and stiffness of tailored continuous carbon fiber reinforcements, the result is an optimized structure that is lighter than both topology-optimized metal additive manufacturing and traditional composites manufacturing. In this work, a combat vehicle driver’s seatback structure was optimized to evaluate the weight savings when converting the design from a baseline aluminum seat structure to a carbon fiber / polycarbonate structure. The design was optimized to account for mobility loads and a 95-percentile male soldier, and the result was a reduction in
Hart, Robert JPerkins, J. ScottBlinzler, BrinaMiller, PatrickShen, YangDeo, Ankit
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) technology, noted for its absence of moving mechanical parts and silent operation, has attracted significant interest in plane propulsion. However, its low thrust and efficiency remain key challenges hindering broader adoption. This study investigates methods to enhance the propulsion and efficiency of EHD systems, by examining the electrohydrodynamic flow within a wire-cylinder corona structure through both experimental and numerical approaches. A multi-wire-cylinder positive corona discharge experimental platform was established using 3D printing technology, and measurements of flow velocity, voltage, and current at the cathode outlet were conducted. A two-dimensional simulation model for multi-wire-cylinder positive corona discharge was developed using Navier-Stokes equations and FLUENT user-defined functions (UDF), with the simulation results validated against experimental data. The analysis focused on the effects of varying anode diameters and the
Huang, GuozhaoDong, GuangyuZhou, Yanxiong
ABSTRACT Track vehicle Final Drive torque transferring capacity is constrained by the availability of packaging space, weight constraints, and material / heat treat properties. These constraints create a paradigm where as the increase in load due to weight growth is inversely related to life due to fatigue. Funded under Phase II SBIR contract W56HZV-13-C-0056, Loc Performance Products, Inc. (Loc) developed manufacturing processes aligned to key selected materials and surface treatments to break through this paradigm. The results of the SBIR efforts produced an optimized Final Drive design that addressed the increasing Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle while maintaining the current Final Drive packaging space, reducing lifecycle cost and maximizing performance in terms of power density and extending the life of the product
Militello, AnthonyFowlkes, Edward
ABSTRACT Titanium and its alloys offer superior strength at a fraction of the weight of steel or nickel-based alloys. Some α-β titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V have been widely used in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing applications due to the historical cast-wrought data sets and the availability of this alloy in powder form, however this alloy presents challenges during the laser-based printing process of components due to the high residual stress in the material. Alternative β-rich Ti alloys such ATI Titan 23™ can offer superior printability, lower residual stress, and higher mechanical properties than Ti-6Al-4V in additive manufacturing applications. This study covers the assessment of ATI Titan 23™ as an alternative printable Ti alloy and the resulting microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stress of the printed material. Citation: Garcia-Avila, Foltz, “Low Distortion Titanium Alloy in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing System,” In Proceedings
Garcia-Avila, MatiasFoltz, John
ABSTRACT The industrial use of laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) in turbomachinery is gaining momentum rendering the inspection and qualification of certain post-processing steps necessary. This includes fusion techniques that allow to print multiple parts separately to take advantage of e.g., various print orientations and join them subsequently. The main motivation of this study is to validate the tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding process of L-PBF manufactured parts using industrial specifications relevant for gas turbines to pave the way for the industrial production of modular build setups. For this, two commonly used nickel-based super alloys for high-temperature applications, Inconel 718 and Inconel 625 are chosen. Since their defect-free printability has been established widely, we focus on the suitability to be joined using TIG welding. The process is evaluated performing microstructural examination and mechanical tests in as built as well as heat-treated samples. The welds are
Geisen, OleBogner, JanGhavampour, EbrahimMüller, VinzenzEissing, Katharina
ABSTRACT A 3D printed battery bracket is strengthened via post-print thermal annealing, demonstrating a transitionable approach for additive manufacturing of robust, high performance thermoplastic components. Citation: E. D. Wetzel, R. Dunn, L. J. Holmes, K. Hart, J. Park, and M. Ludkey, “Thermally Annealed, High Strength 3D Printed Thermoplastic Battery Bracket for M998,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 16-18, 2022
Wetzel, E. D.Dunn, R.Holmes, L. J.Shearrow, CaseyHart, K.Park, J.Ludkey, M.
ABSTRACT The United States Army is leveraging Advanced Manufacturing (AdvM) methods to solve both operational and tactical readiness gaps. AdvM includes not only Additive Manufacturing (AM), but also traditional manufacturing capabilities in the field and at Army production facilities. The Tank-Armaments and automotive Command (TACOM) and the Ground Vehicles Systems Center (GVSC) Materials-AdvM Branch have developed a strategy of five critical path key words oriented on three Lines of Effort (LOE) that enables a disciplined process to deliver final use qualified parts manufactured by the Organic Industrial Base (OIB) as an alternate source of supply that will improve readiness of TACOM’s combat and tactical wheeled fleets. Additionally, an alternate critical path has been developed to provide limited use parts for Battle Damage and Repair (BDAR). Citation: P. Burton, N. Kott, A. Kruz, A. Batjer, “Path to 450 Parts Qualified for Advanced Manufacturing”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Burton, PhilKott, N. JoeKruz, AndrewBatjer, Ashley
ABSTRACT Gas metal arc pulse directed energy deposition (GMA-P DED) offers large-scale additive manufacturing (AM) capabilities and lower cost systems compared to laser or electron beam DED. These advantages position GMA-DED as a promising manufacturing process for widespread industrial adoption. To enable this “digital” manufacturing of a component from a computer-aided design (CAD) file, a computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) solver is necessary to generate build plans and utilize welding parameter sets based on feature and application requirements. Scalable and robot-agnostic computer-aided robotics (CAR) software is therefore essential to provide automated toolpath generation. This work establishes the use of Autodesk PowerMill Ultimate software as a CAM/CAR solution for arc-based DED processes across robot manufacturers. Preferred aluminum GMA-P DED welding parameters were developed for single-pass wide “walls” and multi-pass wide “blocks” that can be configured to build a wide
Canaday, J.Harwig, D.D.Carney, M.
ABSTRACT The Applied Science and Technology Research Organization of America (ASTRO America), Ingersoll Machine Tool (Ingersoll), MELD Manufacturing (MELD), Siemens Digital Industries (Siemens), The American Lightweight Materials Manufacturing Innovation Institute (ALMII), and the US Army CCDC-GVSC have partnered to show the feasibility of fabricating very large metal parts using a combination of additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies. The Army seeks new manufacturing technology to support supply chain strategy objectives to replace costly inventories and reduce lead times. While additive manufacturing (AM) has demonstrated production of metallic parts for military applications, the scale of these demonstrations is much smaller than required for large vehicle components and/or complete vehicle hull structures. Leveraging AM for large scale applications requires enhancements in the size, speed, and precision of the current commercially available state-of-the-art equipment
Rodriguez, Ricardo X.Wells, CorrineCarter, Robert H.LaLonde, Aaron D.Goffinski, Curtis W.Cox, Chase D.Bell, Tim S.Kott, Norbert J.Gorey, Jason S.Czech, Peter A.Hoffmann, KlausHolmes, Larry (LJ) R.
ABSTRACT Barriers to the introduction of composite materials for ground vehicle applications include material property selection and cost effective material processing. Advancements in processing of thermoplastic composites for use in applications for semi structural and structural applications have created opportunities in “Out of Autoclave” processing utilizing preconsolidated unidirectional reinforced tapes. Traditional tooling for the bending formation of high temperature reinforced structural thermoplastic laminates typically involves matched metal tooling consisting of steel or aluminum and are costly and heavy. In this research, a comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the use of a large scale 3D printed forming tool in comparison to a traditional metallic mold. Material processing considerations included the development of a technique for localized laminate heating to achieve optimized energy input in the forming process. Considerations in tooling development included
Erb, DavidDwyer, BenjaminRoy, JonathanYori, WilliamLopez-Anido, Roberto A.Smail, AndrewHart, Robert
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