Browse Topic: Remanufacturing

Items (52)
Repartly, a startup based in Guetersloh, Germany, is using ABB’s collaborative robots to repair and refurbish electronic circuit boards in household appliances. Three GoFa cobots handle the sorting, visual inspection and precise soldering tasks enabling the company to enhance efficiency and maintain high quality standards.
While new sustainability efforts aim to curb the carbon footprint of the commercial vehicle industry, old methods continue to be among the most effective. Sustainability has been among the hottest topics for the commercial vehicle industry over the past decade. OEMs, suppliers and various governmental agencies across the globe are touting new advances in clean powertrain tech that reduces the industry's dependence on fossil fuel while also considering the complete carbon footprint of the vehicle from cradle to grave. Though these initiatives have their merits, there are old-school methods of reducing the environmental impact of keeping the world moving. Remanufacturing is decidedly not the sexiest of methods for promoting the concept of sustainability. But recycling existing materials and components is a proven tactic for reducing waste and energy consumption.
Wolfe, Matt
At Cox Automotive’s EV Battery Solutions center in Oklahoma City, the conglomerate most famous for its KBB, Autotrader, and Manheim auction brands, has become a go-to for EV battery research, repair, remanufacturing, and recycling.
This document is for establishing and addressing anomalies on appearance of new and newly retreaded tires prior to installation on aircraft. It is intended to use cosmetics as well as functionality to make a determination of acceptability. However, if cosmetic appearance is not a requirement, use the inspection criteria from ARP6225. This ARP does not supersede (E)TSO-C62 minimum requirements, including marking requirements.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR), is intended to provide a continuum on historical development of aircraft tires.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
In the aerospace industry, components are subjected to harsh operating environments. Extremes of temperature, corrosive particulate matter in the air, friction and a variety of operating factors combine to increase the risk of wear and tear, corrosion, and damage.
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the selection, inspection, retread and repair of worn civil aircraft tires, and the means to verify that the retreaded tire is suitable for continued service. This document is applicable to both bias ply and radial aircraft tires qualified subsequent to the adoption of this document.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
End-of-Life Vehicles in India-Regulatory Perspectives2019-28-258011/21/2019
This paper discusses the areas affected during and beyond the recycling of the End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV). While the scrap of the vehicle shall be crushed and re-utilised from scrap metal (ferrous and non-ferrous), this paper also discusses potential usage of the components for remanufacturing by the respective OEMs. It further discusses how non-metallic parts such as plastics may be recycled. A complete framework committed to such a comprehensive approach shall not only reduce the impact on the environment but will also provide a more affordable and responsible alternative to the industry. While doing that, the economic and environmental impact on the industry and the un-organised sector has to be considered whilst also ensuring that a model with shared responsibility is established to dispose/ recycle any such ELV responsibly. The paper in its true spirit aims at effectively implementing the 3 Rs - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle - Reduction of waste and virgin natural elements, Reuse of working and efficient spares for remanufacturing purposes and Recycling of the scrap material. Older vehicles, conforming to lenient emission and safety norms continue to ply on road, continuously producing higher emissions. A successful ELV program will not only cater to the environmental impact, but will also address on-road safety by encouraging outflow of unsafe and polluting vehicles to give way for new and safer vehicles. A need to withdraw such vehicles from the road is there but due to the lack of incentives to the last owner, unavailability of infrastructure or a streamlined policy, the idea, in its entirety never came to fruition. This might be beneficial for the policymakers & OEMs to strategize the implementation of ELV and allied legislations.
Ahuja, VijayantaN Khanna, Shakti
Implementing and optimizing the sustainability of vehicles that contain embedded electrochemical energy storage have recently been afforded more attention in research due to legislative requirements and cited benefits from circular economy activities. The State-of-Health (SoH) for a traction battery system that prematurely failed can be restored through circular economy activities such as remanufacturing. To enable these circular economy activities, the ability to introduce a new or graded cell or module into a series string to replace the weakest cell or module in a battery module or pack is vital. However, very little is understood about the optimal strategy that will lead to maximizing the lifetime of the most aged cell or module in the new string and predict the expected lifetime of the repaired or remanufactured battery system. The aim of this research is to assess whether aged lithium-ion cells in series, with some of the aged cells replaced with new cells, have an optimized pre-conditioning strategy to ensure the weakest cell’s life is prolonged. Three modules with six 18650 cells in series have been evaluated to determine the optimal replacement strategy for an energy storage unit albeit cell or module in series for in-use life extension activities. Results highlight that it is possible to significantly reduce the degradation of the weakest cell in a repaired string of series cells. Reduction of circa 4% in aging of the weakest cells is reached with bottom pre-conditioning, while an increase in degradation of the new cell is only 2.5% relative to the worst case scenario. Additionally, the authors show that the energy capacity of the string pre-conditioned at the top reduces the most during cycling of the three strings. Based on these experimental results, an optimal pre-conditioning strategy for circular economy activities for electric vehicle traction battery systems is proposed.
Groenewald, JakobusMarco, JamesGrandjean, Thomas
This SAE Recommended Practice is prepared as a guideline to improve and maintain the quality of remanufactured automotive products. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though they may not fully be equivalent to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core are suitable for remanufacturing, so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed in a vehicle. The remanufacturer should also carefully consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturer related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
The Indian Economy is becoming significant in the late years. There will be more middle class individuals in the coming years having higher purchasing power, bringing about sharp increment in the ownership of vehicles. The quantity of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) in 2015 is evaluated at 8.7 million and by 2025, this figure is assessed to ascend to 21.8 million. Car breaking yards' ELV recycling practices result in inadequate resource recovery and various forms of pollution. 75-80% of the ELV constitutes of metal and recycled due to its economic benefits. The rest of the 25-30% comprises of plastics, rubber, glass and operating fluids which are mostly disposed off in land or water. Existing international literature has analyzed ELV recycling and remanufacturing practices in India as separate topics. By adopting Circular Economy practices such as 3R (spare parts reuse, component remanufacturing and materials recycling), the institutional framework proposed in this paper considers both ELV recycling and Automotive Component Remanufacturing. Previous methods found in literature, best industrial practices and well-documented case studies are taken into consideration. The framework comprises of three elements such as an authorized dismantling plant, recycling information centre and ELV recycling fund management board; illustrates the integration of various stakeholders such as the Government, Industries, Industry Association, Universities and Research Institutes and their roles in establishing a sustainable ELV recycling infrastructure. The framework could assist policy makers in developing ELV directive and aftermarket service policy; OEMs and other enterprises in establishing synergetic networks as well as Academicians in key research areas to be focused upon.
Venkatesan, MurugesanAnnamalai, VE
The overall cost of ownership of a product is dependent on the life of the product and the cost. To keep the cost of ownership down, it is important to understand how the life of the product can be increased while lowering the cost at the same time. We are also challenged to reduce the carbon footprint and improve energy requirements to become more sustainable and green. How can both of these necessities be achieved? “Remanufacturing” is a simple answer to this complex question. Remanufacturing can improve the useable life of a part or product by multiple times. It is cost effective compared to new part production and is reasonably inexpensive to end customer. The energy required for remanufacturing is less compared to its original manufacturing. Remanufacturing reuses/salvages most of the original content. Design for Remanufacturing is a fundamental change in design engineering process to meet remanufacturing requirements. This paper is an effort to discuss Remanufacturing and Design for Remanufacturing for better cost of ownership and sustainable engineering.
Patki, Amrut A.
Vehicle Remanufacturing: Economic and Environmental Expansion of the Life Cycle2016-01-12914/5/2016
Applying the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIOLCA) method to the question of fielding newly manufactured or remanufactured vehicles provides an illuminating view of the economic and environmental advantages of remanufacturing. Sustained accomplishments of policy and engineering have reduced vehicle emissions such that current work has reached the point of diminishing returns. The macroeconomic, global, unprecedented, debt-supercycle-combined with increasing costs of natural resource extraction and vehicle production-demands improved asset and resource utilization. Expanding and exploiting the entire vehicle life cycle is a profitable and sustainable extension of work to date; such extension calls for remanufacturing to move from vehicle components to the entire vehicle. Stretching service lifetimes delay traditional end-of-life recovery practices while radically challenging the status quo. Mainstream remanufacturing will affect entire industries including insurance, licensing, and financing as they incorporate remanufactured vehicles in a new narrative and expanded life cycle. Objective decisions about production, acquisition, and regulation should include considerations for not only the life cycle but extending it as well. While there is much future work to be done in this area, this paper opens the discussion about the economic and environmental advantages of enterprise-level vehicle remanufacturing. In this work, the EIOLCA Method, with the United States 2002 Benchmark Producer Price Model, provides the mechanism to explore the economic and environmental impact of equal amounts of economic activity for traditional vehicle manufacturing and novel vehicle remanufacturing.
Latham, Greig
Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) conducted, to date, of the end-of-life phase of vehicles rely significantly on assumed values and extrapolations within models. The end phase of vehicles, however, has become all the more important as a consequence of increasing regulatory requirements on materials recovery, tightening disposal restrictions, and the rapid introduction of new materials and electronics, all potentially impacting a vehicle's efficacy for achieving greater levels of sustainability. This article presents and discusses selected research results of a comprehensive gate-to-gate life-cycle-inventory (LCI) of end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantling and shredding processes, constructed through a comprehensive and detailed case study, and argues that managing and implementing creative dismantling practices can improve significantly the recovery of both reusable and recyclable materials from end-of-life vehicles. Although the amount of parts and materials recovered and directed for reuse, remanufacturing or recycling may be as much as 11.6% by weight of the ELVs entering a dismantling process [1], greater rates of reuse and/or recycling may be achieved by the strategic management of the ELVs entering the dismantling process according to age. Late model, high-salvage ELVs (HSELVS) of an optimum age range (e.g., 5-9 years) could be targeted for maximum recovery of parts for reuse and remanufacture. Older low-salvage ELVs (LSELVs) would be targeted principally for materials recovery and recycling. This paper discusses the challenges anticipated with the development of an ELV management system promoting maximum parts reuse/remanufacturing and materials recycling.
Sawyer-Beaulieu, SusanTam, Edwin K.L.
Heavy Duty Vehicle Clutch Remanufacturing for Market Cannibalization, Profitability and Environmental Benefits2014-01-24289/30/2014
Remanufacturing is a process in which used products are disassembled, and their components are repaired and used in the production of new products. This study investigates the impact of various remanufacturing decisions on Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) profitability and market cannibalization in an infinite-horizon production scenario for heavy duty vehicle (HDV) clutches. A discrete event simulation model is developed for benchmarking of different scenarios using various factors and their levels. There are two consumer segments as primary customer and grey customer in the market. Three different end of life (EOL) clutch quality conditions are defined, and three different percentages of clutch collect strategies are defined for all EOL products in the market. Therefore, a total of nine combinations (i.e., three quality index and three collecting strategies) are benchmarked in terms of total profit from new and remanufactured HDV clutches, number of customers won, and amount of saved raw material for environmental considerations. The study identifies effective remanufacturing strategies for different pricing decisions based on the EOL product quality index and the amount of collected EOL product. The results show that the OEM profitability of remanufacturing operations is tightly linked to the interaction between the EOL product and percentage of collected EOL products affecting pricing strategies, however a market cannibalization shows up between new and remanufactured HDV clutches.
Guleryuz, BurcuKocabas, CagkanOzturk, Erkan
This paper will recommend that the Big-3 carve-out a new business unit that focuses upon the delivery of light-vehicles to fleet operators which are classified as “remanufactured”. The remanufacturing process, as applied to this paper, assures that a not-new product has “like-new” condition characteristics of reliability levels, energy efficiencies, operational capabilities, maintainability, safety and others. This new remanufacturing business model is primarily foreseen to: Materially increase the profit margin of the light vehicle fleet market segment Decrease the market share of imported designed-for-manufacturing components employed in the vehicle production process Reduce the manufacturing impact of light-vehicles upon industrial energy consumption and waste generation Mitigate the loss of control of the design of a vehicle to the Federal Government This article will provide an overview of the following nine elements of this new business model: 1 Who is the customer? 2 What is the value proposition for the customer? 3 What are the channels employed to deliver the value proposition to the customer? 4 How are customer relationships established and maintained with the customer? 5 What are the revenue streams? 6 What are the key processes that deliver a value proposition? 7 What key resources are required to be employed in the processes? 8 What are the key sources-of-resources employed in the process? 9 What is the cost structure? It is the author's belief that the time has come for the Big-3 to think out-of-the-box regarding how they do business. The transition will not be easy, but the anticipated rewards of delivering remanufactured products will be one piece of the puzzle that will be employed to reinvigorate the domestic auto industry.
Giuntini, Ron
Over 250 million vehicles are operating on United States roads and highways and over 12 million of them reach the end of their useful lives annually. These end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) contain over 24 million tons (21.8 million metric tonnes) of materials including ferrous and non-ferrous metals, polymers, glass, and automotive fluids. They also contain many parts and components that are still useable and some that could be economically rebuilt or remanufactured. Dismantlers acquire the ELVs and recover from them parts for resale “as-is” or after remanufacturing. The dismantler then sells what remains of the vehicle, the “hulk”, to a shredder who shreds it to recover and sell the metals. Presently, the remaining non-metallic materials, commonly known as shredder residue, are mostly landfilled. The vehicle manufacturers, now more than ever, are working hard to build more energy efficient and safer, more affordable vehicles. In the process, new valuable materials and parts are constantly introduced in new models. These materials present the recyclers with new business opportunities and with new challenges when the vehicles enter the recycling stream. New tools and technologies are needed to realize these opportunities and to maximize the recycling of the ELVs. This paper discusses opportunities and challenges facing the automobile recycling industries in the future.
Bassam, JodyPomykala, Joseph A.Spangenberger, J.Daniels, Edward J.
Lean Engineering Implementation Challenges for Automotive Remanufacturing2009-01-11884/20/2009
Remanufacturing, or Reman, is an industrial process whereby used products referred to as cores are restored to useful life [13]. The automotive reman products in the current state account for two thirds of all reman according to Steinhilper [12]. The growing “Green” awareness can force the automotive OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer) to demand more reman products from the OE suppliers in their contracts. Also reman makes a lot of economic sense for the customers and the OE suppliers since the reman products are sold at an average price range of 60% of the price of a new product [12]. This paper is a case study of how the authors applied lean principles to increase the project throughput through the reman engineering organization to meet the growing demand for reman products. Extensive literature exists on how to apply lean in the plant floor. But very few papers talk about how to apply the same lean principles in the office environment even before it hits the plant floor. Applying lean principles to the office area is more challenging since the transactional processes are not easily visible like a product moving through the different operations in a manufacturing plant. The authors were challenged with a heavy influx of reman projects and demonstrate a systematic application of lean principles to increase throughput. Also they were confronted with strategic and organizational challenges that impacted the culture change to a lean engineering system. The authors conclude that a strong sense of urgency combined with a systematic application of lean transformed the organization. The lean effort improved the reman project throughput by 153% for the Delphi reman engineering organization. The success factors that contributed to lean reman product development includes: a strong top management commitment with proper project selection, long term vision and participation, a tight development schedule that surface issues and a “must-do” attitude [14], a strong process understanding of the current state, process visibility of projects using visual controls, weekly meetings and a competent work force supported by proper lean and project management training.
Subramoniam, RameshAbusamra, GaryHostetler, Dale
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter armatures to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Motor Vehicle Council
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter solenoids to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Motor Vehicle Council
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter drives to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Motor Vehicle Council
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended minimum guidelines (with theunderstanding that being more critical is acceptable) for use by remanufacturers/rebuilders of alternators to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured alternators. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair an application even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer/rebuilder should determine if the original design and present condition of the core are suitable for remanufacturing/rebuilding so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the application. The remanufacturer/rebuilder should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding this product.
Motor Vehicle Council
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended minimum guidelines (with theunderstanding that being more critical is acceptable) for use by remanufacturers/rebuilders of alternators to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured alternators. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair an application even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer/rebuilder should determine if the original design and present condition of the core are suitable for remanufacturing/rebuilding so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the application. The remanufacturer/rebuilder should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding this product.
Service Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is prepared as a guideline to improve and maintain the quality of remanufactured automotive products. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though they may not fully be equivalent to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core are suitable for remanufacturing, so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed in a vehicle. The remanufacturer should also carefully consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturer related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter armatures to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Service Committee
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter drives to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Service Committee
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter solenoids to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Service Committee
Many commercially available advanced-technology CMOS and bipolar integrated circuits are susceptible to single-event latchup (SEL) effects caused by heavy ions or protons from cosmic rays or solar flares, making them unsuitable for satellite applications. Remanufacturing the integrated circuits in an inherently SEL-immune process has been an expensive and technically difficult option, as is the alternate option of incorporating latchup protection and recovery circuitry in the spacecraft system's electronics.
These remanufacturing procedures are recommended guidelines for use by remanufacturers of starter armatures to promote consistent reliability, durability, and safety of remanufactured starters. Installation of remanufactured or rebuilt products is often an economical way to repair a vehicle even though the products may not be identical to original equipment parts. Before processing any part, a remanufacturer should determine if the original design and present condition of the core is suitable for remanufacturing so as to provide durable operation of the part as well as acceptable performance when installed on the vehicle. The remanufacturer should also consider the safety aspects of the product and any recommendations of the original manufacturers related to remanufacturing or rebuilding their product. While these procedures are meant to be universal in application, various product types have unique features of dimension and design which may require special remanufacturing processes and tests that are either not covered by or are exceptions to these procedures.
Service Committee
Coating Removal Systems - Mobile or Fixed?9209424/1/1992
Automation in the aircraft industry is unique with respect to the overall application size and the intrinsic quality of the processes required. Aircraft systems are typically large when compared with conventional commercial and industrial products and composed of materials and subassemblies that, while not fragile, do require special care and consideration when automating their respective manufacturing processes. Automation has been applied in a host of diverse aircraft product areas, ranging from robotic turbine blade manufacture to automatic composite manufacturing work cells. In each case, aerospace automation differs from conventional, commercial product automation in the following significant areas: The production volume is typically low; batch sizes may often be as small as one unit per batch. The manufacturing processes aregoverned by an assortment of government and industry regulations that can be exacting in their requirements. Due to the service nature of the aircraft product or the construction materials utilized, processes required for manufacture may be corrosive to the external environment. Aircraft products tend to be large and difficult to handle when compared to conventional commercial products. All existing automation opportunities in the aerospace arena must be analyzed carefully to insure that the needs of efficiency and quality can be met in a cost effective, environmentally conscious manner. One category of aircraft automation applications consists of the external preparation of the skin surfaces. These preparation processes include the prime manufacturing processes (procedures utilized in manufacturing the aircraft in its original condition) and remanufacturing processes which are similar to prime manufacturing processes with significant differences. The basic skin processes that are potential candidates for automation through robotic and flexible automation means are: Scotchbrite ( prime, reman.) Rinsing (prime, reman.) Coating (prime, reman.) Polishing (prime, reman.) Coating removal (reman.) In addition to these manufacturing processes, a number of ancillary processes can be performed to the external skin surface of an aircraft system by automated means: Non-destructive testing Deicing Washing In each case, the technical requirements of the automation system are driven by the aircraft product size and the condition or durability of the aircraft skin surface involved. For instance, an aircraft application involving the cleaning of a jet fighter system has significantly different requirements than for the coating removal application requirements for a large cargo aircraft. With specific reference to coating removal applications, the automation application is driven by certain specific parameters such as: Aircraft product size Aircraft skin structure materials Support superstructure beneath skin Skin coating type Coating removal environment The technical solution for accomplishing the task of coating removal has two principal dilemmas: type of process selected and process delivery means. The two problems are separate, but at times related. A coating removal process may be well suited for some forms of delivery systems but inappropriate for others. A delivery system having the requisite level of flexibility to accomplish the complex, tedious task of end effector positioning within a proper, normal, or specified angle to the aircraft skin may not be process-immune. These considerations must be weighed heavily in the analysis of the proper solution for the surface preparation application. A generic mobile solution to surface preparation may be applied to a variety of aircraft applications. A closer analysis of the specifics of utilizing mobile automation for the process of aircraft coating removal will demonstrate its efficacy and utility.
Mangold, Vernon L.
This SAE Recommended Practice applies primarily to all combinations of pneumatic tires for military tactical wheeled vehicles; original equipment, new replacement, and retread tires.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Remanufacturing, recognized as America's greatest growth industry, is today a reality stressing quality and production efficiency. A quality remanufactured product couples the science of engineering with the art of rebuilding to produce a product equal in life to that of a new product but at a tremendous savings through the use of reclaimed housings, castings, etc. There are two primary threats to the re-manufacturing industry: 1. Engineering that seeks cost reductions through weight reduction and lesser quality components rather than durability and reusability. 2. The remanufacturer himself in not being able to hold high quality standards with production line economies.
Schrader, Thomas R.Bawel, Doug A.
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