Browse Topic: Identification

Items (10,159)
Rapidly upcoming deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs), including robotaxis and trucks, has intensified the need for rigorous safety assessment of complex AI-driven systems. While considerable effort has been invested in constructing safety cases for AVs, systematic approaches for evaluating these safety cases remain underdeveloped. This paper presents a three-stage methodology for assessing AV safety cases. A process for assessing argumentation is presented that involves traceability to pre-reviewed and peer-reviewed safety cases such as the Open Autonomy Safety Case (OASC). Next, we present a structured process for evaluating the quality of evidence supporting these arguments. We applied this methodology to evaluate safety cases from multiple AV developers, enabling iterative refinement throughout the development lifecycle. Our agile approach supports efficient assessments by establishing clear traceability to industry standards and enabling early identification of potential gaps
Wagner, Michael
This research investigates the alterations in microstructure, microhardness, and joint strength resulting from the dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW) of WE43 magnesium alloy to AA7075 aluminium alloy. The study specifically analyses the role of FSW process parameters in the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), the evolution of grain structure, the resultant microhardness distribution across the weld zone, and the joint tensile strength. A comprehensive microstructural characterization was performed utilizing optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analyses confirmed significant grain refinement in the stir zone and the identification of various IMCs at the weld interface. Microhardness mapping indicated a gradient profile, with the weld nugget exhibiting superior hardness attributed to its dynamically recrystallized
Ahmad, TariqKhan, Noor ZamanAhmad, BabarSiddiquee, Arshad Noor
At present, tire failures directly affect road safety, and the number of incidents caused by them is gradually increasing. Examining wheel attachment loosening on time is vital for vehicle safety. Tire-related incidents not only put people in peril but also have a detrimental effect on the economy. Therefore, the goal of this research is to develop a new and effective method for identifying wheel attachment loosening. A novel gear error reduction approach, distinct from traditional methods, combines advanced computing and probabilistic analysis. This paper involves three key components: extracting looseness eigenvalues, calculating ring gear errors, and computing the tire loosen probabilities. Gear errors derived from the Kalman filter and adjusted for speed, eigenvalues were calculated, and a tire loosening probability analysis was performed. Real-car trials across speeds and roads confirm its accuracy and reliability. This technology can improve automotive safety and maintenance
Liu, JianjianZhang, ZhijieWang, ZhenfengMa, GuangtaoShi, MeijuanLiu, JingZhao, BinggenLu, Yukun
High-precision estimation of key vehicle–road state parameters is crucial for ensuring the accurate and safe control of mining trucks (MT), as well as for reliable trajectory tracking. Among these parameters, the vehicle sideslip angle is particularly critical for assessing and predicting lateral stability. However, its direct measurement is challenging, and its estimation typically depends on an accurate characterization of tire cornering stiffness. For MT, large variations in loading conditions (from empty to fully loaded) pose significant challenges to sideslip angle estimation due to the resulting nonlinearity and variability of tire cornering stiffness. To address this issue, a novel joint estimation framework integrating the Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) and Square-Root Cubature Kalman Filter (SCKF) is proposed to simultaneously achieve high-precision estimation of both tire cornering stiffness for each tire and vehicle sideslip angle. In this framework, the cornering stiffness
Xia, XueShen, PeihongJiao, LeqiLi, TaoChen, HuiyongZhao, KunJiao, LeqiZhao, Zhiguo
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 introduced an unprecedented disruption to global industries, including automotive service and maintenance. As technicians and service shops struggled to balance operational continuity with safety, uncertainty surrounded best practices for servicing potentially dangerous vehicle cabins and air conditioning systems. This paper traces the evolution of these early efforts, from initial confusion and informal guidance to the establishment of the SAE Cabin Disinfection Practices Committee (SAE TEVCDPC) and the eventual publication of SAE J3260 and SAE J3290. It also considers work done by ASHRAE (the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers), which simultaneously worked on ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and 241. These standards, along with contributions from subject matter experts, formalized the automotive industry’s response to infection control in vehicle environments, integrating scientific understanding with
Schaeber, StevenMathur, GursaranTaylor, Dwayne
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) specifies dimensional and physical requirements of tow bar connections to tractor and aircraft (see Figure 1). It is applicable to all types of commercial transport category aircraft tow bar. The purpose of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to standardize tow bar attachments to airplane and tractor according to the mass category of the towed aircraft, so that one tow bar head with different shear levels can be used for all aircraft that are within the same mass category and are manufactured in compliance with AS1614 or ISO 8267.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies the inside diameters, cross-sections, tolerances, and size identification codes (dash numbers) for O-rings used in sealing applications and for straight thread tube fitting boss gaskets. The dimensions and tolerances specified in this standard are suitable for any elastomeric material provided that suitable tooling is available.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Refined NVH performance of a vehicle is a mark of premium quality. Achieving the desired NVH performance in different vehicle operating conditions is always a Herculean task and early stage “CAE design recommendations” play crucial role in overall vehicle design development. This becomes tougher when the program is very much cost, weight and timeline sensitive. This paper explores simulation approach for addressing a major noise issue for a vehicle running at a constant speed on a rough road. While working on any issue, the first and the most critical step is to identify the exact root cause of the issue. Hence, we propose a detailed full vehicle level “contribution analysis (CA) + transfer path analysis (TPA)” methodology (everything done through the simulation) and then go for the design recommendations to improve the performance. We used road excitation power spectral density (PSD) as the input at all the four wheels (spindle locations) calculated through MBD software. The first
Mahajani, MihirNascimento, FabioAdinarayana Reddy, KodidelaMatyal, MahanteshTenagi, IrappaSardar, Chenna
During parking conditions of vehicles, the state of the battery is uncertain as it goes through the relaxation process. In such scenarios, the battery voltage may exceed the functional safety limits. If we cross the functional safety limits, it is hazardous to the driver as well as the occupant. In this case, relaxed voltage plays a crucial role in identifying the safe state of the battery. To estimate the relaxed cell voltage there are methods such as RC filter time constat modeling and relaxation voltage error method. The problem with these solutions is the waiting time and accuracy to determine the relaxation voltage. In this manuscript, a solution is proposed which ensures the above problem is reduced. To achieve the reduction of relaxation voltage estimation time, a python sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (PySindy) is used which identifies and fits an equation model based on observing the battery characteristics at different SOC and temperatures. The implementation is
Pandey, PriyanshuNilajkar, AnkurPanda, Abinash
Polymer compounds used in the manufacturing of automotive interiors are traditionally consist of polymer virgin material, elastomers, additives, pigments, fillers. These compounded polymers are prone to the emission of low molecular weight chemicals over a period of usage and exposure to the environment called volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds. These released VOCs and carbonyl compounds consist of chemicals like benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrolein etc. Short term or long-term exposure of these chemicals have adverse health effects like nausea, headache, vomiting, cancer, even death of personnel if found beyond the permissible limits. It has been observed that the majority of passenger have the above symptoms whenever travelled using passenger cars within few minutes of boarding and exchange the car cabin air. The study was planned to understand the reasons for the concerns and further resolution. This paper is focused on the
Shukla, Sandeep KumarBalaji, K VVaratharajan, Senthilkumaran
Virtual Reality technology is emerging as a transformative solution in the manufacturing industry. It offers significant advantages over traditional tools like Tecnomatix Process Simulate in assembly & ergonomic simulations. Analysis using PS is time-consuming and lacks real-time human interaction as it relies on detailed modelling and sequential workflows, which will delay the identification of assembly no-build conditions and ergonomic issues. This paper evaluates the time and the cost-saving potential of VR in assembly processes and explores its role in minimizing the need for physical prototypes across various stages of vehicle development. VR provides interactive environments, enabling interaction with 3D models and real-time collaboration with various teams across the globe. This leads to faster identification of assembly process flaws, quicker iteration cycles, and a reduced need for physical prototypes in the station development process for the lines. VR allows individuals to
Nagendran, Rakesh Kumar
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations is crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison are the energy consumption, throughput, and the energy efficiency of the routes generated by various methods, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal
Bhat, AdithyaPrasad P, ShilpaKolakar, RakshitaMyers, MichaelKlein, FischerShrivastava, Himanshu
Distributed-drive electric vehicles (DDEVs) significantly enhance off-road maneuverability but suffer from compromised high-speed stability and robustness. This research introduces a front-centralized and rear-distributed (FCRD) architecture that synergistically leverages the advantages of each configuration. The electric-drive-wheel (EDW) on the rear suspension can provide three working modes: (a) Drive-connected mode, (b) Drive-disconnected mode, (c) Brake mode. It is the key actuator for vehicle mode-switching, which supports the vehicle with three driving modes: (a) DDEV, (b) front-wheel drive (FWD), (c) all-wheel drive (AWD). A hierarchical control architecture employs the upper-layer controller with Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) for mode identification and decision-making. The lower-layer controller enables the intelligent torque distribution and collaborative control of the motors. The control strategy is pre-trained in the VCU (vehicle control unit) with off-line data
Ding, XiaoyuChen, XinboWang, WeiZhang, JiantaoKong, Aijing
Intelligent ships represent a crucial trend in the development of the maritime industry and will become the predominant vessel form in the future. Intelligent ships must have efficient perception and situational analysis capabilities in complex navigation environments to achieve intelligent decision-making and safe navigation. Maritime traffic safety is a critical issue for the global shipping industry, and maritime situational awareness is essential for ensuring safe navigation in waterways. This paper addresses the problem of intelligent identification of potential navigational risks in ship navigation environments and proposes a Transformer-based approach for ship encounter situation recognition. This method utilizes Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to extract encounter features. Contextual Position Encoding and Coordinate Attention mechanisms are introduced into the model to capture spatial correlation and directional features, enhancing the accuracy of determining
Ma, TongyuePan, MingyangLi, ShaoxiHu, JingfengLi, Chao
Although the number of trucks is low, their accident rate is high, and the consequences of accidents are severe. This paper is based on GPS data from 100 trucks, with each trip chain defined by a vehicle’s stay time greater than 20 minutes. The kinematic parameters for each trip chain are then extracted, and the entropy weight method is used to calculate the weights of various parameters. A random forest model is applied to select 11 key indicators, including speed and acceleration. The entropy weight-TOPSIS algorithm is used to assess the risk of each trip chain for the trucks. Different combinations of continuous and discontinuous trip chain scenarios are constructed. Finally, support vector machines (SVM) and decision tree methods are used for risk prediction under different trip chain combinations. The results show that the 11 selected key indicators provide an accuracy of 95.74% for describing the sample. In general, the SVM model shows better prediction accuracy than the decision
Huang, YunheXiong, ZhihuaLi, Jiayu
This study focuses on the multifunctional three-body high-speed unmanned boat model, and experimentally measures the roll attenuation characteristics under different draft conditions. It focuses on the influence of the initial roll angle on roll attenuation, and analyzes the change pattern of roll angle over time. Experimental results show that the model shows obvious self-oscillation period and amplitude attenuation. Based on the system identification theory and combined with improved genetic algorithms, a mathematical model used to simulate the roll attenuation motion of the boat model was constructed. The difference between experimental data and fitted values was further evaluated using identification software and verified with data at specific roll angles. In addition, the study also deeply analyzed the change trend of the roll moment coefficient with the initial roll angle. By comparing the experimental results of the three-mall boat and the catamaran, it was found that the three
Zhang, DiTong, WeiYu, QingzhuLiu, Bofei
As the importance of railway networks in regional transportation and economic development continues to grow, identifying critical risk nodes and assessing network vulnerability is crucial for enhancing the stability and resilience of railway systems. This study focuses on the railway network of Shandong Province, constructing a topological model to systematically analyze the structural characteristics of the network, with a particular emphasis on key nodes. To identify these critical risk nodes, four modified weighted indicators were employed, combined with the mean-square deviation TOPSIS method to quantify node importance. The analysis identified Jinan, Linyi, and Yantai as key risk nodes, as they consistently ranked high across multiple indicators. Further vulnerability analysis reveals that the failure of these critical nodes would lead to significant declines in network efficiency and connectivity, with particularly high vulnerability observed when nodes with high weighted
Xu, ChangHan, WenFan, HongxianDai, Hongna
Identification of different types of turns during field operation of off-road vehicles is critical in the overall vehicle development as it is helpful in identifying & optimizing machine performance, correct duty cycle, fuel economy, stability analysis, accurate path planning, customer usage pattern & designing the critical components, etc. In this study, a machine learning (ML) based methodology has been developed to detect the off-road vehicle turns using vehicle & GPS parameters. Three most common types of off-road vehicles turn conditions e.g., Straight line, Bulb turn, and Three-Point turn have been considered. Different vehicle parameters (like latitude & longitude, compass bearing, yaw rate, vehicle speed, swash plate angle, engine speed, percent load at vehicle speed, raise lower front & PTO channels) generated during field test have been used here. These vehicle parameters are further processed, analysed and used in ML learning model building. Four ML models e.g., SVM, K-NN
Rai, RohitGangsar, PurushottamJoseph, RobertsMalik, ManishDutta, MausumFapal, Anand
The reliability and durability of off-highway vehicles are crucial for industries like construction, mining, and agriculture. Failures in such machines not only disrupt operations but can also lead to significant economic losses and safety concerns. Effective failure and warranty analysis processes are essential to improve customer support, minimize downtime, and enhance equipment life cycle. This paper outlines a comprehensive 7-step failure analysis methodology tailored for off-highway vehicles, accompanied by warranty analysis using Weibull, 6MIS, and 12MIS IPTV. It details the process from problem identification through permanent solution implementation, emphasizing tools and techniques necessary for sustainable improvements. The structured approach provides an actionable blueprint for OEMs and service teams to enhance customer satisfaction, support sustainable development goals, and maintain regulatory compliance.
Mulla, TosifThakur, AnilTripathi, Ashish
This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) rubber in the form of molded rings.
AMS CE Elastomers Committee
In order to explore the actual safety management effect of safety signs and better carry out on-site safety management, this article independently developed an evaluation scale for the management effect of safety signs. Taking a certain marine engineering equipment manufacturing enterprise as the object, the management of safety signs was evaluated and analyzed. Firstly, 11 questions from the SPSSAU online analysis scale were selected as measurement indicators to test safety label management. Factor analysis was used to select three factors: cognitive function, compliance behavior, and leadership attitude. Secondly, a safety identification management model was constructed based on structural equation modeling (SEM) with three factors as latent variable factors. Through fitting tests, it was found that cognitive effects, compliance behaviors, and leadership attitudes have a certain impact on management effectiveness, and there is a positive correlation between the three latent variable
Wang, ChunyuanYang, GuihuaLi, XinyaoZhu, Jie
Retained surgical items are not as rare as many believe. While stories of sponges left inside patients occasionally make headlines, few realize the actual frequency: according to a systematic review of 21 studies by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), these and other small items are left behind as often as 1.3 times per 10,000 surgical procedures.
This specification establishes the performance requirements for the identification of wire and cable by indirect markings that have been applied to electrical insulating materials including heat shrink sleeving, wrap around labels and “tie-on” tags as well as any other types of materials used for indirect marking. This specification covers the processes used to mark these materials, including impact ink marking, thermal transfer, hot stamp, and lasers, etc. This specification does not cover the direct marking on insulated electrical wires and cables.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
This specification covers tungsten carbide-cobalt in the form of powder.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Our research focuses on developing a novel loss function that significantly improves object matching accuracy in multi-robot systems, a critical capability for Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR) applications. By enhancing the consistency and reliability of object identification across multiple viewpoints, our approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of environments with complex layouts and interlinked infrastructure components. We utilize ZED 2i cameras to capture diverse scenarios, demonstrating that our proposed loss function, inspired by the DETR framework, outperforms traditional methods in both accuracy and efficiency. The function’s ability to adapt to dynamic and high-risk environments, such as disaster response and critical infrastructure inspection, is further validated through extensive experiments, showing superior performance in real-time decision-making and operational effectiveness. This work not only advances the state of the art in SSRR but also
Brown, Taylor J.Vincent, GraceNakamoto, KyleBhattacharya, Sambit
This SAE Standard establishes the minimum circuit identification and requirements for Multi-Voltage Power Distribution Systems (MVPDS) for use on trucks and buses. A Multi-Voltage Power Distribution System is one that distributes two or three voltages, up to 60 VDC, to power the controls, instruments, and devices.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
This specification covers procedures for tab marking of bare welding wire to provide positive identification of cut lengths and spools.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings molded from AMS7274 rubber. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Continuous rubber track systems for heavy applications are typically designed using multiple iterations of full-scale physical prototypes. This costly and time-consuming approach limits the possibility of exploring the design space and understanding how the design space of that kind of system is governed. A multibody dynamic simulation has recently been developed, but its complexity (due to the number of model’s inputs) makes it difficult to understand and too expensive to be used with multi-objective optimization algorithms (approximately 3 h on a desktop computer). This article aims to propose a first design space exploration of continuous rubber track systems via multi-objective optimization methods. Using an existing expensive multibody dynamic model as original function, surrogate models (artificial neural networks) have been trained to predict the simulation responses. These artificial neural networks are then used to explore the design space efficiently by using optimization
Faivre, AntoineRancourt, DavidPlante, Jean-Sébastien
ABSTRACT This paper deals with the uncertainty estimation of identified frequency and damping trends of whirl flutter modes, obtained by applying system identification methods on experimental data. In particular, two different identification approaches are considered, namely the free-decay analysis by using Matrix Pencil algorithm and the Data-Driven Stochastic Subspace Identification method (SSI), applied to system response to stochastic input. The two approaches lead to as many uncertainty estimation methodologies, both leveraging the bootstrapping statistical process. A full validation procedure is then set up to assess the accuracy of such methods in correctly quantifying the uncertainty of the estimated statistics. To do so, a wing-rotor state-space linear numerical model is used to simulate system response to both dwell and stochastic inputs. The state space numerical system aims to replicate the ATTILA wing-rotor wind-tunnel model, which falls in the framework of Clean Sky 2
Soal, KeithBöswald, MarcVolkmar, RobinSchwochow, JanVelo, AlessandroFonte, FedericoFavale, Marco
ABSTRACT This paper presents the experimental results of a bare-aircraft model identification of a small-medium sized helicopter. The experimental data were collected using two different approaches, i.e. with manual inputs in open-loop and with automatic inputs in closed-loop. This work demonstrates experimentally that, using a suitable algorithm, the two different experimental approaches converge on equivalent models. The proposed algorithm, i.e., a continuous-time variant of the Predictor Based Subspace Identification Algorithm (PBSID) algorithm, prove to deal properly with data acquired in closed-loop where the correlation between the inputs is very high.
Bergamasco, MarcoMaisano, Giorgio
ABSTRACT Dynamic rollovers represent a major hazard for helicopters during near-ground operations, often resulting in significant aircraft damage and passenger injuries. To improve safety in operations, recent studies have focused on developing a Helicopter Flight Data Monitoring framework to provide data-driven insights on operational safety. This work contributes to that effort by proposing an approach to identify precursors to dynamic rollovers. According to NTSB reports, approximately 60% of such incidents occur during in-flight phases like hover, hover-taxi, or landing. To capture the complex non-linear dynamics of helicopters, physics-based simulations were conducted to estimate a first hitting time metric, defined as the time until blade-ground contact, across a wide range of initial conditions for an inflight initial state of the helicopter. Eight parameters were identified as driving the first hitting time, and a probabilistic model was created to predict the distribution of
Johnson, CharlesMavris, Dimitri
ABSTRACT This investigation reveals many DoD contractors do not treat integration as a stand-alone activity. Instead, integration is an inherent part of the development process. The contractors did not have a specific documented process for integration beyond calling out integration as an activity in the development process. Integration is an integrator unique step within the development process to meet functional and performance requirements. Identification of the interfaces and engineering to match the interfaces requires substantial individual expertise and heuristics for each integration effort resulting in inconsistent non-repeatable integrations. This increases risk, and limits third party integration effectiveness and utility. This paper identifies steps that can be taken to increase the speed and effectiveness of integration while decreasing the effort and dependency on individual expertise.
Padilla, Marcell
ABSTRACT Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) is an advanced form of an adaptive control algorithm that uses experimentally acquired data to determine the input-output relationship of complex systems through a process called system identification. GPC has historically been employed for stability augmentation and vibration reduction of dynamically-scaled tiltrotor aircraft wind-tunnel models since the complex nature of these dynamic systems does not lend itself well to traditional control approaches. The present research expands upon previous analytical and experimental work with wind-tunnel experiments that utilize improved GPC techniques. These techniques improved controller robustness such that a working controller was stable across a multitude of model configurations and wind-tunnel conditions and successfully suppressed vibration and vehicle flutter. Advanced GPC (AGPC) enables self-adaptation of a traditional GPC control law. AGPC was also investigated during the present research
Ivanco, ThomasSekula, MartinThornburgh, RobertKreshock, Andrew
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides requirements for design and installation of aircraft jacking pad adapters and the mating jack socket interface to permit use of standard jacking equipment to be used in civil and military transport aircraft. The adapter defined herein shall be the key interface between the aircraft and the aircraft jack(s).
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
This paper presents an analytical approach for identifying suspension kingpin alignment parameters based on screw axis theorem and differential calculation model. The suspension kingpin caster and inclination alignment parameters can produce additional tire force, which affects vehicle handling dynamics. In wheel steering process, the multi-link suspension control arms lead to movement of the imaginary kingpin, which can cause change in suspension kingpin alignment parameters. According to the structure mechanism of commercial vehicle multi-link independent suspension, the kinematics characteristics of imaginary kingpin were analyzed based on the screw axis theorem. The angular velocity and translation velocity vectors were calculated. In order to avoid the influence of bushing deformation, the unique differential identification model was established to evaluate the suspension kingpin alignment parameters, and the identification results were compared with the ADAMS/Car data. The
Ding, JinquanHou, JunjianZhao, DengfengGuo, Yaohua
This paper introduces a novel, automated approach for identifying and classifying full vehicle mode shapes using Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), a deep learning model for graph-structured data. Mode shape identification and naming refers to classifying deformation patterns in structures vibrating at natural frequencies with systematic naming based on the movement or deformation type. Many times, these mode shapes are named based on the type of movement or deformation involved. The systematic naming of mode shapes and their frequencies is essential for understanding structural dynamics and “Modal Alignment” or “Modal Separation” charts used in Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) analysis. Current methods are manual, time-consuming, and rely on expert judgment. The integration of GNNs into mode shape classification represents a significant advancement in vehicle modal identification and structure design. Results demonstrate that GNNs offer superior accuracy and efficiency compared to
Tohmuang, SitthichartSwayze, James L.Fard, MohammadFayek, HaythamMarzocca, PiergiovanniBhide, SanjayHuber, John
This paper discusses a systematic process that was developed to evaluate the acoustic performance of a production dash system. In this case it is for an electric vehicle application. The production dash panel was tested under different configurations to understand the importance of passthroughs in the acoustics of the system. Results show that often the performance of the passthroughs strongly affects the overall performance of the dash system and this may become the limiting factor to increase the system sound transmission loss. To understand the acoustic strength of different passthroughs and their effects on the overall system, the dash with passthroughs underwent extensive testing. Subsequently, a test procedure using flat panels was developed to quantify the performance of individual passthroughs on a part level. This data can be used by the OEM to develop STL targets that can be considered in the grommet design early in the vehicle development process.
Saha, PranabBaack, GregoryGeissler, ChristianKaluvakota, SrikanthPilz, Fernando
There is an increasing effort to reduce noise pollution across different industries worldwide. From a transportation standpoint, pass-by regulations aim to achieve this and have been implementing increasingly stricter emissions limits. Testing according to these standards is a requirement for homologation, but does little to help manufacturers understand why their vehicles may be failing to meet limits. Using a developed methodology such as Pass-by Source Path Contribution (SPC, also known as TPA) allows for identification of dominant contributors to the pass-by receivers along with corresponding acoustic source strengths. This approach is commonly used for passenger vehicles, but can be impractical for off-highway applications, where vehicles are often too large for most pass-by-suitable chassis dynamometers. A hybrid approach is thereby needed, where the same techniques and instrumentation used in the indoor test are applied to scenarios in an outdoor environment. This allows for
Freeman, ToddEngels, BretThuesen, Ben
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes minimum requirements for eddy current inspection of circular holes in nonferrous, metallic, low conductivity (less than 5% IACS) aircraft engine hardware with fasteners removed. The inspection is intended to be performed at maintenance and overhaul facilities on engine run hardware.
AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for a convoluted polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assembly suitable for use in aerospace fluid systems at temperatures between -65 °F and 400 °F for Class 1 assembly, -65 °F and 275 °F for Class 2 assembly, and at operating pressures per Table 1. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this standard, shall be subject to the approval of the procuring activity.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
To address the issue of signal aliasing when multiple particles pass through a metallic particle sensor, which can lead to misidentification of particle count, we employ numerical simulation methods for an in-depth investigation. We developed a mathematical model of a three-coil inductive metal particle sensor to explore the signal variations induced by the passage of a single particle. We utilized micro-element simulation analysis to dissect the signal generated by a single particle, elucidating the underlying change process. Focusing on dual ferromagnetic particles as the subject of study, we conducted simulations and demodulation of the induced voltage under various combinations of sizes and spacings to investigate the influence patterns of dual adjacent ferromagnetic particles on the sensor's induced signal. Further research into the peak signals of different diameter particles at a constant spacing revealed that, for a given spacing, the ratio of peak signals between particles of
Chen, SenShen, YitaoQiang, GuiyanZheng, ZhengWang, ZheyuHao, YinHu, Ting
Blistering in aesthetic parts poses a significant challenge, affecting overall appearance and eroding brand image from the customer's perspective and blister defects disrupt painting line efficiency, resulting in increased rework and rejection rates. This paper investigates the causes and effects of blistering, particularly in the context of internal soundness of Aluminum castings, emphasizing the crucial role of Computed Tomography in defect analysis. Computed Tomography is an advanced Non-Destructive Testing technique used to examine the internal soundness of a material. This study follows a structured 7-step QC story approach, from problem identification to standardization, to accurately identify the root Cause and implement corrective actions to eliminate blister defect. The findings reveal a strong link between internal soundness and surface quality. Based on the root cause, changes in the casting process and die design were made to improve internal soundness, leading to reduced
D, BalachandarNataraj, Naveenkumar
In this work, a modified Ahmed body with both upsweep and downsweep was used to create a complex wake. The time-averaged streamline topology revealed that the wake was composed primarily of a torus past the vertical base and two pairs of streamwise-oriented vortices on the upper and lower slant edges. Several vortex identification methods including three-dimensional (3D) (Q−, λ2−, Ω−criteria, and Liutex method) and two-dimensional (2D) (Γ1−criterion) methods were compared to determine the effectiveness in identifying complex wake structures. Of the 3D methods analyzed, none produced wholly satisfactory results. The Q− and λ2−criteria were plagued by well noted issues; failing to separate shear from rotation and threshold sensitivity which led to inconsistently identifying the weaker torus. The Ω−criterion addressed all of these concerns, especially identifying the torus consistently. However, the identified torus structure did not reflect the physical structure observed using the
Aultman, MatthewDuan, Lian
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the lighting function identification codes for use on all passenger vehicles, trucks, trailers, motorcycles, and emergency vehicles.
Lighting Standard Practices Committee
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed an adaptable Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system that optimizes transmission for priority data as targets move in and out of passive coverage areas. The method extends the range, and reduces data latency, of ultra-low power battery-assisted passive (BAP) RFID sensor tags, improving previously developed store-and-forward techniques to support autonomous operations in complex environments where RFID interrogator access may be strained.
This standard will apply primarily to the vehicle classes identified in SAE J3194. It provides a schema for utilizing alphanumeric values to represent identifying information such as the manufacturer or vehicle provider, year of manufacture, model, vehicle type, weight, width, speed, and power source. Although conceptually similar to a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), this standard does not classify or intend to suggest classification of these vehicles as motor vehicles for regulatory or safety data purposes. The location for placement of these identifiers on the vehicle, type of label, permanence, and visibility are out of scope for this document.
Powered Micromobility Vehicles Committee
The rapid expansion of metro systems in major cities worldwide has resulted in the accumulation of vast amounts of travel data through Automatic Fare Collection (AFC) systems. While this data is crucial for enhancing and optimizing transportation networks, it also raises significant concerns regarding passenger privacy due to the potential exposure of individual travel patterns. In this paper, we propose a novel privacy risk assessment model aimed at quantifying the uniqueness of travel trajectories and evaluating the associated privacy threats. Utilizing AFC data from Chengdu collected in March 2021, we first employ an information entropy approach to assess the uniqueness of travel trajectories across different time granularities. We then apply the K-Means clustering algorithm to classify these trajectories into categories based on their uniqueness levels, enabling us to investigate how factors like travel time and routes influence trajectory uniqueness. To further understand the
Fan, XiaotingQu, XuYang, Hongtai
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