Browse Topic: Manufacturing processes

Items (22,721)
Power steering pumps are the heart of any hydraulic power steering system. They provide the heavy lifting power required in the form of high-pressure fluid flow that is utilized in powered steering gears or steering racks to assist drivers in vehicle maneuvers, specifically in low-speed situations. Failure of the power steering pump will inevitably increase work needed from the driver to steer a vehicle and decrease the driver comfort at the same time. This article covers investigations into a customer return issue, affecting more than 20% of pumps, for one particular failure mode, pump input shaft seal leakage, and how the failure is not caused by failure at the input shaft nor by failure of the input shaft seal. It was found that internal damage to the pump rotating assembly allows high-pressure oil to overcome the input shaft seal sealing effect. The cause of the failure was determined to be rooted in the manufacturing process, which was re-ordered to reduce the failure rate to an
Bari, Praful RajendraKintner, Jason
With rising environmental concerns, developing lead-free solders is crucial for sustainable electronics. Traditional lead-based solders, while effective, pose health and environmental risks, prompt a shift to safer alternatives that retain reliability. Sn-9Zn alloys, when alloyed with elements such as cerium (Ce) and chromium (Cr), show enhanced mechanical and thermal properties suited for modern electronics. This study examines the effects of Ce and Cr, and their combination in Sn-9Zn solder alloy, analyzing improvements in microstructure, thermal, wettability, and hardness properties. Microstructural analysis reveals that Ce and Cr additions refine the alloy’s structure, benefiting performance. Wettability testing shows that Sn-9Zn-0.05Ce achieves the lowest wetting angle, while Sn-9Zn-0.05Ce-0.1Cr displays a balanced angle between Sn-9Zn-0.05Ce and Sn-9Zn-0.1Cr. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that Sn-9Zn-0.05Ce has the lowest melting temperature, while Sn
Kumar, NiranjanMaurya, Ambrish
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) from 0.375 to 1.300 inches (9.53 to 33.02 mm) in diameter or thickness, produced with cross-sectional area of 22.5 square inches (145 cm2), maximum, and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 17.4 inches (44.2 cm), maximum (see 2.4 and 8.8).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers procedures for tab marking of bare welding wire to provide positive identification of cut lengths and spools.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This standard establishes the dimensional and visual quality requirements, lot requirements, and packaging and labeling requirements for O-rings machined from AMS3617 polyamide material. It shall be used for procurement purposes.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification controls surface condition, manufacturing defects and inspection requirements, and defines methods of measurement for elastomeric toroidal sealing rings (O-rings) for static (including gasket) applications.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification and part standard specifies polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin material and the dimensional requirements for scarf-cut retainers (backup rings) previously specified by MIL-R-8791 and MIL-R-8791/1. The retainers are intended for use in hydraulic and pneumatic system components as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with seals and O-rings.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment in AMS2759, establishes requirements for thermal stress-relief treatments of parts manufactured from the following materials: a Carbon and low-alloy steels b Tool steels c Precipitation-hardening, corrosion-resistant, and maraging steels d Austenitic corrosion-resistant steels e Martensitic corrosion-resistant steels
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant iron alloy in the form of investment castings.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers the engineering requirements for producing brazed joints in parts made of steels, iron alloys, nickel alloys, and cobalt alloys using gold-nickel alloy filler metal.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This standard establishes the recommended requirements for application of AMS3144 anodic electrodeposition primer to aerospace components. Adherence to these requirements will help facilitate satisfactory performance of the applied primer.
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Vibration control is most important in automotive applications, and generally, rubbers are used to dampen these vibrations due to their inherent nature and low-cost manufacturing methods. Now, to select a rubber material, Shore hardness is considered in engineering applications, but to additionally control the behaviour, we need to understand its static and dynamic stiffness. These values help to determine the vibration isolation obtained by these rubbers. In this paper, we will discuss methods to calculate the static and dynamic stiffness of rubber grommets using experimental methods and FEA modelling. As elastomers have non-linear material properties, various material modelling techniques in FEA are used to capture multiple phenomena like creep, fatigue, and dynamic conditions. Rubber compounding is used in order to improve the physical and chemical properties, which in turn would give desirable linear characteristics. Certain guidelines and thumb rules are used in the rubber
Khamkar, Prasad SubhashGaikwad, Vikrant Chandrakant
Faced with one of the greatest challenges of humanity – climate change – the European Union has set out a strategy to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 as part of the European Green Deal. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which among other aspects identifies climate change effects, is an important tool to assess the environmental characteristic of sustainable technologies or products to fulfill this ambitious target. In this context, research is presented that examines the ecological sustainability impacts of a metallic vs a composite bipolar plate made of innovative graphite-compound based foils for fuel cell applications. A bipolar plate is a central component of the fuel cell stack to ensure efficiency and durability. For this purpose, a LCA is performed for both bipolar plate materials. This assessment follows the methodology of DIN EN ISO 14040/44 and the EU Product Environmental Footprint framework. Focusing on cradle-to-gate system boundary conditions, the research emphasizes the
van Sloun, AndreasSchroeder, BenediktKexel, JannikSchmitz, MaximilianBalazs, AndreasWalters, MariusKoßler, SilasPischinger, StefanJoemann, Michael
In order to comply with increasingly stringent emission regulations and ensure clean air, wall-flow particulate filters are predominantly used in exhaust gas aftertreatment systems of combustion engines to remove reactive soot and inert ash particles from exhaust gases. These filters consist of parallel porous channels with alternately closed ends, effectively separating particles by forming a layer on the filter surface. However, the accumulated particulate layer increases the pressure drop across the filter, requiring periodic filter regeneration. During regeneration, soot oxidation breaks up the particulate layer, while resuspension and transport of individual agglomerates can occur. These phenomena are influenced by gas temperature and velocity, as well as by the dispersity and reactivity of the soot particles. Renewable and biomass based fuels can produce different types of soot with different reactivities and dispersities. Therefore, this study focuses on the influences of soot
Desens, OleHagen, Fabian P.Meyer, JörgDittler, Achim
This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for refrigeration tube fittings of the flare type specified in Figures 1 to 42 and Tables 1 to 15. These fittings are intended for general use with flared annealed copper tubing in refrigeration applications. Dimensions of single and double 45 degree flares on tubing to be used in conjunction with these fittings are given in Figure 2 and Table 1 of SAE J533. The following general specifications supplement the dimensional data contained in Tables 1 to 15 with respect to all unspecified details.
Air Brake Tubing and Tube Ftg Committee
This specification establishes requirements for three types of corrosion-preventative coatings for protection of aircraft integral fuel tanks.
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Friction stir surfacing is an advance surface modification technique, which is functionally evolved from the friction stir welding process. However, the fundamental reason behind the joining of Al/steel is difficult due to the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC). To address the problem of IMC formation, the current study suggested an alternate production technique with solid-state friction surfacing deposition. In this work, the adhesion mechanism and metallurgical properties of solution-treated AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy cladding over a low-carbon steel IS2062 substrate were investigated. Impact procedural factors (axial frictional force, spindle speed, table traverse speed, consumable rod diameter, and substrate roughness) were examined. Push-off and hardness tests were used to inspect the mechanical properties of cladded samples. 67–77± HV hardness is observed at the interface of the cladded cross-section. A push-off strength of 9 kN was achieved, indicating
Badheka, Kedar HiteshkumarSharma, Daulat KumarBadheka, Vishvesh
This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded flash-controlled single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, double flaring, beading, forming, and brazing. Material produced to this specification is not intended to be used for single flare applications, due to the potential leak path caused by the Inside Diameter (ID) weld bead or scarfed region. Assumption of risks when using this material for single flare applications shall be defined by agreement between the producer and purchaser. This specification also covers SAE J356 Type-A tubing. The mechanical properties and performance requirements of SAE J356 and SAE J356 Type-A are the same. The SAE J356 or SAE J356 Type-A designation define unique manufacturing differences between coiled and straight material. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 for metric tubing, and SAE
Metallic Tubing Committee
This specification establishes the requirements for a waterborne, corrosion-inhibiting, chemical- and solvent-resistant, anodic electrodeposition epoxy primer capable of curing at 200 to 210 °F (93 to 99 °C).
AMS G8 Aerospace Organic Coatings Committee
Accurate prediction of the ultimate breakage pressure load for pyro-inflator housing is a critical aspect of inflator development. In this study, the tensile test of a specimen, from its initial shape to fracture, is simulated to verify the material properties of the inflator housing. The numerical results demonstrate high accuracy, with the tensile force–displacement curve, maximum tensile force, necking in the concentrated instability zone, fracture location, and inclined angle all closely matching the experimental data. Following material correlation, the ultimate breakage load of the inflator housing under hydrostatic burst test conditions is calculated using an explicit solver. A stress tensor state analysis method is proposed to define the ultimate load based on the onset of plastic instability in the thickness direction at the top center of the inflator. Compared to experimental results, the accuracy of the ultimate breakage pressure prediction using this method is 99.04%, while
Wang, Cheng
When a train passes continuously over a section of the track, the track gradually moves away from the intended vertical and horizontal alignment with time and repeated use. Regular maintenance on the track, such as leveling, lifting, lining, and tamping, is necessary to maintain the optimal geometry of the track. Ballast is leveled and squeezed by hydraulic rams in tamping machines. The tamping is a process of ballast packing under railway tracks. In current system a set of tungsten carbide chips are attached either by welding or by coating on tamping tool tip made of EN24 steels. These tungsten carbide chips directly come in contact with the ballasts. After few tamping works, gradually these chips torn out and need to be replaced after certain period. Tungsten carbide is a costly material, therefore this research deals with replacement of tungsten carbide with silicon carbide (easily available cheaper) coating used for tamping tools tip. The study consists of microstructural
Mishra, MamtaPandey, ManasSingh, ShrutiSrivastava, SanjayKumar, Jitendra
There is a critical need to understand and optimize the extrudability of AA6xxx alloys, which are widely used in industries such as automotive and aerospace due to their favorable combination of strength, formability, and corrosion resistance. Surface cracking during the extrusion process remains a significant challenge, compromising the material’s mechanical properties and product quality. While previous studies have investigated surface cracking using various techniques, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, especially regarding the role of important alloying elements such as copper. Therefore, this research provides a thorough investigation of the effect of copper additions on the solidus temperature, hot deformation behavior, and extrudability of AA6xxx alloys. Using experimental and numerical methods, the material’s solidus temperature and constitutive behavior were determined. Extrusion trials were conducted for alloys with different copper levels using a flat die over a
Wang, XiaoyingShehryar Khan, MuhammadWells, Mary A.Poole, Warren J.Parson, Nick
This specification covers the engineering requirements for producing brazed joints in parts made of steels, iron alloys, nickel alloys, and cobalt alloys by use of silver alloy filler metals and the properties of such joints.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 32 square inches (206 cm2) in area (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers the requirements for a hard anodic coating on magnesium alloys and the properties of the coating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
The scope of this SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is to establish the procedure for creating titles of aerospace tubing and clamp installation documents generated by SAE Subcommittee G-3E.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
The aim of this work is to present the overviewing results of the low friction coating technology for modern automotive application with the themes, e.g. electric vehicle (EV), R&D trends and bioethanol fuel application. According to Forbes, China, armed with EV, could have several companies among the top 10 global brands by sales in 2030. EV’s friction is more severe than traditional powertrain friction. For the protection of EV’s wear and friction, the coatings, diamond like carbon (DLC) and CrCuN, are compared in the literature. Global coating companies developed with the keywords: hybrid process, low-temperature coating process for polymer material. Last coating conferences showed R&D trends: coating for polymer materials, tetrahedral amorphous carbon (taC) coating, low-temperature coating process and multi-elements containing coatings. In Korea, research institutions, universities and Hyundai Motor Group have a long-term project for the development of ultralow friction coatings of
Cha, Sung ChulMoon, Kyoung IlKim, JongkukPark, Chang HoKim, Dong Sik
The working conditions of combustion systems have been going extreme under the desire of human beings exploring the unknown. Cold environments can be a significant impact on the spraying of fuel not only by changing the fuel properties including viscosity and surface tension, but also by freezing the parts. In the present study, methanol spray from a commercial injector is studied via high-speed imaging, with the liquid fuel being frozen to sub-zero degrees at the injector tip. It is observed that water components from the environment will freeze at the injector tip, creating crystal structures on the surface. During the injection, the ice components will be flushed by the liquid, and the spray morphology of the starting cycle will be strongly altered, resulting in wider spray angles, much shorter penetrations, and particle structures can be observed in the downstream of the flow field. The results of the experiment provide a clear view and quantified evaluation of the freezing impact
Zeng, TingxiWang, ShangningZhang, YijiaHung, DavidXu, Min
A pacemaker is a small device that helps control your heartbeat so you can return to your normal life. It has three main parts: a pulse generator that creates electrical signals, a controller-monitor that manages these signals, and leads that deliver the signals to the heart. One key benefit of the pacemaker is its strong titanium casing. Titanium is very strong and lightweight, and it is biocompatible, meaning it works well with the body without causing harmful reactions. This metal is highly resistant to corrosion, which helps keep the casing intact and protective even when exposed to bodily fluids.
Repartly, a startup based in Guetersloh, Germany, is using ABB’s collaborative robots to repair and refurbish electronic circuit boards in household appliances. Three GoFa cobots handle the sorting, visual inspection and precise soldering tasks enabling the company to enhance efficiency and maintain high quality standards.
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted extensive attention due to their high safety, abundant reserves, and environmental friendliness. Iodine with high abundance in seawater (55 μg L-1) is highly promising for fabricating zinc-iodine batteries due to its high theoretical capacity (211 mAh g-1) and appropriate redox potential (0.54V). However, the low electrical conductivity of iodine hinders the redox conversion for an efficient energy storage process with zinc. Additionally, the formed soluble polyiodides are prone to migrate to the Zn anode, leading to capacity degradation and Zn corrosion.
The high-performance electric sports cars market is expected to register rapid development in the next years, driven by a different attitude of racing enthusiasts toward electric vehicles. The improvements in battery technology are reinforcing consumer confidence and interest in electric sports vehicles, making them more attractive to enthusiasts and accelerating their adoption. Batteries have been used in high heat generation conditions more often with fast charging and discharging. Therefore, the need for more advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMS) has been increasing in recent years. Vegetable oil, owing to its unique availability and biodegradability, is considered as a viable alternative to fossil fuel-based cooling fluids in immersion cooling systems. In the present work, the feasibility of using vegetable oil in immersion cooling under high discharge conditions is studied by comparing it with four types of fossil fuel-based cooling fluids. Immersion cooling was
Hong, HanchiSong, XiangShi, Xud’Apolito, LuigiXin, Qianfan
The utilization of Inconel 718 is increasing daily in stringent operating conditions such as aircraft engine parts, space vehicles, chemical tanks, and the like due to its physical properties such as maintaining strength and corrosion resistance at higher temperature conditions. Besides, Inconel 718 is one of the difficult materials for machining because of maintaining its strength at elevated temperature, which generates higher cutting force leading to observed multiple tool wear mechanisms that affect the surface quality; lower thermal conductivity of materials produces high temperature generation that impacts the tool performance by reducing tool life. In addition, the presence of carbides and high hardness of IN 718 affects the machining performance. Therefore, in this view, this article describes the effect of cutting environments and machining parameters on the machining of Inconel 718 and optimizes the cutting conditions for sustainable machining. Three input parameters namely
Mane, Pravin AshokDhawale, Pravin A.Nipanikar, SureshKhadtare, Avinash N.
Due to the increasing precision requirements for stainless steel castings in the current industrial field, we take stainless steel as the object, use numerical simulation to analyze the manufacturing process of castings, and explore the mechanism of related defects and preventive measures. The results indicate that in the process optimization of small castings, the maximum shrinkage and porosity of the conventional scheme, the optimization scheme with the addition of cold iron and insulation riser, and the optimization scheme with the improved pouring system combined with the optimal parameters are 1.83%, 1.64%, and 1.42%, respectively. The optimal pouring temperature, pouring speed, and shell preheating temperature of medium- and large-sized castings are: 1620°C, 1.5 kg/s, and 1100°C, respectively. According to the aforementioned findings, the study raises the standard of precision production for stainless steel, and fuel the growth of the precision casting sector.
Huang, JieZhang, Hongshan
A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO2 emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples, the paper will explain what the main parameters are necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and lifetime of the battery. Finally, it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future
Braun, AndreasRothbart, Martin
For years the NVH community has known that openings in the dash sheet metal, such as holes to pass wire harnesses through, creates an acoustical weak point that limits the potential noise reduction of the dash insulation system. These pass-throughs can also be a source of water leaks into the vehicle’s interior. With internal combustion engines and now electric inverter power plants generating significant high frequency sound, the need to seal this area is vital. By molding a lightweight barrier that draws through the fiber/absorber interior decoupler and dash sheet metal which mates to a secondary seal molded into an outer engine dash decoupler, the two opposing molded barriers meet in the engine compartment and compress together forming a seal around the wire harness. This male/female molded seal replaces the conventional snap in grommet and eliminates noise/water leaks. The system Sound Transmission Loss (STL) is equivalent to similarly insulated sheet metal with no holes
Check, JamesMoritz, Charles
Bearings are fundamental components in automotive systems, ensuring smooth operation, efficiency, and longevity. They are widely used in various automotive systems such as wheel hubs, transmissions, engines, steering systems etc. Early detection of bearing defects during End-of-Line (EOL) testing and operational phases is crucial for preventive maintenance, thereby preventing system malfunctions. In the era of Industry 4.0, vibrational, accelerometer, and other IoT sensors are actively engaged in capturing performance data and identifying defects. These sensors generate vast amounts of data, enabling the development of advanced data-driven applications and leveraging deep learning models. While deep learning approaches have shown promising results in bearing fault diagnosis, they often require extensive data, complex model architectures, and specialized hardware. This study proposes a novel method leveraging the capabilities of Vision Language Models (VLMs) and Large Language Models
Chandrasekaran, BalajiCury, Rudoniel
In today’s fast changing and competitive automotive world, vehicle NVH plays an important role in customer’s perception of the brand. A silent cabin with lower noise levels is a desired attribute in a modern car. In such a scenario, abnormal noises arising because of manufacturing variations and tolerances of components can impact the brand image of any automotive company negatively. This paper presents an investigation into a noise issue arising drive shaft of an automotive vehicle while driving on rough roads at low speeds. Various technical measurements, including rotational backlash and dimensional assessments, were conducted, all of which were found within specification. However, axial play between the tripod and the mid-shaft spline was identified during disassembly. Further analysis revealed that material localization was the only change point in the drive shaft manufacturing process. The fit interference between the tripod spline and the mid-shaft spline was lower due to lower
Dhankhar, Dinesh SinghMishra, AshishKirti, ViplavRana, DeepakBhardwaj, AshishSingh, Karanveer
This article follows a companion article [1] presented at the SAE NVC 2021, in which a new system for the measurement on small samples of the normal-incidence Insertion Loss (IL) of multilayers used for the manufacturing of automotive sound package parts was first introduced. In addition to simplifying the evaluation of the sound-insulation of multi-layers used to produce sound-package components, the system aims at overcoming the limitations of the test procedure based on the ASTM E2611 standard. In this article, the latter point is demonstrated by comparing the insertion loss results obtained with the new system with those obtained with the test procedure based on the ASTM E2611 standard on a few multilayers commonly used for the manufacturing of automotive sound package parts. Results indicate that the data obtained by means of the newly developed system are more meaningful, practically usable and less prone to edge-effects, compared to those obtained according to the ASTM E2611
Ruggeri, GiulioBertolini, ClaudioHorak, Jan
As per metaphor, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease,” and in the case of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), the transmission system has become the focal point for NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) improvements. With the engine being replaced by the near-silent electric motor, the noise generated by the transmission has become more prominent, demanding greater attention to noise reduction. This shift has created a pressing need for innovations in both design and manufacturing processes to enhance the overall quietness of the vehicle. As a result, ongoing advancements are being made to address and improve the NVH characteristics of BEV transmissions. Following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design innovation in the way bearings are installed and demonstrated a significant amount of improvement. We have used SMT MASTA as a simulation tool to predict the expected results and a Transmission Dyno test bench in an anechoic chamber to test the NVH performance
Pingale, AbhijeetSoni, Jaldeep
In this work, Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is employed in the active suspension. The PID gain values are optimally tuned based on the objective function by the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria of various suspension measures like vehicle body displacement, suspension and tire deflections. The proposed GAPID controller is experimentally validated through the 3-DOF quarter-car (QC) test rig model. The fabricated model with passive suspension system (PASS) and active suspension system (ACSS) with an electrical actuator is presented. The schematic representation of the fabricated test set-up with and without ACSS is also illustrated. Further, simulation and experimental response of the fabricated model with and without ACSS are compared. It is identified that the proposed GAPID controller attenuates the sprung mass acceleration by about 41.64 % and 29.13 % compared with PASS for the theoretical as well as experimental cases
A, ArivazhaganKandavel, Arunachalam
The Electroimpact Automatic Fan Cowl Riveter uses two novel drill processes to control exit burr height and achieve the required hole quality in CRES (Corrosion-Resistant Steel, also called stainless steel) material stacks. Both processes use piloted cutters on the OML (Outer Mold Line, referring to the exterior surface of an airframe) side, and two different tools are used in a backside spindle on the IML (Inner Mold Line, referring to the inside surface of an airframe) side of the component. The first process uses a shallow-angle shave tool in the IML spindle to directly control the exit burr height after it is produced by the OML spindle and is called the “burr shave” technique. The second process uses a countersink tool in the IML spindle and produces an “intermediate countersink” after the pilot hole is drilled by the OML spindle, but before the final hole diameter is drilled. These drill processes were able to achieve the required hole quality in a challenging CRES material stack
Schultz, RichPeterman, RandyLuker, ZacharyMurakonda, Sai Krishna
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