Browse Topic: Manufacturing systems

Items (2,316)
ABSTRACT Semiconductor manufacturers are creating new System on Chips that allow embedded system developers to design consolidated architectures to reduce size, weight, power, and cost. However, combining software functions onto a single computing resource creates safety and security concerns due to reduced fault containment and increased coupling between software components. Safety and security-conscious industries use various software separation solutions to isolate software functions logically in order to achieve a comparable level of decoupling and fault containment that distributed/federated systems enjoy as a by-product of their system architecture. This paper will assess the suitability of common separation solutions for use in embedded systems and explain our preference for Xen, an open source Type I hypervisor. This paper will also examine reasons for porting operating systems to run in virtual machines, also known as paravirtualization, and evaluate how certain properties of
Roach, Jarvis
ABSTRACT Titanium and its alloys offer superior strength at a fraction of the weight of steel or nickel-based alloys. Some α-β titanium alloys such as Ti-6Al-4V have been widely used in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing applications due to the historical cast-wrought data sets and the availability of this alloy in powder form, however this alloy presents challenges during the laser-based printing process of components due to the high residual stress in the material. Alternative β-rich Ti alloys such ATI Titan 23™ can offer superior printability, lower residual stress, and higher mechanical properties than Ti-6Al-4V in additive manufacturing applications. This study covers the assessment of ATI Titan 23™ as an alternative printable Ti alloy and the resulting microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stress of the printed material. Citation: Garcia-Avila, Foltz, “Low Distortion Titanium Alloy in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing System,” In Proceedings
Garcia-Avila, MatiasFoltz, John
ABSTRACT The Applied Science and Technology Research Organization of America (ASTRO America), Ingersoll Machine Tool (Ingersoll), MELD Manufacturing (MELD), Siemens Digital Industries (Siemens), The American Lightweight Materials Manufacturing Innovation Institute (ALMII), and the US Army CCDC-GVSC have partnered to show the feasibility of fabricating very large metal parts using a combination of additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies. The Army seeks new manufacturing technology to support supply chain strategy objectives to replace costly inventories and reduce lead times. While additive manufacturing (AM) has demonstrated production of metallic parts for military applications, the scale of these demonstrations is much smaller than required for large vehicle components and/or complete vehicle hull structures. Leveraging AM for large scale applications requires enhancements in the size, speed, and precision of the current commercially available state-of-the-art equipment
Rodriguez, Ricardo X.Wells, CorrineCarter, Robert H.LaLonde, Aaron D.Goffinski, Curtis W.Cox, Chase D.Bell, Tim S.Kott, Norbert J.Gorey, Jason S.Czech, Peter A.Hoffmann, KlausHolmes, Larry (LJ) R.
ABSTRACT An examination of the current state-of-the-art in additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic armor products for ground vehicles was conducted. Primary barriers to the implementation of AM on ground systems are related to elevated cost compared to traditional fabrication techniques, a lack of public engineering data, and lack of specifications. Initial ballistic testing against 0.30-cal. armor-piercing (AP)M2 and 0.30-cal. fragment-simulating projectile (FSP) threats was conducted on a range of test coupons made from Inconel 718 and Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 23) extra-low-interstitial (ELI) materials made by direct metal laser melting (DMLM), wire-laser directed-energy deposition (WL-DED), and wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Initial attempts at evaluating lot-to-lot variation, machine-to-machine variation, process-to-process variation, and the effect of asprinted surface roughness on ballistic protection were made to direct future research and development. Given the elevated cost
Slocumb, William JamesHolm, BrandonKelsey, Vic
ABSTRACT The ISO 26580 Software and systems engineering — Methods and tools for the feature-based approach to software and systems product line engineering (PLE)1 standard provides the guidance and direction to be successfully applied to military ground vehicle systems. Implementing PLE provides military stakeholder benefits such as increased commonality, functionality, quality, and productivity, while also delivering decreased risk and cost. Moreover, these benefits last through multiple generations of ground vehicle sytems. Merging PLE into a Digital Engineering (DE)/Model-based System Engineering (MBSE) environment is a critical proven combination for successful automotive manufacturers today. This same approach can be extended to the military ground vehicle family of vehicles resulting in the ability to rapidly design, assess, evaluate, simulate, manage, and instantiate product variants from a common feature catalog
Kanon, Robert J.Griffin, Kevin W.Dua, Surender K.Tuckowski, Dennis J.Gasbarro, Michelle D.Rojas, Nathan D.Schultz, Steven
Accurately predicting system output performance is essential for manufacturing system design. However, traditional approaches that rely solely on the reliability of individual workstations may lead to inaccuracies, especially for a serial production line that includes several workstations with low reliability. This study investigates how prediction inaccuracies arise from intricate interactions among workstations, as revealed through discrete event simulation (DES). To resolve this issue, a novel methodology is proposed, leveraging DES and dual regression analyses to develop an adjustment factor. This paper details the application of this methodology across a range of reliability levels (85–99%) and workstation counts (5–10), conducting sensitivity analyses and validating the results. This approach offers a practical tool for improving the efficiency and precision of a system output prediction in design contexts. Additionally, the paper discusses the methodology’s limitations and
Tang, Herman
Aerospace engine components like discs, blisks and rings are engineered to perform in extreme operating environments. They need to withstand intense heat and stress and be as lightweight as possible to meet exacting specifications. These parts are also notoriously difficult to machine, and manufacturers who work with them must meet serious challenges of their own. Holding tight tolerances, maintaining predictable tool life and accounting for internal material stress relief from material removal can be especially difficult when profiling complicated features such as thin-walled flanges, undercut pockets and seal fins
A method for 3D printing called vapor-induced phase-separation 3D printing, or VIPS-3D, can create single-material as well as multi-material objects. The printing process allows manufacturers to create custom-made objects economically and sustainably
High productivity, low manufacturing costs, and high workpiece quality: these are the key factors that deliver sustainability, profitability, and competitive edge for industrial manufacturers. Reliable machine monitoring yields valuable real-time insights into ongoing processes; it is the basis for dependable, productive, and reproducible manufacturing and it helps machine operators to reach well-founded decisions on both short- and long-term improvements. This technology can even capture anomalies in highly dynamic machining processes, so users can respond instantly to ensure high productivity, decrease scrap rates, and prolong tool lifetimes. Thanks to all these advantages, continuous machine and process monitoring based on suitable sensor technology is a critical success factor in today’s manufacturing industry
Nowadays, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming popular globally due to increasing pollution levels in the environment and expensive conventional non-renewable fuels. Li-ion battery EV’s have gained attention because of their higher specific energy density, better power density and thermal stability as compared to other cell chemistries. Performance of the Li-ion battery is affected by temperatures of the cells. For Li-ion cells, optimum operating temperature range should be between 15-35 °C [1]. Initially, small battery packs which are cooled by air were used but nowadays, large battery packs with high power output capacities being used in EV’s for higher vehicle performance. Air based cooling system is not sufficient for such batteries, hence, liquid coolant based cooling systems are being introduced in EV’s. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can be used to get better insight of cell temperature inside battery. But it is complex, time
Kumar, VivekSHENDRE, Mohit
The changing regulatory landscape and innovation of medical products is driving an interest in additional options for medical product sterilization. One nontraditional way manufacturers can sterilize medical products that is becoming increasingly popular is with sterilizers that use vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VH2O2). The publication of ISO 22441:2022 and its recognition by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), coupled with the FDA’s reclassification of VH2O2 sterilization as an Established Category A process in 2024, supports this modality of sterilization
The automotive industry faces unprecedented regulatory and societal pressure to adopt sustainable manufacturing practices. A recent survey by Accenture shows that more than 34 percent of today’s largest manufacturers have committed to zero-emission goals, yet 93 percent of them will miss their targets unless they double their emission reduction rates by 2030
Continental's Georg Fässler, executive chair of the 2024 SAE COMVEC, details efforts to future-proof forthcoming vehicles. Severe driver shortages, rising fuel and material costs, escalating demand for freight transport, higher sustainability requirements - there is no shortage of challenges facing the transport sector. Commercial vehicle manufacturers and industry suppliers are devoting significant resources to develop, test and bring to market the technological advances that will help alleviate these pressure points. “The digitalization of commercial vehicles and the whole logistics chain is a necessary response and one of the most important developments in the CV industry in my view,” said Continental Automotive's head of commercial and special vehicles, Georg Fässler, in a recent interview with SAE International
Gehm, RyanUhrinek, Gretchen
Sustainability remains a dominant trend in packaging and processing, continuing to attract the attention of the life sciences industry and inspire its new initiatives. Although pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers must prioritize patient safety and product protection, concerns about climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, plastic waste, and pressure to move toward a circular economy are prompting a greater focus on improving the sustainability of their products and packaging
Wysong USA has been manufacturing industrial press brakes, hydraulic shears, and mechanical shears for sheet metal and plastics for nearly 120 years. Like many companies, their motto was “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it,” so their product had remained essentially the same. But during a customer visit that motto clashed with another company saying, “the customer is always right.” This customer had replaced the dry clutch brake for an oil shear clutch brake that was more accurate. “The customer is always right” won, so Wysong updated their product line and increased accuracy while reducing costs, making it a win all around
In the face of the world’s population growth and ensuing demands, the industrial sector assumes a crucial role in the management of limited energy supplies. Superalloys based on nickel, which are well-known for their remarkable mechanical qualities and resilience to corrosion, are now essential in vital applications like rocket engines, gas turbines, and aviation. However, these metals’ toughness presents a number of difficulties during machining operations, especially with regard to power consumption. This abstract explores the variables that affect power consumption during the machining of superalloys based on nickel in great detail and suggests ways to improve energy efficiency in this area. The effects of important variables on power consumption are extensively investigated, including cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool geometry, and cooling/lubrication techniques. A careful balance between these factors is necessary to maximize machining efficiency and reduce power usage
Başaran, AlperÖzer, MahmutKazan, Hakan
Airplane manufacturers running noise tests on new aircraft now have a much cheaper option than traditional wired microphone arrays. And it’s sensitive enough to help farmers with pest problems. The wireless microphone array that one company recently created with help from NASA can locate crop-threatening insects by listening for sound they make in fields. And now, it’s making fast, affordable testing possible almost anywhere
This article presents a new approach that integrates and balances cycle time and reliability considerations during system design to enhance manufacturing system capability, with direct applicability to automotive and high-volume manufacturing. The method addresses system throughput capability in three steps without complex mathematical modeling. The steps are: (1) managing workload cycle times, (2) considering real-world operational availability, and (3) achieving capability balance. Through analytical estimation and discrete event simulation of an example manufacturing system, this approach’s application shows a substantial increase in throughput capacity compared to a traditional workload-based design. This throughput-centric design approach, serving as a valuable tool for manufacturing system synthesis aimed at maximizing throughput, can apply to volume production systems to enhance throughput capacity through system design
Tang , Herman
Squeak and rattle (SAR) noise audible inside a passenger car causes the product quality perceived by the customer to deteriorate. The consequences are high warranty costs and a loss in brand reputation for the vehicle manufacturer in the long run. Therefore, SAR noise must be prevented. This research shows the application and experimental validation of a novel method to predict SAR noise on an actual vehicle interior component. The method is based on non-linear theories in the frequency domain. It uses the Harmonic Balance Method (HBM) in combination with the Alternating Frequency/Time Domain Method (AFT) to solve the governing dynamic equations. The simulation approach is part of a process for SAR noise prediction in vehicle interior development presented herein. In the first step, a state-of-the-art linear frequency-domain simulation estimates an empirical risk index for SAR noise emission. Critical spots prone to SAR noise generation are located and ranked. In the second step, the
Rauter, AndreasUtzig, LukasWeisheit, KonradMarburg, Steffen
For years, expertise in terrestrial applications has served as a launchpad for innovation. Companies honed their skills by building the networks that connected us on earth, but now, eyes are turning skyward. By adapting their capabilit ies to the unique demands of non-terrestrial applications, these same players are unlocking new possibilities and rewriting the rules of communication beyond the atmosphere. Here, Dan Rhodes, Director of Business Development at designer and manufacturer of RF-to-mmWave components and subsystems, Filtronic, explores the bridge between terrestrial expertise and non-terrestrial ambitions, highlighting how terrestrial success is becoming the fuel for stellar solutions. Bridging the terrestrial and non-terrestrial worlds is not merely a matter of applying existing technologies to a new canvas. While both environments share fundamental principles of communication and rely on robust components such as transmitters, receivers, filters and amplifiers, the shift
The global medical device market offers opportunities for innovation-driven growth. Demand for smart, new lifesaving and life-enhancing technologies is perhaps stronger than ever. Manufacturers around the world looking to capitalize on this eager global market face a long list of challenges — some big, some small. Supply-chain disruptions, labor shortages, rising materials costs, and other headwinds are leading to delays in both engineering and manufacturing processes. Despite these challenges, the world demands medical device manufacturers’ best. A surging geriatric population, implications of a global pandemic, and the mortality rates for heart disease, cancer, obesity, and other conditions are all contributing to strong and sustained market demand. One study predicts a compound annual growth (CAGR) of 5.4 percent will push global sales of medical devices to nearly $658 billion (USD) by 2028. Of course, the road to success will be littered with familiar roadblocks — and some that are
The pace of innovation in automotive and heavy-duty transportation is rapidly accelerating. Manufacturers are harnessing advancements in electrification and electronification, ushering in new levels of safety, comfort, infotainment, connectivity, performance, and sustainability
Global automobile manufacturers are increasingly adopting vehicle architecture development systems in the early stages of product development. This strategic move is aimed at rationalizing their product portfolios based on similar specifications and functions, with the overarching goal of simplifying design complexities and enabling the creation of scalable vehicles. Nevertheless, ensuring consistent performance in this dynamic context poses formidable challenges due to the wide range of design possibilities and potential variations at each development stage. This paper introduces an efficient reliability analysis process designed to identify and mitigate the distribution of Ride and Handling (R&H) performance. We employ a range of reliability analysis techniques, including Latin Hypercube Sampling and the enhanced Dimension Reduction (eDR) method, utilizing various types of models such as surrogate models and multi-body dynamics models. This approach is applied to predict R&H
Ji-In, Jung
In vehicle development, reducing noise is a major concern to ensure passenger comfort. As electric vehicles become more common and engine and vibration noises improve, the aerodynamic noise generated around the vehicle becomes relatively more noticeable. In particular, the fluctuating wind noise, which is affected by turbulence in the atmosphere, gusts of wind, and wake caused by the vehicle in front, can make passengers feel uncomfortable. However, the cause of the fluctuating wind noise has not been fully understood, and a solution has not yet been found. The reason for this is that fluctuating wind noise cannot be quantitatively evaluated using common noise evaluation methods such as FFT and STFT. In addition, previous studies have relied on road tests, which do not provide reproducible conditions due to changing atmospheric conditions. To address this issue, automobile manufacturers are developing devices to generate turbulence in wind tunnels. However, in wind tunnels, it is
Tajima, AtsushiIkeda, JunNakasato, KosukeKamiwaki, TakahiroWakamatsu, JunichiOshima, MunehikoLi, ChungGangTsubokura, Makoto
Baking ovens in the automotive paint shop are crucial to ensuring quality of paint curing and hence meet the corrosion protection targets in manufacturing process. Ovens are also among the most energy consuming processes in the entire paint shop. With the onset of Electric Vehicle revolution, original equipment manufacturers focus heavily on light weighting resulting in significant design changes to the body in white (BIW). This presents a challenge of achieving accurate curing in the existing ovens designed for the current and past generations of vehicles Using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), this research intends to present a solution by minimizing the need for prototyping for design changes. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) based thermal simulations are used to predict the curing behaviour on the BIW surface. The LBM based conjugated heat transfer simulations consider turbulence using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach and Boussinesq approximation. The approach does not need
Skagius-Kallin, AndréKiani, FarzadMonaco, ErnestoStadik, AlexanderBoraey, MohammedMenon, MuraleekrishnanPeng, ChongPanov, Dmitrii
Recent advancements towards autonomous heavy-duty vehicles are directly associated with increased interconnectivity and software driven features. Consequently, rise of this technological trend is bringing forth safety and cybersecurity challenges in form of new threats, hazards and vulnerabilities. As per the recent UN vehicle regulation 155, several risk-based security models and assessment frameworks have been proposed to counter the growing cybersecurity issues, however, the high budgetary cost to develop the tool and train personnel along with high risk of leakage of trade secrets, hinders the automotive manufacturers from adapting these third party solutions. This paper proposes an automated Threat Assessment & Risk Analysis (TARA) framework aligned with the standard requirements, offering an easy to use and fully customizable framework. The proposed framework is tailored specifically for heavy-duty vehicular networks and it demonstrates its effectiveness on a case study. The
Mairaj ud din, QaziAhmed, Qadeer
A ban on Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) has enforced automobile companies to find alternatives to current R1234yf refrigerant. One such natural substitute, R290 (propane), is becoming popular with automotive manufacturers and suppliers due to its high performance and efficiency. However, due to its high flammability, R290 is not allowed in the cabin evaporator/condenser in order to ensure the safety of the driver and passenger. This requires the design of a novel indirect Heat Flux Management System (HFMS) with coolant as a working fluid to transfer heating to cabin and powertrain cooling components. The design of the heat pump system confines flammable R290 refrigerant to a hermitic compact box to avoid leakages. This paper aims to investigate the performance and efficiency of a new R290 refrigerant-based indirect heat pump system. The system is tested on a test bench, and the results are compared to an indirect heat pump system with R1234yf refrigerant. The study and
Gupta, RaghavSaraswat, RohanGravelle, Aled
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) introduced its updated side-impact ratings test in 2020 to address the nearly 5,000 fatalities occurring annually on U.S. roads in side crashes. Research for the updated test indicated the most promising avenue to address the remaining real-world injuries was a higher severity vehicle-to-vehicle test using a striking barrier that represents a sport utility vehicle. A multi-stiffness aluminum honeycomb barrier was developed to match these conditions. The complexity of a multi-stiffness barrier design warranted research into developing a new dynamic certification procedure. A dynamic test procedure was created to ensure product consistency. The current study outlines the process to develop a dynamic barrier certification protocol. The final configuration includes a rigid inverted T-shaped fixture mounted to a load cell wall. This fixture is impacted by the updated IIHS moving deformable barrier at 30 km/h. The fixture represents the stiff
Mueller, BeckyArbelaez, RaulHeitkamp, EricMampe, Christopher
The transition towards battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has increased the focus of vehicle manufacturers on energy efficiency. Ensuring adequate airflow through the heat exchanger is necessary to climatize the vehicle, at the cost of an increase in the aerodynamic drag. With lower cooling airflow requirements in BEVs during driving, the front air intakes could be made smaller and thus be placed with greater freedom. This paper explores the effects on exterior aerodynamics caused by securing a constant cooling airflow through intakes at various positions across the front of the vehicle. High-fidelity simulations were performed on a variation of the open-source AeroSUV model that is more representative of a BEV configuration. To focus on the exterior aerodynamic changes, and under the assumption that the cooling requirements would remain the same for a given driving condition, a constant mass flow boundary condition was defined at the cooling airflow inlets and outlets. A parametric
Upadhyaya, AvaneeshSebben, SimoneWilleson, EmilMinelli, Guglielmo
As additive manufacturing continues to establish its position within the automotive sector, there is a need for a comprehensive exploration of the mechanical attributes exhibited by locally sourced filaments. Such investigation is extremely important, as it is intrinsically linked to ensuring the reliability and security of components manufactured through 3D printing. This research delves into an examination of the impact resistance properties demonstrated by 3D-printed specimens, employing filaments from three prominent Brazilian manufacturers. The main objective is to elucidate the suitability and potential applications of these filament materials (Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG), and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)) within the field of automotive engineering, thus contributing to the evolving landscape of additive manufacturing within this industry. This investigation encompasses the production of test specimens utilizing individual filaments
Freitas, Leonardo Cardoso deGoncalves, Ana PaulaPolkowski, KatiellyDe Andrade, MarinaPolkowski, Rodrigo
This paper presents the characteristics of more than 260 trim levels for over 50 production electric vehicle (EV) models on the market since 2014. Data analysis shows a clear trend of all-wheel-drive (AWD) powertrains being increasingly offered on the market from original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The latest data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shows that AWD EVs have seen a nearly 4 times increase in production from 21 models in 2020 to 79 models in 2023. Meanwhile single axle front-wheel-drive (FWD) and rear-wheel-drive (RWD) drivetrains have seen small to moderate increases over the same period, going from 9 to 11 models and from 5 to 12 models, respectively. Further looking into AWD architectures demonstrates dual electric machine (EM) powertrains using different EM types on each axle remain a small portion of the dual-motor AWD category. However, these architectures have been shown to have energy savings of 1 % to 5 % over that of identical dual-motor
Allca-Pekarovic, AlexanderKollmeyer, PhillipMiddleton, MairiEmadi, Ali
The proposed Euro-7 regulations are expected to build on the significant emissions reductions that have already been achieved using advanced Euro VI compliant after treatment systems (ATS). The introduction of in-service conformity (ISC) requirements during Euro VI paved the way for enabling compliance during real-world driving conditions. The diverse range of applications and resulting operating conditions greatly impact ATS design and the ability of the diesel particulate filter (DPF) to maintain performance under the most challenging boundary conditions including cold starts, partial/complete regenerations, and high passive soot burn operation. The current study attempts to map the particle number (PN) filtration performance of different DPF technologies under a variety of in-use cycles developed based on field-data from heavy duty Class-8 / N3 vehicles. Access to such performance maps can allow original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to select DPF technologies to suit different
Viswanathan, SandeepSadek, GhadiReddy, VishalHe, SuhaoAlam, Rabeka
With the proliferation of electric vehicles in the market, it has become important for Automotive OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) to focus on delivering a higher driving range while also maximizing performance. One approach OEMs are actively considering in meeting this goal is to include a secondary drive axle disconnect into the powertrain which has the potential to improve the overall driving range by about 6-8.3% [4]. This paper outlines the need for a novel controls architecture to make the Powertrain controls software modular and to reduce the development time needed to provide robust powertrain control software. To do this, the electrified powertrain torque controls at STELLANTIS NV takes a decentralized controls architecture approach, by separating the axle disconnect controls subsystem (ADCS) from the primary path of torque controls. The ADCS takes in information such as the desired axle state and controls the axle disconnect actuators to achieve that state. It then
Madireddy, Krishna ChaitanyaVerhun, BrandonXu, ChengyiSha, HangxingTuller, ZacharyPatel, Nadirsh
Leaf Springs are commonly used as a suspension in heavy commercial vehicles for higher load carrying capacity. The leaf springs connect the vehicle body with road profile through the axle & tire assembly. It provides the relative motion between the vehicle body and road profile to improve the ride & handling performance. The leaf springs are designed to provide linear stiffness and uniform strength characteristics throughout its travel. Leaf springs are generally subjected to dynamic loads which are induced due to different road profiles & driving patterns. Leaf spring design should be robust as any failure in leaf springs will put vehicle safety at risk and cost the vehicle manufacturer their reputation. The design of a leaf spring based on conventional methods predicts the higher stress levels at the leaf spring center clamp location and stress levels gradually reduce from the center to free ends of the leaf spring. In RWUP conditions, the failures of leaf spring can occur at the
Balasubramani, SritharkumarS Kangde, SuhasMohapatra, Durga PrasadM, Ayyappadas
The design of transportation vehicles, whether passenger or commercial, typically involves a lengthy process from concept to prototype and eventual manufacture. To improve competitiveness, original equipment manufacturers are continually exploring ways to shorten the design process. The application of digital tools such as computer-aided-design and computer-aided-engineering, as well as model-based computer simulation enable team members to virtually design and evaluate ideas within realistic operating environments. Recent advances in machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI) can be integrated into this paradigm to shorten the initial design sequence through the creation of digital agents. A digital agent can intelligently explore the design space to identify promising component features which can be collectively assessed within a virtual vehicle simulation. In this paper, the framework for a python-based ML/AI virtual agent will be presented and applied to a vehicle
Rogers, NathanTurner, CameronCastanier, Matthew P.Hartman, GregoryRapp, StephenWagner, John
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