Browse Topic: Materials handling

Items (3,807)
In the process of replacing the rollers of the fabric cart of the tobacco storage cabinet, in order to solve the problems of low replacement efficiency and high safety risk.This article proposes a specialized lifting tool for fabric cart rollers with a self-locking and adopts the screw lifting structure, which facilitates roller maintenance operations, and conducts SolidWorks Simulation calculations and dynamic simulation methods. Jinan Cigarette Factory fine cigarettes special line leaf silk temporary storage cabinet fabric car roller replacement, for example, the results show that: the average operating personnel reduced by 50%, the replacement time from 6.7h to 1.2h, efficiency increased by 458%, This innovation significantly reduces the labor intensity of maintenance personnel and ensures a safe and reliable replacement process.
Zhang, LeiXue, YifeiZhang, GeSun, YanzhaoWang, HongbinCheng, Linfeng
Manual operations in traditional tea packaging lines often suffer from low productivity, safety risks, and inconsistent labeling quality. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a fully automated tea packaging system guided by an improved genetic algorithm. The system integrates five functional modules—bag feeding, bag opening, material filling, sealing, and labeling—into a seamless workflow. By applying the optimization capability of the improved genetic algorithm, the system achieves better coordination among modules, higher adaptability to different bag shapes and sizes, and improved operational efficiency. Experimental validation demonstrates that the proposed design not only simplifies the packaging procedure but also enhances precision, reliability, and production speed. The system provides a flexible and intelligent solution applicable to a wide range of tea packaging requirements.
Guo, HuiZhao, ZhikaiYuan, WeilongLin, LinYu, YunchangGao, Jiashun
To precisely simulate the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a robotic arm grasping cylindrical objects from storage units, this study establishes a dynamic model of the robotic grasping process incorporating Coulomb and viscous friction models to characterize frictional properties. Furthermore, to effectively identify unknown parameters in the dynamic model, a parameter identification method based on the Superb Fairy-wren Optimization Algorithm (SFOA) is proposed. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) between the displacement responses from the dynamic model and the experimentally acquired displacement data serves as the optimization objective. Multiple sets of experimental data are utilized to identify the unknown parameters of the dynamic model. The results demonstrate that when the identified parameters are applied to the dynamic model, the goodness-of-fit between the model’s response displacement data and the experimental displacement data exceeds 0.999. This validates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method for identifying unknown parameters in dynamic models.
Shen, ShaofengYang, LiuWang, ZihanHan, Qunyi
To fulfill the multi-tube launch requirements for a specific folding-wing UAV, this study improves the structure of the existing storage-launch container. Based on the finite element method, a parametric model of the container is established, and a multi-condition mechanical analysis is carried out for various storage, transportation, and launch conditions. The difference between the first six natural frequencies of the free mode and the prestressed mode is compared and analyzed. The modal analysis model considering prestress is used to identify the optimization area of the container. The variable density method (SIMP) is used to optimize the topology of the container, with the volume of the container as the constraint condition and the minimum strain energy as the optimization goal. The optimization results show that the first-order modal natural frequency of the container is increased by 108%, and the first six natural frequencies are increased to a safe range, which effectively avoids the resonance risk. At the same time, the quality is reduced by 29%, and good optimization results are achieved.
Yuan, WeiyangJi, YuguoLiu, ZhipengYu, Wenxin
With the development of the power industry, 10kV switchgear (circuit breaker switches) are increasingly widely applied in power grids. When performing power-off maintenance or testing on 10kV switchgear (circuit breaker switches) at substations, maintenance personnel require transport carts to move the equipment to suitable locations for operation. Traditional transfer carts suffer from structural design flaws and significant shortcomings. These include difficulty operating in the confined spaces of switchgear cabinets, high risks associated with manual handling, low efficiency in secondary transfers, and poor adaptability across multiple workstations. These issues collectively pose safety hazards during power-off maintenance or testing. When operating in a 3m×5m high-voltage room, traditional maintenance carts achieve less than 0.5 units transported per hour, with equipment damage rates reaching 3% annually due to drops, resulting in low work efficiency. To address these challenges, a 10kV switch cart maintenance platform has been developed. This standardized equipment facilitates 10kV switch cart maintenance, supporting the intelligent upgrade of power grid operation and maintenance.
Yang, SenZhou, HanSu, HainanYu, XinHu, YutaoWang, Xisheng
With the continuous development of large precision equipment, the reliability requirement for long-distance transportation is also constantly increasing. Large packaging box with sealing and vibration reduction performance is crucial during transportation. This article introduces the sealing measures for large-sized packaging box, as well as the sealing structure design methods for key parts, vibration reduction measures and the selection and design of vibration dampers. The designed packaging box has been used for long-distance transportation of various types of equipment and the reliability of sealing and vibration reduction performance has been verified in practical applications, providing reference for the design of similar packaging boxes.
Zhang, RuoyuJiang, Shouli
The rotary storage mechanism is a critical component responsible for transferring cylindrical units. To accurately simulate the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of the rotary storage mechanism, a dynamics model incorporating uncertain parameters is established based on the Lagrange method. Utilizing an optimization approach, uncertain parameters of the rotary storage mechanism are identified based on test data. The Stellar Oscillation Optimization (SOO) algorithm is employed, which balances exploration and exploitation by simulating the periodic expansion and contraction of stars to achieve optimal solutions. The results show that the output of the identified dynamics model under two operating conditions closely matches the test data, validating the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of the identification process. This provides strong support for subsequent reliability analysis and fault diagnosis studies of the rotary storage mechanism.
Li, AngChen, GuangsongHuang, PengLi, Hanning
During the high-speed operation of packaging machines, if the abnormal components evolve into faults, the packaging machines often stop for inspection or even damage, causing production stagnation and huge economic losses. If key variables are predicted and faults are identified before the evolution of packaging machine failures, it is of great significance to ensure equipment safety and reduce maintenance costs and losses for enterprises. The purpose of fault prediction is to use the information modeling of equipment historical data to output the changes in key features before component failures in the future. Firstly, for the redundant data of multiple measurement points of the same variable in the packaging machine process variables, Pearson correlation analysis is used to obtain more accurate variable data. We reuse adaptive empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) for signal processing and feature extraction, reduce redundant information, use convolutional neural network (CNN) models for spatial feature learning, and then use bidirectional long short-term memory models to capture temporal dependencies of CNN information for capturing time series data. A model is established on the normal training set to fit the normal state of the packaging machine, identify different types and degrees of equipment fault characteristics through normal test set data, and send the predicted results of the equipment state to the fault classifier for judgment to determine whether to issue a fault warning. The results indicate that this article has validated the effectiveness of the model in fault feature extraction and high-precision fault classification through training on equipment status data.
Wu, AiminLiu, ShixianZhao, LihuiLiu, ZhaoWu, TaoLi, Lianbing
A rotatable pressure vessel transfer device has been designed to meet the positioning requirements of pressure vessels in old factory buildings with limited lifting space or insufficient crane lifting capacity, as well as small factory buildings with limited overall space. The device consists of a main driving rail car, a cable reel, a control box, and a towed transport car. In order to test the load-bearing capacity, passability, and stability of the transfer device for hill parking, experiments were conducted at the factory. The experimental results show that under full load conditions, the transfer device can park stably on the sloping track without any sliding phenomenon. The curved track passes smoothly without any jamming or derailment, meeting the design requirements.
Chen, JinshanSun, YeZhu, JialeiLiang, XiaodongWang, Hongfei
The cam mechanism, as an extremely important transmission method in mechanical transmission, is widely used in automatic machinery and automatic control devices. In small and medium-sized high-speed automatic guns, high-speed camshafts are often used to achieve intermittent movement of the supply and transport of ammunition during high-speed shooting. Due to the possible vibrations, wear, and instability that may occur during the movement of high-speed camshafts, the design of camshafts needs to meet the requirements of continuous third-order derivatives of the curve, while minimizing angular acceleration as much as possible. This article focuses on the design requirements of a high-speed intermittent motion mechanism, with continuous angular velocity and angular acceleration as design constraints. It establishes segmented function motion equations for the acceleration, deceleration, and uniform speed sections of a high-speed conjugate parallel indexing cam while ensuring that the design cam curve does not have knots. The theoretical profile and the actual profile of the cam, considering roller radius offset, are calculated. Based on this, dynamic simulations are carried out on the acceleration and deceleration sections of the cam roller, and the structural response considering structural elastic deformation and contact collision conditions is obtained. The calculations show that the cam and roller meet the structural strength requirements during high-speed motion. Experimental verification shows that the structure is stable and reliable during high-speed motion.
Wang, ShumanQin, YanhuiNing, Bianfang
This article focuses on a wide range of high-precision storage and supply systems. Under the rated flow rate of 2.928 mg / s of the proportional flow controller, the instantaneous flow fluctuation range of the BangBang valve reaches 2.963 mg / s, exceeding the control accuracy requirement of 1% for the proportional flow controller. By establishing mathematical models of the BangBang valve, proportional valve, and proportional flow controller for simulation analysis, the trend of the simulation results is consistent with the experimental results. Furthermore, considering the spatial layout and weight of the storage and supply system, this paper proposes a method to improve the accuracy of flow output by adding 180 mL of air capacity between the proportional valve and the proportional flow controller. Ultimately, the maximum flow fluctuation of the proportional flow controller at the moment of the BangBang valve opening and closing is 2.941 mg / s, which meets the control accuracy of the proportional flow controller. Moreover, the error between the output flow rate of the proportional flow controller and the rated working flow rate is minor after increasing the air capacity.
Li, ZhongYan, ZelongHuang, Tiankun
As acoustic requirements for NVH trim components become increasingly constrained by mass, cost, and sustainability targets, traditional approaches to inner dash design based on spatially averaged Transmission Loss (TL) metrics are reaching their practical limits. In fully built vehicles, the acoustic performance of the inner dash is governed by its global insulation capability but also by strong spatial heterogeneity and its interaction with spatially distributed noise sources such as the power unit, gearbox, and tyre-road excitation. This paper presents a test-based methodology for the spatial optimisation of inner dash acoustic performance using reciprocal holography. By applying a calibrated sound power source within the vehicle cabin and measuring the reciprocal response in the engine bay and wheel-arch regions, a high-resolution spatial Transmission Loss “hologram” of the inner dash is obtained under in-situ conditions. The resulting spatial data enables the identification of localised acoustic weak points that are not observable using conventional testing methods. To bridge the gap between passive component characterisation and real-world vehicle operation, the spatial TL hologram is subsequently evaluated using representative operational source sound power data to prioritise acoustically relevant regions. This enables the transmitted acoustic energy to be evaluated under realistic driving conditions. The holographic data is then coupled with a parametric acoustic model of the inner dash system, allowing localised mass redistribution to be optimised using a genetic algorithm while respecting packaging and manufacturing constraints.
Harry, EvanEandi, Giacomo
Knowing a detailed operating cycle is critical for developing and testing equipment. Operating cycles can be separated by two clear distinctions: (1) regulatory or non-regulatory and (2) application at the engine-only or full machine level. The Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Nonroad Transient Cycle (NRTC) may be a good representation of engine use in many types of equipment, but there is a gap in standardized and validated drive cycles specifically for nonroad material handlers. Lacking a standardized drive cycle makes it difficult to accurately benchmark machine performance and validate new powertrain technologies. The objective of this investigation is to illustrate the development of a custom drive cycle augmented with real-world customer use data that serves multiple purposes: (1) understand the range of operation and utilization that formulated inputs for electrified architecture analysis and (2) develop a repetitive and consistent maneuver to establish baseline energy consumption enabling equivalent comparison to future electrified prototype builds. This article presents a solution specifically for a 23-ton nonroad material handler in which material handling, machine transport, and extended idle were homologated to form representative short cycles defined by machine velocity and hydraulic cylinder position. The most intensive material handling short cycles had a load factor of 40% and an average fuel rate of 16 L/h. Combined with a visual aid, the short cycles exhibited low variability, having less than 5% root mean square (RMS) error in lift and reach position with respect to the average. The machine’s performance on these short cycles at the Advanced Power Systems Research Center (APSRC) was compared to results from two real-world customer locations operating the instrumented test machine in a cyclical manner, and for similar ground conditions were found to be comparable in fuel consumption.
Czarnecki, AlexanderGoodenough, BryantWorm, JeremyRobinette, DarrellLaTendresse, PhilWestman, John
Passenger vehicles experience severe packaging constraints around the instrument panel, rendering glove-box operation a critical yet ergonomically underexplored interaction. Although glove-box interaction occurs frequently during routine vehicle use, its potential implications for ergonomic risk remain largely unexamined in existing automotive research. To isolate the influence of driver-side packaging constraints from component-level design effects, this study adopts a comparative evaluation of driver and co-driver glove-box interaction as a built-in control condition. This study introduces a discomfort-based evaluation framework that integrates Digital Human Modeling with India-specific anthropometric datasets. A composite loss-function scoring model is developed to quantify functional usability differences across four glove-box configurations, defined by variations in latch placement (center or side) and storage-bin mechanisms (fixed or rotating). Indians are utilized to assess reachability and visibility during glove-box interaction. Ergonomic performance is analyzed through reach and visibility metrics for both latch actuation and storage-access tasks. For the co-driver, all configurations exhibit 0% loss, confirming that usability remains unaffected. In contrast, the driver assessment reveals pronounced limitations. Center-mounted latches prove inaccessible from a neutral seated posture, reflecting an approximate loss function of 55%. Among the side-latch alternatives, the rotating-bin configuration achieves the lowest discomfort score (41%), supported by more favorable access posture and smoother hand-entry alignment. The findings specify that ergonomic limitations stem primarily from driver-side packaging constraints rather than inherent flaws in the glove box unit. Based on the reach and visibility loss values obtained through the developed framework, the Side-Latch + Rotating-Bin configuration emerges as the most suitable design option for passenger-vehicle layout. The proposed methodology offers a practical decision-support tool for early stage ergonomic evaluation of glove-box configurations in passenger vehicles.
Jujjavarapu, SreeramKota, SrinivasKotkunde, NitinJasti, Naga Vamsi Krishna
Solar seasonal thermal energy storage technology is an important means to solve the problem of seasonal uneven distribution of solar resources, and as the core component, the thermal storage capacity of the water pit directly affects the performance of the whole system. Accurately mastering the water pit temperature is essential for scientifically evaluating its thermal storage capacity. Based on the thermal storage water pit simulation software developed in the laboratory, this study focuses on determining the optimal number of temperature measurement points required for seasonal thermal energy storage water pits under an accuracy requirement of ±0.1°C, and establishes the mathematical relationship between the number of measurement points and the height-diameter ratio (H/D) as well as the inlet position. The proposed method can cover the temperature measurement point design for cylindrical and frustum-shaped water pits, and can also be referenced for prism-shaped configurations. Combined with the thermal performance analysis of the Huangdi City Phase II seasonal thermal energy storage project, the applicability of the mathematical relationship has been verified. The optimal number of measurement points obtained in this study provides effective suggestions for the scientific design of water pit temperature measurement systems.
Niu, PengbinMa, JianfuWang, FangxingQi, Shiyu
As the global pursuit of carbon neutrality accelerates, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is emerging as a critical strategic pillar for achieving significant emission reductions and facilitating the transition to green development. This review systematically summarizes the principal technological pathways and recent advances in carbon capture, resource utilization, and storage within CCUS systems, with particular attention to innovative directions including advanced adsorption and separation materials, synergistic catalytic conversion, biological carbon sequestration, and mineralization-based storage. By examining representative engineering practices and industrialization cases both domestically and internationally, this paper summarizes the major challenges currently facing CCUS, including material costs, energy consumption, environmental risks, and large-scale deployment. The positive impacts of interdisciplinary integration, process system optimization, and policy coordination on the commercialization of CCUS are also discussed. The review indicates that overcoming bottlenecks in core materials and process technologies, improving regulatory frameworks and market mechanisms, and establishing clustered industrial ecosystems are essential for CCUS to spearhead the forthcoming low-carbon energy and green industrial revolutions. This paper envisions future development trends for CCUS technology, highlights its multidimensional strategic value for global carbon governance, energy security, and the circular economy, and offers theoretical references and cutting-edge insights for scientific research, policy formulation, and industrial decision-making in related fields.
Wang, Yingfei
The design and analysis of the wave plate of the tank body of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank car are carried out. According to the design method of the empirical formula, the 0.43 MPa low-temperature mobile liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate with the working temperature of -196°C to -178°C is optimized. According to the analysis and design standards, the stress distribution law of the mobile liquid nitrogen tank body under the forward impact condition is analyzed by the method of numerical analysis. The results show that the stress value will gradually increase near the junction of the tank body and the support, and the parts such as the head, the pad, the angle steel ring, and the Z3848 glass steel pipe meet the requirements of the analysis and design standards. At the same time, the first six orders of the natural mode vibration frequency of the tank body are analyzed, which provides a reliable and effective data analysis for the optimization design of the low-temperature liquid nitrogen tank body wave plate.
Ding, XuqiangNi, YiweiGu, ChenYan, DongdongXu, ZhiquanWang, Qi
Although carbon fiber-reinforced aluminum-lined hydrogen storage vessels (Type III) exhibit outstanding specific strength and specific stiffness, the constraints imposed by their design parameters on fatigue performance and ultimate load-bearing capacity remain incompletely elucidated. We propose a fatigue life prediction method for high-pressure vessels that couples progressive damage in the fiber composite with cumulative damage in the metallic liner, aimed at forecasting the fatigue performance of Type III pressure vessels under cyclic loading. Furthermore, a finite element analysis systematically investigates the influence of key design parameters, for nominal pressure, liner diameter and liner thickness, on fatigue performance and ultimate load-bearing capacity. Results indicate that fatigue life significantly decreases with increasing nominal pressure and liner diameter, with nominal pressure exerting a more pronounced effect. Notably, altering the autoclave pressure alone cannot achieve a synergistic design that balances high load-bearing capacity and high fatigue life when the burst safety factor equals 2.25. More interestingly, we discover that appropriately increasing the pressure vessel's safety factor or liner thickness enables synergistic optimization of the overall structure. These findings provide reliable design approach for the structural design and life assessment of composite hydrogen storage pressure vessels.
Bi, ZhihaiZhang, Qian
Automotive Engineering: May 202626AUTD055/14/2026
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This Purchasing Specification, AMS6885/3, specifies the batch release and delivery requirements for unidirectional carbon fiber tape epoxy prepreg used for repair. This specification is applicable only when the unidirectional carbon fiber tape epoxy prepreg is used as part of the repair system defined in AMS6885 and AMS6885/1. This specification also defines the procedure and requirements for storage life extension of materials purchased against this specification. It is only applicable for materials qualified against AMS6885 (refer to PRI-QPL-AMS6885) and shall be carried out within the responsibility of the purchaser and under control of its Quality organisation.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Historical rotor designs for Earth and Mars have typically landed at thrust-weighted solidities of ∼0.1-0.15 as a best compromise of performance and weight. Comprehensive analysis predicts that high solidity rotor designs of more than twice this range have the potential to significantly increase the lift capability of future Mars explorers severely limited by packaging and weight. However, there is limited existing experimental data of high solidity rotor designs at representative densities to quantify the efficiency impact and verify models of the aerodynamic environment. Therefore, the Mars Exploration Program (MEP) funded a joint test campaign between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, and AeroVironment, Inc.to validate performance predictions for low- and high- solidity rotor variants at Mars pressures. Experimental setup, test matrix, data processing, data quality, and performance results for the High Solidity Test (HST) campaign are presented and discussed.
Schatzman, NatashaBowman, BelenKarras, JaakkoFillman, MichaelGehlot, VinodMier-Hicks, FernancoFjaer Grip, HavardSahragard-Monfared, GianmarcoJohnson, WayneLangberg, SaraLottman, Paige
Full state feedback offers theoretically guaranteed multi-axis stability, making it superior to conventional PID controllers. There is however one drawback, a full state controller has a mathematical difficulty if the B matrix is not square and thus not invertible. This is the case for helicopters with 6 degrees of freedom and 4 inceptors. Variations of linear quadratic regulators are a work around, however complexity dramatically increases. Best would be a direct solution to the original problem. This is the breakthrough result of this paper. This paper documents an approach which removes the analysis roadblock by partitioning the 6 x 6 system "A" matrix into two groups of 4 x 4 matrices. The 4x4 matrices are individually stabilized with full state gain matrices. One matrix is designated “Driver Matrix” which provides actuator commands. The other matrix is designated "Reference Matrix" which provides references. The two matrices are coupled together by requiring that the driver matrix follow references generated by the reference matrix. With each matrix individually stabilized, the coupled combination is also stabilized. Computation of flight dynamics states (u, v, w, p, q, r) is shared between the matrices. Initial results are very encouraging, showing an originally sluggish, heavy lift helicopter having now concise decoupled responses to pitch and roll commands. Stability derivatives are recomputed during flight allowing coverage over the whole flight envelope. A handling qualities task has been defined to relocate a 40 ft standard seaborne container directed by a pilot in a ground control station. Cooper Harper ratings of this task have demonstrated favorable Level 1 handling qualities if use is made of an automated lateral repositioning command.
Mouritsen, StephenPiasecki, Fred
During the initial design phase, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) require the adaptability to examine various suspension system architectures while maintaining focus on the specific performance objectives. Those requirements are expressed by Kinematics and Compliance (K&C) look-up tables and represent the footprint of what the suspension should look like in real-world applications. However, translating those requirements into the full geometric hardpoint layout is not straightforward. This process often relies on trial-and-error approaches, making it time consuming and requiring significant expertise. This challenge, known as ”target cascading,” remains a major hurdle for many engineers. The main objective of this paper is to cascade the suspension requirements from K&C look-up tables to hardpoint locations by adopting an automatic workflow and ensuring respect for constructive and feasibility constraints. Design space exploration was conducted using a robust optimization methodology leveraging a Reduced-Order Model (ROM) of a MacPherson suspension. Feasible designs are ensured by incorporating physical constraints such as roll center variation, scrub radius range, tie rod inclination, packaging limitations and relative hardpoint influence. The usage of ROM significantly accelerates the optimization cycle, reducing the computation time from 2 days to 3 hours.
Brigida, PieroDi Carlo, PaoloDi Gioia, NiccolòGeluk, TheoTong, SonAlirand, MarcGorgoretti, DavideOcchineri, MarcoTassini, NicolaBerzi, Lorenzo
The applicability of three-way catalyst (TWC) models for system-level aftertreatment simulations under transient operating conditions of natural gas engines depend on accurate integration of reaction kinetics as a function of the air-fuel equivalence ratio lambda(λ). A comprehensive global kinetic model has been developed for an aged commercial three-way catalyst (TWC), incorporating key reaction pathways including oxidation of CO, CH₄, C₂H₆, and H₂; reforming of CH₄ and C₂H₆; the water-gas shift reaction; and NO reduction via CO and H₂. The model also accounts for oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and its dynamic interaction with CO and H₂. To calibrate kinetic parameters, systematic bench-scale flow reactor experiments were conducted under lean, stoichiometric, and rich conditions. Performance metrics focused on CH₄ and C₂H₆ oxidation and reforming across varying O₂ and CO concentrations, and NO reduction with CO and H₂ under different oxygen levels. Experimental results revealed that CO suppresses the reforming of CH₄ and C₂H₆. NO conversion was observed between 150°C and 600°C, with H₂-driven reduction producing NH₃, N₂, and N₂O depending on lambda (λ). Under rich conditions, complete NO conversion occurred from 150°C, while lean conditions showed reduced NO conversion at elevated temperatures due to H₂ oxidation. NO reduction with CO initiated at 250°C, achieving full conversion under rich conditions. The model accurately captures the influence of λ on NO reduction with both H₂ and CO, predicts NH₃ formation under rich conditions, and simulates H₂ generation via the water-gas shift reaction above 400°C. It successfully reproduces λ sweep data (λ = 0.95–1.02) and demonstrates CO inhibition effects on H₂ oxidation and NO reduction. This global model is validated with dithering reactor data and qualitatively captures key trends in data which aids in catalyst sizing, calibration robustness and the system level modeling of end of useful life parts. Further validation of the current developed model with lean-rich cycle tests confirms the model’s ability to predict NOx slip at the onset of rich cycles impacting the ability to accurately predict NOx emissions during engine braking events in system level models.
Raj, RichaKim, Mi-YoungAigbiremolen, GraceSrinivasan, Anand
As regulatory frameworks for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) continue to evolve, there is growing emphasis on monitoring battery durability and usage throughout the vehicle lifecycle. These regulations increasingly specify the use of data monitors and tracking mechanisms to assess battery health and performance. In addition, regulations require anti tampering mechanisms especially for monitors that have external write access. Historically, regulations focused primarily on vehicle warranty; however, with the introduction of battery durability monitors, clarity is needed for the new battery durability monitors. More specifically if the battery durability monitors track with the lifetime of the vehicle or if they follow the lifetime of the battery. Furthermore, current regulations provide no guidance on high-voltage (HV) traction battery service strategies or methods to protect monitors from tampering by external customers. This paper will classify battery durability tracking parameters (DIDs) according to whether they align to the lifetime of the vehicle or the battery itself. Building on this classification, a service strategy is proposed that considers typical vehicle architectures: when the battery management Electrical Computer Unit (ECU) is fully integrated with or separated from the high voltage traction (HV) battery. The outlined service strategy not only supports regulatory compliance, but also enhances data integrity by mitigating the risk of tampering with monitored parameters through a Digital Twin framework. More specifically, the Digital Twin framework introduces redundant storage of critical information in multiple storage locations such as ECUs and then a mechanism for correlating that critical information to determine a mismatch. This approach anticipates future requirements for tamper-proofing and ensures secure, reliable tracking of battery durability metrics through redundant ECU storage.
Laskowsky, PatriciaBunnell, JustinZettel, AndrewAlbarran, Josue
Blending natural gas (NG) with hydrogen (H₂) can improve combustion and engine performance while potentially facilitating the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane and other pollutants. Experiments were conducted with both degreened and aged catalysts under controlled conditions, systematically varying temperature, the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio (λ), and λ modulation. Test conditions covered λ values from 0.996 to 1.000 to represent nominally stoichiometric engine operation with different λ modulation amplitudes, as well as a range of temperatures to inform control strategies for effective CH₄, CO, and NOₓ reduction. Overall, the results show that hydrogen addition significantly improves the conversion efficiency of CH₄ and NOₓ, particularly at temperatures below 500 °C. More significantly, this study highlights that exhaust gas composition, operating temperature, λ management, and the oxygen storage capacity of the TWC all play major roles in affecting the tailpipe emissions from NG and NG+H₂ combustion.
Prikhodko, VitalyWang, MinPark, YeonshilChen, Hai-YingPihl, Josh
Three-way catalytic converters (TWC) are one of the most popular methods to help reduce harmful tailpipe emissions emitted from internal combustion (IC) vehicles. To help improve conversion efficiency, TWCs can store and release oxygen via an oxygen storage capacity (OSC) mechanism. During engine control unit (ECU) calibration, on board OSC measurements are correlated to TWC and vehicle emissions to monitor emissions performance throughout the full useful life (FUL) of the vehicle. It is known that different test conditions, including temperature, space velocity and background gases in the exhaust stream affect OSC measurement, potentially altering the calculated OSC values and thus the perceived level of OSC and emissions preformance during operation. This study utilises an OMEGA test bench to complete OSC measurements on the full-scale automotive catalyst samples to quantify the effects of different background gases including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitric oxide on OSC measurements, concluding that all background gases studied affect measured OSC values. The study revealed that hydrocarbons had the largest effect on OSC measurement increasing OSC values by up to 50%. It was concluded that the increase in OSC measurement with injected hydrocarbons was due to the breakdown of hydrocarbons on the catalyst surface during rich periods of operation increasing the amount of oxygen required to fully oxidise the catalyst resulting in a larger perceived OSC measurement. During the initial ECU calibration original equipment manufacturers (OEM) should consider these effects on OSC measurement and understand how this will affect perceived OSC and vehicle emissions performance for FUL and onboard diagnostics (OBD) applications. This will help ensure emissions compliance and guide optimized catalyst and engine calibrations.
Mc Grane, LiamDouglas, RoyIrwin, KurtisWoods, AndrewElliott, MatthewIstrate, OanaNockemann, Peter
Diesel aftertreatment systems continue to play a critical role in compliance of tailpipe criteria pollutant compliance for commercial transportation applications. Quantification of performance of the aftertreatment system in particular Selective Catalytic Reduction component as a function of aging is critical in ensuring real world tailpipe NOx standard for aged systems. As part of A2CAT-II consortium at Southwest research Institute this aspect of the production AT system was studied for different aging conditions using a set of DAAAC aged components. The performance of these aged components was quantified through a set of steady state reactor tests and transient ECTO burner lab tests that simulate on engine performance. The data was collected at 0, 33 and 100% equivalent aging conditions and this data was used to develop a GT suite-based model with a set of inhibition factors to simulate the loss of Ammonia Storage Capacity and reduced SCR reaction rates caused by thermal load and chemical poisons. A quantitative and qualitative discussion of the degradation mechanism is presented based on the inhibition factors determined as part of the simulation study. Primary mechanism of performance degradation for fully aged component consisted of a 12% drop in ammonia storage capacity and a 10% and 12% drop in standard and fast SCR reaction rates leading to reduced NOx conversion rate. Due to catalyst degradation up to 11% reduced NH3 oxidation rate was observed which led to increased NOx conversion for temperatures above 350C. These trends can have a significant impact of systems designed for ultra low NOx standards by EPA and CARB which require precise control over NOx conversion of the system.
Chundru, Venkata RajeshSharp, ChristopherGankov, StanislavEakle, Scott
Direct Current (DC) fast charging enables supply of megawatt (MW) scale DC power to the large battery systems of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles (HDEVs), such as electric trucks, buses, ferry and construction machinery. This contrasts with Alternating Current (AC) charging, which is limited by the capacity of the On-Board Charger (OBC) that converts AC to DC to charge the battery. In DC fast charging, however, the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) delivers DC power directly to the HDEVs, bypassing the OBC. The feasibility of fast DC charging has been driven by advancements in semiconductor technology offering higher voltage and current handling capabilities as well as improvements in battery energy density. Ongoing research indicates continued growth in both semiconductor power handling and battery storage capacity, further strengthening the case for fast DC charging. Key benefits include significantly higher charging efficiency, drastically reduced charging times, and lower driver fatigue. However, unlike AC systems, DC based charging infrastructure presents unique protection challenges. These challenges arise from the absence of natural current zero-crossings of DC current and the limited commercial availability of pure DC breakers. This paper presents a concise review of existing protection technologies applicable to DC fast-charging infrastructure, identifying critical gaps in current approaches and evaluating potential solutions for Low Voltage (LV, <1.5 kV) and Medium Voltage (MV, 1.5–35 kV) DC applications. Then a downsized 10 kW prototype of an Ultra-Fast Active Resonance Current Source-Based Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker (UFRDCB) has been developed and experimentally validated as a proof of concept. The prototype successfully interrupts a 1 kA continuous DC current in less than 500 μs, and the corresponding test results are presented and discussed. Finally, the paper outlines a forward-looking roadmap for advancing protection technologies that are critical to the safe and reliable operation of megawatt-scale DC fast-charging infrastructure for HDEVs in the United States and globally.
Rahman, Md Rakib-UrDobrzynski, Daniel
Modern vehicle design involves complex considerations and tradeoffs between system integration and layout which have a direct impact on performance, efficiency, and cost. The placement of equipment including control boards, motors, and fans as well as the routing of ducts and wire harnesses poses a time-consuming and intricate problem for design engineers. This paper presents an automated methodology to determine the optimal component packaging configuration, duct routing, and wire harnessing layout to maximize component packing density and minimize the total routing length. A two-stage optimization framework has been developed where the first stage packages the components within the design space with considerations for space utilization, component overlap, proximity relationships, point-to-point accessibility, and component mounting. The second stage implements a custom A* path-finding algorithm and gradient based optimization to determine the optimal route layout between port points. The objective of this work – using A* and gradient based optimization - is to minimize the total length of the duct work and harness layout while respecting proximity, overlap, and accessibility considerations. This paper outlines the methodology and real-world application through the design optimization of an automotive dashboard.
LeFrancois, RichardKim, Il Yong
Crashes involving passenger vehicles increasingly include vehicles equipped with infotainment systems that are unsupported by commercial vehicle system forensics hardware and software. Examiners facing these systems must overcome challenges in acquiring and analyzing user data, requiring an understanding of both digital forensics principles and the proprietary characteristics of the modules. This paper presents a methodology for acquiring data from previously unsupported Lexus infotainment modules, including techniques to bypass CMD42 security locks on SD cards and extract data. Once acquired, the paper outlines methods for analyzing user data through data carving techniques, enabling recovery of information from binary images even when the full file system cannot be reconstructed. Emphasis is placed on maintaining the integrity of the evidence and validating findings through controlled testing. These validation procedures ensure that the recovered information is both accurate and admissible, providing examiners with actionable intelligence relevant to crash reconstruction and related investigations. A detailed case study demonstrates the application of these methods on an exemplary Lexus infotainment module, illustrating the technical process of bypassing security restrictions, recovering user data, and analyzing the information to uncover relevant insights. Key considerations include correlating extracted data, verifying data integrity, and adapting general forensic principles to a previously unexamined platform. By sharing these findings, the paper provides a roadmap for examiners encountering unsupported vehicle systems, offering practical guidance for overcoming security mechanisms, performing advanced data recovery, and validating results through documented testing. Lessons learned from this work contribute to the broader understanding of automotive digital forensics and underscore the importance of innovative approaches when confronting emerging technologies and proprietary storage protections.
Burgess, Shanon
Emission norms have become much more stringent to reduce emissions from vehicles. Diesel engines in particular are the predominant contributors to higher emissions. Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) in diesel engine catalytic converter systems is the crucial component in reducing harmful emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC). DOCs often rely on expensive noble metals like platinum, palladium, and rhodium as catalyst materials. This significantly raises the cost of emission control units. The proposed idea is to explore MnO2-CeO₂ (Manganese Oxide, Cerium Oxide) as an alternative catalyst to traditional DOC materials. The goal is to deliver effective oxidation performance while reducing overall system cost. MnO2-CeO₂ catalysts are promising because of their good low-temperature activity, oxygen storage capacity, and redox behavior. These features are helpful for diesel engines that operate under various conditions. They improve the oxidation of CO and HC, even during cold starts or at lower exhaust temperatures. The catalyst was successfully synthesized and applied to a honeycomb substrate, resulting in a fabricated catalytic converter prototype. Quantitatively, the fabricated MnO₂–CeO₂ coated prototype demonstrated a 43% reduction in CO, 47% reduction in HC, 27% reduction in NOx, and 41% reduction in PM during low-temperature exhaust testing (150 – 400 °C) during testing on a 1.5 L diesel engine. The results were based on repeated experimental runs using an uncoated substrate as baseline. The work also focuses on material accessibility and environmental sustainability by using non-noble, widely available metal oxides. The hypothesis of this study is that a MnO₂–CeO₂ catalyst synthesized via co-precipitation can deliver meaningful low-temperature oxidation performance at significantly lower cost compared to PGM-based DOCs. Thus, the project contributes a significant step toward developing more accessible and sustainable emission control technologies for the automotive industry.
C, JegadheesanT, KarthiRajendran, PawanMuruganantham, KowshiikS, Vaitheeshwaran
Electric vehicles present unique challenges in electromagnetic compatibility testing due to compact packaging, high-frequency switching systems. This paper presents a systematic debugging methodology for identifying radiated emission and radiated immunity issues in these EV platforms. A comprehensive approach is outlined, covering radiated emission measurement; Bulk Current Injection based immunity simulation, and near-field probing techniques. For RI evaluation, BCI testing in the 20 to 400 MHz range is used to simulate radiated threats on the vehicle's power and signal harnesses and handy transmitter near field injections for higher frequency simulation. For RE diagnosis, conducted emission measurements on vehicle harnesses are performed using current probes to capture high-frequency currents. Additionally, near-field electric probes are used at the component to identify dominant noise sources such as DC-DC converters, Motor control unit, and improperly grounded shielding. Case studies on various EV vehicles highlight common failure modes. This practical diagnostic workflow provides an efficient toolkit for EMC engineers to accelerate compliance readiness, reduce test iterations, and enhance vehicle-level EMC performance for electric vehicles.
M, GokulPatel, JinayMulay, Abhijit B
The demand for lightweight yet rigid polymer components continue to drive innovation in structural design, particularly for applications requiring optimal stiffness-to-weight ratios. The current literature focuses on single ribbed or homogeneous plate behavior. Understanding the behavior in parallel rib arrangement with inter connections – especially when the ribs are spaced close together is yet to be done. This study examines an alternative rib-stiffening approach for polypropylene plates, where conventional single-rib geometries are reconsidered in favor of parallel dual-rib configurations. While single ribs have been extensively studied, the potential benefits of distributed rib architecture remain less explored, particularly regarding their combined bending performance. The study attempts to understand the behavior of Polypropylene plates specifically, their bending stiffness, load transfer enhancement of the cross-rib structure through mathematical and computational methods. The study also compares the mechanical performance of single ribbed structure to that of parallel and cross-ribbed plates. The cross ribbed plate structure will help in increasing the packaging space and weight reduction.
Sreejith, M PJain, DeepakRavi, AbhikrishnaMaheshwari, PankajKumar, Mandeep
The automotive industry is advancing rapidly with the integration of cutting-edge technology, aesthetics, and performance. One area that has remained relatively underexplored in the pursuit of sleek, minimalistic interiors is the packaging of Sunshade in door trim system. Traditional sunshade design, often bulky and increasingly incompatible with the trend towards compact design and packaging. The car sunshade is a shield that is placed on a car side window and used for regulating the amount of light entering from the car window and helps improve the passenger comfort inside the cabin. Car Interior components, specifically plastic and seats are based on thermal stress properties. When we expose these parts to direct contact with sunlight, humidity and ambient temperature above threshold limit, the interior plastic parts can start to soften and melt. Due to this, they start emitting harmful chemicals which cause anemia and poor immune systems. So, the Sunshade, in addition to protecting passengers’ comfort inside car, it also protects passenger from harmful radiation and enhances overall visual appeal of the vehicle. The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of sunshade for Door trim Meeting shoulder room target Focusing on enhancing aesthetics, Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing sunshade quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, NikitaD, GowthamBhaskararao, PathivadaBornare, HarshadRitesh, Kakade
High Voltage cables and terminals are prone to high temperatures and rapid heat generation due to high current ratings, especially in electric vehicles (EVs). If the temperature exceeds a critical limit, danger may be posed to the components which are connected and the overall safety of the passengers. Traditionally, cooling methods are often energy-intensive and rely on active systems, which may not always be practical for high-power applications. Thus, a localized, fast, and reliable passive thermal management methodology that can be retrofitted into existing connector designs through modifications (e.g., enlargement and PCM integration) would provide significant safety enhancement. The material property of phase change materials, which possess high latent heat, has been used to maintain a steady temperature for a period of time. A dual PCM-layer has been incorporated into the design of the high-voltage connector to serve two purposes:1. The first PCM layer (PCM-1), with good conductivity, is used to rapidly absorb heat from the terminals. 2. The second PCM layer (PCM-2), playing a prominent role in heat storage, absorbs excess heat and has a larger heat-absorbing capacity. The objective has been to maintain the terminal temperature below 80°C. An NX-CAD model has been prepared, showcasing the PCM-1 and PCM-2 containers inside the male connector, along with the packaging scenario with the female connector. “Acting time” was calculated based on amount of heat taken by each PCM layer. Results showed that the total heat generated due to Joule effect was 78.125 W with a high current of 125 A. Out of which, PCM-1 was able to sustain 14.37 W for 92.4 seconds before it got fully melted and PCM-2 was able to sustain 0.42 W for 1.85 hours. Comparison plots for energy storage capacity clearly indicated high capacity for PCM-2.
Neogi, AngshumanShinde, Shardul
A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural reinforcements while managing the thermal heat generation with proper dissipation techniques The main objective of this paper is to address the following: An innovative approach to the design of Wireless charger for Door trim Meeting stable equilibrium state. Focusing on enhancing aesthetics. Low weight impact, robust design, and assembly, Managing Wireless charger quality quality as per regular standard.
Palyal, NikitaD, GowthamBhaskararao, PathivadaKumarasamy, Raj GaneshBornare, Harshad
The global push for clean energy has made hydrogen a central element in decarbonizing transport, industrial processes, and energy systems. Effective hydrogen storage and distribution are critical to supporting this transition, and type IV Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) have emerged as the preferred solution due to their lightweight, high pressure capacity, hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion resistance. However, the cascade infrastructure used to house and transport these vessels has lagged behind in innovation. Steel-based cascades, while strong, are heavy prone to corrosion, and unsuitable for mobile deployment. This paper introduces a custom designed aluminium cascade system offering a 65% weight reduction while maintaining structural integrity and safety. Designed for mobile use, the system features modularity, better damping, and enhanced corrosion protection. The paper outlines design methodology, material selection, fabrication process, and comparative performance evaluation against steel cascade, supporting the advancement of hydrogen infrastructure.
Parasumanna, Ajeet BabuMuthusamy, HariprasadAmmu, Vnsu ViswanathKola, Immanuel Raju
Aluminum foils have gained traction with EV battery manufacturers for their pouch cell format. Over the years, it has evolved as a material of choice, but it is still plagued by the issues of stress concentration and swelling due to lower strength and lower stiffness of base aluminum layer. Preliminary investigation revealed that laminates using steel foil material (thickness < 0.1mm) could be a potential candidate for EV pouch cell casing. Thus, steel-based laminate was developed meeting key functional requirements (e.g., barrier performance, insulation resistance, peel strength, electrolyte resistance, formable without cracking at edges, and heat sealing compliant). This innovative patented steel-based laminate [1] was further used to manufacture pouch cell prototypes (up to a maximum capacity of 2.8Ah) for key performance evaluation (e.g., cell cycling and nail penetration). The study paves the way for a low cost, sustainable and flexible yet strong steel-based laminate packaging material solution for lithium-ion pouch cells.
Singh, Pundan KumarRaj, AbhishekKumar, AnkitChatterjee, SourabhVerma, Rahul KumarSamantaray, BikashGautam, VikasPandey, Ashwani
The tailgate, as the rearmost vehicle opening, plays a pivotal role in defining the rear aesthetic theme while ensuring structural durability and maximizing luggage space. Contemporary automotive design trends highlight an increasing demand for Full width tailgate-mounted tail lamp configurations, which deliver a bold and dynamic visual appeal. Enhanced by animated lighting features, these designs cater to the preferences of Gen Z customers, becoming a decisive factor in purchasing decisions. However, integrating these complex tail lamp structures introduces significant engineering challenges, including increased X-dimension lamp volume, thereby providing reduced design space, and intricate mounting schemes constrained by panel stamping limitations. These factors necessitate the development of innovative joinery strategies and structural definitions to maintain durability targets, including achieving 25,000–30,000 slam cycles without failure, while preserving luggage space. This paper presents a comprehensive design and engineering approach aimed at enhancing the modal performance of automotive tailgate systems, with a particular focus on configurations incorporating full width taillamps. The study addresses key structural challenges associated with maintaining stiffness and durability while accommodating complex styling and packaging constraints. By optimizing outer panel joinery, refining mounting strategies, and redefining inner structural reinforcements, the proposed methodology achieves significant improvements in dynamic stiffness characteristics. Experimental and simulation-based evaluations demonstrate a 12% increase in modal stiffness for conventional tailgate architectures and a 45% improvement in coupe-type liftgate configurations. The findings offer valuable insights into the co-development of structural and styling elements in modern tailgate systems, contributing to improved vehicle performance, NVH behavior, and customer satisfaction.
Beryl, JoshuaMohanty, AbhinabUnadkat, SiddharthSelvan, Veera
The Container trailers are used worldwide to transport goods & materials especially e-commerce applications with valuable materials. These container trailers are presently locked with a mechanical locking system and often broken and unlocked by unauthorized people. During transportation time, the driver stops the vehicle for natural calls, food or any other breakdown, the attempt is made to steal the materials. Many cases were known only after damages are done. It has become a serious issue nowadays in the transportation industry. To avoid these problems, we have designed and developed a system that operates pneumatically with digital locking control. The system is designed to ensure proper safety by rigid mechanical locking. It is actuated by a pneumatic system consisting of Directional control valve & pneumatic cylinders. The lock and unlock inputs are given through digitally and the digital controller provides the appropriate input to solenoid operated direction control valve. Based on the position of Direction control valves, the pneumatic cylinders lock or unlock the mechanical locking system. The safety system is integrated along with the digital pin locking. The system is designed with the concept of fool-proof and fail-safe. In the event of no Pneumatic or electrical supply failure, the system remains in lock condition only. Except the authorized person, others cannot open the containers without the authorization pin. Also, the system provides a technologically improved version of the safety locking system like geo-fencing. We can lock and unlock the container with geological identity. The safety locking system improves confidence among the transporters and ensures safety at the highest level.
kumaran, Rajasekar
Seats of modern cars should necessarily meet the regulatory safety norms along with aesthetics and comfort. In the existing passenger cars prevailing across the Indian subcontinent, the measure of safety has been a challenging one. The stringent regulatory norms thereby make the Airbag very promising. In the Automotive industry, safety features are very important, one of the topmost features which falls in this category is airbags. The driver and passenger safety during high impact collisions and sudden crashes is the key objective of airbag. This safety is provided by the airbag with its automatic deployment. The inflatable airbag is engineering in a way to respond very quickly during a collision and furnish necessary cushioning to decrease the impulse and enhance the safety of the passenger. The technology has been practiced widely upon many vehicles' seats. However, the present work highlights a novel approach of packaging the HPTS air bag in second row seat. This Air bag unit is fitted in the seat back frame at outboard ends of backrest. The modification is done in seat frame, foam, and trim in such a way to Airbags should be deployed in moderate to severe collisions. This study revolves around the integration and modifications in the mandatory HPTS airbag packaging requirements. This study is done to emphasize the engineering and regulatory prerequisites and their respective challenges. This study also touches on the details of mounting schemes and the evaluation of the perceived quality in implementing HPTS airbag feature on the second-row bench seat.
Buradkar, RajatBose, KarthikJadhav, DeepikaBalakrishnan, Gangadharan
The BioMap system represents a groundbreaking approach to collaborative mapping for autonomous vehicles, drawing inspiration from ant colony behavior and swarm intelligence. It implements a fully decentralized protocol where vehicles use virtual pheromone trails to mark areas of uncertainty, change, or importance, enabling efficient map consensus without centralized coordination. Key innovations include novel pheromone-based compression algorithms and bio-inspired consensus mechanisms that allow real-time adaptation to dynamic environments. In a simulated urban scenario (Town10HD), three vehicles achieved balanced load distribution (±1.8% variance) and comprehensive coverage of a 253.2m × 217.9m × 22.4m area. The final fused map contained 311 chunks with 72,785 particles and required only 10.4 MB of storage. Approximately 49.2% of map particles exceeded the pheromone significance threshold, indicating active importance marking, while no high-uncertainty regions remained. These results demonstrate that BioMap enables natural prioritization of critical navigation areas via virtual pheromones, producing high-confidence maps in real time. Overall, the system achieves its objectives of decentralized mapping, efficient communication, and adaptive coverage through bio-inspired mechanisms, marking a significant advance in multi-vehicle SLAM.
Bhargav, Anirudh SSubbarao, Chitrashree
The purpose of this research is to examine the fundamental principles of a circular economy (CE) in relation to the automotive industry in India, which plays a vital role in the country's economy. As a result, energy consumption and environmental impacts also pose significant challenges. CE provide a transformative approach through the life cycle of a vehicle, guiding the automotive industry toward a more sustainable transportation system. In order to decarbonize this industry, the global automotive commission recommends that recycled plastic content in vehicles be increased to 20-25% by 2030. This target necessitates the recovery of plastics from end-of-life vehicles, though these materials are rarely integrated into compounds today. The automotive industry's reliance on plastics has grown substantially due to their lightweight properties, which enhance fuel efficiency, reduce CO₂ emissions, and improve versatility and mechanical performance. polypropylene polymer and several other polyolefins are used for components like bumpers. The most prevalent recycling method for polypropylene bumpers is mechanical recycling, yet it presents notable challenges. It is important to note that paint, in particular, affects both the aesthetic quality and the structural integrity of recycled materials. This review work also explores the primary recycling methods documented in literature, particularly those that have minimal environmental impact. Further, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of India's transition toward sustainability in the automotive sector, including procedures for waste disposal and reuse. The report emphasizes the industry's growing pressure to adopt circular and sustainable approaches in production, vehicle design, and waste management while emphasizing the principles of reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic waste.
Kumar, Vijay Bhooshan
To address the issues of large storage requirements in maps and the dependence of localization accuracy on initial pose estimation, this paper proposes a novel relocalization method named LLS-SMGSC, which is based on simplified maps integrated with Global Search capabilities. Firstly, we partition the map-based on grid size to reduce memory usage. Next, we voxelize the point cloud and map and extract surfel. Then, a coarse-to-fine hierarchical alignment module between the initial frame and maps to estimate the initial global pose. Finally, unmanned platform pose is estimated by the Normal Distribution Transform (ndt) algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that LLS-SMGSC achieves the highest localization accuracy in both unstructured and structured environments while maintaining computational efficiency.
Quan, Zhiheng
Accurate forecasting of port container throughput is essential for strategic port planning and infrastructure development. This paper systematically employed the GM (1,1) grey prediction model, quadratic exponential smoothing model and ARIMA model to forecast container throughput at Tianjin Port. Subsequently, a combined model was established through weighted integration of these individual predictors. The results demonstrated that the combined model achieved higher predictive accuracy and lower mean error compared to individual model, thereby providing valuable insights for Tianjin Port’s strategic development planning.
Shi, YujieZhou, Xin
In this article we will discuss the development and implementation of a computer vision system to be used in decision-making and control of an electro-hydraulic mechanism in order to guarantee correct functioning and efficiency during the logistics project. To achieve this, we have brought together a team of engineering students with knowledge in the area of Artificial Intelligence, Front End and mechanical, electrical and hydraulic devices. The project consists of installing a system on a forklift that moves packaged household appliances that can identify and differentiate the different types of products moved in factories and distribution centers. Therefore, the objective will be to process this identification and control an electro-hydraulic pressure control valve (normally controlled in PWM) so that it releases only the hydraulic pressure configured for each type of packaging/product, and thus correctly squeezing (compressing) the specific volume, without damaging it due to excessive force, and without little force to the point of allowing the load to fall.
Furquim, Bruno BuenoPivetta, Italo MeneguelloIbusuki, Ugo
In this study, using the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME VIII Div.1 and the German AD - MERKBLÄTTER 2000 (that is a code of practice for pressure vessels and other pressure equipment, it was drawn up by the German Pressure Vessel Association which includes many German associations and institutions specialized in boilers and pressure vessels). This pressure vessel had its geometry generated from the Inventor software, which has equipment specification for industrial applications. The validation of two types of horizontal cylindrical vessels was performed: one without and one with four nozzles (A, B, C, D). For this, two common parameters between both standards were considered: the minimum required thickness in millimeters (of the cylindrical shell, elliptical head, and nozzles A, B, C, and D), as well as the maximum membrane stress (in the presence and absence of nozzles). The percentage differences between both standards, considering the membrane stress of the vessel without nozzles, was not significant. However, regarding the vessel with nozzles, the percentage differences between nozzles B and D (18.26% and 13.64%, respectively) are considerable. Finally, for the case of the minimum required thickness, the percentage differences for each of the components (shell, head, nozzle A, nozzle B, nozzle C, and nozzle D) show high disparity (99.2%, 79.7%, 180.5%, 159.2%, 180.5%, 189.5%, respectively). Based on these percentage differences, comments and conclusions are drawn regarding the applicability of both standards in real-world pressure vessel validation contexts. For numerical simulations, Ansys Workbench software [15] was used, as well as DIMy, from the company TÜV NORD.
Pereira, Mateus PenidoCastro, Thais SantosGrandinetti, Francisco JoseBimestre, Thiago AveraldoReis de Faria Neto, dos AntonioDias, Erica XimenesMartins, Marcelo Sampaio
Intelligent ships represent a crucial trend in the development of the maritime industry and will become the predominant vessel form in the future. Intelligent ships must have efficient perception and situational analysis capabilities in complex navigation environments to achieve intelligent decision-making and safe navigation. Maritime traffic safety is a critical issue for the global shipping industry, and maritime situational awareness is essential for ensuring safe navigation in waterways. This paper addresses the problem of intelligent identification of potential navigational risks in ship navigation environments and proposes a Transformer-based approach for ship encounter situation recognition. This method utilizes Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to extract encounter features. Contextual Position Encoding and Coordinate Attention mechanisms are introduced into the model to capture spatial correlation and directional features, enhancing the accuracy of determining encounter situations. Through experimentation in the research area and comparison with other models, the results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves higher recognition accuracy in ship encounter situation identification. This research provides a beneficial new idea and technical approach for studying intelligent environmental perception and situational analysis for ships.
Ma, TongyuePan, MingyangLi, ShaoxiHu, JingfengLi, Chao
As a crucial part of national strategic resources, petroleum is an important basic material for economic development. However, during the storage, loading and unloading, and transportation of bulk liquid petroleum products, unavoidable natural losses occur due to factors such as process technology and equipment. Therefore, studying the natural loss of liquid petroleum during storage and transportation, and adopting effective countermeasures to minimize the natural loss of liquid petroleum, has become a topic of focus in various fields. This paper uses the “Loss of Bulk Liquid Petroleum Products” approved in 1989 as the analysis standard to explore the natural loss of highway oil transportation, conduct statistical test analysis on oil data such as oil collection registration forms, and propose conclusions and suggestions, thereby providing a reference for the revision of oil loss standards. The experimental results show that the overall oil data meets the national standard for natural loss of bulk liquid petroleum products, and suggests revising three standards, indicating that the standard setting is relatively scientific and reasonable.
Li, BixinLi, JilaiJin, Shifeng
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