Browse Topic: Metallurgy

Items (16,004)

Higher-strength, higher-toughness die cast wheel material using recycled aluminum

2025-32-0007To be published on 11/03/2025

In an attempt to reduce CO2 release from the alloy wheel production, we have developed such an aluminum alloy for casting that satisfies necessary property requirements using recycled aluminum and without heat treatment. The wheel is a critical safety item of the vehicle requiring higher toughness and strength. In many wheels, virgin aluminum containing small amounts of impurities are used to maintain toughness, and the heat treatment (T6), in which quick heating and cooling are conducted after the casting, is applied to provide ensure strength. At the start of this project, we focused on two wheel-manufacturing processes; the production of virgin aluminum and the heat treatment, from which a large amount of CO2 is released. The change from the virgin to the recycled material allows reduction of CO2 release to 1/9. The issue in the use of recycled material is that impurities grow in the metal structures as an intermetallic compounds and lower toughness. To deal with the said issue, we

Suzuki, Noritaka

Effect of Casting Microstructure on the Mechanical Performance of Recycled EN AC-43200 Al-Si Alloy

2025-01-0357To be published on 09/15/2025

Nowadays, the automotive industry is moving toward the reduction of CO2 emissions implementing different strategies. Beyond the direct reduction of emissions from the vehicles, an important role is played by the production of parts made with recycled materials. This is particularly relevant for automotive components (e.g., brake calipers and steering knuckles) produced using cast Aluminium-Silicon (Al-Si) alloys, whose primary production from bauxite is highly energy-intensive. However, recycled cast Al-Si alloys could have different mechanical performances with respect to their primary counterparts, due to the presence of impurity elements from the recycling process. For this reason, it becomes fundamental to study the effect of different casting parameters (e.g., molten alloy temperature, sprue design and mould temperature) on the solidification microstructure of recycled, cast Al-Si alloys and, as a consequence, on the mechanical performances of the material. In this context, this

Pavesi, Arianna, Barella, Silvia, D'Errico, Fabrizio, Bonfanti, Andrea, Bertasi, Federico

Study of Residual Stresses on Flat Surfaces of DIN 51CrV4 Steel in the Stress Shot Peening Process

2025-36-0327

08/01/2025

Compressive residual stresses are very important at fatigue life, therefore this work has an objective to determine compressive residual stresses longitudinally, along a surface, with three levels of deflection causing tensile prestresses on the surface fibers, of 750 MPa, 1100 MPa and 1500 MPa, supported in one support position on the compression side, 150 mm, equidistant from the longitudinal center of the samples, which are made of EN 47 steel (DIN 51CrV4), with dimensions of 15 mm thick, 70 mm width and 1500 mm long. The samples are submitted to quenching, tempering, surface polishing and stress relief processes, with radius of 2500 mm and concavity downwards, and after they are immersed in a tank with mineral and conventional quenching oil compound, then the samples are tempered and the concave surfaces are polished to remove decarburization and took into the furnace to relieve stress caused by the surface polishing process. Next step, the samples are peened, with deflections of

Chiqueti, Cleber Michel, de Almeida Benassi, Adriano, Gomes, Bárbara Miranda, dos Santos, Marcos, de Lima, Alexandre Santana, Rolim, José Ronaldo Agostinho, da Silva, Fernando Vilanova

Cobalt Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 50.5Co - 26Cr - 15Ni - 6.0Mo (Stellite® 30) As-Cast

AMS5380H (Current)

07/22/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant cobalt alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Extrusion 2.7Cu - 1.8Li - 0.7Zn - 0.3Mn - 0.3Mg - 0.08Zr (2099-T81) Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching 1 to 3% and Aged

AMS4459C (Current)

07/22/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, and profiles (shapes) from 0.375 to 1.300 inches (9.53 to 33.02 mm) in diameter or thickness, produced with cross-sectional area of 22.5 square inches (145 cm2), maximum, and a circumscribing circle diameter (circle size) of 17.4 inches (44.2 cm), maximum (see 2.4 and 8.8).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Identification Welding Wire, Tab Marking Method

AMS2816W (Current)

07/21/2025

This specification covers procedures for tab marking of bare welding wire to provide positive identification of cut lengths and spools.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 73Ni - 12Cr - 4.5Mo - 2.0Cb (Nb) - 0.70Ti - 0.05C - 6.0Al - 0.010 - 0.10Zr (IN-713 - Low Carbon) Vacuum Cast, As-Cast

AMS5377H (Current)

07/18/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Cobalt Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 62Co - 27Cr - 2.8Ni - 5.5Mo (Stellite® 21) As-Cast

AMS5385J (Current)

07/18/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant cobalt alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Cobalt Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 54Co - 25.5Cr - 10.5Ni - 7.5W (Stellite® 31) As-Cast

AMS5382L (Current)

07/18/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant cobalt alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 47.5Ni - 22Cr - 1.5Co - 9Mo - 0.60W - 18.5Fe (Hastelloy® X) As-Cast

AMS5390H (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Beryllium Near-Net Preforms, Standard Grade, Hot Isostatic Pressed

AMS7908F (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers beryllium in the form of bar, rod, tubing, and shapes fabricated from beryllium powder consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) (see 8.5).

AMS G Titanium and Refractory Metals Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 18Cr - 9.0Ni (302) Solution Heat Treated

AMS5516S (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate 0.002 inch (0.05 mm) and above in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel Bars, Forgings and Forging Stock 0.25Mo (0.35 - 0.40C) (SAE 4037) Aircraft Quality

AMS6300J (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, and forging stock.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 17Cr - 13Ni - 2.5Mo (316L) Solution Heat Treated

AMS5507J (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 18Cr - 8Ni (SAE 301) Cold Rolled, 3/4 Hard, 175 ksi (1207 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS5902E (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip over 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Stress Relief of Steel Parts

AMS2759/11B (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment in AMS2759, establishes requirements for thermal stress-relief treatments of parts manufactured from the following materials: a Carbon and low-alloy steels b Tool steels c Precipitation-hardening, corrosion-resistant, and maraging steels d Austenitic corrosion-resistant steels e Martensitic corrosion-resistant steels

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 73Ni - 0.14C - 13Cr - 4.5Mo - 2.3Cb (Nb) - 0.75Ti - 6.0Al - 0.010B - 0.10Zr (IN-713) Vacuum Cast, As-Cast

AMS5391J (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Investment Castings 30Fe - 21Cr - 20Ni - 20Co - 3.0Mo - 2.5W - 1.0Cb - 0.15N (N-155) As-Cast

AMS5376J (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant iron alloy in the form of investment castings.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate, 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-O), Annealed

AMS4025P (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate from 0.006 to 3.000 inches (0.15 to 76.20 mm) in thickness, inclusive (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Brazing, Gold-Nickel Alloy Filler Metal

AMS2662A (Current)

07/16/2025

This specification covers the engineering requirements for producing brazed joints in parts made of steels, iron alloys, nickel alloys, and cobalt alloys using gold-nickel alloy filler metal.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (SAE 8740) Aircraft Quality

AMS6358M (Current)

07/14/2025

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion- and Heat-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Plate 62Ni - 21.5Cr - 9.0Mo - 3.7Cb (Nb) (Alloy 625) Solution Heat Treated

AMS5869E (Current)

07/14/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of sheet, strip, and plate up to 1.000 inch (25.40 mm) in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.25Mo (0.33 - 0.38C) (8735) Aircraft Quality

AMS6357N (Current)

07/14/2025

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of sheet, strip, and plate.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet, Strip, and Foil 19Cr - 9.5Ni (304) Cold Rolled, 125 ksi (862 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS5501G (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet, strip, and foil.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Salts, Heat-Treating (for Metals)

AMS2821A (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers the procurement of granular heat-treating salts suitable for use in the molten state.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Aluminum Alloy Plate, 5.7Zn - 2.2Mg - 1.6Cu - 0.22Cr (7475-T7351), Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved by Stretching, and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4202F (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.250 to 4.000 inches (6.35 to 101.60 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Iron-Nickel Alloy, Strip 49Fe - 5.3Cr - 42Ni - 2.5Ti - 0.55Al Solution Heat Treated, Cold Rolled, 10% Reduction

AMS5223H (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.1874 inch (0.51 to 4.760 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Alloy, Corrosion-Resistant, Round Bars 20Cr - 35Ni - 35Co - 10Mo Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted Solution Heat Treated and Work Strengthened

AMS5844K (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy in the form of bars up to 1.75 inches (44.4 mm) in diameter (see 8.2).

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Alloy, Corrosion-Resistant, Round Bars 20Cr - 35Ni - 35Co - 10Mo Vacuum Induction Plus Consumable Electrode Vacuum Remelted Solution Heat Treated, Work Strengthened, and Aged

AMS5845L (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy in the form of bar up to 1.75 inches (44.4 mm) in diameter (see 8.2).

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Sheet and Plate 6.3Cu - 0.30Mn - 0.06Ti - 0.10V - 0.18Zr Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked and Naturally Aged (2219 -T31/-T351)

AMS4601B (Current)

07/09/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of sheet and plate 0.020 to 6.000 inches (0.551 to 152.4 mm), inclusive, in thickness (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Fittings, 24° Cone Flareless, Fluid Connection, 5000 psi

AS4444A (Current)

07/07/2025

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for 24° cone flareless fluid connection fittings and nuts and bite type flareless sleeves for use in aircraft fluid systems at an operating pressure of 5000 psi for the fittings and nuts and 3000 psi for the bite type sleeves.

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Aluminum Alloy, Plate (7255-T7751) 8.0Zn - 2.3Cu - 2.0Mg - 0.12Zr Solution Heat Treated, Stress Relieved, and Overaged

AMS4463B (Current)

07/01/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 0.750 to 1.500 inches, incl (19.05 to 38.10 mm, incl) in thickness (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Anodic Treatment - Titanium and Titanium Alloys Solution pH 13 or Higher

AMS2488F (Current)

07/01/2025

This specification establishes the engineering requirements for producing an anodic coating on titanium and titanium alloys and the properties of the coating.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

An Investigation into Friction Stir Surfacing of AA 6061-T6 Alloy on Low-Carbon Steel: Microstructural and Mechanical Analysis

05-19-02-0013

06/30/2025

Friction stir surfacing is an advance surface modification technique, which is functionally evolved from the friction stir welding process. However, the fundamental reason behind the joining of Al/steel is difficult due to the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC). To address the problem of IMC formation, the current study suggested an alternate production technique with solid-state friction surfacing deposition. In this work, the adhesion mechanism and metallurgical properties of solution-treated AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy cladding over a low-carbon steel IS2062 substrate were investigated. Impact procedural factors (axial frictional force, spindle speed, table traverse speed, consumable rod diameter, and substrate roughness) were examined. Push-off and hardness tests were used to inspect the mechanical properties of cladded samples. 67–77± HV hardness is observed at the interface of the cladded cross-section. A push-off strength of 9 kN was achieved, indicating

Badheka, Kedar Hiteshkumar, Sharma, Daulat Kumar, Badheka, Vishvesh

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars and Wire 19Cr - 10Ni (304) High Yield Strength, Solution Heat Treated and Cold Worked

AMS5857E (Current)

06/30/2025

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of cold-worked bars and wire up to 1.750 inches (44.45 mm), inclusive, in nominal diameter or least distance between parallel sides.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 18Cr - 8Ni (SAE 30301) Cold Rolled, Full Hard, 185 ksi (1276 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS5519R (Current)

06/30/2025

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) and over in nominal thickness.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Sheet and Strip 18Cr - 8Ni Cold Rolled, 1/2 Hard, 150 ksi (1034 MPa) Tensile Strength

AMS5518P (Current)

06/30/2025

This specification covers a corrosion-resistant steel in the form of sheet and strip.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Welded, Flash-Controlled, Low-Carbon Steel Tubing Normalized for Bending, Double Flaring, Beading, Forming, and Brazing

J356_202506 (Current)

06/30/2025

This SAE Standard covers normalized electric-resistance welded flash-controlled single-wall, low-carbon steel pressure tubing intended for use as pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, double flaring, beading, forming, and brazing. Material produced to this specification is not intended to be used for single flare applications, due to the potential leak path caused by the Inside Diameter (ID) weld bead or scarfed region. Assumption of risks when using this material for single flare applications shall be defined by agreement between the producer and purchaser. This specification also covers SAE J356 Type-A tubing. The mechanical properties and performance requirements of SAE J356 and SAE J356 Type-A are the same. The SAE J356 or SAE J356 Type-A designation define unique manufacturing differences between coiled and straight material. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 for metric tubing, and SAE

Metallic Tubing Committee

Study of Processing Parameters and Aging Treatments on Relative Density and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel

05-19-02-0012

06/23/2025

This research examined maraging steel (C300), which is widely used in the automotive industry. The study investigated how various 3D printing parameters—laser power (P), scanning speed (V), and layer spacing (H)—as well as post-processing heat treatment factors such as time (t) and temperature (T) affect the properties of C300 steel produced via selective laser melting (SLM). The primary properties assessed included relative density, porosity, hardness, and microstructure. The first part of the analysis focused on how processing parameters, time, and temperature influenced porosity types and manufacturing defects. Subsequently, ANOVA was employed to explore the sensitivity of relative density and microhardness to these parameters. The results revealed an optimal combination of parameters that improved both microstructural and mechanical properties. Additionally, the post-processing heat treatment was found to impact microhardness by modifying the microstructure and martensite lath size

Jaballah, Ola, Omidi, Narges, Iltaf, Asim, Barka, Noureddine, El Ouafi, Abderrazak

Brazing, Silver For Use Up to 800 °F (427 °C)

AMS2664G (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers the engineering requirements for producing brazed joints in parts made of steels, iron alloys, nickel alloys, and cobalt alloys by use of silver alloy filler metals and the properties of such joints.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

Aluminum Alloy, Extrusions 4.5Cu - 0.85Si - 0.80Mn - 0.50Mg (2014-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat Treated

AMS4153N (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of extruded bars, rods, wire, profiles, and tubing up to 32 square inches (206 cm2) in area (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Castings, Leaded Bronze, Sand and Centrifugal, 80Cu - 10Sn - 9.5Pb, As Cast

AMS4842G (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers a leaded bronze in the form of sand and centrifugal castings (see 8.6).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Aluminum Bronze, Centrifugal and Chill Castings, 85Cu - 11Al - 3.6Fe, As Cast

AMS4870G (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers an aluminum bronze alloy in the form of centrifugal and chill castings (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Nickel-Aluminum-Bronze, Martensitic, Sand, Centrifugal and Continuous Castings, 78Cu - 11Al - 5.1Ni - 4.8Fe, Quench Hardened and Temper Annealed

AMS4881E (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers a nickel-aluminum-bronze alloy in the form of sand, centrifugal, and continuous castings (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

FITTING, ADAPTER, PORT, REDUCER

AS5172F (Current)

06/17/2025

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Nickel Alloy, Corrosion and Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Rings, and Forging, Ring and Heading Stock 60Ni - 22Cr - 2.0Mo - 14W - 0.35Al - 0.03La (Alloy 230®) Solution Heat Treated

AMS5891D (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloy in the form of bars, forgings, flash-welded rings, and stock for forging, flash-welded rings, or heading.

AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee

Hard Anodic Coating of Magnesium Alloys Alkaline, Non-Chromate Type, High Voltage

AMS2466D (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers the requirements for a hard anodic coating on magnesium alloys and the properties of the coating.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

CLAMP, LOOP, PLAIN, SUPPORT, AIRCRAFT

AS5587C (Current)

06/17/2025

G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies

Aluminum Alloy, Plate (2397-T87), 2.8Cu - 1.4Li - 0.30Mn - 0.12Zr - 0.10Zn, Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked, and Artificially Aged

AMS4328C (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 3.000 to 6.000 inches (76.20 to 152.40 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness (see 8.5).

AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee

Steel Tubing, Seamless, Round 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) 95 ksi (655 MPa) Tensile Strength Aircraft Quality

AMS6374F (Current)

06/17/2025

This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of round, non-welded tubing free from OD surface seams.

AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee

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