Browse Topic: Lubricants

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Development of Dehydrated Kusum Oil as a Potential Bio-lubricant2025-01-8312To be published on 04/01/2025
Depletion of petroleum crude oil and its environmental impacts challenge future generations. Vegetable oils provide a sustainable alternative with benefits like anti-wear properties, biodegradability, and renewability. Kusum oil's ability to lower carbon emissions significantly and promote sustainable industrial practices highlights its potential as a viable green alternative. This research paper presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of a sustainable, environmentally friendly bio-lubricant and nonedible vegetable oil like Kusum oil. Bio-lubricant is produced by transesterification followed by epoxidation, which is known as epoxidized kusum oil lubricant or dehydrated kusum oil (DKO). The process of epoxidation significantly enhances the properties of Kusum oil, making it a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. It is compared with a widely used conventional mineral oil lubricant like SAE10W40. DKO exhibits comparable density, viscosity index, pour point, and
Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, SINGH, Nishant
Technical Paper
Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system Multiphase CFD Analysis for predicting Oil Aeration2025-01-8364To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper explains transient, computationally rigorous, three-dimensional and one-dimensional multiphase CFD analysis of engine drainback system and lubrication system for predicting aeration. Aeration of engine oil is an important factor as it affects working of Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, bearings performance and it reduces lube system pressure itself which is detrimental for the entire engine. In this work specifically effect of engine tilting on lube oil aeration is presented. When engine is tilted, crankshaft and connecting rod/s gets dipped in to oil which generates air bubbles. These air bubbles travel to lube pump and then to the engine lube system. Therefore, it is essential to model aeration in Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system in order to predict oil pressure reduction in lube system. The problem under consideration is spread over a bigger zone, involves rotating and translating components, passage’s dimensions are varying from microns to meters and involves
Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Bedekar, Sanjeev
Technical Paper
Study of the Effects on Plain Bearings in Simulated Corrosion Tests Using Carbon neutral Fuels2025-01-8470To be published on 04/01/2025
Many countries around the world are currently working toward carbon neutrality, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. As part of our efforts to achieve carbon neutrality, we have developed low friction bearings that contribute to reduced fuel consumption, and high load capacity bearings for increased engine output and longer service life. Meanwhile, Countries around the world are also considering engines that use carbon-neutral (CN) fuels, such as hydrogen and e-fuel, as part of their efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. It was reported that CN fuels differ significantly from gasoline and diesel in the chemical composition of gases produced after combustion. In particular, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines generate more water during combustion than gasoline engines, and nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) have also been observed under some combustion conditions. Dissolution of these substances in engine oil is expected to create a corrosive environment
Kondo, Makoto, Kawaura, Hiroki, Shiroya, Tomoyasu, Watanabe, Airi
Technical Paper
Numerical Comparison of TPMS Structures for the Design of an Automotive Engine Oil Cooler2025-01-8155To be published on 04/01/2025
Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) structures offer the possibility of reinventing structural parts and heat exchangers to obtain higher functional efficiency and lighter or even multi-functional components. As crescent global climate concern has led to increasingly stringent emissions regulations, the adoption of TPMS represents a resourceful tool for OEMs to downsize and lighten mechanical parts, thereby reducing the overall vehicle’s weight and fuel consumption. In particular, TPMS structures are gaining growing interest in the heat exchanger field as their morphology allows them to naturally house two separate fluids, thus allowing heat transfer without mixing. Moreover, TPMS-based heat exchanger can provide countless possible design configurations. These structures are obtained by the periodic repetitions in the three spatial dimensions of a specific unit cell with defined dimensions and wall thickness. By tuning their characteristic parameters, the structure can be tailored
Torri, Federico, Berni, Fabio, Martoccia, Lorenzo, Marini, Alessandro, Merulla, Andrea, Giacalone, Mauro, Colombini, Giulia
Technical Paper
Effects of lubricant oil loss on efficiencies and carbon emissions in Argon Power Cycle hydrogen-fueled engines2025-01-8436To be published on 04/01/2025
The trend of internal combustion engines is reducing or eliminating carbon emissions and improve the overall efficiency. The Argon Power Cycle (APC) hydrogen-fueled engine, specifically, can improve the thermal efficiency by using Argon as the working substance. At the same time, due to the utilization of hydrogen and pure oxygen, the combustion of the fuel in APC hydrogen-fueled engines produces zero carbon or NOx. However, during engine operation, lubricate oil consumption can still generate CO2 and becomes the only source for emission. Furthermore, the accumulation of CO2 under closed cycle can impede the condensation recovery of Argon and reduce the efficiency. In this study, a computational model was used to analyze the piston ring dynamics and surrounding gas flow in an APC hydrogen-fueled engine at a net indicated thermal efficiency of 62.4% (gross indicated thermal efficiency of 58.6%), and to investigate the effect of lubricate oil loss on the efficiency and carbon emissions
Wang, Chenxu, Li, Mo, SU, Xiang, Deng, Jun, Tian, Tian
Technical Paper
Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components2025-01-8206To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the Electric Lubrication Oil Pump (ELOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed ELOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This estimation approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the digital twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's
Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro
Technical Paper
Study on measuring viscosity and density of lubricating oil with a wire resonator system2025-01-8472To be published on 04/01/2025
The paper focuses on the principle of metal wire resonators, the development, and validation of a model for measuring liquid viscosity and density, alongside the optimization design of the resonator. Initially, an in-depth analysis of the operational mechanism of metal wire resonators is conducted, followed by the establishment of both mechanical and electrical models. These models are then interlinked to derive the critical parameter correlations between them. By refining the electrical model, a more precise electrical measurement model is formulated and experimentally verified for accuracy.Furthermore, by reducing the order of hydrodynamic functions, a simplified model applicable for measuring liquid viscosity and density using metal wire resonators is constructed. This model is validated using two sets of publicly available data, with calculated results affirming the correctness and simplicity of the derived theoretical model. By simplifying the principle of model 1, the calibration
Shan, Baoquan, Shen, Yitao, Yang, Jianguo, Zhang, Zhaoying, Wu, Dehong, Zhao, Yingke
Technical Paper
A design of electric drive system for all-wheel drive Formula Student racing car to improve racing performance2025-01-8005To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper introduces an innovative in-wheel electric drive system designed for all-wheel drive Formula Student Electric racing cars. The system utilized AMK's DD5-14-10-POW-18600-B5 model as the driving motor, with a gearbox transmission ratio of 13.2 determined through Optimum Lap simulation. A two-stage gear reducer was integrated into a unified hub-spoke assembly, which connected directly to the ten-inch carbon fiber rim. The planetary carriers were integrated with the wheel-edge suspension columns, and certain structural components were topologically optimized using Altair Inspire. This integration allowed the entire electric drive system to be housed within the wheel, resulting in a weight reduction of over 10% and an improvement in overall aerodynamic performance by approximately 5%, compared to conventional designs where the planetary gearboxes are integrated within the suspension columns. Meanwhile, a special floating brake disc mounting method was employed, which increased
Guo, Ruijie
Technical Paper
The Development of JASO GLV-2: Next Generation Specification for Ultra-High Viscosity Index Gasoline Engine Oils2025-01-8468To be published on 04/01/2025
Carbon neutrality has become a global initiative, and automobile manufacturers are introducing electrified vehicles such as HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs. Although interest in BEVs is growing, it is expected that HEVs, PHEVs, and other vehicles with internal combustion engines will continue to be used in regions where conversion to BEVs is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil is one of the important ways to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. In addition, high-efficiency engines installed in electrified vehicles and other vehicles have lower engine oil temperatures than conventional engine vehicles because the thermal loss of these engines to coolant and engine oils is lower. The reduction of viscous resistance in the mid- to low-temperature range below 80°C is considered significant to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices at the high temperature. To achieve both
Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi, Yoshida, Satoru, Matsui, Noriyuki
Technical Paper
A Transient Friction Rig Capable of Showing Lubricant Differentiation Effects for High Pressure Fuel Pump Friction in Gasoline Engines; with Friction Comparisons Using the Same Engine Running a Standard Internal Combustion Engine Transient Cycle, alongside Two Types of Hybrid Electric2025-01-8467To be published on 04/01/2025
As the global energy transition moves to increased levels of electrification for passenger cars, then the number and role of hybrid electric vehicles, (HEVs) are currently increasing rapidly. For these, the power reaches the road from an internal combustion engine ICE and/or an electric motor, with several switches between these three modes, over a typical drive-cycle. Consequently, this comes with a large increase in the number of significant engine stop and start events. Such events are potentially challenging for the HEV engine lubricant, as by comparison, for standard ICE cycles there is almost continuous relative movement of the two lubricated surfaces, for most areas of the engine. Based on both field and test cell observations, a challenging area for the lubricant within the gasoline direct injection engine (GDI) is the high pressure (HP) fuel pump, typically driven by a cam and follower, whilst lubricated by engine oil. From engine start, the speeds are low and the pump loads
Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Lambert, Bertie
Technical Paper
Intebrake 3-D CFD Transient Simulation Studies for Predicting Flow Performance2025-01-8362To be published on 04/01/2025
This paper presents transient, complex, moving mesh, three-dimensional CFD analysis of Intebrake lubrication oil circuit for predicting flow performance. Intebrake is a method of improving braking performance during overspeeding conditions by briefly opening the exhaust valve at the end of compression stroke with a small valve lift and releasing the compressed gases. There is no fueling and hence, no combustion during the Intebrake operation. During intebrake operation, opening of exhaust valve is achieved by using a complex lube oil circuit inside the exhaust rocker lever. The intebrake lube oil circuit consists of various spring-operated valves with micron sized clearances, high oil pressure generation up to ~ 250 bar, three-dimensional movement of the parts, and transient operation. The three-dimensional motion consists of simultaneous rotation and translatory motion with some dynamic motions due to net force balance between spring and fluid forces. All these factors make simulation
Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Ranganathan, Raj
Technical Paper
A critical evaluation of laboratory test methods used to assess coke formation tendency in synthetic lubricants2025-28-0036To be published on 02/07/2025
Lubricating oil in combustion engines undergoes thermal degradation under high temperatures and forms solid deposits. These solid deposits, also referred as coke are insidious, black, and carbonaceous solids. To mitigate the problems associated with oil coking, an effective testing methodology must be developed to characterize the coke formation qualitatively and quantitatively. Testing methodologies have been developed to measure coking tendency however some of the international standards such as the SAE ARP 6166 use visual inspection methods to quantify coke. Such methods are unsuitable for advanced research as they are prone to error in human judgment. This paper intends to bridge this gap and discusses a test methodology that can measure the formed coke quantitatively and qualitatively. The formation of coke has been studied under different laboratory methods such as static immersion test, thin film oxidation test, and dynamic test to replicate the various conditions in which coke
Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja, S, Shanmugasundaram, Bansal, Lalit, Negi, Ashish, Koka, Tirumala Rao, Das, Arnab
Technical Paper
Preparation and Evaluation of lubricating properties of Neem seed oil under the influence of an Anti-wear additive as Sustainable alternative to commercial Engine oil2025-28-0116To be published on 02/07/2025
The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of neem seed oil with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Poly alpha olefin 6 (PAO6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nano particles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to
Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai
Technical Paper
Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants Performance and Service ClassificationJ2116_202501 (Current)01/21/2025
This SAE Standard was prepared by Technical Committee 1, Engine Lubrication, of SAE Fuels and Lubricants Council. The intent is to improve communications among engine manufacturers, engine users, and lubricant marketers in describing lubricant performance characteristics. The key objective is to ensure that a correct lubricant is used in each two-stroke-cycle engine
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Technical Standard
Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline EnginesJ1510_202501 (Current)01/21/2025
The information in this SAE Recommended Practice has been compiled by Technical Committee 1 (Engine Lubrication) of the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Division. The intent is to provide those concerned with the design and maintenance of two-stroke-cycle engines with a better understanding of the properties of two-stroke-cycle lubricants. Reference is also made to test procedures which may be used to measure the chemical and physical characteristics of these lubricants
Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication
Information Report
Aerospace - Evaluation of Particulate Contamination in Hydraulic Fluid - Membrane ProcedureARP4285A (Current)01/09/2025
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes a method for evaluating the particulate matter extracted from the working fluid of a hydraulic system or component using a membrane. The amount of particulate matter deposited on the membrane due to filtering a given quantity of fluid is visually compared against a standard membrane in order to provide an indication of the cleanliness level of the fluid
A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee
Recommended Practice
Analysis of the Characteristics of Hybrid Vehicles and Low-Viscosity Lubricating Oil Based on Real Road Tests in Four Extreme Environments04-18-02-000901/07/2025
As countries around the world attach more importance to carbon emissions and more stringent requirements are put forward for vehicle emissions, hybrid vehicles, which can significantly reduce emissions compared with traditional fuel vehicles, as well as low-viscosity lubricating oil, have become significant trends in the industry. In this article, a total of nine vehicles of 48 V mild-hybrid models and full-hybrid models are tested. Using three kinds of low-viscosity lubricating oil and driving a total of 120,000 km in environments with low temperature, high humidity, high temperature, or high altitude, the engines are then disassembled and scored. The effects of the four extreme environments on the engine starts–stops, ignition advance angle, engine power, state of charge (SOC), acceleration performance, and oil consumption characteristics of hybrid vehicles are studied; the oxidation characteristics and iron content change characteristics of low-viscosity lubricating oil are analyzed
Zhu, Gezhengting, Hu, Hua, Pan, Jinchong, Luo, Yitao, Hua, Lun, Jiao, Yan, Jiang, Jiandi, Shao, Heng, Xu, Zhengxin, Yan, Jingfeng, Wei, Guangyuan, Zhang, Heng
Journal Article
Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles2024-36-007412/20/2024
During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench
Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto
Technical Paper
A Quasi-Two-Dimensional Approach in Laminar Flow of Lubricating Oil and Grease04-18-02-000712/09/2024
The overarching objective of the present study is to apply a quasi-two-dimensional approach to analyze the laminar flow of lubricating oil. Lubricating oils are non-Newtonian by nature. For these types of oils, the Sisko fluid model is the most suitable model of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship for these types of oils. It is hoped that by omitting the dependence of flow quantities in one direction, more qualitative information can be obtained on the characteristics of the purely three-dimensional boundary layer flow of lubricating oils. Some of the most familiar flow geometries discussed are steady flow over a flat plate, a corner of a wedge, and a stagnation region; steady flow in a convergent and divergent channel; and impulsively started flow over an infinite flat plate and semi-infinite flat plate. The governing equations of all flow geometries are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) using the free parameter transformation. The results are
Patel, Manisha, Bariya, H.G.
Journal Article
Development of Lubricants Using Re-Refined Base Stocks—An Effort toward Circular Economy04-18-02-000812/06/2024
Re-refining of used lubricating oil is an economically attractive and effective recycling method that contributes significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection. The effective re-refining process of used lubricating oil undergoes thorough purification to remove contaminants and to produce high yield and good quality base oil suitable for reuse in lubricant formulation. Used lubricating oils have various hazardous materials, these can be processed with safe and efficient methods required to recover high-quality base oil products. Typically, used lubricating oil is a mixture of various types of additives, base oils, and viscometric grades as per the different types automotive and industrial applications. Re-refined base oils can be re-used to produce lubricants such as industrial and automotive lubricants like passenger car motor oils, transmission fluids, hydraulic oils, and gear oils. API classified base oils into two categories namely mineral base oils API Group I
Maloth, Swamy, Joshi, Ratnadeep S., Mishra, Gopal Swaroop, Samant, Nagesh N., Bhadhavath, Sanker, Seth, Sarita, Bhardwaj, Anil, Paul, Subinoy, Arora, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul
Journal Article
Hydraulic Lash Adjuster Dynamic Behavior Prediction Using Multibody Dynamic Simulation and Co-Relation with Testing to Improve Valve Train Design Robustness2024-28-018412/05/2024
In recent years, world-wide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working to improve the fuel efficiency of IC engine and valve train friction contribute up to 30% of overall friction loss. Oil viscosity plays an important role in reducing overall engine friction, but it adversely affects the function of Valve train in terms of wear and reliability. Now a days HLA/RFF type (Type-II) valve train is mostly used in Internal Combustion engine to reduce friction and automatic lash adjustment. HLA (hydraulic lash adjuster) plays a crucial role in the RFF/HLA type valvetrain in IC engine. Understanding the valve train dynamic behavior due to HLA is essential for engine designers to improve engine performance and durability. The study aims to accurately predict the behavior of Hydraulic lash adjuster under various operating conditions using multibody dynamic simulation approach. Most significant concern in HLA operation is potential occurrence of “Valve pump up”, an undesired
Chandiok, Prateek, Poonia, Sanjay, Kundu, Soumen, Bharti, Anil Kant
Technical Paper
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Nickel+Graphite’ OnlyAMS3050/6A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/6) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Nickel and Graphite only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Aluminum OnlyAMS3050/2A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/2) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Aluminum only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - PTFE OnlyAMS3050/5A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/5) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient PTFE only. For use only below 600 °F / 315 °C
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Graphite+Aluminum’ OnlyAMS3050/8A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/8) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Graphite+Aluminum only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Traction Coefficient MeasurementARP6243 (Current)12/04/2024
The lubricant performance capability for aero-propulsion drive systems is derived from the physical properties, chemical properties, and the transport phenomena of the oil. Viscosity, pressure-viscosity coefficient, and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) full-film traction coefficient are inherent properties of the lubricating fluid. Full-film traction coefficient is a required input for thermal performance prediction and engineering design. Traction coefficient data can be modeled and used as an input into bearing and gear analysis codes. This document describes a test method for traction coefficient measurement of 5 cSt oils under service-like conditions for high-stress Hertzian elastic contacting bodies operating under temperatures and sliding (slip) velocities found in high-speed rolling element bearings and gears
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Recommended Practice
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Nickel OnlyAMS3050/3A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/3) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Nickel only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – ‘Copper+Graphite+Aluminum’ OnlyAMS3050/7A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/7) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Copper+Graphite+Aluminum only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Molybdenum Disulphide; Graphite OnlyAMS3050/4A (Current)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/4) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Molybdenum Disulphide; Graphite only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future DirectionAIR6056A (Current)12/04/2024
This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification. Test methodologies under development will also be described for consideration during future revisions of AS5780
E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee
Information Report
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Graphite+Calcium Fluoride’ OnlyAMS3050/9A (Historical)12/04/2024
The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/9) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Graphite+Calcium Fluoride only
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High TemperatureAMS3050A (Current)11/21/2024
This foundation specification (AMS3050) and its associated category specifications (AMS3050/1 through AMS3050/9) cover anti-seize compounds for use on threads of nuts, studs, bolts, and other mating surfaces, including those of superheated steam installations, at temperatures up to 1050 °F (566 °C). Compounds containing PTFE are limited to 600 °F (315 °C) maximum. Materials for nuts, studs, bolts, and other mating surfaces include, but are not limited to: steel, nickel alloys, stainless steel, and silver-coated materials. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in 2.3.3, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before a grease is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or
AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee
Material Specification
Single Crankshaft Opposed Piston Heat Rejection Measurement and Simulation on High Power Density Engines for Future Ground Combat Vehicle Power Pack Configurations2024-01-359311/15/2024
ABSTRACT This paper discusses inherent advantages and additional design changes that can be made to a single crankshaft opposed piston engine (SCOPE) in order to satisfy military engine heat rejection-to-power requirements of 0.45. The paper starts off with a discussion of the currently demonstrated heat rejection to power levels being obtained with the commercial version of the SCOPE configuration. Here, it is seen that heat rejection-to-power ratios are approximately 0.69. Tests are ongoing and this value is considered preliminary in nature. Analytical results are then presented that decompose where the heat is being generated - for the intake air system, the coolant system, and also the oil lubrication system. The model includes consideration of heat generated from the engines turbochargers, cylinders, pistons, and gear train. The model is anchored to measurements made with a commercial version of the SCOPE engine. Engine heat rejection results for this baseline configuration
Kacynski, Ken, Johnson, S. Arnie, Huo, Ming, Yancone, J., Katech, Chris Meszaros
Technical Paper
Development of a Laboratory Based Test Methodology to Identify Axle Lubricants with Limited Slip Capability2024-01-370911/15/2024
ABSTRACT Modern vehicles use various methods to improve traction. One way to control torque to the drive wheels and improve traction is the limited slip differential (LSD). These differentials prevent loss of traction in the event that a driving wheel loses grip. A popular arrangement is the clutch-type LSD. Clutch-type LSDs use alternating friction and reaction plates lubricated by gear oils with specific frictional properties that allow for smooth and quiet operation. It is essential that vehicles designed with LSDs use gear oils with the appropriate frictional characteristics, but each manufacturer relies on proprietary test methods to identify compatible gear oils for their LSDs. This lack of standardization limits the availability of compatible oils. To deal with this problem, the Army is developing a laboratory based test method using the SAE No. 2 friction test machine to identify fully formulated gear oils compatible with LSDs found in military equipment
Comfort, Allen S., Brandt, Adam, Thrush, Steven
Technical Paper
Improving Military Ground Vehicle Fuel Efficiency through the Identification of More Fuel Efficient Gear Oils (FEGOs) – Development of a Stationary Axle Efficiency Test Stand and Test Procedure2024-01-370711/15/2024
ABSTRACT For existing vehicle fleets there are few ways to reduce fuel consumption that do not involve expensive retrofitting. Replacing standard lubricants with those that achieve greater efficiency through superior formulation is one practical and inexpensive way to reduce fleet fuel consumption. In an effort to identify axle lubricants that reduce fuel consumption, the U.S. Army has developed a stationary axle efficiency test stand and test procedure using data from vehicle testing and simulation. Test method developmental work was initiated using hardware representative of light and medium tactical vehicles. Results indicate that the stationary test stand can differentiate and map efficiency changes between lubricants. The test stand has been used to test fuel efficient axle lubricants, which proved to be in good agreement with prior vehicle testing. Stationary testing has been shown to offer a higher degree of accuracy than full-scale vehicle testing at lower cost
Comfort, Allen S., Brandt, Adam, Thrush, Steven
Technical Paper
IMPROVE LIP SEAL PERFORMANCE AND INCREASE SAND RESISTANCE WITH A LOW-COST GRAPHITE SHAFT COATING2024-01-381711/15/2024
ABSTRACT Lip seals are vital components that serve two primary purposes – keep liquids/lubricants in and keep sand/contaminants out. An additional task is to confine pressure. Test study results indicate that self-polishing Additive Abradable Graphite Coatings (AAGC’s) will protect sealed rotating components from sand, and extend lubricant maintenance interval on gearboxes, PTO’s, and the like. Citation: A. Andrew Suman, “Improve Lip Seal Performance and Increase Sand Resistance With A Low Cost Graphite Shaft Coating”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019
Suman, Andrew, Silvey, Tom, Smith, Zachary
Technical Paper
DESIGN FOR A DUAL PURPOSE LIQUID LEVEL SENSOR (PATENT PENDING2024-01-371111/15/2024
ABSTRACT Traditional engineering concerns such as lubrication and cooling are still present even as vehicle functions become more complex. The established solution to monitor fluid levels has been a sight glass or a dipstick. More complex machines demand continuous knowledge of fluid levels without adding to operator workload. Remote monitoring of vehicle health will become normal and expected by owners and operators of evolving vehicle designs. This dual function fluid level sensor provides both electronic and operator monitoring of vehicle fluids, as well as redundancy in the event of electronic failure. Grouping of sensor components that are considered more likely to fail into one group, aids replacement when necessary. By incorporating a traditional dipstick into a continuous electronic monitoring solution, either method of level monitoring is facilitated
Swenson, David
Technical Paper
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT OIL PUMP IMPROVES TRACKED VEHICLE TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY2024-01-370311/15/2024
ABSTRACT Variable displacement pumps have been used in automotive transmissions for decades. L3T had high confidence that a Variable Displacement Oil (VDO) pump would increase overall transmission efficiency. An off-the-shelf (OTS) or OTS modified pump in this pressure and flow range was not found. Therefore, a VDO pump is being developed with the known risk of replacing a highly reliable pump with a new better performing pump of unknown reliability. In this document the development of this VDO pump is discussed. Initial testing of the VDO pump demonstrated an average 25HP savings in pumping losses throughout the transmission operating ranges. At this point, durability testing has not been performed
Bol, Stephen
Technical Paper
RELIABILITY OF POWERTRAIN COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO EXTREME TRIBOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS2024-01-317511/15/2024
ABSTRACT Results are presented from tests on a formulated 15W-40 mil-spec engine/transmission fluid to examine the impact of additives on improving its reliability and durability under extreme tribological conditions. A block-on-ring (BOR) configuration was used to measure the effect of five additives (an emulsion-based boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, particulate-based boron nitride, particulate-based MoS2, and particulate-based graphite) on the critical scuffing load as a function of additive concentration and time to scuff during oil-off tests (starved lubrication). A four-ball configuration was used to evaluate the impact of simulated engine grit/sand on the abrasive wear of steel as a function of grit size and loading. The results demonstrated that the additives increased the load for scuffing by 50 to 100% for the formulated oil and by 50 to 150% for the unformulated base fluid used in the formulated oil. Two of the additives (emulsion-based boric acid and tricresyl phosphate
Fenske, G. R., Ajayi, O. O., Erck, R. A., Lorenzo-Martin, C., Masoner, Ashley, Comfort, A. S.
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) Candidates for Fuel Consumption Benefits in Military Equipment2024-01-328611/15/2024
ABSTRACT The Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) program is seeking to develop an all-season (arctic to desert), fuel-efficient, multi-functional powertrain fluid with extended drain capabilities. To evaluate candidate lubricants for the purpose of fuel consumption effects, a test cycle was developed using the GEP 6.5L(T) engine found in the HMMWV. Field data collected at Ft. Hood, TX was used to determine a set of speed, load and temperature points which could be reproduced consistently in test-cell operation. These points were condensed into a 14-mode cycle for use within the SCPL program. In addition to fresh condition oil, some lubricants were evaluated at end-of-life drain conditions to determine consumption effects over time. Results from the program indicated a significant fuel consumption benefit with lower viscosity lubricants when compared to current in-use military engine oils
Warden, Robert, Hansen, Gregory, Comfort, Allen
Technical Paper
IMPACT OF FRICTION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON FUEL ECONOMY FOR GROUND VEHICLES2024-01-309611/15/2024
ABSTRACT The Department of Defense is a major consumer of petroleum products – over 700 million gallons per day. While the majority of fuel consumed is for aircraft, in terms of logistics and exposure of personnel to hazardous conditions, the amount of fuel consumed in ground vehicles is considerable, with the cost (in-theatre, delivered) ranging from $100 to $600/gallon. This paper addresses the impact that parasitic friction mechanisms (boundary lubrication and lubricant viscosity) have on engine friction and overall vehicle efficiency. A series of mechanistic models of friction losses in key engine components was applied to investigate the impact of low-friction technologies on the fuel consumption of heavy-duty, on-road vehicles. The results indicate that fuel savings in the range of 3 to 5% are feasible by reducing boundary friction and utilizing low-viscosity engine lubricants. The paper will discuss the implications of the studies (as performed for commercial heavy-duty trucks
Fenske, G. R., Erck, R. A., Ajayi, O. O., Masoner, A., Comfort, A. S.
Technical Paper
The Effect on Soot Handling and Friction of Selected Dispersant Additives for Next Generation Transportation Sector Oils2024-01-430111/05/2024
Next generation lubricating oils for transportation sector require higher durability in operation, compatibility with new engine technologies and aftertreatment devices as well as high fuel economy (FE), thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, both in passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles. The current paper aims to highlight the impact of dispersant main properties in preventing sludge and deposits formation on engine surfaces. The effect on frictional properties of lubricating oils through a multi-step activity was evaluated. Oil contamination by soot is a big concern not only for diesel but also for new generation of direct injection gasoline (GDI) engines. The presence of soot leads to oil thickening that heavily impacts on friction coefficient thus enhancing the role of dispersant in controlling soot and related viscosity increase and, indirectly, fuel consumption for long running periods. After an introduction on dispersant technologies, the focus of the paper moves
Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo, Notari, Marcello, Ferraro, Giovanni, Fratini, Emiliano
Technical Paper
Failure of Power Steering Gears of the Heavy-Duty Trucking: A Tribological Investigation2024-01-430011/05/2024
A power steering system helps the heavy-duty operator move the vehicle easily with the hydraulic pump that provides the fluid pressure and facilitating adequate operation. Some failures in the power steering system are due to external and internal factors that can reduce its service life. The external factors could be identified by ocular inspection but normally, due to internal failures, it is necessary to use a hydraulic pressure flow meter. However, this device makes it impossible to detect failures caused by the selected lubricant. This work aims to investigate the causes of power steering system seizure by using the tribological wear examination process and the lubricant characterization under some actual operation conditions. The lubricant characterization was carried out in a four balls tester using fresh and used samples of a re-refined oil based ATF, SAE 15 W40 and synthetic SAE 5 W30 oils at two temperatures. In general, the results showed an unsteady friction profile with
García-Maldonado, Miguel, Gallardo, Ezequiel, Mozqueda-Flores, Luis, Vite-torres, Manuel
Technical Paper
The Single Technology Matrix Process for Fully Formulated Engine Oil Capability Testing2024-01-429911/05/2024
The American Petroleum Institute’s (API) Single Technology Matrix (STM) is a data-based, Virtual Testing process and protocol (utilizes test data, characteristics and features of base stocks and blends coupled with statistical methods and analysis) used to predict the performance capability of a specific engine oil additive technology in a single specified base oil, in a given engine test. The concept was first introduced in 2002, codified and implemented by API in 2007, and updated in 2022. The previously published advantages of STM in the proof-of-performance of engine oils, remain relevant. These advantages include a data space focused on interpolation, documented statistical analysis protocol, limitation to a specific formulation, flexibility in understanding complicated, interactive, or non-linear technology and base oil relationships, and timeliness. There have been numerous changes to, and in, the engine oil industry since the introduction of STM in 2007. These include advances
Zielinski, Christine, Scinto, Philip, Chen, Min, Gibbons, Greer, Baker, Charles
Technical Paper
Performance Evaluation & Development of Engine Oil with Re-Refined Base Oil for Automotive Applications2024-01-430211/05/2024
The focus on sustainability has encouraged innovation across industries with a growing emphasis on minimizing environmental impact. In the transportation sector, optimizing engine lubricants emerges as a crucial avenue for achieving sustainable performance as used engine oil is the primary lubricants waste stream. Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) presents a compelling solution, offering a sustainable alternative to virgin base oils. By reclaiming and reprocessing used oil, RRBO not only minimizes waste but also embodies the ideology of circularity, promoting resource efficiency and environmental conservation. This study presents the collaborative efforts between an Indian Automotive OEM and Lubricant Technology Partner towards the development of engine oil utilizing Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) for automotive applications. Specifically, two formulations were targeted: a 5W-30 A5/B5 oil for Bharat Stage IV passenger car usage and a 15W-40 CI4+ oil for Bharat Stage IV commercial vehicle
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Dalvi, Preshit
Technical Paper
Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits Found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig2024-01-429811/05/2024
In recent years, deposit formation in fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors. In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions and to facilitate a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This newly
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Theveny, Arnaud, Kusar, Henrik, Hruby, Sarah
Technical Paper
A Step towards Pragmatic Carbon Emission Reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles through Differentiated Diesel and Green Combo Lubricants2024-01-430311/05/2024
With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicle, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application. Most pragmatic solution lies in solutions which improves the fuel economy and reduce the carbon emission of existing diesel fuelled vehicle fleet and retain the economic feasibility offered by present diesel fuelled vehicle fleets. With implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS VI) emission norms across country from April 2020, supply of BS VI complaint diesel fuel started and BS VI complaint vehicles with upgraded engine technologies and after treatment devices started to come which made present vehicle fleets heterogeneous with substantive number of BS IV vehicle. Beside improvement of engine technologies, existing BS IV vehicle fleet performance can be enhanced through improved fuel and lubricants solutions. The present research work is a step towards improving the fuel economy of existing BS IV diesel vehicles through the intervention of
Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Singh, Punit Kumar, Chakradhar, Maya, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sauhard, Arora, Ajay, Harinarain, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul
Technical Paper
Towards Robust Hydrogen Combustion: Precise Lube Oil Consumption Measurement as an Enabler for Tackling Pre-Ignition2024-01-429011/05/2024
The use of carbon-free fuels, such as ammonia or hydrogen, or at least carbon neutral fuels, such as green methane or methanol is one of the most important paths in the development of low-carbon internal combustion engines (ICE). Especially for large, heavy-duty engines, this is a promising route, as replacing them with battery electric or fuel cell drives poses even greater challenges, at least for the time being. For some applications or areas of the world, small ICEs for trucks, passenger cars or off-road vehicles, operated with alternative fuels will still remain the means of choice. One of the biggest challenges in the development of hydrogen combustion engines is achieving high compression ratios and mean effective pressures due to combustion anomalies, caused by the low ignition delay and broad flammability limit of hydrogen. Oil droplets are considered to be one of the main triggers for pre-ignition and knocking. This paper will give a brief introduction, showing the results of
Rossegger, Bernhard, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin, Vareka, Martin
Technical Paper
Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Piston Engine (Ashless DispersantJ1899_202410 (Current)10/28/2024
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturer’s manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants. Compliance with this specification must be accomplished in accordance with the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process as described in the documents referenced in 2.1.3. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address shown in 2.1.3, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific piston engine oil in aero applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builders and/or governmental
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
Technical Standard
Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines04-18-01-000410/03/2024
The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined
Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas
Journal Article
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