Browse Topic: Lubricants

Items (4,820)

Hydraulic lash adjuster dynamic behavior prediction using multibody dynamic simulation and Co-relation with testing to improve valve train design robustness

2024-28-0184To be published on 12/05/2024

In recent years, world-wide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working to improve the fuel efficiency of IC engine and valve train friction contribute up to 30% of overall friction loss & Oil viscosity plays an important role in reducing overall engine friction but it adversely affects the function of Valve train in terms of dynamic behavior. Robustness and frictional loss are contradicting requirement. Robustness demands high stiffness valve train design, on the other hand low frictional power loss demands low stiffness valve train design. In-line with above objective, valve-train system is the key area of the Internal Combustion engine to reduce friction with HLA/RFF type (Type-II). The HLA plays a crucial role in the valvetrain of IC engine. Understanding the dynamic behavior due to HLA is essential for engine designer to improve engine performance and durability. This paper presents a comprehensive study for the behavior of valve train to achieving robust design. The

Chandiok, Prateek, Bharti, Anil Kant, Poonia, Sanjay

RELIABILITY OF POWERTRAIN COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO EXTREME TRIBOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS

2024-01-3175

To be published on 11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Results are presented from tests on a formulated 15W-40 mil-spec engine/transmission fluid to examine the impact of additives on improving its reliability and durability under extreme tribological conditions. A block-on-ring (BOR) configuration was used to measure the effect of five additives (an emulsion-based boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, particulate-based boron nitride, particulate-based MoS2, and particulate-based graphite) on the critical scuffing load as a function of additive concentration and time to scuff during oil-off tests (starved lubrication). A four-ball configuration was used to evaluate the impact of simulated engine grit/sand on the abrasive wear of steel as a function of grit size and loading. The results demonstrated that the additives increased the load for scuffing by 50 to 100% for the formulated oil and by 50 to 150% for the unformulated base fluid used in the formulated oil. Two of the additives (emulsion-based boric acid and tricresyl phosphate

Fenske, G. R., Ajayi, O. O., Erck, R. A., Lorenzo-Martin, C., Masoner, Ashley, Comfort, A. S.

Evaluation of Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) Candidates for Fuel Consumption Benefits in Military Equipment

2024-01-3286

To be published on 11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) program is seeking to develop an all-season (arctic to desert), fuel-efficient, multi-functional powertrain fluid with extended drain capabilities. To evaluate candidate lubricants for the purpose of fuel consumption effects, a test cycle was developed using the GEP 6.5L(T) engine found in the HMMWV. Field data collected at Ft. Hood, TX was used to determine a set of speed, load and temperature points which could be reproduced consistently in test-cell operation. These points were condensed into a 14-mode cycle for use within the SCPL program. In addition to fresh condition oil, some lubricants were evaluated at end-of-life drain conditions to determine consumption effects over time. Results from the program indicated a significant fuel consumption benefit with lower viscosity lubricants when compared to current in-use military engine oils

Warden, Robert, Hansen, Gregory, Comfort, Allen

The Single Technology Matrix Process for Fully Formulated Engine Oil Capability Testing

2024-01-4299To be published on 11/05/2024

The American Petroleum Institute’s (API) Single Technology Matrix (STM) is a data-based, Virtual Testing process and protocol (utilizes test data, characteristics and features of base stocks and blends coupled with statistical methods and analysis) used to predict the performance capability of a specific engine oil additive technology in a single specified base oil, in a given engine test. The concept was first introduced in 2002, codified and implemented by API in 2007, and updated in 2022. The previously published advantages of STM in the proof-of-performance of engine oils, remain relevant. These advantages include a data space focused on interpolation, documented statistical analysis protocol, limitation to a specific formulation, flexibility in understanding complicated, interactive, or non-linear technology and base oil relationships, and timeliness. There have been numerous changes to, and in, the engine oil industry since the introduction of STM in 2007. These include advances

Zielinski, Christine, Scinto, Philip, Chen, Min, Gibbons, Greer, Baker, Charles

The impact of dispersant additives in next generation lubricating oils for transportation sector

2024-01-4301To be published on 11/05/2024

Next generation lubricating oils for transportation sector require higher durability in operation, compatibility with new engine technologies, aftertreatment devices and fuel economy (FE) characteristics, thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, both in passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles. The current paper aims to highlight the impact of dispersant technologies for their main properties, that are preventing sludge and deposits formation on engine surfaces, and in regard to the effect on frictional properties of lubricating oils, through a multi-step activity. Oil contamination by soot is a big concern not only for diesel but also for new generation of direct injection gasoline (GDI) engines. The presence of soot leads to oil thickening that heavily impacts on friction coefficient thus enhancing the role of dispersant in controlling soot and related viscosity increase and, indirectly, fuel consumption for long running periods. After an introduction on dispersant

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo, Notari, Marcello, Ferraro, Giovanni, Fratini, Emiliano

Towards Robust Hydrogen Combustion: Precise Lube Oil Consumption Measurement as an Enabler for Tackling Pre-ignition

2024-01-4290To be published on 11/05/2024

The use of carbon-free fuels, such as ammonia or hydrogen, or at least carbon neutral fuels, such as green methane or methanol is one of the most important paths in the development of clean internal combustion engines (ICE). Especially for large, heavy-duty engines, this seems to be the most promising route, as replacing them with battery electric or fuel cell drives poses even greater challenges, at least for the time being. But for some applications or areas of the world, even small ICEs for trucks, passenger cars or off-road vehicles, operated with alternative fuels will still remain the mean of choice. One of the biggest challenges in the development of hydrogen combustion engines is achieving high compression ratios and mean effective pressures due to combustion anomalies, caused by the low ignition delay and broad flammability limit of hydrogen. Oil droplets are considered to be one of the main triggers for pre-ignition and knocking. Therefore, this paper will first give a brief

Rossegger, Bernhard, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin, Vareka, Martin

Performance Evaluation & Development of Engine Oil with Re-Refined Base Oil for Indian Market

2024-01-4302To be published on 11/05/2024

The imperative for sustainability has spurred innovation across industries with a growing emphasis on minimizing environmental impact. In the transportation sector, optimizing engine lubricants emerges as a crucial avenue for achieving sustainable performance as engine oil is the primary lubricants waste stream. Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) presents a compelling solution, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional base oils. By reclaiming and recycling used oil, RRBO not only minimizes waste but also embodies the ethos of circularity, promoting resource efficiency and environmental stewardship. This study presents the collaborative efforts between an Indian Automotive OEM and key Lubricant Technology Partner towards the development of engine oil utilizing Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) for automotive applications. Specifically, two formulations were targeted: a 5W-30 A5/B5 oil tailored for Bharat Stage IV passenger car usage and a 15W-40 CI4+ oil optimized for Bharat Stage IV

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Dalvi, Preshit

Failure of power steering gears of the heavy-duty trucking: A tribological investigation

2024-01-4300To be published on 11/05/2024

A power steering system is a component that helps the heavy-duty operator to move easily the vehicle by the hydraulic pump providing the fluid pressure and facilitating adequate operation. Some failures in the power steering system are due to external and internal factors that can reduce its life. The external factor could be identified by ocular inspection but normally to internal failures is necessary to use a hydraulic pressure flow meter. However, with this device is impossible to detect failures by the lubricant selected. This work aims to investigate the causes of power steering system seizure by using the tribological wear examination process and the lubricant characterization under some actual operation conditions

García-Maldonado, Miguel, Gallardo, Ezequiel, Mozqueda-Flores, Luis, Vite-torres, Manuel

A step towards pragmatic carbon emission reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles through Differentiated Diesel and Green Combo Lubricants

2024-01-4303To be published on 11/05/2024

With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicle, it is a formidable challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application. Most pragmatic solution lies in solutions which improves the fuel economy and reduce the carbon emission of existing diesel fuelled vehicle fleet and have economical & feasible for vast geographical extent of country. With implementation of BS VI emission norms across country from April 2020, supply of BS VI complied diesel fuel started and BS VI complied vehicles with upgraded engine technologies and after treatment devices have started to come which make present vehicle fleets heterogeneous with substantive number of BS IV vehicle. Beside improvement of engine technologies, existing BS IV vehicle fleet performance can be enhanced through improved fuel and lubricants solutions. This research work is a step towards improving the fuel economy of existing BS IV diesel vehicles through the intervention of differentiated diesel

Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Singh, Punit Kumar, Chakradhar, Maya, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sauhard, Arora, Ajay, Harinarain, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig

2024-01-4298To be published on 11/05/2024

In recent years, deposit formation in the fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because as they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors. In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions, facilitating a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This

Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Theveny, Arnaud, Kusar, Henrik, Hruby, Sarah

Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

04-18-01-0004

10/03/2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined

Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles

2024-01-4089

09/16/2024

We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground combat

Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash

Improved Monitoring and Classification of Engine Oil Condition through Two Machine Learning Techniques

04-18-01-0005

09/14/2024

This study explores the effectiveness of two machine learning models, namely multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP-NN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), in advancing maintenance management based on engine oil analysis. Data obtained from a Mercedes Benz 2628 diesel engine were utilized to both train and assess the MLP-NN and ANFIS models. Six indices—Fe, Pb, Al, Cr, Si, and PQ—were employed as inputs to predict and classify engine conditions. Remarkably, both models exhibited high accuracy, achieving an average precision of 94%. While the radial basis function (RBF) model, as presented in a referenced article, surpassed ANFIS, this comparison underscored the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the realm of maintenance management. Serving as a proof-of-concept for AI applications in maintenance management, this study encourages industry stakeholders to explore analogous methodologies. Highlights Two machine learning models, multilayer

Pourramezan, Mohammad-Reza, Rohani, Abbas

Lubricant, Solid Film, Heat Cured, Corrosion Inhibiting, Procurement Specification

AS5272G (Current)

09/11/2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for heat-cured solid film lubricants. For other general or high-temperature applications, refer to AS1701. This document requires qualified products

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Evaluation of Friction Torque in Tapered Roller Bearings

2024-01-3047

09/08/2024

A bearing is a mechanical component that transmits rotation and supports load. Depending on the type of rotating mechanism, bearings are categorized into ball bearings and tapered-roller bearings. Tapered-roller bearings are superior to ball bearings in load-bearing capabilities. They are used in applications where high loads, such as, the wheel bearings for commercial vehicles and trucks, aircraft, high-speed trains, and heavy-duty spindles for heavy machinery must be supported. The demand for reducing the friction torque in automobiles has recently increased owing to carbon-emission regulations and fuel-efficiency requirements. Therefore, research on the friction torque of bearings is essential; studies have been conducted on lubrication, friction, and contact in tapered-roller bearings. There have also been studies on lip friction, roller misalignment, and so on; however, research on the influence of roller geometries and material properties is scarce. This study investigated the

Lee, Seungpyo, An, Hyun Gyu

Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity

2024-01-5084

08/23/2024

This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their

Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant

J1966_202408 (Current)

08/19/2024

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for non-dispersant lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers’ manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants. Compliance with this specification must be accomplished in accordance with the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process as described in the documents referenced in 2.2.2. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address shown in 2.2.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific piston engine oil in aerospace applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builders and/or governmental authorities and may be accomplished

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Elastomer: Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ) Fuel and Oil Resistant 65 – 75 Durometer Type ‘A’ Hardness For Products in Fuel Systems/Lubricating Oils

AMS3331D (Current)

08/12/2024

This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) elastomer that can be used to manufacture product in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. This specification should not be used for molded rings, compression seals, molded O-rings or molded O-ring cord, and molded in place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties of Soot from Laboratory Tests and Heavy-Duty Engines Used in Field Operations

04-18-01-0002

08/02/2024

Morphology, nanostructure, and composition of soot extracted from the oil sump of different heavy-duty engines operated under dynamometer and field conditions were investigated. Soot characteristics were then compared to a carbon black sample. Soot was extracted from used oil for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were also performed to assess soot composition. Two soot classes, I and II, can be identified based on their appearance under the TEM. Carbon black and class I particles have graphitic structures, while class II samples have a more sludge-like appearance. Similar aggregate sizes were observed among the samples. In all samples, the primary particle size distribution ranges from 16 nm to 22 nm in terms of mean diameter. Differences in the length and tortuosity of the graphitic fringes between the samples were observed. The findings suggest a greater degree of interaction between

Pacino, Andrea, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair, Fay, Michael W., Smith, Joshua, Berryman, Jacqueline, Fowell, Mark

Optimizing Spark-Ignition Engine Performance with Ternary Blend Fuels and Hybrid Nanolubricants: A Response Surface Methodology Study

03-17-08-0059

07/17/2024

The current research elucidates the application of response surface methodology to optimize the collective impact of methanol–isobutanol–gasoline blends and nanolubricants on the operational parameters of a spark-ignition engine. Diverse alcohol blends in conjunction with gasoline are employed in engine trials at 2500 rpm across varying engine loads. The alcohol blends exhibit notable enhancements in brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate. At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the break thermal efficiency of iBM15 surpasses that of gasoline by 33.5%. Alcohol blends significantly reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to gasoline. The iBM15 demonstrates a reduction of 25.2% and 51.12% in vibration along the Z and Y axes, respectively, relative to gasoline. As per the response surface methodology analysis, the optimal parameters are identified: an alcohol content of 29.99%, an engine load of 99.06%, and a nanolubricant concentration of 0.1%. It

Bharath , Bhavin K, Selvan , V. Arul Mozhi

Challenges of Measuring Low Levels of CO ₂ and NO _x on H ₂ -ICE

2024-01-2998

07/02/2024

Society is moving towards climate neutrality where hydrogen fuelled combustion engines (H2 ICE) could be considered a main technology. These engines run on hydrogen (H2) so carbon-based emission are only present at a very low level from the lube oil. The most important pollutants NO and NO2 are caused by the exhaust aftertreatment system as well as CO2 coming from the ambient air. For standard measurement technologies these low levels of CO2 are hard to detect due to the high-water content. Normal levels of CO2 are between 400-500 ppm which is very close or even below the detection limit of commonly used non-dispersive-infrared-detectors (NDIR). As well the high-water content is very challenging for NOx measuring devices, like chemiluminescence detectors (CLD), where it results in higher noise and therefore a worse detection limit. Even for Fourier-transformed-infrared-spectroscopy-analysers (FT-IR) it is challenging to deal with water content over 15% without increased noise. The goal

Jakubec, Philipp, Roiser, Sebastian

Optimization of a Sliding Rotary Vane Pump for Heavy Duty Internal Combustion Engine Cooling

2024-37-0030

06/12/2024

The benefits introduced by the replacement of conventional centrifugal pumps with volumetric machines for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) cooling were experimentally and theoretically proven in literature. Sliding Rotary Vane Pumps (SVRPs) ensure to achieve an interesting reduction of ICEs fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Despite volumetric pumps are a reference technology for ICE lubrication oil circuits, the application in ICE cooling systems still not represent a ready-to-market solution. Particularly challenging is the case of Heavy-Duty ICEs due to the wide operating range the pump covers in terms of flow rate delivered and pressure rise. Generally, SVRPs are designed to operate at high speeds to reduce machine dimensions and, consequently, the weight. Nevertheless, speed increase could lead to a severe penalization of pump performance since the growth of the friction losses. They produce wear phenomena which require expensive surface treatments or, more generally, the

Fatigati, Fabio, Di Bartolomeo, Marco, Pallante, Francesco, Lo Biundo lng, Giuseppe, Cipollone, Roberto

Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Seal Drag Force for Different Fluids

2024-26-0423

06/01/2024

The present study discusses the determination of the Seal drag force in the application where an elastomeric seal is used with a metallic interface in the presence of different fluids. An analytical model was constructed to predict the seal drag force and an experimental test was performed to check the fidelity of the analytical model. A Design of Experiment (DoE) was utilized to perform an experimental test considering different factors affecting the Seal drag force. Statistical tools such as the Test for Equal Variances and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to draw inferences for the population based on samples tested in the DoE test. It was observed that Glycol fluids lead to lubricant wash-off resulting in increased seal drag force. Additionally, non-lubricated seals tend to show higher seal drag force as compared to lubricated seals

Yarolkar, Makrand, Telore, Milind, Patil, Sandip

Test Method for the Determination of Water Concentration in Polyol Ester and Diester Aerospace Lubricants by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

ARP5991B (Current)

05/17/2024

The test method describes the procedure for the direct determination of water concentration in polyol ester and diester based aerospace lubricants by commercially available automated coulometric Karl Fischer titration instruments. The method was validated to cover the water concentration range of 150 to 3500 µg/g. The method may also be suitable for the determination of water concentrations outside this range and for other classes of fluids; however, the precision statement shall not be applicable for such uses

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Lubricant, Cetyl Alcohol, 1-Hexadecanol, Application to Fasteners

AS87132A (Current)

05/01/2024

This specification establishes the requirements for flake or granular cetyl alcohol, solvents for dissolving the cetyl alcohol, preparation and application requirements for use of cetyl alcohol as an installation lubricant on mechanical fasteners, such as pins, bolts, nuts, washers, threaded or nonthreaded fastening devices, and inspection criteria for coated parts

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Fuel and Lubricant Tanks for Motorcycles

J1241_202404 (Current)

04/15/2024

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to two- or three-wheel motorcycles intended for highway use. Unless noted, requirements apply to both metallic and nonmetallic tanks. Accessory or aftermarket tanks as well as original equipment tanks are covered

Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee

The Effects of the Oil Temperature Warm-Up on Engine Fuel Consumption

2024-01-2411

04/09/2024

The need for even more efficient internal combustion engines in the road transportation sector is a mandatory step to reduce the related CO2 emissions. In fact, this sector impacts significantly on greenhouse gases worldwide, and the path toward hybrid and electric powertrains has just begun. In particular, in heavy-duty vehicles the full electrification of the powertrain is far to be considered as a really feasible alternative. So, internal combustion engines will still play a significant role in the near/medium future. Hence, technologies having a low cost to benefits (CO2 reduction) ratio will be favorably introduced in existing engines. Thermal management of engines is today a recognized area of research. Inside this area, the interest toward the lubricant oil has a great potential but not yet fully exploited. Engine oil is responsible of the mechanical efficiency of the engine which has a significant potential of improvement. A faster warm-up during a daily urban trip when the

Di Giovine, Giammarco, Di Battista, Davide, Cipollone, Roberto

An Assessment of Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Recycled Waste Engine Oil Waste Cooking Oil and Waste Plastic Oil as Fuel

2024-01-2699

04/09/2024

Using the recycled waste oils are to be focused for the protection of environment by reducing the land pollution and disposal costs. This study is to use the recycled waste engine oil, waste cooking oil and waste plastic oil along with Bio-butanol from the waste cut vegetables and fruits. Initially, properties and solubility were tested for choosing a suitable blend for fueling into diesel engine from various proportions. These three blends from the base of three waste oils are then tested by modifying and standard engine operating parameters for performance. The properties tests results as 18% of waste engine oil (by volume) with bio-butanol, 16% of waste cooking oil (by volume) with bio- butanol and 24% of waste plastic oil (by volume) with bio-butanol are found competent for fueling engine. These blends produces low efficiency in lower brake powers and the emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are also higher during the operation under standard parameters. To upkeep

B, Prabakaran, Yasin, Mohd Hafizil Mat

Advanced Engine Cooling System for a Gas-Engine Vehicle Part I: A New Coolant Flow Control During Cold Start

2024-01-2414

04/09/2024

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm designed to accurately trigger the engine coolant flow at the optimal moment, thereby safeguarding gas-engines from catastrophic failures such as engine boil. To achieve this objective, we derive models for crucial temperatures within a gas-engine, including the engine combustion wall temperature, engine coolant-out temperature, engine block temperature, and engine oil temperature. To overcome the challenge of measuring hard-to-measure signals such as engine combustion gas temperature, we propose the use of new intermediate parameters. Our approach utilizes a lumped parameter concept with a mean-value approach, enabling precise temperature prediction and rapid simulation. The proposed engine thermal model is capable of estimating temperatures under various conditions, including steady-state or transient engine performance, without the need for extra sensors. Moreover, it exhibits greater robustness compared to temperature estimation systems

Chang, Insu, Sun, Min, Edwards, David

A methodology for modeling the thermal behavior of an electric axle in real driving cycles

2024-01-2588

04/09/2024

The thermal behavior of the electric axle is an essential indicator which requires certain attention during the development process. Due to the complexity of heat generation mechanism and heat transfer boundary conditions, it is difficult to accurately predict the axle’s temperature, especially in real driving conditions. In this paper, a comprehensive 1D model is developed to simulate its heat transfer process effectively and accurately. The heat transfer model is developed based on the thermal network method, and the electric axle is divided into thermal mass according to its heat transfer characteristics. The heat generation model, which accounts for meshing loss, bearing loss, churning loss, and windage loss, exchanges heat flux and oil temperature information with the heat transfer model to take into account the effect of lubricating oil temperature on power loss. Meanwhile, 3D simulation is established for the lubricating oil flow inside the axle and the air flow around it, from

Hu, Xiaoyu, Shao, Hengheng, Hou, Yuanjing, Sun, Wanyu, Liu, Hongwei, Zhang, Lin

Prediction of Air Generation in Engine Oil Pan by MPS and DEM

2024-01-2727

04/09/2024

Recent automobile engines are equipped with many devices that are driven by oil pressure. Generally, engine oil is used for oil pressure, and in addition to its conventional functions of lubrication and cooling, etc., it also plays an important role in accurately driving such devices. One of the factors that can interfere with the characteristics of engine oil is air contamination. Excessive air contamination can cause issues with driving devices. Although there are various factors that contribute to air contamination, this paper focuses on, and attempts to help predict, the air generated by engine oil falling and colliding with the surface of the oil in the oil pan as it returns from the top to the bottom of the engine. Using the particle method as the prediction method, the coupled Moving Particle Simulation (MPS) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) calculations were used to represent the generation of air. Basic tests were conducted to computationally reproduce the behavior of each of

Sato, Kenji, Takano, Junpei

Aspects of Engine Lubricant Operating Conditions and Fuel Economy Differentiation; In-Vehicle Comparisons of Standard Internal Combustion Engine with Two Types of Hybrid Electric

2024-01-2824

04/09/2024

Due to the global drive for carbon neutrality, passenger vehicle gasoline engines are transitioning to higher levels of electrification, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, HEVs and PHEVs. Compared with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the HEV or PHEV engine whilst in ICE only operation, typically operates for multiple shorter periods, in turn the engine coolant and lubricant temperatures are lower. Conventional internal combustion engines are often able to yield valuable fuel economy benefits by selecting appropriate engine lubricating oils, typically employing reduced viscosity and suitable additives. There are commercial engine tests available for measurement, often in an engine test cell for precision. Steady state testing is also a simplified option. Such efforts require care, as the accurate measurement is technically and practically challenging. This level of difficulty is again increased by the further complication of

Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Jamieson, Matthew, Chambers, Thomas

Simulation Study on the Influence of Multi-Magnetic Particles on Oil Sensor Signals

2024-01-2826

04/09/2024

Engine operation produces particles that contaminate the lubricating oil and can damage the engine's internal components. This paper presents a model for a three-coil inductive metal particle sensor and verifies the rationality and accuracy of the model by simulating the motion of a single spherical iron particle passing through the sensor. On this basis, the simulation of coupling double particles with different sizes, distances, and shapes is carried out. The study explores the influence of particle motion on the sensor-induced signal under various conditions. The research shows that when two particles pass through the sensor, the induced voltage signal will produce superposition when the distance between the two particles is small. The peak value of the induced voltage is 1-2 times the peak value of the induced voltage of a single particle. As the distance increases, the peak value of the induced voltage initially decreases, then slowly increases, and finally stabilizes. When the

Chen, Sen, Shen, Yitao, Qiang, Guiyan, Zheng, Zheng, Wang, Zheyu, Hao, Yin, Hu, Ting

Improving the Performance of Diesel Engines by Bore Profile Control under Operating Conditions

2024-01-2832

04/09/2024

The cylinder bore in an engine block is deformed under the assembling stress of the cylinder head and thermal stress. This distortion exacerbates the piston skirt friction and piston slap. Through a numerical and experimental study, this article analyzes the effect of an optimized bore profile on the engine performance. The piston skirt friction was estimated in a three-dimensional elastohydrodynamic (EHD) friction analysis. An ideal cylindrical bore under the rated load condition was assumed as the optimal bore profile that minimized the piston skirt friction without compromising the piston slap. The simulation study revealed that secondary motion of the piston immediately after firing the top dead center can be mitigated by narrowing the piston–bore clearance at the upper position of the cylinder. After optimizing the bore profile, enlarging the clearance from the middle to the lower part of the cylinder reduced the friction in the piston skirt to cylinder interface by an estimated

Hibi, Taiga, Mita, Takuro, Yamashita, Kenichi

A 3-D CFD Study of the Lubricating Oil Flow Path in a Hybrid Vehicle Transmission System

2024-01-2635

04/09/2024

Effective design of the lubrication path greatly influences the durability of any transmission system. However, it is experimentally impossible to estimate the internal distribution of the automotive transmission fluid (ATF) to different parts of the transmission system due to its structural complexities. Hybrid vehicle transmission systems usually consist of different types of bearings (ball bearings, thrust bearings, roller bearings, etc.) in conjunction with gear systems. It is a perennial challenge to computationally simulate such complicated rotating systems. Hence, one-dimensional models have been the state of the art for designing these intricate transmission systems. Though quantifiable, the 1D models still rely heavily on some testing data. Furthermore, HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) desire a more efficient lubrication system compared to their counterparts (Internal combustion engine vehicles) to extend the range of operation on a single charge. Thus, this paper includes a

Mohapatra, Chinmoy K., Schlautman, Jeff, Liu, Zhe, Raj, Gowtham, Gao, Haiyang

Evaluation of Thermal Stability and Corrosivity of Aviation Lubricants

ARP6992 (Current)

04/01/2024

This test method describes a standardized process to evaluate an aviation lubricant’s resistance to thermal degradation and to evaluate the fluid’s tendency to corrode a steel specimen. Fluids are evaluated in an environment free of both air and moisture at a specified temperature and for a specified time period

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Fluid, Reference for Testing AS5780 HPC Class (Polyol) Resistant Material (Also known as Eastman Reference Oil 300

AMS3085B (Current)

03/22/2024

This specification covers a neopentyl polyol ester fluid (see 8.2) with AS5780 HPC or MIL-PRF-23699 HTS Class performance

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Test Method for the Determination of Total Acidity in Polyol Ester and Diester Gas Turbine Lubricants by Automatic Potentiometric Titration

ARP5088C (Current)

03/18/2024

The test method describes the procedure for determination of the total acid number (TAN) of new and degraded polyol ester and diester-based gas turbine lubricants by the potentiometric titration technique. The method was validated to cover an acidity range of 0.05 to 6.0 mg KOH g-1. The method may also be suitable for the determination of acidities outside of this range and for other classes of lubricants

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Investigating Ethanol-Diesel Mixtures for Improved Compression Ignition (CI) Engine Performance: An Experimental Approach

2023-01-5138

02/23/2024

This study aims to assess the feasibility of utilizing a B20 blend, consisting of 20% ethanol and 80% diesel, as a potential alternative to diesel fuel in a compression ignition engine with a single cylinder. Ethanol, a commonly utilized biofuel, is renowned for its elevated oxygen content, which contributes to its efficacy as an oxygenator, hence augmenting fuel combustion and mitigating pollutants. The primary objective of our study is to evaluate the long-term durability and corrosion impacts of B20 fuel in comparison to a conventional diesel-only model. In a series of eight tests, each lasting 12.5 hours, it was observed that the B20 engine demonstrated enhanced long-term mechanical durability. Nevertheless, the introduction of ethanol blending resulted in the dilution and contamination of lubricants, as indicated by the observed rise in component wear and carbon deposition over a 100-hour testing period. Viscosity and contamination tests were employed to detect the presence of

Daniel Das, A., Suresh Balaji, R., Marimuthu, S., Manivannan, S.

Insert, Screw Thread, Self-Locking, UNS S66286, Key Locked, Plastic Self Locking Device, Solid Film Lubricant Procurement Specification

AS4723A (Current)

02/12/2024

This procurement specification covers inserts made from A286 alloy of the type identified under the Unified Numbering System as UNS S66286, solid film lubricated with a piastic self locking device, integrated locking keys to positively secure the insert against rotation when properly installed in threaded holes

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Research on Improving the Efficiency of Centrifugal Pump Using the Different Vane Surfaces of Bearings

04-17-02-0012

01/29/2024

With the use of the stepped surface of the friction pairs of the stepped bearings (SB) in the high-speed centrifugal pumps, its liquid film thickness is suddenly changed and it was discontinuously distributed in the direction of motion of pump. To ensure the continuity of the liquid film thickness and enhance the lubrication efficiency of the pump, based on the lubrication model of the SB, two other structures of the inclined surfaces [inclined bearings (IB)] and curved surfaces [curved bearings (CB)] used to replace stepped surfaces of the SB are investigated, respectively. Under the same conditions of the minimum thickness of the liquid film and initial dimensions of the sliding friction pairs, the influence of both the thickness ratio (α) of the liquid film and dimension ratio (β) in the direction of motion of SB, IB, and CB on the bearing capacity and friction coefficient of the liquid film are simulated and analyzed, respectively. Based on the optimal ratios {α and β} of SB, IB

Chen, Hanxin, Guo, Xiaoyan, Nguyen, Vanliem

Development of Low Viscosity Fuel Economy Engine Oil for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-0040

01/16/2024

Sustainability has evolved from being just a niche engagement to a fundamental necessity. The reduction of carbon emissions from aspects of human activity has become desirable for its ability to mitigate the impact of climate change. The Transportation industry is a critical part of the global economy – any effort to curb emissions will have a significant impact on CO2 reduction. Engine lubricant can play an efficient and key role to enhance powertrain performance that have undergone significant hardware changes to reduce emissions. As part of a significant collaborative programme between Tata Motors and Infineum, a new engine oil formulation SAE 5W-30 API FA-4 has been developed and commercially introduced for use in the modern Bharat Stage 6 Phase 2 engines. Introduction of SAE 5W-30 API FA-4 engine oil for Tata Commercial Vehicle application is a step towards delivering a sustainable option beyond improved fuel economy, longer drain interval and enhanced engine wear protection

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Bondre, Sushil, Pollington, Mark, Lim, Pei Yi, Madan, Lalit

Conversion of Diesel Fuel System to CNG Fuel System for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-0382

01/16/2024

CNG fuel has recently gained popularity in passenger and commercial vehicles due to its lower cost of operation compared to gasoline and diesel. It is also a more environmentally friendly fuel than other fuels. Converting a customer vehicle with a Diesel option to a CNG option is more difficult than building a new CNG vehicle. In this we are outlining the design of CNG fuel systems and the challenges of replacing them during the transition from Diesel to CNG and qualifying the Government Norms for running the vehicle will increase the life as well as make our environment more eco-friendly than diesel vehicles. Using CNG as a fuel in the automotive industry gives benefits over Gasoline & Diesel • increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. • Lower cost of per unit energy. • Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easily and evenly in air, hence less hazardous. • CNG is less likely to touch off on hot surfaces since it includes a tall auto

Srivastava, Rajat, Sharma, Mukesh, Kumar, Satish, Sharma, Pawan, Singh, Gaurav

Effect of Piston Secondary Motion on Lubricating Oil Consumption, Blow-by and Friction

2024-26-0259

01/16/2024

As per pieces of literature, 40 to 60 % of friction losses of Internal combustion engines occur in their piston-piston rings-liner assemblies and, there is a significant supportive role of simulation in improving this assembly. Literature is also available which tells, how changes in pistons affect oil consumption. Thus, piston dynamics is also important for oil consumption. Furthermore, the results from the simulation module of piston movement also serve as a significant input for postprocessing to calculate piston ring dynamics. This research is conducted to understand the piston secondary motion effect on oil consumption, friction, and blow-by. In this work, the results of ring dynamics and oil consumption simulation modules are studied with consideration and non-consideration of piston secondary motion results. The results like minimum oil film thickness, lubricating oil consumption, friction, friction power loss, and blow-by are investigated. Results indicate that oil throw-off

Sanadhya, Kunjan, Nandgaonkar, M., Aghav, Yogesh

Optimization of Oil Quantity in Manual Transmission and Reducing Churning Loss

2024-26-0346

01/16/2024

The gearbox is a crucial aggregate in a diesel truck. Gearboxes must work efficiently to get the job done properly and lubrication is vital to this efficiency. Lubricating oil is like the circulation system of a gearbox. If the oil levels fall too low, the gearbox will likely fail. Gearbox failure can lead to expensive repairs that could be prevented. Besides added costs due to replacement or repair, costs associated with a loss of production could be significant. These issues are why; it is important to understand the consequences of having low lubricant levels. Similarly, higher oil level creates higher churning losses, heating of the Gear oil and oxidation, reduction in efficiency and increased oil leaks. Understanding the functions of gearbox lubricating oil can help you choose the right quantity of prevent gearbox failures. The aim of the testing is to find the accurate level of oil required to lubricate the Gearbox properly without failure and to reduce from the current predicted

Lakshamanan, Sundar, Ks, Dhianeshwar, G R, Santosh, Ramaswamy, Sarathkumar

Effect of Tire Pressure on the Fatigue Life of an Automotive Three-Wheeled Vehicle’s Chassis & Body

2024-26-0365

01/16/2024

The need and dependency on objective measurements are increasing rapidly across all industries for reliable and faster data for product validation, and the automotive industry is no different. Objective measurements are becoming increasingly popular than subjective evaluation as they offer objectivity and repeatability. Typical industry practice for structural validation is to acquire the vehicle responses, viz. spindle accelerations, wheel displacements, wheel forces, speed, strain at a few critical locations, and others as per the requirement. Vehicle responses are usually acquired on specific road surfaces, test tracks, and proving grounds. Prior to the tests or measurements, the vehicles are configured as per the company's recommendation, such as tire pressure, camber angles, engine oil, coolant oil type and quantity, load, and load distribution, to name a few. The test vehicles with which these measurements are carried are usually only with these vehicle settings. However, the

Polisetti, Sagar

Lubrication Evaluation of EV Transmission

2024-26-0328

01/16/2024

Advent of EV powertrain has considerable effect on transmission development activities as competed to regular ICE transmission. Conventional ICE transmission and the transmission for an e-powertrain differ on fundamental level. The conventional transmission has number of gear ratios, shift mechanism which enables the transmission to deliver a smooth power output as per demand from the driver. Whereas the e-powertrain transmission is mostly a single gear ratio transmission (reducer) which primarily depends on speed and torque variation from the motor to cater the driver requirement. Hence, the operating speeds of such e-transmissions can vary from 0 to 20000 rpm in both forward and reverse directions. Such a large speed variation as compared with conventional transmission calls for special attention towards the lubrication of internal components. High speeds and lower oil viscosities tend to disrupt the oil films in between contact surfaces causing metal to metal contact. This situation

Kushwaha, Rakesh, Bhosale, Vikas, Navale, Pradeep, Patel, Hiral

A Study of Engine Oil Aeration in IC Engines and Factors Contributing

2024-26-0370

01/16/2024

The lubrication system of an internal combustion engine is a crucial component that performs a variety of functions, including lowering friction, cooling, supporting the load, and cleaning debris from the engine’s various moving components. Oil aeration refers to the phenomenon of trapping air bubbles in lubricating oil. High oil aeration can have a detrimental effect on engine performance since modern engines are equipped with parts such as VVT, HLA, RFF, PCJ, LCJ, and other components; whose operation is substantially impacted by the amount of air in circulating oil. In this study, an Inline 4-cylinder NA DOHC gasoline engine was tested with a densimeter-type aeration measuring machine. Test equipment layout which consists of hoses of various diameters and lengths were designed, fabricated, and instrumented to operate under different test conditions. Visual observations and quantitative measurements of oil aeration were performed in the oil sump. The purpose of this study is to

Attri, Mayank, Yadav, Vimal, Kamboj, Jagdish

Aerospace Microscopic Sizing and Counting of Particulate Contamination for Fluid Power Systems

AS598A (Current)

01/09/2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the materials, apparatus and procedure for microscopic sizing and counting of particulate contamination of fluid power systems by membrane filtration using microscopic counting

A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee

Diesel Emissions and Their Control, Second Edition

R-53312/20/2023

Engineers, applied scientists, students, and individuals working to reduce emissions and advance diesel engine technology will find the second edition of Diesel Emissions and Their Control to be an indispensable reference. Whether readers are at the outset of their learning journey or seeking to deepen their expertise, this comprehensive reference book caters to a wide audience. In this substantial update to the 2006 classic, the authors have expanded the coverage of the latest emission technologies. With the industry evolving rapidly, the book ensures that readers are well-informed about the most recent advances in commercial diesel engines, providing a competitive edge in their respective fields. The second edition has also streamlined the content to focus on the most promising technologies. This book is rooted in the wealth of information available on DieselNet.com, where the "Technology Guide" papers offer in-depth insights. Each chapter includes links to relevant online materials

Majewski, Addy, Jaaskelainen, Hannu

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