Employing “ball-on-ring” philosophy, a nonrotating steel ball is held in a vertically mounted chuck and, using an applied load, is forced against an axially mounted steel rotating ring. The test ring is rotated at a fixed speed while being partially immersed in a lubricant reservoir. This maintains the ring in a wet condition and continuously transports a lubricating film of test fluid to the ball and ring interface. The diameter of the wear scar generated on the test ball is used as a measure of the fluid’s lubricating properties. The apparatus can be used by adjusting the operating conditions to reproduce two different wear mechanisms. Therefore, the ALTE can assess a lubricant’s performance in that regard. These mechanisms are described below.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Two-Stroke-Cycle Engine Oil Fluidity/Miscibility Classification

J1536_202505 (Current)

05/16/2025

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for use by engine manufacturers in determining the Fluidity/Miscibility Grades to be recommended for use in their engines and by oil marketers in formulating and labeling their products.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Wear Protection for Electrified Transmissions Using e-Fluids without Active Sulfur

04-18-03-0015

05/08/2025

In electrified drivetrains, lubricants are commonly in contact with the motor and other electrical components as well as the gears and bearings. Copper, present in these electrical components, is susceptible to corrosion by fluids containing active sulfur, which can lead to catastrophic failure of the unit. Lubricating fluids for electric vehicles (referred to as e-fluids) must not cause corrosion and must maintain high performance while having suitable electrical conductivity, material compatibility, and heat transfer properties. We describe a new formulation without active sulfur that has recently entered the market, which can protect against copper corrosion. We show that this e-fluid can provide suitable wear protection under field trial conditions, and that the e-fluid provides improved wear protection in bearing (FE-8) tests compared to a traditional extreme pressure axle fluid (API GL-4). Surface analysis (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) measurements of the component surfaces

Hopper, Elizabeth R., Williams, Megan S., Gahagan, Michael

Aerated Oil in the Rotating Channel

03-18-03-0018

04/24/2025

In this article we examine the behavior of oil in the lubrication channel between the main bearing and the connecting rod bearing in the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine. The requirement for high service life and proper operation of these bearings, while minimizing input power of the lubrication system, lead to the need to understand the function of these structural parts in detail. To simulate and visualize this process, an experimental device was created. The device allows the experimenters to change individual parameters such as rotation speed, oil pressure, oil temperature, and aeration, while simultaneously visualizing the process with the help of a special rotating camera. These parameters are then obtained by image processing. In this way, the following influences are investigated here: at oil temperatures of 30, 50, and 80°C, relative oil pressures of 1, 2, 3, and 4 bar, at undissolved air in the oil of 5 and 10 vol% and crankshaft station speeds from 0 to 6000 1/min

Rychtar, Vaclav

Prediction of Pre-Ignition Borderline on Supercharged SI Engine by Livengood-Wu Integral

2024-32-0008

04/18/2025

The LSPI (Low Speed Pre-Ignition) is one of the consecutive abnormal combustion cycles of supercharged SI engine with direct injection fuel supply system [1]. The LSPI occurs when the engine is running at low speed and high load condition. It is important for the SI engine to control essentially with alternative fuel, e-fuel and hydrogen in the future. It is considered that the LSPI would be caused by the autoignition of the deposit, the lubricating oil from ring crevice, the lubricating oil from piston crown and so on [2, 3, 4, 5]. Among of these causes, this research focuses on the scattering lubricating oil from piston crown. The previous our research has reported on the two points. One is about the frequency and quantity of the lubricating oil scattering from piston crown [6]. Another is about the frequency of abnormal combustion by the engine test [7]. As the result, it has been cleared that the frequency of abnormal combustion is 1/10 of scattering frequency of the lubricating

Omori, Takaya, Tanaka, Junya

Used Motor Oil Regeneration Efficiency of Type X Fly Ash–Based Zeolite Alone and Combined with Other Adsorbents

04-18-03-0013

04/15/2025

This research article assesses the used motor oil’s (UMO) regeneration efficiency of a synthetic type X zeolite (siliceous fly ash–based) alone and combined with other adsorbents (composite adsorbents), namely activated carbon, bentonite, and acid-activated bentonite from Goshica’s (Kosovo) region. The UMO treated with the regenerating mixes has run about 20,000 km. Parameters including density, kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and sulfur content were measured in the untreated and treated UMO and compared to those of the reference oil with additives of type SAE 5W-30. All regeneration mixes showed good regeneration efficiency, restoring the UMO’s parameters to almost the original ones of the reference oil with additives (SAE 5W-30). Only the zeolite alone could significantly reduce the sulfur content (removal efficiency 60%). This method deserves further investigation and with some improvements, it can be established as a reliable regeneration method for some UMO.

Korpa, Arjan, Dervishi, Sara, Gecaj, Diana, Shahu, Kristi, Shehu, Alma, Nuro, Aurel

Detecting Piston Ring–Cylinder Liner Metal–Metal Contact in a Fired Large Marine Diesel Engine Using Piezoelectric Transducers

03-18-03-0017

04/09/2025

Shear-polarized ultrasonic sensors have been instrumented onto the outer liner surface of an RTX-6 large marine diesel engine. The sensors were aligned with the first piston ring at top dead center and shear ultrasonic reflectometry (comparing the variation in the reflected ultrasonic waves) was used to infer metal–metal contact between the piston ring and cylinder liner. This is possible as shear waves are not supported by fluids and will only transmit across solid-to-solid interfaces. Therefore, a sharp change in the reflected wave is an indicator of oil film breakdown. Two lubricant injection systems have been evaluated—pulse jet and needle lift-type injectors. The needle lift type is a prototype injector design with a reduced rate of lubricant atomization relative to pulse jet injectors. This is manifested as a smaller reduction in the reflected ultrasonic wave, showing less metal–metal contact had occurred. During steady-state testing, the oil feed rate was varied; the high flow

Rooke, Jack, Li, Xiangwei, Dwyer-Joyce, Robert S.

Development of Dehydrated Kusum Oil as a Potential Bio-Lubricant

2025-01-8312

04/01/2025

Depletion of petroleum crude oil and its environmental impacts challenge future generations. Vegetable oils provide a sustainable alternative with benefits like anti-wear properties, biodegradability, and renewability. Kusum oil's ability to lower carbon emissions significantly and promote sustainable industrial practices highlights its potential as a viable green alternative. This research paper presents a comprehensive and comparative analysis of a sustainable, environmentally friendly bio-lubricant and nonedible vegetable oil like Kusum oil. Bio-lubricant is produced by transesterification followed by epoxidation, which is known as epoxidized kusum oil lubricant or dehydrated kusum oil (DKO). The process of epoxidation significantly enhances the properties of Kusum oil, making it a promising alternative to conventional lubricants. It is compared with a widely used conventional mineral oil lubricant like SAE10W40. DKO exhibits comparable density, viscosity index, pour point, and

Prabhakaran, J, Pali, Harveer Singh, Singh, Nishant K.

Study of the Effects on Plain Bearings in Simulated Corrosion Tests Using Carbon Neutral Fuels

2025-01-8470

04/01/2025

Many countries around the world are currently working toward carbon neutrality, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. To achieve carbon neutrality, the search for new fuels to replace gasoline has been active. This study focuses on hydrogen and methanol fuels and examines their effects on plain bearings when these fuels are used in internal combustion engines. Compared to gasoline, these fuels differ significantly in the composition of gases produced after combustion. It is assumed that nitric acid, etc. will be mixed in the engine oil when hydrogen is combusted whilst formic acid, etc. will be mixed in the engine oil when methanol fuel is combusted. For this reason, corrosion tests were conducted by adding nitric acid or formic acid solution to the engine oil then placing plain bearings in the deteriorated oil. The results confirmed that significant corrosion of the bismuth overlay coating occurred and subsequently the performance of plain bearings may

Kondo, Makoto, Kawaura, Hiroki, Shiroya, Tomoyasu, Watanabe, Airi

Numerical Comparison of TPMS Structures for the Design of an Automotive Engine Oil Cooler

2025-01-8155

04/01/2025

Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures offer the possibility of reinventing structural parts and heat exchangers to obtain higher efficiency and lighter or even multi-functional components. The crescent global climate concern has led to increasingly stringent emissions regulations and the adoption of TPMS represents a resourceful tool for OEMs to downsize and lighten mechanical parts, thereby reducing the overall vehicle weight and the fuel consumption. In particular, TPMS structures are gaining growing interest in the heat exchanger field as their morphology allows them to naturally house two separate fluids, thus ensuring heat transfer without mixing. Moreover, TPMS-based heat exchangers can offer countless possible design configurations. These structures are obtained by periodic repetitions in the three spatial dimensions of a specific unit cell with defined dimensions and wall thickness. By tuning their characteristic parameters, the structure can be tailored to obtain

Torri, Federico, Berni, Fabio, Martoccia, Lorenzo, Marini, Alessandro, Merulla, Andrea, Giacalone, Mauro, Colombini, Giulia

Engine Crankcase, Oil Pan and Lube System Multiphase CFD Analysis for Predicting Oil Aeration

2025-01-8364

04/01/2025

This paper explains transient, computationally rigorous, three-dimensional and one-dimensional multiphase CFD analysis of engine oil drainback system and lubrication system for predicting aeration. Aeration of engine oil is an important factor as it affects working of Hydraulic Lash Adjusters, bearings performance and it reduces lube system pressure itself which is detrimental for the entire engine. In this work specifically effect of engine tilting on lube oil aeration is presented. When engine is tilted, crankshaft and connecting rod/s are dipped in to oil, which creates air bubbles. These air bubbles travel to lube pump and then to the engine lube system. Therefore, it is essential to model aeration in Engine crankcase, Oil pan and Lube system for the purpose of predicting oil pressure reduction in lube system. The problem under consideration is spread over a bigger zone, involves rotating and translating components, passage’s dimensions are varying from microns to meters and

Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Bedekar, Sanjeev

Intebrake 3-D CFD Transient Simulation Studies for Predicting Flow Performance

2025-01-8362

04/01/2025

This paper presents transient, complex, moving mesh, 3-D CFD analysis of an intebrake lubrication oil circuit for predicting flow performance. Intebrake is a mechanism for improving braking performance during over speeding conditions. The mechanism briefly opens the exhaust valve at the end of a compression stroke with a small valve lift and releases the compressed gases, thereby helping in quick application of the brake. There is no fueling during the process and hence, no combustion induced pressure rise which helps in quick application of the brake. During the intebrake operation, opening of the exhaust valve is achieved by using a complex lube oil circuit inside the exhaust rocker lever. The intebrake lube oil circuit consists of various spring-operated valves with micro-sized clearances, high oil pressure generation up to ~ 250 bar, 3-D movement of the mechanism components, and it is a transient operation. The 3-D movement consists of simultaneous rotational and translational

Tawar, Ranjit Ramchandra, Pasunurthi, Shyam Sundar, Bedekar, Sanjeev, Ranganathan, Raj

A Study into the Engine Oil Performance on Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles through an on-Road Fleet Test under Extreme Cold Environmental Condition

2025-01-8471

04/01/2025

In pursuit of reducing carbon emissions and to fulfill the customers’ needs for fuel-saving and environmentally friendly cars, car manufacturers have been increasingly offering different choices of electrified cars to their customers. Among those different powertrain solutions, with a balance of energy source between on-board electricity and fossil fuels, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) are becoming a choice for more and more end users, particularly in regional car markets such as China in recent years. Owing to the diversified vehicle operating conditions, new challenges are brought to the engine oil to protect the hardware from issues such as piston deposit, water/oil emulsification, oil thinning caused by fuel dilution, stop-start bearing wear and corrosion. This technical paper seeks to understand the impact of different operating modes of PHEV on engine oil performance. One key finding is that extreme conditions were needed to accumulate water content in the oil. When the

Zhang, Ruifeng, Andrew, Rhiann, Martin, Etienne, Hu, Gang

A Design of Electric Drive System for All-Wheel Drive Formula Student Racing Car to Improve Racing Performance

2025-01-8005

04/01/2025

This paper introduces an innovative in-wheel electric drive system designed for all-wheel drive Formula Student Electric racing cars. The system utilized AMK's DD5-14-10-POW-18600-B5 model as the driving motor, with a gearbox transmission ratio of 13.2 determined through Optimum Lap simulation. A two-stage gear reducer was integrated into a unified hub-spoke assembly, which connected directly to the ten-inch carbon fiber rim. In this paper, three conventional FSEC planetary gear reducer shafting designs are introduced, and a new shafting structure is proposed. Then the four structures are compared in multiple dimensions. Subsequently, we designed the shafting of the gear group, determined the size parameters of the shafting structure and the bearing type, and completed the verification. The planetary carriers were integrated with the wheel-edge suspension columns. Meanwhile, a special floating brake disc mounting method was employed, which increased the brake disc's heat capacity by

Guo, Ruijie, Zeng, Junhao, Yang, Yuancai, Hou, Yijie, Zhu, Zhonghui, Xiong, Jiaming

Machine Learning-Based Digital Twin for Optimizing Automotive Components

2025-01-8206

04/01/2025

This paper presents a Digital Twin approach based on Machine Learning (ML), aimed at creating software-based sensors to reduce the auxiliary devices of the vehicle and enabling predictive maintenance, thus reducing carbon footprint. The solution is applied to the electric Lubrication Oil Pump (eLOP), a crucial component within a vehicle's powertrain system. The proposed eLOP Digital Twin integrates ML-based sensors to estimate critical parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow rate, reducing the reliance on physical sensors and associated hardware. This approach minimizes manufacturing complexity and cost, enhancing energy efficiency during both production and operation. Furthermore, the Digital Twin facilitates predictive maintenance by continuously monitoring the component's performance, enabling early detection of potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. This leads to lower energy consumption and reduced emissions throughout the component's lifecycle. The

Khan, Jalal, D'Alessandro, Stefano, Tramaglia, Federico, Fauda, Alessandro

The Development of JASO GLV-2: Next Generation Specification for Ultra-High Viscosity Index Gasoline Engine Oils

2025-01-8468

04/01/2025

Carbon neutrality has become a global initiative, prompting automobile manufacturers to introduce electrified vehicles such as HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs. Although interest in BEVs is rising, HEVs, PHEVs, and other internal combustion engine vehicles are expected to remain in use in regions where transitioning to BEVs is challenging. For these vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil is a key measure to further reduce CO2 emissions. Moreover, high-efficiency engines in electrified vehicles typically operate at lower oil temperatures than conventional engines due to reduced thermal loss to coolant and oil. Lowering viscous resistance in the mid- to low-temperature range below 80°C is significant for improving fuel economy. However, viscosity must be maintained above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices at higher temperatures. To achieve both characteristics, oils with a low temperature dependence of viscosity (ultra-high viscosity index) are required. This

Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi, Yoshida, Satoru, Matsui, Noriyuki

A Transient Friction Rig Capable of Showing Lubricant Differentiation Effects for High Pressure Fuel Pump Friction in Gasoline Engines; with Friction Comparisons Using the Same Engine Running a Standard Internal Combustion Engine Transient Cycle, alongside Two Types of Hybrid Electric

2025-01-8467

04/01/2025

As the global energy transition moves to increased levels of electrification for passenger cars, then the number and role of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) increases rapidly. For these, the power reaches the road from an internal combustion engine (ICE) and/or an electric motor, with several switches between these three modes, over a typical drive-cycle. Consequently, this comes with a large increase in the number of significant engine stop and start events. Such events are potentially challenging for the HEV engine lubricant, as by comparison, for standard ICE cycles there is almost continuous relative movement of the two lubricated surfaces, for most areas of the engine. Based on both field and test cell observations, a challenging area for the lubricant within the gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine is the high pressure (HP) fuel pump, typically driven by a cam and follower, whilst lubricated by engine oil. From engine start, the speeds are low, also the fuel pump loads are high

Butcher, Richard, Bradley, Nathan, Lambert, Bertie

Reduced Order Model for Viscosity and Mass Density Sensing by A U-Shaped Wire

2025-01-8472

04/01/2025

This paper focuses on the basic principle of measuring viscosity and density with U-shaped tungsten wire sensor, and develops a model for measuring liquid viscosity and density with the help of oscillating ball model. Firstly, the working mechanism of the wire resonator is deeply analyzed. Then, by reducing the order of the fluid dynamic function, a simplified model is established for measuring the viscosity and density of liquid with U-shaped tungsten resonator. The experimental results show that the maximum error of viscosity is 7.22% and the average error is 2.81% when the viscosity ranges from 4.526mPa.s to 62.01mPa.s. In the range of 0.8486g/cm3 to 0.8711g/cm3, the maximum density error is 7.00% and the average density error is 1.89%. In summary, the simplified model proposed in this paper can accurately measure the viscosity and density of liquids.

Shan, Baoquan, Shen, Yitao, Yang, Jianguo, Zhang, Zhaoying, Wu, Dehong, Zhao, Yingke

Effects of Lubricating Oil Consumption and Operation Duration on CO ₂ Accumulation and Efficiency in an Argon Power Cycle Hydrogen-Fueled Engine

2025-01-8436

04/01/2025

The trend of internal combustion engines is reducing or eliminating carbon emissions and improve the overall efficiency. The Argon Power Cycle hydrogen-fueled engine can specifically improve the thermal efficiency by employing argon as the working substance. At the same time, due to the utilization of hydrogen and oxygen, the combustion of the fuel in Argon Power Cycle hydrogen-fueled engines produces zero carbon emissions or NOx emissions. However, during engine operation, lubricating oil consumption can still generate CO2 and becomes the only source for carbon emissions. Furthermore, the accumulation of CO2 under closed cycle will impede the condensation recovery of argon and reduce the efficiency and power. In this study, a closed cycle model of Argon Power Cycle hydrogen-fueled engine was constructed, in which argon is recycled by condensation instead of being charged like air in an open cycle model. Effects of lubricating oil consumption and operation duration on CO2 accumulation

Wang, Chenxu, Li, Mo, SU, Xiang, Deng, Jun, Tian, Tian, Li, Liguang

Advancing Oil Maintenance Practices: Insights from Viscosity Analysis

2025-01-5019

03/21/2025

There is a lack of data to support the efficacy of traditional mileage and time-based criteria for oil changes in vehicles. In this study, used-oil samples from 63 vehicles were collected and analyzed. Besides dynamic viscosity, viscosity index and activation energy were evaluated as measures of thermal stability of viscosity. The results revealed that mileage and time of use are not significantly correlated with (p > 0.05) and are thus poor indicators of oil viscosity and viscosity thermal stability measures. These findings highlight the limitations of current criteria and underscore the need for new sensing and evaluation methods to reduce costs, waste, and environmental impact while ensuring vehicle performance.

Salvi, Nilesh, Tan, Jinglu

Automotive Driveline Lubricant Viscosity Classification

J306_202502 (Current)

02/25/2025

This SAE Standard defines the limits for a classification of automotive gear lubricants in rheological terms only. Other lubricant characteristics are not considered.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 3 Driveline and Chassis Lubrication

Petroleum Base Instrument Bearing Lubricant Viscosity 15

AMS3055C (Current)

02/25/2025

This specification covers the requirements for a refined paraffinic petroleum-base lubricant.

AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee

A Comparative Study on the Working Efficiency of Journal Bearing Employing Different Micro-Textures

04-18-02-0011

02/19/2025

This study proposed the different micro-textures of the SC (square cylinder), SWS (square wedge shape), HS (hemispherical shape), and CR (cylindrical round) to improve the working efficiency of the journal bearing. A hydrodynamic lubrication model of the journal bearing under the impact of the changing dynamic loads is established to analyze the performance of micro-textures. The maximum oil film pressure and minimum frictional force in the journal bearing are selected as two evaluation indices. Some outstanding research results show that all the SC, SWS, HS, and CR added on the bearing surface improved the working efficiency of the journal bearing better than without the micro-textures. Moreover, the HS also improved the working efficiency of the journal bearing better than other structures of SC, SWS, and CR. To optimize the working efficiency of the journal bearing using HS, the dimension ltex and depth htex of HS should be selected and designed in a range of 3.6 < ltex ≤ 3.9 mm and

Song, Fengxiang, Nguyen, Vanliem, Liu, Yaxi

A Critical Evaluation of Laboratory Test Methods Used to Assess Coke Formation Tendency in Synthetic Lubricants

2025-28-0036

02/07/2025

Lubricant oil in combustion engines undergoes thermal degradation under high temperatures and forms solid deposits. These deposits, called coke, are insidious, black, and carbonaceous solids. To mitigate the problems associated with oil coking, an effective testing methodology must be developed to characterize the coke formation qualitatively and quantitatively. Previously, testing methodologies have been developed to measure coking tendency however some of the international standards such as the SAE ARP 6166 use visual inspection methods to assess coke. Such methods are unsuitable for advanced research as they are prone to error in human judgment. This paper intends to bridge this gap and discusses test methodologies that can measure Coke quantitatively and qualitatively. Coke formation has been studied using different laboratory methods such as static immersion, thin film oxidation, and dynamic spray tests to replicate the various conditions. In a static immersion test, a metal

Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja, S, Shanmugasundaram, Bansal, Lalit, Negi, Ashish, Koka, Tirumala Rao, Das, Arnab

Preparation and Evaluation of Lubricating Properties of Neem Seed Oil under the Influence of an Anti-Wear Additive as Sustainable Alternative to Commercial Engine Oil

2025-28-0116

02/07/2025

The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of Neem seed oil (NSO) with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Polyalphaolefin 6 (PAO 6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to

Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai

Atomic Fountain for Research in Quantum Sensing Nears Completion of First Phase

TBMG-52522

02/01/2025

Using a Defense University Research Instrumentation Program (DURIP) award bestowed last year and plenty of elbow grease, Dr. Frank Narducci, Chair of the NPS Department of Physics, and his Ph.D. student U.S. Navy Cmdr. Jens Berdahl, a former Navy pilot currently pursuing his doctorate through the service’s Permanent Military Professor program, are nearing completion of the first phase of construction in what will be a superlatively precise atomic-based instrument.

Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel

2025-01-5007

01/27/2025

Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to

Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - Copper Only

AMS3050/1A (Historical)01/22/2025

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/1) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Copper only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - Copper Only

AMS3050/1 (Current)01/22/2025

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/1) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Copper only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Lubricants for Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engines

J1510_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

The information in this SAE Recommended Practice has been compiled by Technical Committee 1 (Engine Lubrication) of the SAE Fuels and Lubricants Division. The intent is to provide those concerned with the design and maintenance of two-stroke-cycle engines with a better understanding of the properties of two-stroke-cycle lubricants. Reference is also made to test procedures which may be used to measure the chemical and physical characteristics of these lubricants.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Two-Stroke-Cycle Gasoline Engine Lubricants Performance and Service Classification

J2116_202501 (Current)

01/21/2025

This SAE Standard was prepared by Technical Committee 1, Engine Lubrication, of SAE Fuels and Lubricants Council. The intent is to improve communications among engine manufacturers, engine users, and lubricant marketers in describing lubricant performance characteristics. The key objective is to ensure that a correct lubricant is used in each two-stroke-cycle engine.

Fuels and Lubricants TC 1 Engine Lubrication

Air in Aircraft Hydraulic Systems

AIR5829 (Current)

01/09/2025

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) discusses the forms that air may take in aircraft hydraulic systems. Further, the effects of the various air forms on system operation are addressed. Recommended system design to prevent air effects and maintenance procedures to prevent and remove air are provided. Nitrogen leakage from accumulators is also a source of gas in hydraulic systems and may compose a portion of the “air” in the hydraulic system. The term “air” in this report does not differentiate between a gas composed strictly of normal atmospheric air or one that includes a mixture of additional nitrogen as well. The discussions of the report apply equally with any proportions of atmospheric air and nitrogen in the system.

A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee

Aerospace - Evaluation of Particulate Contamination in Hydraulic Fluid - Membrane Procedure

ARP4285A (Current)

01/09/2025

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes a method for evaluating the particulate matter extracted from the working fluid of a hydraulic system or component using a membrane. The amount of particulate matter deposited on the membrane due to filtering a given quantity of fluid is visually compared against a standard membrane in order to provide an indication of the cleanliness level of the fluid.

A-6C1 Fluids and Contamination Control Committee

Analysis of the Characteristics of Hybrid Vehicles and Low-Viscosity Lubricating Oil Based on Real Road Tests in Four Extreme Environments

04-18-02-0009

01/07/2025

As countries around the world attach more importance to carbon emissions and more stringent requirements are put forward for vehicle emissions, hybrid vehicles, which can significantly reduce emissions compared with traditional fuel vehicles, as well as low-viscosity lubricating oil, have become significant trends in the industry. In this article, a total of nine vehicles of 48 V mild-hybrid models and full-hybrid models are tested. Using three kinds of low-viscosity lubricating oil and driving a total of 120,000 km in environments with low temperature, high humidity, high temperature, or high altitude, the engines are then disassembled and scored. The effects of the four extreme environments on the engine starts–stops, ignition advance angle, engine power, state of charge (SOC), acceleration performance, and oil consumption characteristics of hybrid vehicles are studied; the oxidation characteristics and iron content change characteristics of low-viscosity lubricating oil are analyzed

Zhu, Gezhengting, Hu, Hua, Pan, Jinchong, Luo, Yitao, Hua, Lun, Jiao, Yan, Jiang, Jiandi, Shao, Heng, Xu, Zhengxin, Yan, Jingfeng, Wei, Guangyuan, Zhang, Heng

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

A Quasi-Two-Dimensional Approach in Laminar Flow of Lubricating Oil and Grease

04-18-02-0007

12/09/2024

The overarching objective of the present study is to apply a quasi-two-dimensional approach to analyze the laminar flow of lubricating oil. Lubricating oils are non-Newtonian by nature. For these types of oils, the Sisko fluid model is the most suitable model of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship for these types of oils. It is hoped that by omitting the dependence of flow quantities in one direction, more qualitative information can be obtained on the characteristics of the purely three-dimensional boundary layer flow of lubricating oils. Some of the most familiar flow geometries discussed are steady flow over a flat plate, a corner of a wedge, and a stagnation region; steady flow in a convergent and divergent channel; and impulsively started flow over an infinite flat plate and semi-infinite flat plate. The governing equations of all flow geometries are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) using the free parameter transformation. The results are

Patel, Manisha, Bariya, H.G.

Development of Lubricants Using Re-Refined Base Stocks—An Effort toward Circular Economy

04-18-02-0008

12/06/2024

Re-refining of used lubricating oil is an economically attractive and effective recycling method that contributes significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection. The effective re-refining process of used lubricating oil undergoes thorough purification to remove contaminants and to produce high yield and good quality base oil suitable for reuse in lubricant formulation. Used lubricating oils have various hazardous materials, these can be processed with safe and efficient methods required to recover high-quality base oil products. Typically, used lubricating oil is a mixture of various types of additives, base oils, and viscometric grades as per the different types automotive and industrial applications. Re-refined base oils can be re-used to produce lubricants such as industrial and automotive lubricants like passenger car motor oils, transmission fluids, hydraulic oils, and gear oils. API classified base oils into two categories namely mineral base oils API Group I

Maloth, Swamy, Joshi, Ratnadeep S., Mishra, Gopal Swaroop, Samant, Nagesh N., Bhadhavath, Sanker, Seth, Sarita, Bhardwaj, Anil, Paul, Subinoy, Arora, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Hydraulic Lash Adjuster Dynamic Behavior Prediction Using Multibody Dynamic Simulation and Co-Relation with Testing to Improve Valve Train Design Robustness

2024-28-0184

12/05/2024

In recent years, world-wide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working to improve the fuel efficiency of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Only valve train friction contributes up to 30% of overall friction loss. Oil viscosity plays a significant role in reducing overall engine friction, but it adversely affects the function of valve train in terms of wear and durability. Now a days Hydraulic Lash Adjuster (HLA) /Roller Finger Follower (RFF) (Type-II) type valve trains commonly used in ICE to reduce friction and automatic valve train lash adjustment. HLA plays a crucial role in the RFF/HLA type valvetrain in IC engine. Understanding the valve train dynamic behavior due to HLA is essential for engine designers to improve engine performance and durability. The study aims to accurately predict the behavior of Hydraulic lash adjuster under various operating conditions using multibody dynamic simulation approach. Most significant concern in HLA operation is potential occurrence

Chandiok, Prateek, Poonia, Sanjay, Kundu, Soumen, Bharti, Anil Kant

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – ‘Copper+Graphite+Aluminum’ Only

AMS3050/7A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/7) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Copper+Graphite+Aluminum only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Traction Coefficient Measurement

ARP6243 (Current)

12/04/2024

The lubricant performance capability for aero-propulsion drive systems is derived from the physical properties, chemical properties, and the transport phenomena of the oil. Viscosity, pressure-viscosity coefficient, and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) full-film traction coefficient are inherent properties of the lubricating fluid. Full-film traction coefficient is a required input for thermal performance prediction and engineering design. Traction coefficient data can be modeled and used as an input into bearing and gear analysis codes. This document describes a test method for traction coefficient measurement of 5 cSt oils under service-like conditions for high-stress Hertzian elastic contacting bodies operating under temperatures and sliding (slip) velocities found in high-speed rolling element bearings and gears.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Graphite+Calcium Fluoride’ Only

AMS3050/9A (Historical)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/9) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Graphite+Calcium Fluoride only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Molybdenum Disulphide; Graphite Only

AMS3050/4A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/4) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Molybdenum Disulphide; Graphite only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future Direction

AIR6056A (Current)

12/04/2024

This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification. Test methodologies under development will also be described for consideration during future revisions of AS5780.

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Nickel Only

AMS3050/3A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/3) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Nickel only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Graphite+Aluminum’ Only

AMS3050/8A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/8) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Graphite+Aluminum only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Nickel+Graphite’ Only

AMS3050/6A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/6) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Nickel and Graphite only.

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

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