Browse Topic: Lubricants

Items (4,846)

A critical evaluation of laboratory test methods used to assess coke formation tendency in synthetic lubricants

2025-28-0036To be published on 02/07/2025

Lubricating oil in combustion engines undergoes thermal degradation under high temperatures and forms solid deposits. These solid deposits, also referred as coke are insidious, black, and carbonaceous solids. To mitigate the problems associated with oil coking, an effective testing methodology must be developed to characterize the coke formation qualitatively and quantitatively. Testing methodologies have been developed to measure coking tendency however some of the international standards such as the SAE ARP 6166 use visual inspection methods to quantify coke. Such methods are unsuitable for advanced research as they are prone to error in human judgment. This paper intends to bridge this gap and discusses a test methodology that can measure the formed coke quantitatively and qualitatively. The formation of coke has been studied under different laboratory methods such as static immersion test, thin film oxidation test, and dynamic test to replicate the various conditions in which coke

Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja, S, Shanmugasundaram, Bansal, Lalit, Negi, Ashish, Koka, Tirumala Rao, Das, Arnab

Preparation and Evaluation of lubricating properties of Neem seed oil under the influence of an Anti-wear additive as Sustainable alternative to commercial Engine oil

2025-28-0116To be published on 02/07/2025

The search for environmentally friendly and sustainable lubricants for automotive and industrial applications has led to extensive research on bio lubricants as a viable alternative to conventional engine oils and mineral oils. The biodegradable and ecofriendly nature of vegetable oil, makes it an excellent replacement for the depleting mineral oils. Still, a good number of modifications must be brought in, to overcome the drawbacks of vegetable oils. In this work, the preparation and evaluation of lubricating properties like tribological, rheological, thermal etc. of neem seed oil with and without additives were carried out and effectively compared with the lubricating properties of synthetic oil, Poly alpha olefin 6 (PAO6) and with a commercial engine oil, SAE20W40. The copper oxide nano particles were dispersed in neem seed oil as additive in various proportions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.%) to enhance the tribological properties. The tribological analysis were carried out to

Menon, Krishnaprasad S, R, Ambigai

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

A Quasi-Two-Dimensional Approach in Laminar Flow of Lubricating Oil and Grease

04-18-02-0007

12/09/2024

The overarching objective of the present study is to apply a quasi-two-dimensional approach to analyze the laminar flow of lubricating oil. Lubricating oils are non-Newtonian by nature. For these types of oils, the Sisko fluid model is the most suitable model of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship for these types of oils. It is hoped that by omitting the dependence of flow quantities in one direction, more qualitative information can be obtained on the characteristics of the purely three-dimensional boundary layer flow of lubricating oils. Some of the most familiar flow geometries discussed are steady flow over a flat plate, a corner of a wedge, and a stagnation region; steady flow in a convergent and divergent channel; and impulsively started flow over an infinite flat plate and semi-infinite flat plate. The governing equations of all flow geometries are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) using the free parameter transformation. The results are

Patel, Manisha, Bariya, H.G.

Development of Lubricants Using Re-Refined Base Stocks—An Effort toward Circular Economy

04-18-02-0008

12/06/2024

Re-refining of used lubricating oil is an economically attractive and effective recycling method that contributes significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection. The effective re-refining process of used lubricating oil undergoes thorough purification to remove contaminants and to produce high yield and good quality base oil suitable for reuse in lubricant formulation. Used lubricating oils have various hazardous materials, these can be processed with safe and efficient methods required to recover high-quality base oil products. Typically, used lubricating oil is a mixture of various types of additives, base oils, and viscometric grades as per the different types automotive and industrial applications. Re-refined base oils can be re-used to produce lubricants such as industrial and automotive lubricants like passenger car motor oils, transmission fluids, hydraulic oils, and gear oils. API classified base oils into two categories namely mineral base oils API Group I

Maloth, Swamy, Joshi, Ratnadeep S., Mishra, Gopal Swaroop, Samant, Nagesh N., Bhadhavath, Sanker, Seth, Sarita, Bhardwaj, Anil, Paul, Subinoy, Arora, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Hydraulic Lash Adjuster Dynamic Behavior Prediction Using Multibody Dynamic Simulation and Co-Relation with Testing to Improve Valve Train Design Robustness

2024-28-0184

12/05/2024

In recent years, world-wide automotive manufacturers have been continuously working to improve the fuel efficiency of IC engine and valve train friction contribute up to 30% of overall friction loss. Oil viscosity plays an important role in reducing overall engine friction, but it adversely affects the function of Valve train in terms of wear and reliability. Now a days HLA/RFF type (Type-II) valve train is mostly used in Internal Combustion engine to reduce friction and automatic lash adjustment. HLA (hydraulic lash adjuster) plays a crucial role in the RFF/HLA type valvetrain in IC engine. Understanding the valve train dynamic behavior due to HLA is essential for engine designers to improve engine performance and durability. The study aims to accurately predict the behavior of Hydraulic lash adjuster under various operating conditions using multibody dynamic simulation approach. Most significant concern in HLA operation is potential occurrence of “Valve pump up”, an undesired

Chandiok, Prateek, Poonia, Sanjay, Kundu, Soumen, Bharti, Anil Kant

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - PTFE Only

AMS3050/5A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/5) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient PTFE only. For use only below 600 °F / 315 °C

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Nickel+Graphite’ Only

AMS3050/6A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/6) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Nickel and Graphite only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Graphite+Aluminum’ Only

AMS3050/8A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/8) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Graphite+Aluminum only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Traction Coefficient Measurement

ARP6243 (Current)

12/04/2024

The lubricant performance capability for aero-propulsion drive systems is derived from the physical properties, chemical properties, and the transport phenomena of the oil. Viscosity, pressure-viscosity coefficient, and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) full-film traction coefficient are inherent properties of the lubricating fluid. Full-film traction coefficient is a required input for thermal performance prediction and engineering design. Traction coefficient data can be modeled and used as an input into bearing and gear analysis codes. This document describes a test method for traction coefficient measurement of 5 cSt oils under service-like conditions for high-stress Hertzian elastic contacting bodies operating under temperatures and sliding (slip) velocities found in high-speed rolling element bearings and gears

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – ‘Copper+Graphite+Aluminum’ Only

AMS3050/7A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/7) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Copper+Graphite+Aluminum only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature - ‘Graphite+Calcium Fluoride’ Only

AMS3050/9A (Historical)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/9) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Graphite+Calcium Fluoride only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Aluminum Only

AMS3050/2A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/2) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements, but using the anti-seize ingredient Aluminum only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Nickel Only

AMS3050/3A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/3) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Nickel only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature – Molybdenum Disulphide; Graphite Only

AMS3050/4A (Current)12/04/2024

The foundation specification (AMS3050) and this category specification (AMS3050/4) cover anti-seize greases conforming to the requirements but using the anti-seize ingredient Molybdenum Disulphide; Graphite only

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

Gas Turbine Engine Lubricant Specifications: Current Technical Review and Future Direction

AIR6056A (Current)

12/04/2024

This AIR describes the current scientific and engineering principles of gas turbine lubricant performance testing per AS5780 and identifies gaps in our understanding of the technology to help the continuous improvement of this specification. Test methodologies under development will also be described for consideration during future revisions of AS5780

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Performance Specification Anti-Seize Thread Compound, High Temperature

AMS3050A (Current)

11/21/2024

This foundation specification (AMS3050) and its associated category specifications (AMS3050/1 through AMS3050/9) cover anti-seize compounds for use on threads of nuts, studs, bolts, and other mating surfaces, including those of superheated steam installations, at temperatures up to 1050 °F (566 °C). Compounds containing PTFE are limited to 600 °F (315 °C) maximum. Materials for nuts, studs, bolts, and other mating surfaces include, but are not limited to: steel, nickel alloys, stainless steel, and silver-coated materials. This specification invokes the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address in 2.3.3, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Additional tests and evaluations may be required by individual equipment builders before a grease is approved for use in their equipment. Approval and/or

AMS M Aerospace Greases Committee

DESIGN FOR A DUAL PURPOSE LIQUID LEVEL SENSOR (PATENT PENDING

2024-01-3711

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Traditional engineering concerns such as lubrication and cooling are still present even as vehicle functions become more complex. The established solution to monitor fluid levels has been a sight glass or a dipstick. More complex machines demand continuous knowledge of fluid levels without adding to operator workload. Remote monitoring of vehicle health will become normal and expected by owners and operators of evolving vehicle designs. This dual function fluid level sensor provides both electronic and operator monitoring of vehicle fluids, as well as redundancy in the event of electronic failure. Grouping of sensor components that are considered more likely to fail into one group, aids replacement when necessary. By incorporating a traditional dipstick into a continuous electronic monitoring solution, either method of level monitoring is facilitated

Swenson, David

Development of a Laboratory Based Test Methodology to Identify Axle Lubricants with Limited Slip Capability

2024-01-3709

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Modern vehicles use various methods to improve traction. One way to control torque to the drive wheels and improve traction is the limited slip differential (LSD). These differentials prevent loss of traction in the event that a driving wheel loses grip. A popular arrangement is the clutch-type LSD. Clutch-type LSDs use alternating friction and reaction plates lubricated by gear oils with specific frictional properties that allow for smooth and quiet operation. It is essential that vehicles designed with LSDs use gear oils with the appropriate frictional characteristics, but each manufacturer relies on proprietary test methods to identify compatible gear oils for their LSDs. This lack of standardization limits the availability of compatible oils. To deal with this problem, the Army is developing a laboratory based test method using the SAE No. 2 friction test machine to identify fully formulated gear oils compatible with LSDs found in military equipment

Comfort, Allen S., Brandt, Adam, Thrush, Steven

Improving Military Ground Vehicle Fuel Efficiency through the Identification of More Fuel Efficient Gear Oils (FEGOs) – Development of a Stationary Axle Efficiency Test Stand and Test Procedure

2024-01-3707

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT For existing vehicle fleets there are few ways to reduce fuel consumption that do not involve expensive retrofitting. Replacing standard lubricants with those that achieve greater efficiency through superior formulation is one practical and inexpensive way to reduce fleet fuel consumption. In an effort to identify axle lubricants that reduce fuel consumption, the U.S. Army has developed a stationary axle efficiency test stand and test procedure using data from vehicle testing and simulation. Test method developmental work was initiated using hardware representative of light and medium tactical vehicles. Results indicate that the stationary test stand can differentiate and map efficiency changes between lubricants. The test stand has been used to test fuel efficient axle lubricants, which proved to be in good agreement with prior vehicle testing. Stationary testing has been shown to offer a higher degree of accuracy than full-scale vehicle testing at lower cost

Comfort, Allen S., Brandt, Adam, Thrush, Steven

VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT OIL PUMP IMPROVES TRACKED VEHICLE TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY

2024-01-3703

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Variable displacement pumps have been used in automotive transmissions for decades. L3T had high confidence that a Variable Displacement Oil (VDO) pump would increase overall transmission efficiency. An off-the-shelf (OTS) or OTS modified pump in this pressure and flow range was not found. Therefore, a VDO pump is being developed with the known risk of replacing a highly reliable pump with a new better performing pump of unknown reliability. In this document the development of this VDO pump is discussed. Initial testing of the VDO pump demonstrated an average 25HP savings in pumping losses throughout the transmission operating ranges. At this point, durability testing has not been performed

Bol, Stephen

IMPROVE LIP SEAL PERFORMANCE AND INCREASE SAND RESISTANCE WITH A LOW-COST GRAPHITE SHAFT COATING

2024-01-3817

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Lip seals are vital components that serve two primary purposes – keep liquids/lubricants in and keep sand/contaminants out. An additional task is to confine pressure. Test study results indicate that self-polishing Additive Abradable Graphite Coatings (AAGC’s) will protect sealed rotating components from sand, and extend lubricant maintenance interval on gearboxes, PTO’s, and the like. Citation: A. Andrew Suman, “Improve Lip Seal Performance and Increase Sand Resistance With A Low Cost Graphite Shaft Coating”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019

Suman, Andrew, Silvey, Tom, Smith, Zachary

Single Crankshaft Opposed Piston Heat Rejection Measurement and Simulation on High Power Density Engines for Future Ground Combat Vehicle Power Pack Configurations

2024-01-3593

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper discusses inherent advantages and additional design changes that can be made to a single crankshaft opposed piston engine (SCOPE) in order to satisfy military engine heat rejection-to-power requirements of 0.45. The paper starts off with a discussion of the currently demonstrated heat rejection to power levels being obtained with the commercial version of the SCOPE configuration. Here, it is seen that heat rejection-to-power ratios are approximately 0.69. Tests are ongoing and this value is considered preliminary in nature. Analytical results are then presented that decompose where the heat is being generated - for the intake air system, the coolant system, and also the oil lubrication system. The model includes consideration of heat generated from the engines turbochargers, cylinders, pistons, and gear train. The model is anchored to measurements made with a commercial version of the SCOPE engine. Engine heat rejection results for this baseline configuration

Kacynski, Ken, Johnson, S. Arnie, Huo, Ming, Yancone, J., Katech, Chris Meszaros

IMPACT OF FRICTION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON FUEL ECONOMY FOR GROUND VEHICLES

2024-01-3096

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The Department of Defense is a major consumer of petroleum products – over 700 million gallons per day. While the majority of fuel consumed is for aircraft, in terms of logistics and exposure of personnel to hazardous conditions, the amount of fuel consumed in ground vehicles is considerable, with the cost (in-theatre, delivered) ranging from $100 to $600/gallon. This paper addresses the impact that parasitic friction mechanisms (boundary lubrication and lubricant viscosity) have on engine friction and overall vehicle efficiency. A series of mechanistic models of friction losses in key engine components was applied to investigate the impact of low-friction technologies on the fuel consumption of heavy-duty, on-road vehicles. The results indicate that fuel savings in the range of 3 to 5% are feasible by reducing boundary friction and utilizing low-viscosity engine lubricants. The paper will discuss the implications of the studies (as performed for commercial heavy-duty trucks

Fenske, G. R., Erck, R. A., Ajayi, O. O., Masoner, A., Comfort, A. S.

RELIABILITY OF POWERTRAIN COMPONENTS EXPOSED TO EXTREME TRIBOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS

2024-01-3175

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Results are presented from tests on a formulated 15W-40 mil-spec engine/transmission fluid to examine the impact of additives on improving its reliability and durability under extreme tribological conditions. A block-on-ring (BOR) configuration was used to measure the effect of five additives (an emulsion-based boric acid, tricresyl phosphate, particulate-based boron nitride, particulate-based MoS2, and particulate-based graphite) on the critical scuffing load as a function of additive concentration and time to scuff during oil-off tests (starved lubrication). A four-ball configuration was used to evaluate the impact of simulated engine grit/sand on the abrasive wear of steel as a function of grit size and loading. The results demonstrated that the additives increased the load for scuffing by 50 to 100% for the formulated oil and by 50 to 150% for the unformulated base fluid used in the formulated oil. Two of the additives (emulsion-based boric acid and tricresyl phosphate

Fenske, G. R., Ajayi, O. O., Erck, R. A., Lorenzo-Martin, C., Masoner, Ashley, Comfort, A. S.

Evaluation of Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) Candidates for Fuel Consumption Benefits in Military Equipment

2024-01-3286

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT The Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) program is seeking to develop an all-season (arctic to desert), fuel-efficient, multi-functional powertrain fluid with extended drain capabilities. To evaluate candidate lubricants for the purpose of fuel consumption effects, a test cycle was developed using the GEP 6.5L(T) engine found in the HMMWV. Field data collected at Ft. Hood, TX was used to determine a set of speed, load and temperature points which could be reproduced consistently in test-cell operation. These points were condensed into a 14-mode cycle for use within the SCPL program. In addition to fresh condition oil, some lubricants were evaluated at end-of-life drain conditions to determine consumption effects over time. Results from the program indicated a significant fuel consumption benefit with lower viscosity lubricants when compared to current in-use military engine oils

Warden, Robert, Hansen, Gregory, Comfort, Allen

A Step towards Pragmatic Carbon Emission Reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles through Differentiated Diesel and Green Combo Lubricants

2024-01-4303

11/05/2024

With all the environmental concern of diesel fuelled vehicle, it is a challenge to phase out them completely specifically from Heavy duty application. Most pragmatic solution lies in solutions which improves the fuel economy and reduce the carbon emission of existing diesel fuelled vehicle fleet and retain the economic feasibility offered by present diesel fuelled vehicle fleets. With implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS VI) emission norms across country from April 2020, supply of BS VI complaint diesel fuel started and BS VI complaint vehicles with upgraded engine technologies and after treatment devices started to come which made present vehicle fleets heterogeneous with substantive number of BS IV vehicle. Beside improvement of engine technologies, existing BS IV vehicle fleet performance can be enhanced through improved fuel and lubricants solutions. The present research work is a step towards improving the fuel economy of existing BS IV diesel vehicles through the intervention of

Mishra, Sumit Kumar, Singh, Punit Kumar, Chakradhar, Maya, Seth, Sarita, Singh, Sauhard, Arora, Ajay, Harinarain, Ajay Kumar, Maheshwari, Mukul

Towards Robust Hydrogen Combustion: Precise Lube Oil Consumption Measurement as an Enabler for Tackling Pre-Ignition

2024-01-4290

11/05/2024

The use of carbon-free fuels, such as ammonia or hydrogen, or at least carbon neutral fuels, such as green methane or methanol is one of the most important paths in the development of low-carbon internal combustion engines (ICE). Especially for large, heavy-duty engines, this is a promising route, as replacing them with battery electric or fuel cell drives poses even greater challenges, at least for the time being. For some applications or areas of the world, small ICEs for trucks, passenger cars or off-road vehicles, operated with alternative fuels will still remain the means of choice. One of the biggest challenges in the development of hydrogen combustion engines is achieving high compression ratios and mean effective pressures due to combustion anomalies, caused by the low ignition delay and broad flammability limit of hydrogen. Oil droplets are considered to be one of the main triggers for pre-ignition and knocking. This paper will give a brief introduction, showing the results of

Rossegger, Bernhard, Grabner, Peter, Gschiel, Kevin, Vareka, Martin

Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits Found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig

2024-01-4298

11/05/2024

In recent years, deposit formation in fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors. In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions and to facilitate a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This newly

Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Theveny, Arnaud, Kusar, Henrik, Hruby, Sarah

The Effect on Soot Handling and Friction of Selected Dispersant Additives for Next Generation Transportation Sector Oils

2024-01-4301

11/05/2024

Next generation lubricating oils for transportation sector require higher durability in operation, compatibility with new engine technologies and aftertreatment devices as well as high fuel economy (FE), thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, both in passenger cars and heavy-duty vehicles. The current paper aims to highlight the impact of dispersant main properties in preventing sludge and deposits formation on engine surfaces. The effect on frictional properties of lubricating oils through a multi-step activity was evaluated. Oil contamination by soot is a big concern not only for diesel but also for new generation of direct injection gasoline (GDI) engines. The presence of soot leads to oil thickening that heavily impacts on friction coefficient thus enhancing the role of dispersant in controlling soot and related viscosity increase and, indirectly, fuel consumption for long running periods. After an introduction on dispersant technologies, the focus of the paper moves

Lattuada, Marco, Manni, Massimo, Notari, Marcello, Ferraro, Giovanni, Fratini, Emiliano

Failure of Power Steering Gears of the Heavy-Duty Trucking: A Tribological Investigation

2024-01-4300

11/05/2024

A power steering system helps the heavy-duty operator move the vehicle easily with the hydraulic pump that provides the fluid pressure and facilitating adequate operation. Some failures in the power steering system are due to external and internal factors that can reduce its service life. The external factors could be identified by ocular inspection but normally, due to internal failures, it is necessary to use a hydraulic pressure flow meter. However, this device makes it impossible to detect failures caused by the selected lubricant. This work aims to investigate the causes of power steering system seizure by using the tribological wear examination process and the lubricant characterization under some actual operation conditions. The lubricant characterization was carried out in a four balls tester using fresh and used samples of a re-refined oil based ATF, SAE 15 W40 and synthetic SAE 5 W30 oils at two temperatures. In general, the results showed an unsteady friction profile with

García-Maldonado, Miguel, Gallardo, Ezequiel, Mozqueda-Flores, Luis, Vite-torres, Manuel

The Single Technology Matrix Process for Fully Formulated Engine Oil Capability Testing

2024-01-4299

11/05/2024

The American Petroleum Institute’s (API) Single Technology Matrix (STM) is a data-based, Virtual Testing process and protocol (utilizes test data, characteristics and features of base stocks and blends coupled with statistical methods and analysis) used to predict the performance capability of a specific engine oil additive technology in a single specified base oil, in a given engine test. The concept was first introduced in 2002, codified and implemented by API in 2007, and updated in 2022. The previously published advantages of STM in the proof-of-performance of engine oils, remain relevant. These advantages include a data space focused on interpolation, documented statistical analysis protocol, limitation to a specific formulation, flexibility in understanding complicated, interactive, or non-linear technology and base oil relationships, and timeliness. There have been numerous changes to, and in, the engine oil industry since the introduction of STM in 2007. These include advances

Zielinski, Christine, Scinto, Philip, Chen, Min, Gibbons, Greer, Baker, Charles

Performance Evaluation & Development of Engine Oil with Re-Refined Base Oil for Automotive Applications

2024-01-4302

11/05/2024

The focus on sustainability has encouraged innovation across industries with a growing emphasis on minimizing environmental impact. In the transportation sector, optimizing engine lubricants emerges as a crucial avenue for achieving sustainable performance as used engine oil is the primary lubricants waste stream. Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) presents a compelling solution, offering a sustainable alternative to virgin base oils. By reclaiming and reprocessing used oil, RRBO not only minimizes waste but also embodies the ideology of circularity, promoting resource efficiency and environmental conservation. This study presents the collaborative efforts between an Indian Automotive OEM and Lubricant Technology Partner towards the development of engine oil utilizing Re-Refined Base Oil (RRBO) for automotive applications. Specifically, two formulations were targeted: a 5W-30 A5/B5 oil for Bharat Stage IV passenger car usage and a 15W-40 CI4+ oil for Bharat Stage IV commercial vehicle

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Singh, Samsher, Bondre, Sushil, Thanapathy, Saravana Raja, Dalvi, Preshit

Lubricating Oil, Aircraft Piston Engine (Ashless Dispersant

J1899_202410 (Current)

10/28/2024

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturer’s manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants. Compliance with this specification must be accomplished in accordance with the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process as described in the documents referenced in 2.1.3. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address shown in 2.1.3, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific piston engine oil in aero applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builders and/or governmental

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Influence of Lube Oil and Fuel Additives on the Particulate Raw Emission Behavior of Gasoline Engines

04-18-01-0004

10/03/2024

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined

Böhmeke, Christian, Heinz, Lukas, Wagner, Uwe, Koch, Thomas

24TOFHP10_13

10/01/2024

Shell Rotella hosted journalists at the National Tractor Pulling Championships in Bowling Green, Ohio, in August, where the company was sponsoring tractors run by Koester Racing in the mini-modified division. Karin Haumann, OEM technical manager of Shell Global Solutions, was onsite and spoke with TOHE about the approaching proposed category 12 (PC-12) heavy-duty diesel engine oil category. PC-12 engine oils are in development and will be licensed for use on January 1, 2027. The current engine oil categories, CK-4 and FA-4, were introduced in 2016. Development of the new category is necessary due to advancements in engine technology, and it aligns with stricter emissions regulations that begin in 2027, said Haumann, who serves as chairperson of the API new category development team. “As diesel engine technology evolves, they require oils that offer increased oxidation performance and wear reduction, can handle higher temperatures, and improve fuel economy,” she said. Lubricant

Gehm, Ryan

Physics Informed Machine Learning for Advanced Diagnostics & Prognostics of Ground Combat Vehicles

2024-01-4089

09/16/2024

We introduce novel approaches utilizing Physics Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for advanced diagnostics & prognostics of ground combat vehicles (CV). Specifically, we present the development of a PIML model designed to predict the health of engine oil in diesel engines. The condition of engine oil is closely linked to engine wear, thus serving as a crucial indicator of engine health. Our model integrates a physics-based simulation of engine wear in diesel engines, leveraging a time history of engine oil viscosity and engine speed as key input parameters. Furthermore, we conduct uncertainty quantification to assess the impact of varying parameters on engine oil health prediction. Additionally, our model demonstrates the capability to enhance low-fidelity physics models through the integration of a limited set of experimental data. By combining data-driven techniques with physics-based insights, our approach offers enhanced diagnostics and prognostics capabilities for ground combat

Betts, Juan F., Alizadeh, Arash

Improved Monitoring and Classification of Engine Oil Condition through Two Machine Learning Techniques

04-18-01-0005

09/14/2024

This study explores the effectiveness of two machine learning models, namely multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP-NN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), in advancing maintenance management based on engine oil analysis. Data obtained from a Mercedes Benz 2628 diesel engine were utilized to both train and assess the MLP-NN and ANFIS models. Six indices—Fe, Pb, Al, Cr, Si, and PQ—were employed as inputs to predict and classify engine conditions. Remarkably, both models exhibited high accuracy, achieving an average precision of 94%. While the radial basis function (RBF) model, as presented in a referenced article, surpassed ANFIS, this comparison underscored the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in the realm of maintenance management. Serving as a proof-of-concept for AI applications in maintenance management, this study encourages industry stakeholders to explore analogous methodologies. Highlights Two machine learning models, multilayer

Pourramezan, Mohammad-Reza, Rohani, Abbas

Lubricant, Solid Film, Heat Cured, Corrosion Inhibiting, Procurement Specification

AS5272G (Current)

09/11/2024

This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for heat-cured solid film lubricants. For other general or high-temperature applications, refer to AS1701. This document requires qualified products

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

Evaluation of Friction Torque in Tapered Roller Bearings

2024-01-3047

09/08/2024

A bearing is a mechanical component that transmits rotation and supports load. Depending on the type of rotating mechanism, bearings are categorized into ball bearings and tapered-roller bearings. Tapered-roller bearings are superior to ball bearings in load-bearing capabilities. They are used in applications where high loads, such as, the wheel bearings for commercial vehicles and trucks, aircraft, high-speed trains, and heavy-duty spindles for heavy machinery must be supported. The demand for reducing the friction torque in automobiles has recently increased owing to carbon-emission regulations and fuel-efficiency requirements. Therefore, research on the friction torque of bearings is essential; studies have been conducted on lubrication, friction, and contact in tapered-roller bearings. There have also been studies on lip friction, roller misalignment, and so on; however, research on the influence of roller geometries and material properties is scarce. This study investigated the

Lee, Seungpyo, An, Hyun Gyu

Influences of Lubricant Viscosity and Metallic Content on Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity

2024-01-5084

08/23/2024

This study examined the effects of lubricant viscosity and metallic content on the oxidation reactivity of diesel particles. In the first part, the factors affecting thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments was discussed and confirmed. The influences of initial soot mass, heating rate, and airflow rate on soot oxidation rate and experimental reproducibility were investigated to develop an optimized TGA method. On the basis of these experiments, an initial soot mass of 2.0 mg, airflow rate of 4.8 L/h, and heating rate of 2.5°C/h were used for all subsequent TGA tests. It could be found that the TGA experiments had high repeatability, and the differences were less than 0.1%. In the second part, a four-cylinder diesel engine was lubricated with seven kinds of lubricant with different viscosity and metallic content by the use of viscosity index improver (VII), antioxidant and corrosion inhibitor (ACI), and ashless dispersant (AD). Particle samples were subjected to TGA to test their

Meng, Hao, Yang, He, Zhang, Weili, Xing, Jianqiang, Xu, Yan, Wang, Yajun

Lubricating Oils, Aircraft Piston Engine (Non-Dispersant

J1966_202408 (Current)

08/19/2024

This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for non-dispersant lubricating oils to be used in four-stroke cycle piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-6082. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturers’ manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants. Compliance with this specification must be accomplished in accordance with the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process as described in the documents referenced in 2.2.2. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address shown in 2.2.2, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific piston engine oil in aerospace applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builders and/or governmental authorities and may be accomplished

E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants

Elastomer: Fluorosilicone Rubber (FVMQ) Fuel and Oil Resistant 65 – 75 Durometer Type ‘A’ Hardness For Products in Fuel Systems/Lubricating Oils

AMS3331D (Current)

08/12/2024

This specification covers a fluorosilicone (FVMQ) elastomer that can be used to manufacture product in the form of sheet, strip, tubing, extrusions, and molded shapes. This specification should not be used for molded rings, compression seals, molded O-rings or molded O-ring cord, and molded in place gaskets for aeronautical and aerospace applications

AMS CE Elastomers Committee

Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties of Soot from Laboratory Tests and Heavy-Duty Engines Used in Field Operations

04-18-01-0002

08/02/2024

Morphology, nanostructure, and composition of soot extracted from the oil sump of different heavy-duty engines operated under dynamometer and field conditions were investigated. Soot characteristics were then compared to a carbon black sample. Soot was extracted from used oil for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were also performed to assess soot composition. Two soot classes, I and II, can be identified based on their appearance under the TEM. Carbon black and class I particles have graphitic structures, while class II samples have a more sludge-like appearance. Similar aggregate sizes were observed among the samples. In all samples, the primary particle size distribution ranges from 16 nm to 22 nm in terms of mean diameter. Differences in the length and tortuosity of the graphitic fringes between the samples were observed. The findings suggest a greater degree of interaction between

Pacino, Andrea, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair, Fay, Michael W., Smith, Joshua, Berryman, Jacqueline, Fowell, Mark

Optimizing Spark-Ignition Engine Performance with Ternary Blend Fuels and Hybrid Nanolubricants: A Response Surface Methodology Study

03-17-08-0059

07/17/2024

The current research elucidates the application of response surface methodology to optimize the collective impact of methanol–isobutanol–gasoline blends and nanolubricants on the operational parameters of a spark-ignition engine. Diverse alcohol blends in conjunction with gasoline are employed in engine trials at 2500 rpm across varying engine loads. The alcohol blends exhibit notable enhancements in brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate. At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the break thermal efficiency of iBM15 surpasses that of gasoline by 33.5%. Alcohol blends significantly reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to gasoline. The iBM15 demonstrates a reduction of 25.2% and 51.12% in vibration along the Z and Y axes, respectively, relative to gasoline. As per the response surface methodology analysis, the optimal parameters are identified: an alcohol content of 29.99%, an engine load of 99.06%, and a nanolubricant concentration of 0.1%. It

Bharath , Bhavin K, Selvan , V. Arul Mozhi

Challenges of Measuring Low Levels of CO ₂ and NO _x on H ₂ -ICE

2024-01-2998

07/02/2024

Society is moving towards climate neutrality where hydrogen fuelled combustion engines (H2 ICE) could be considered a main technology. These engines run on hydrogen (H2) so carbon-based emission are only present at a very low level from the lube oil. The most important pollutants NO and NO2 are caused by the exhaust aftertreatment system as well as CO2 coming from the ambient air. For standard measurement technologies these low levels of CO2 are hard to detect due to the high-water content. Normal levels of CO2 are between 400-500 ppm which is very close or even below the detection limit of commonly used non-dispersive-infrared-detectors (NDIR). As well the high-water content is very challenging for NOx measuring devices, like chemiluminescence detectors (CLD), where it results in higher noise and therefore a worse detection limit. Even for Fourier-transformed-infrared-spectroscopy-analysers (FT-IR) it is challenging to deal with water content over 15% without increased noise. The goal

Jakubec, Philipp, Roiser, Sebastian

Optimization of a Sliding Rotary Vane Pump for Heavy Duty Internal Combustion Engine Cooling

2024-37-0030

06/12/2024

The benefits introduced by the replacement of conventional centrifugal pumps with volumetric machines for Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) cooling were experimentally and theoretically proven in literature. Sliding Rotary Vane Pumps (SVRPs) ensure to achieve an interesting reduction of ICEs fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Despite volumetric pumps are a reference technology for ICE lubrication oil circuits, the application in ICE cooling systems still not represent a ready-to-market solution. Particularly challenging is the case of Heavy-Duty ICEs due to the wide operating range the pump covers in terms of flow rate delivered and pressure rise. Generally, SVRPs are designed to operate at high speeds to reduce machine dimensions and, consequently, the weight. Nevertheless, speed increase could lead to a severe penalization of pump performance since the growth of the friction losses. They produce wear phenomena which require expensive surface treatments or, more generally, the

Fatigati, Fabio, Di Bartolomeo, Marco, Pallante, Francesco, Lo Biundo lng, Giuseppe, Cipollone, Roberto

Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Seal Drag Force for Different Fluids

2024-26-0423

06/01/2024

The present study discusses the determination of the Seal drag force in the application where an elastomeric seal is used with a metallic interface in the presence of different fluids. An analytical model was constructed to predict the seal drag force and an experimental test was performed to check the fidelity of the analytical model. A Design of Experiment (DoE) was utilized to perform an experimental test considering different factors affecting the Seal drag force. Statistical tools such as the Test for Equal Variances and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to draw inferences for the population based on samples tested in the DoE test. It was observed that Glycol fluids lead to lubricant wash-off resulting in increased seal drag force. Additionally, non-lubricated seals tend to show higher seal drag force as compared to lubricated seals

Yarolkar, Makrand, Telore, Milind, Patil, Sandip

Test Method for the Determination of Water Concentration in Polyol Ester and Diester Aerospace Lubricants by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration

ARP5991B (Current)

05/17/2024

The test method describes the procedure for the direct determination of water concentration in polyol ester and diester based aerospace lubricants by commercially available automated coulometric Karl Fischer titration instruments. The method was validated to cover the water concentration range of 150 to 3500 µg/g. The method may also be suitable for the determination of water concentrations outside this range and for other classes of fluids; however, the precision statement shall not be applicable for such uses

E-34 Propulsion Lubricants Committee

Lubricant, Cetyl Alcohol, 1-Hexadecanol, Application to Fasteners

AS87132A (Current)

05/01/2024

This specification establishes the requirements for flake or granular cetyl alcohol, solvents for dissolving the cetyl alcohol, preparation and application requirements for use of cetyl alcohol as an installation lubricant on mechanical fasteners, such as pins, bolts, nuts, washers, threaded or nonthreaded fastening devices, and inspection criteria for coated parts

E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems

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