Browse Topic: Electric power grid

Items (536)
The electrification of heavy-duty vehicles is a critical pathway toward improved energy efficiency in the freight sector. The current battery electric truck technology poses several challenges to commercial vehicle operations, such as limited driving range, sensitivity to climate conditions, and long recharging times. Estimating the energy consumption of heavy-duty electric trucks is crucial to assessing the feasibility of fleet electrification and its impact on the electric grid. This article focuses on developing a model-based simulation approach to predict and analyze the energy consumption of electric trucks by considering the impact of weather and geographical conditions on vehicle road load and auxiliary components power consumption, as well as the impact these factors have on driving range. Specifically, drayage trucks employed in logistics around maritime ports are used as a case study, with consideration of seasonal climate variations and geographical characteristics at different locations. The article includes results for three major container ports within the United States, providing region-specific insights into the energy requirements and driving range of the electric drayage trucks in these regions, which will inform decision-makers in integrating electric trucks into the existing drayage operations and plan investments for electric grid development.
Shiledar, AnkurVillani, ManfrediLucero, Joseph N. E.Sun, RuixiaoSujan, Vivek A.Onori, SimonaRizzoni, Giorgio
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle electronics is not formally specified in this document. This document will be published as a set of steps. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The intent of step 2 is to provide refinement and missing pieces to step 1, with a an eye to early testing. This version is step 2, with the aim of providing a communication protocol for home chargers.
Hybrid - EV Committee
The integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) as active grid resources represents a pivotal shift towards decarbonization. However, the implementation of effective Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services faces technical challenges regarding interoperability, predictive management, and battery health preservation. This work presents a comprehensive system design and research methodology developed within the framework of the FLEXV2X project, aimed at addressing interdependencies within a unified bidirectional charging ecosystem. The proposed scientific framework addresses two complementary timescales. At the device level, the study details the modelling and optimization of bidirectional converters, focusing on control algorithms designed to ensure robust dynamic response and efficiency. Building upon this hardware foundation, the paper describes a system-level optimization strategy. By employing open-source cyber-physical modelling, the architecture simulates complex EV-grid interactions. This layer integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms to forecast stochastic variables such as renewable generation and fleet availability, driving a rule-based optimization engine. This dispatching logic will also be constrained by novel battery aging models, calibrated through experimental cycling stress-tests, balancing grid flexibility services with the preservation of the vehicle’s asset value. The effectiveness of this multi-layered design is assessed through a validation roadmap involving real-world deployment of a corporate mobility hub connected to a 10 MW wind farm, and a large-scale urban car-sharing fleet.
Lutzemberger, GiovanniBarater, DavideCeraolo, MassimoFera, CesareLeaver, IanPasini, Gianluca
Bird accidental collision with overhead transmission lines poses a threat to the ecology of rare bird populations. This article analyzes the warning measures to prevent birds from accidental collisions at home and abroad. In response to the low efficiency of manual installation and the poor static warning effect in preventing birds from accidental collisions with overhead transmission lines, the visual characteristics of birds are analyzed. A drone-based automatic installation flash-type bird accidental collision warning device is proposed, which includes a fixture, a disc, and a luminous circuit. The fixture can be carried and installed on the overhead line by a drone and can be easily disassembled. The disc adopts eye-catching colors and has a hollow structure to reduce wind resistance load. The luminous circuit includes solar panels, charge and discharge control circuits, flicker control circuits, batteries, and luminous components. The drone suspension warning device test was conducted, and the results showed that the device can be easily suspended from the overhead line by the drone.
Wang, JianWang, XiulongLiu, BinLi, DanyuXu, Xunjian
With the introduction of China’s dual-carbon goals (carbon peak and carbon neutrality), renewable energy has experienced rapid development in the country, particularly wind energy, which has established a pivotal role within the new energy sector. However, the inherent fluctuations in wind power generation pose significant challenges to maintaining grid stability and operational reliability. In power systems where the proportion of installed wind power capacity has significantly increased, the allocation of flexible resources becomes crucial. These resources help the system adapt to fluctuations in wind power generation and load demand, avoid wind power curtailment, and reduce costs. In addition, energy storage enhances grid flexibility and stabilizes renewable energy, but is constrained by high costs. Therefore, optimizing energy storage allocation and improving its economic efficiency have become urgent issues. This study focuses on flexibility adequacy assessment and resource allocation, proposing an optimization model that incorporates constraints from wind power, thermal power, energy storage, and load shedding. The model aims to identify the optimal energy storage configuration strategy to minimize operational costs while ensuring system flexibility adequacy. The model is constructed and simulated using MATLAB, with complex optimization problems solved using the Gurobi solver. The research involves developing flexibility evaluation indicators, determining the optimal energy storage capacity configuration, and creating an economic objective function. The goal is to minimize costs while ensuring system flexibility.
Peng, JianWei, JinpengZhu, ZhengyinHu, JianminLi, YuxiangMiao, GangZhang, Huaide
To address the challenge of balancing voltage support and current limitation in grid-forming converters (GFCs)—a challenge induced by the uncontrollability of active power during transient faults in microgrids and weak grids—a low voltage ride through (LVRT) strategy utilizing adaptive virtual impedance with a variable resistance-to-inductance ratio is proposed. This strategy is designed to maximize the satisfaction of reactive power support and current limiting characteristics. By adaptively generating virtual impedance based on changing line parameters, the method enables adaptation to large disturbance conditions involving variations in line impedance and Short Circuit Ratio (SCR). First, a transient model of the virtual impedance for GFCs is established to clarify the transient instability mechanism. During the transient period, the power loop is controlled to prevent power angle divergence. Second, the influence mechanism of virtual impedance on reactive current and output current during transients is analyzed. By integrating inrush current limitation and LVRT requirements, an adaptive virtual impedance control strategy is formulated to achieve collaborative optimization of transient LVRT and current limiting. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulation experiments.
Pang, BoYang, XiangzhenLiu, Fang
The stable operation of islanded DC microgrids is conditioned by two essential objectives. One is to maintain the bus voltage at its nominal value, and this can ensure system stability. The other is to achieve cost-effective power allocation among distributed generation units, which guarantees economic efficiency. These two objectives are often conflicting. Adding droop control to the voltage and current dual closed-loop control can achieve primary current sharing. However, it inevitably introduces steady-state voltage deviations on the DC bus and results in inflexible or not optimal power sharing. To resolve these inherent limitations, this paper proposes a innovative distributed secondary control strategy. The method is designed to meet both requirements within a unified framework. In the primary control layer, it uses adaptive droop gains to optimize power distribution in real time based on changing load requirements which enables distributed generation units to achieve cost optimization and maintain supply–demand equilibrium. The secondary control layer implements distributed compensation through local bus voltage measurement and restricted secondary information sharing between controllers for each unit to create corrective secondary control signals which it sends to its primary controller. The system design removes voltage deviation while bringing bus voltage back to its standard value without creating the problems found in centralized control systems. The proposed system depends only on local sensor data and neighbor-to-neighbor data exchange to achieve scalability and improved system robustness and decreased communication requirements. The MATLAB/Simulink simulation results show that the strategy provides precise voltage control and exact power distribution and maintains economic stability during loading changes and disturbances. The results confirm that the proposed method provides a practical and efficient solution for future islanded DC microgrids with high penetration of distributed energy resources.
Sun, WeiShe, DunjunYu, JinzhuYuan, WeiboPeng, BoZheng, Yingchun
Live-line operation is a critical technique for maintaining the reliability and continuity of power supply in modern distribution networks. Insulating mats serve as essential protective equipment during such operations by providing both electrical insulation and mechanical shielding. In practical service conditions, insulating mats are subjected to repeated mechanical contact and friction against conductors, metallic fittings, and ground surfaces, which progressively deteriorates their surface integrity and compromises operational safety. Current performance standards for insulating mats emphasize dielectric and tensile properties, while tribological durability remains unaddressed. In this study, an EVA – PA6 composite film fabricated via the tape casting method was selected as the representative outer insulating layer of insulating mats. Reciprocating friction tests were conducted using an SDR339 abrasion tester to evaluate the effects of normal load and sliding speed on wear behavior. The results indicate that wear mass increased monotonically with friction cycles at a given speed, whereas the incremental wear rate gradually decreased due to contact area evolution. A pronounced transition from mild surface abrasion to severe material removal was observed when the applied load reached 5 N, accompanied by surface scratching and exposure of the internal fibrous layer. These findings demonstrate that the wear resistance of the EVA – PA6 composite film is insufficient for long-term service under realistic frictional conditions. The results provide experimental evidence supporting the necessity of incorporating standardized wear resistance evaluation into performance criteria for insulating mats used in live-line operations.
Sun, XinWen, LibinKou, Hanpeng
With the rapid growth of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics, energy storage systems, and wind power, hybrid AC/DC microgrids (H-MGs) are gradually emerging as a key technology for achieving efficient interconnection between generation units and load demands. However, issues such as communication delays, unequal power sharing, and the restoration of voltage and frequency in hybrid microgrids have posed serious threats to the stable operation of microgrids. We also need to appropriately adjust the simulation parameters to ensure that the proposed control framework maintains sufficient flexibility under different load conditions and achieves high operating efficiency in simulation. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a distributed secondary control strategy grounded in coordinated consensus and combined with droop-based interlinking converters (ICs) to realize power coupling between the AC and DC subgrids. The proposed method enables precise active-power sharing among AC and DC distributed generators, balanced reactive-power sharing between AC subgrid and ICs, and effective restoration of system frequency and voltage. By introducing consensus indices into the IC control scheme—relying only on key indicators from both sides—the power-coupling capability of ICs is enhanced while communication complexity is reduced. All control objectives, including frequency /voltage restoration and proportional power sharing, are achieved at the secondary-control level. Based on the simulation results, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in this paper. Compared with existing methods, the proposed strategy not only achieves accurate power sharing and stable frequency /voltage restoration, but also rapidly recovers system stability under load variations, thereby enhancing the overall stability, reliability, and operational flexibility of hybrid AC/DC microgrids.
Yu, PeijieZhang, FanghaiSun, WeiYuan, WeiboPeng, Bo
Currently, with the continuous development of electric vehicles, DC microgrids have attracted widespread attention due to their flexible access methods and high energy transmission efficiency. However, since the distributed secondary control of DC microgrids relies on information exchange through communication networks, false data injection (FDI) attacks on these networks may cause control algorithms to fail, leading to voltage deviations, output current imbalance, and in severe cases, system instability. This study focuses on DC microgrids based on parallel DC–DC buck converters and proposes a distributed secondary control strategy based on a sliding mode observer to address FDI attacks. By treating the system's FDI attack signals as an extended state, an extended sliding mode observer is designed to track the attack signals. Based on the observed attacks, a control algorithm is proposed that compensates the control inputs through the observer, ensuring proportional sharing of bus voltage and converter output currents. The stability of the system under the proposed control method is proven using the Lyapunov method and verified through MATLAB simulations. Simulation results show that the sliding mode observer (SMO) can quickly and accurately estimate FDI attack signals under various types of attacks, including periodic and step disturbances, and under load changes, while the system maintains stable bus voltage and current sharing. This research provides a potential technical approach to ensure the safe and stable operation of DC systems in future smart charging stations and grids with high renewable energy penetration.
Sun, WeiChen, JingYu, JinzhuYuan, WeiboPeng, BoLin, Fei
The sag prediction of overhead ground wire is very important, because excessive sag will reduce the safety margin and endanger the transmission reliability, especially under extreme conditions such as heat wave and icing. To solve this problem, we propose a model that combines Exponential Moving Average (EMA) features and monotonic constraints XGBoost. By fusing multi-source meteorological data and sag monitoring data, sag-related features are extracted after outliers elimination and time alignment. Furthermore, EMA features are introduced to capture short-term fluctuations and time dependence. Monotonic constraints encode the physical prior knowledge of “the higher the temperature, the greater the sag”, which improves the physical interpretability. On the measured data, the model’s coefficient of determination is increased from 0.709 to 0.879, indicating that the short-term prediction accuracy is significantly improved. The combined application of EMA features and monotonic constraints can maintain the physical consistency and enhance the time learning ability, which provides a feasible scheme for intelligent sag prediction of transmission lines.
Li, XingyuLin, ShizhongShao, ZhanCui, ShichengChen, RuiduanLuo, He
Autonomous Inspection via small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) is increasingly utilized across industrial use cases such as inspection of bridges, buildings, construction sites, roadways, transmission lines, pipes, wind turbines and power systems (1). In principle, the system workflow of inspection; identification and characterization of defects; and mapping in space is very similar across industries. Boeing and Proxim (A Near Earth Autonomy Company) have partnered to pursue this technology in the Aerospace and Defense industry for General Visual Inspection (GVI) of airframes predominantly in a maintenance setting. This activity began by deploying Proxim’s Autonomous Aircraft Inspection (AAI) technology and Boeing's Automated Damage Detection Software (ADDS) on Boeing C-17 Globemaster III at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. It has expanded to offer U.S. Department of War (DoW) and Commercial customers aircraft-agnostic enhanced exterior GVI capability at point of need by leveraging unique ADDS AI algorithm in support of both home station and deployed operations. This paper gives an overview to industry developments in Autonomous Inspection, and the development AAI/ADDS technologies.
Ransick, HayleyGatto, VinceRhodes, PeterCoccia, CharlesNevinsky, Michael
As the demand for electrical power has surged over recent years due to the increasing popularity of data centers for Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is becoming evident that the aging electrical grid infrastructure is struggling to keep up. Some of the problems this aging infrastructure has resulted in include frequent blackouts due to weather related events, reduced efficiency resulting in higher maintenance costs and outdated communication systems causing poor monitoring and response times. Modernization of the grid in conjunction with integration of the transportation sector with the grid is essential to ensure the reliability and resiliency of the grid. Electric vehicles have dramatically increased in popularity, with most vehicle manufacturers offering at least one electric option in their lineups. Looking at recent developments in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, a new possibility becomes evident; instead of straining the power grid, the electric vehicle can synergize with it. This becomes possible when EVs can facilitate charging during off-peak (low demand) hours and supplying power back to the grid during on-peak (high demand) hours. There are quite a few challenges associated with this approach, lack of standardized charging infrastructure and higher install costs, regulatory and policy hurdles, gaps in technological know-how particularly in relation to impact of power supplied by EVs on grid and effect of V2G on EV battery degradation in the long run, to name a few. This paper reviews the current power demand and supply along with existing and projected power consumption metrics. We also discuss the V2G strategy to effectively manage load requirements, incentives that can be provided to facilitate the execution, and the challenges associated with its widespread implementation. Finally, we discuss case studies of vehicles that incorporate V2G capability and their implications.
Dahlmann, Alexander DrakeLele, Sneha
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) have been sold as ‘Zero Emissions Vehicles’ (ZEV) by governments to reduce transportation CO2. While they are not ZEV because they run on grid electricity, they could be ‘effectively ZEV’ if the incremental CO2 is ‘very small’. At the national level, this is estimated using following metrics: (1) Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) fuel consumption, from the total US gasoline consumption divided by the total fleet miles driven, 25 mpg or 350 g CO2/mi, (2) Strong Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) about one third less, 240 g CO2/mi. (3) BEV energy consumption, using data from systematic on-road testing of a wide range of vehicles, estimated at 40 kWh/100 mi for a US sales mix. (4) Electricity marginal CO2: in a ranked order grid, zero-CO2 sources are prioritized and supplemented by fossil sources. IEA hourly data show that the US 48 contiguous states are self-contained, with zero-CO2 sources providing a third of total demand. The response to hourly demand changes comes largely from natural gas and coal power stations, with EPA data showing a combined marginal CO2 of 600 g CO2/kWh. On replacing an ICEV by a BEV, the reduction in gasoline use, - 350 g CO2/mi, is offset to two thirds by higher electricity consumption, 40 x 600 / 100 = + 240 g CO2/mi. BEV marginal CO2 is therefore similar to HEV, and not ‘much smaller’ than ICEV. This is because HEV engines and fossil power stations have similar efficiency and similar fuel CO2 intensity.
Phlips, Patrick
The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), particularly those utilizing High-Voltage battery systems, demands fast-charging infrastructure that ensures high efficiency and power quality. The proposed GJO algorithm is employed to optimize the control and switching parameters of the Vienna rectifier, thereby improving harmonic performance and conversion efficiency without altering the converter hardware. This paper focuses solely on control optimization of the Vienna rectifier topology and does not include DC–DC isolation or galvanic separation. Filter components are modeled with equivalent series resistance (ESR) to account for incremental losses. Simulation results demonstrate that the Golden Jackal optimization (GJO) based control reduces input current THD to 2.09%, has a power factor of 0.998, and achieves an efficiency of 98.53%, representing a fractional but consistent improvement over conventional control methods such as SSA, ALO, and PSO. These findings highlight the effectiveness of GJO in enhancing the performance of vienna rectifier-based chargers, establishing it as a promising solution for next-generation high-voltage EV fast-charging infrastructure. However, since the vienna rectifier is a unidirectional converter, the proposed system is limited to grid-to-vehicle operation and does not support reverse power flow (vehicle-to-grid).
R, Mohammed AbdullahN, Kalaiarasi
The transition to electric mobility has accelerated the evolution of drivetrain technologies, particularly in the design and performance of electric vehicle (EV) transmissions. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, EVs utilize simpler yet diverse transmission systems cater to specific performance, efficiency, and application requirements. The growing adoption of electric vehicles across diverse transportation sectors has intensified the need for optimized electric transmission systems as per vehicle requirements. This research presents a comparative study of electric transmission performance across various vehicle segments, including Passenger Cars, Small commercial Vehicle, Commercial three-wheelers and All-terrain vehicles. The study evaluates different transmission configurations namely single-speed and multi-speed, based on key performance metrics such as Drag loss and Efficiency. Through a combination of literature review, and performance benchmarking, the analysis highlights how different segments prioritize specific transmission characteristics. The efficiency & drag losses were measured in the powertrain testbed where the test units were placed between two Transient Dynamometers at Output and one lower inertia prime mover at Input. The main aim of the test was to validate overall efficiency as a function of input speed and torque The study concludes that no single transmission architecture universally outperforms others across all segments; instead, optimal performance is highly dependent on use-case scenarios and design goals. These insights aim to support EV manufacturers and powertrain engineers in selecting or developing transmission systems that align with specific performance, cost, and efficiency targets. The paper also identifies areas for future research, including control strategy optimization and the impact of emerging materials and manufacturing technologies on transmission performance.
Jain, SankalpP, Ekhesh
This paper explains the method of precooling of electric vehicle from grid connected charger reduce load on HVAC and improve the range. HVAC systems are integral part of a commercial EV bus. With the rise of ambient temperatures during various seasons, the load on HVAC System is increasing. Once an Electric vehicle is released from a depot for service, with an initial soaked up ambient vehicle, the HVAC system demands peak power for cooling the interiors which consumes a lot of battery power thus affecting the range. That cause the additional energy consumption required for precooling, which cannot be estimated as it is highly dependent on ambient temperature and range of the vehicle is also dependent on HVAC consumption during summer and peak loads. This paper is proposing a method that uses a special precooling mode which is activated depending on the selection of the vehicle route based on backend application running on cloud. The Application in the cloud checks if the vehicle is charging and also collects all the information about the SOC. This method will help in reduction in power demand from HVAC unit also helps in increasing the range of the vehicle.
Ganguly, SutanuShukla, AmishaJain, SarikaPatil, RohanSahu, PritishYadav, AnkitMarskole, DeepaAmancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Precise estimation of power metrics like active power, reactive power and apparent power is mandatory for effective control and monitoring of three phase power systems. On the other hand there might be challenges like waveform distortion, noisy signals and unbalanced load circumstances. traditional methods may not always provide accuracy in such an environment thus to address that in this study, we are using cross correlation and zero crossing methods to estimate power parameters of a three phase system. We are using these signal processing techniques to find phase angle, which in turn determines all other power parameters like active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor. While Cross correlation tracks both the signals at different time lags and evaluate similarity between both the signals, zero crossing point approach identifies some particular locations where signal crosses zero axis. This analysis can be used in various applications such as power parameters monitoring in electric vehicle (EV) charging for both grid to vehicle (G2V) and vehicle to grid (V2G) modes, AC energy meters to analyze and optimize energy usage along with theft detection, energy demand side management. The analysis and comparison is done using both method in terms of effectiveness, precision and real time applications in presence of noise, distortion and unbalanced load conditions. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are concluded using simulated and expected results.
Panchal, Sanjivani VishwanathRoy, Sandipan
The advancement of electric mobility has driven the development of technologies aimed at enabling smart, secure, and interoperable electric vehicle (EV) charging. In this context, this paper presents a technical and market analysis of the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Plug & Charge (PnC) functionalities, focusing on their architectures, applicable technical standards, communication protocols, levels of commercial maturity, and emerging applications. The discussion begins with a review of the main national and international standards relevant to charging infrastructure, with emphasis on IEC 61851, IEC 62196, and ISO 15118 series, which address the technical requirements of equipment, connectors, and vehicle-to-grid communication. The operation of V2G is then discussed as a technology that enables bidirectional energy flow between the EV and the power grid, with a focus on topological configurations, pilot project applications, and regulatory and economic challenges that currently limit its large-scale adoption. In parallel, Plug & Charge solutions based on ISO 15118 are presented, which enable automatic authentication and billing directly through vehicle-charger communication, eliminating the need for user interaction via cards or apps. Market analysis identifies commercially available V2G- and PnC-compatible EV models, charging stations, backend systems, and roaming platforms such as Hubject and Digital Charging Solutions (DCS). The findings show that while V2G is still in a validation phase with limited deployments, Plug & Charge is already undergoing broader commercial adoption. This study provides technical and strategic insights to support national research and development initiatives, outlining the main technical requirements, standards, and regulatory challenges for the effective implementation of these technologies in the Brazilian electric mobility ecosystem.
Marques, Felipe L. R.Arioli, Vitor T.Bernardo, RodrigoNakandakare, Cleber A.Pizzini, Luiz R.Nicola, Eduardo V.
This paper examines the effect of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration on battery aging and the economic viability of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Due to their energy storage potential, V2G technologies are considered an environmentally friendly means to increase the stability of power grids. Persistent V2G operations tend to reduce battery lifetime and, consequently, will increase its replacement cost, which is a source of uncertainty for EV owners. This work investigates battery degradation under two scenarios: first, under normal vehicle operation using the US06 drive cycle, and second, under V2G operation with a 10-kW and 15-kW bidirectional charger. In the case of V2G operation, the charger discharges the battery by 20 kWh and then recharges it back to 90% state of charge (SoC) at a constant 1C-rate. Real-time simulations are performed in order to validate these results: a grid, a bidirectional charger, and the vehicle battery are modeled in a real-time simulator; furthermore, a pair of controllers is used in order to run the energy management and predict the battery aging. Economic analysis assesses the capacity loss due to V2G participation as well as the incentives, providing a comprehensive view of the economic feasibility of V2G applications and their potential benefits.
Timilsina, LaxmanMoghassemi, AliBuraimoh, ElutunjiArsalan, AliRahman, S.M. ImratMuriithi, GraceOzkan, GokhanPapari, BehnazEdrington, Christopher S.
As the electric vehicle (EV) industry grows rapidly in Saudi Arabia, driven by the development of companies such as CEER, Lucid, and Tesla, there is an increasing need to evaluate and adapt electricity tariff structures to address changing demand patterns. This study explores the interaction between EV charging infrastructure, electricity pricing strategies, and consumer behavior, aiming to provide insights that support the sustainable expansion of the electric mobility ecosystem in the Kingdom. The methodology incorporates demand-supply analysis, energy consumption forecasting, and comparative assessments of tariff models implemented in other countries, with Saudi Arabia serving as a case study aligned with Vision 2030 objectives. Although EV adoption is expected to increase electricity demand, the Kingdom’s generation capacity, which reached 453 TWh in 2023 and is projected to exceed future consumption, ensures a stable and sufficient supply. Currently, public EV charging services are free of charge; however, introducing effective pricing schemes and expanding charging accessibility will be critical to achieving large-scale adoption and long-term scalability. In response, Saudi Arabia’s EV strategy emphasizes fast-charging network deployment, smart grid integration, and adaptive pricing mechanisms to shape consumer charging behaviors and support clean energy targets. The study concludes that localized EV manufacturing and strategic tariff design can transform charging infrastructure into a key enabler of sustainable transportation.
AlJuhani, Haneen Radi ABedywi, Lama Mohammed AAbdulNour, Bashar
Automotive Engineering: October 202525AUTP1010/2/2025
Engineering EV, charger safety and security From a quick access port to help firefighters fight EV battery fires faster than otherwise possible to preventing public charger vandalism, here are some developments that haven't made the big headlines. Electronic stability control builds the foundation for safer roads How a mechanically simple idea has kept cars stable for decades, and why it can still evolve for an autonomous future. The factory's hidden power grid Why smart electrical distribution is the new frontier in sustainable manufacturing. Safety by design: a next-gen blueprint for EV batteries The EV industry can - and should - stop pushing decades-old battery architecture well past its limits. Vehicle fire safety with Erbis Biscarri Author turns classroom quest into a tome for anyone who wants to engineer safer cars. Editorial IAA Mobility: A new class of auto show Supplier Eye The new supplier strategy playbook BMW brings EV motor production to Steyr in Austria Ford unveils its universal EV platform Revolutionizing EV battery safety: advanced coatings and composite solutions Inside Slate's Warsaw factory Upstream: better data collection, processing will reduce SDV recalls Sonatus launches AI Director to integrate more AI in more vehicles Simulating forward motion at VI-grade's Zero Prototypes Day Road Ready Hyundai Palisade: A luxury three-row SUV without the price you'd expect Product Briefs Spotlight: EV thermal management, plastics and composites Q&A Factorial CEO: improved cells with 375Wh/kg energy density a 'milestone' for Stellantis
Why smart electrical distribution is the new frontier in sustainable manufacturing. From transitioning to renewable energy, embracing the circular economy and pursuing carbon offsets, today's automakers are actively working to become more sustainable. Many OEMs have big goals to become fully carbon-neutral by 2050. Some believe they can get there even earlier. But look past the cars and sources of energy right into the factories in which the vehicles of today and tomorrow are born and focus on a key question: how can carmakers make significant strides inside their plants to cut waste and improve sustainability?
Hamadani, Mariam
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the communication for the variety of potential functions for plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) customers. This includes features for use case items in SAE J2836/3 that may be PEV/customer optional equipment, such as AC vehicle-to-load (V2L) and AC vehicle-to-vehicle systems. These systems conform to SAE J1772 with variations required to identify to the PEV bidirectional onboard charger (OBC) the mode of operation changes and output requirements. SAE has published multiple documents relating to PEV and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interfaces. The various document series are listed below, with a brief explanation of each. Figure 1 shows the sequencing of these documents and their primary function (e.g., the SAE J2836 and SAE J2847/1 documents start with smart charging, SAE J2836 and SAE J2847/2 then add DC charging, etc.). The intent is to have subsequent slash sheets complement each other as more functions and features are included. The /6 series of documents add wireless charging items not already included in the proceeding slash sheets. These are all then included in interoperability in SAE J2953 and security in SAE J2931/7. SAE J3072 then includes the PEV to grid requirements for V2G power and communication to match the SAE J2836/3 use cases.
Hybrid - EV Committee
University of Waterloo researchers are tapping into idled electric vehicles (EVs) to act as mobile generators and help power overworked and aging electricity grids.
A home in Silicon Valley goes dark for a moment, then clicks back to life. A GM Energy employee had switched off the house's access to the grid. When it detects a lack of power the GM Energy PowerShift Charger box, inverter, and Silverado EV switch from charging the vehicle or sitting idle to powering the home. Ford's F-150 Lighting and Kia's EV9 also have bi-directional charging boxes that can keep the lights on when the grid fails. Bidirectional charging, or V2H (vehicle to home), is one of the more important features of electric vehicles. It has the potential to keep the lights on during blackouts, save people money on their utility bills and help balance the grid.
Baldwin, Roberto
With the rapid expansion of the electric vehicle (EV) market, the frequency of grid-connected charging has concentrated primarily during peak hours, notably from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., resulting in substantial demand surges during both morning and evening periods. Such uncoordinated charging patterns pose potential challenges to the stability and economic efficiency of power systems. As vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology advances, facilitating bidirectional energy exchange between EVs and smart grids, the need for optimized control of EV charging and discharging behaviors has become critical to achieving effective peak shaving and valley filling in the grid. This paper proposes a microgrid energy scheduling optimization algorithm based on existing smart grid and EV charging control technologies. The method establishes a multi-objective optimization model with EVs’ 24-h charging and discharging power as decision variables and microgrid load rate, load standard deviation, and total electricity cost as objective functions. Considering regional distribution capacity limitations, vehicle behavior patterns, and other boundary conditions, solved with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to obtain the local optimal pareto front distribution in order to analyze the economic performance and stability of the microgrid. This study uses field survey data for simulation calculations, taking a microgrid in a residential area in Haiyang City, Shandong Province, as an example. The results demonstrate that the algorithm can reduce the peak-to-valley difference of the power grid by 46.02%, the charging peak load by 18.96%, and the total charging cost by 35.8% under the mode of 100 EVs charging a total of 1000 kWh. The optimization model proposed in this paper, validated through simulations, can effectively guide EVs in energy scheduling, balancing the interests of both the power grid and EVs, and is suitable for the distributed management of large-scale EVs.
Fan, LongyuChen, YuxinZhang, Dacai
This document describes the details of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2.0) communication used to implement the functionality described in the SAE J2836-1 use cases. Each use case subsection includes a description of the function provided, client device requirements, and sequence diagrams with description of the steps. Implementers are encouraged to consult the SEP2.0 schema and application specification for further details. Where relevant, this document notes, but does formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus has announced it will conduct a joint demonstration of its Battery 2nd Life initiative this year. This initiative will be jointly conducted with CONNEXX Systems and will repurpose used batteries from Mitsubishi eCanter trucks to build energy storage systems. According to Mitsubishi, CONNEXX will remove the used batteries from end-of-life eCanters and repurpose them as power sources for what CONNEXX has dubbed its EnePOND EV Charger energy storage systems. These units have integrated EV chargers developed by CONNEXX that can reportedly reduce the load on the existing power grid while allowing for DC fast charging of multiple EVs simultaneously. CONNEXX also noted that these units enable EV charging during power outages.
Wolfe, Matt
This research investigates how distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric vehicles (EVs) affect distribution networks. With sensitivity analysis, the research focuses on how these integrations affect load profiles. The research focuses on sizing of various DERs and EV charging/discharging strategies to optimize the load profile, voltage stability, and network loss minimization. System parameters including load profile, EV charging pattern, weather conditions, DER sizes, and electricity pricing are analyzed to quantify their individual and combined impacts on load variability. However, with increased capacity of DERs, network losses increase. A mathematical model with system and operational constraints has been developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment, validation of the proposed approach in improving the load profile, and reduction in network losses, with the intermittent power generation from DERs and EV integration. Simulation result shows that optimal capacity of DERs and optimized EV integration improve the load profile, improve voltage regulation at various nodes across the distribution network and reduction in network losses considerable.
Khedar, Kamlesh KumarGoyal, Govind RaiSingh, Pushpendra
This paper presents the strategy design, development, and detailed simulation of an Energy Management System (EMS) for a range extender energy storage microgrid project. Initially, a microgrid system model including photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage devices was established. Secondly, the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method was employed to generate possible operational scenarios, and an improved K-means clustering algorithm was used for scenario classification. Subsequently, a series of constraints were constructed for the economic viability of the microgrid to minimize its annualized comprehensive cost, while satisfying power balance and equipment operation. Finally, the microgrid system was simulated and solved using the GUROBI solver, covering cost analyses of the energy storage system and diesel generators under different configurations, as well as the State of Charge (SOC) variations of the energy storage system. The simulation results indicate that, after considering the one-time investment costs of PV, battery cells, and Power Conversion Systems (PCS), the microgrid under different modes can pay back within a few years, while the diesel storage simulation results provide a detailed cost analysis under various diesel generator configurations. These results provide important reference for the planning, design, and economic assessment of microgrids, proving the potential of energy storage microgrids in improving energy efficiency, reducing costs, and promoting the use of renewable energy.
Hua, YuweiJin, ZhenhuaHuang, HuilongWang, Zihao
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Power Grid Solutions for EV Charging134991/28/2025
How do we balance the demands of EV charging with the capabilities of the power grid? The answer lies in coordination between automakers, consumers and utilities. Enter ChargeScape, a software platform that harnesses data analytics and managed EV charging to reward drivers for their flexibility and reduce the total cost of EV ownership. The goal is sustainable, affordable energy from a reliable power grid. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Joseph Vellone, CEO of ChargeScape, to discuss the complexities of the power grid and how flexible EV charging can reward consumers and boost EV ownership. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out the latest news from CES 2025 including the Honda 0 Series, Toyota's Woven City, and Sony's Afeela 1. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it all happen--and give us a review on your preferred podcasting platform. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
Our energy future may depend on high-temperature superconducting (HTS) wires. This technology’s ability to carry electricity without resistance at temperatures higher than those required by traditional superconductors could revolutionize the electric grid and even enable commercial nuclear fusion.
This SAE Technical Information Report (TIR) establishes the instructions for the documents required for the variety of potential functions for PEV communications, energy transfer options, interoperability, and security. This includes the history, current status, and future plans for migrating through these documents created in the Hybrid Communication and Interoperability Task Force, based on functional objective (e.g., [1] If I want to do V2G with an off-board inverter, what documents and items within them do I need, [2] What do we intend for V3 of SAE J2953, …).
Hybrid - EV Committee
Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) reduces air pollution by reducing harmful gas emissions. Such adoption, however, needs a reliable and convenient charging infrastructure, including smart EV charging. Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic cells, battery and wind energy systems can address these infrastructural gaps which work in conjunction with main grid power supply thereby providing low-cost electricity. This paper introduces an energy management algorithm for integrated renewable and grid power sources available at charging stations across India that considers techno-economic and environmental factors. The current work proposes a supervisory controller model that manages the load power demand of the charging station. The controller effectively deploys low cost energy sources based on the status of all available power supplies and reduces the overall charging costs in real time. The energy management algorithm ensures adequate stand-alone energy generation and storage at charging station for charging electric cars, even when renewable energy generation is low for variable charging load.
Shukla, AnkitKushwah, Yogendra SinghSuman, Saurabh
It’s common knowledge that a major challenge for solar energy is how to store excess energy produced when conditions are right, like noon-time sun, so that it can be used later. The usual answer is batteries. But renewable energy resources are causing problems for the electricity grid in other ways as well. In a warm, sunny location like California, mid-afternoon had been a time of peak demand for the electric utility, but with solar it’s now a time of peak output.
A device was developed that uses composite-based nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for a complete high-power microwave system, eliminating the need for multiple auxiliary systems. The interest in NLTLs has increased in the past few decades because they offer an effective solid-state alternative to conventional vacuum-based, high-power microwave generators that require large and expensive external systems such as cryogenic electromagnets and high-voltage nanosecond pulse generators.
Tracking of energy consumption has become more difficult as demand and value for energy have increased. In such a case, energy consumption should be monitored regularly, and the power consumption want to be reduced to ensure that the needy receive power promptly. Our objective is to identify the energy consumption of an electric vehicle from battery and track the daily usage of it. We have to send the data to both the user and provider. We have to optimize the power usage by using anomaly detection technique by implementing deep learning algorithms. Here we are going to employ a LSTM auto-encoder algorithm to detect anomalies in this case. Estimating the power requirements of diverse locations and detecting harmful actions are critical in a smart grid. The work of identifying aberrant power consumption data is vital and it is hard to assure the smart meter’s efficiency. The LSTM auto-encoder neural network technique is used here for predicting power consumption and to detect anomalies. Anomaly detection technique is the most important to identify any abnormal events of power consumption in electric vehicle battery. This approach can be validated by comparing the identified anomalous usage with the usual power consumption during the same period, and the results show a considerable increase in power consumption during the unusual times. Real time data of power consumption can be seen by the user and the user can track the daily usage of his/her power consumption using some user interface applications like Blynk. In Real-time a dataset is taken from smart energy meter hardware setup and the data is given as testing data to the already trained LSTM auto-encoder deep learning model and using anomaly detection technique abnormal energy consumption was identified.
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamArun Raj, VR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarManojkumar, R
The mobility industry with its entire ecosystem is currently striving towards sustainable solutions, which leads to a continuous production ramp-up of electrified vehicles. The parallel extension of the charging infrastructure is needed but faced with various challenges like high investments and power limitations of local electrical grid connection. To fulfill the user requirements of electrified vehicle owners, large-scaled but cost-efficient charging systems for different parking scenarios in residential buildings, at work or at the destination are essential. MAHLE chargeBIG offers large-scaled and centralized charging infrastructure with more than 2,000 already installed charging points since 2019. This paper is a first scientific publication with an in-dept evaluation of the large-scaled charging infrastructure usage. Based on backend data of multiple MAHLE chargeBIG charging infrastructure installations with more than 600 charging points, more than 70,000 recorded charging events are analyzed. It proves that a single-phase charging concept offers sufficient charging power and is able to master multiple charging events by fulfilling customer requirements despite an unexpanded electrical grid infrastructure. As simulated in already published studies [1,2], 3-5 kW per vehicle are a sufficient charging power to recharge the daily electricity demand in employer parking areas with less than 15 kWh in average. In combination with smart charging algorithms, the system can avoid charging power limitations caused by the grid connection and allows the integration in smart grid company environments.
Mehlig, DennisKrumbholz, MatthiasGerstadt, Max
Nowadays, electrification is largely acknowledged as a crucial strategy to mitigate climate change, especially for the transportation sector through the transition from conventional vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs). As the demand for EVs continues to rise, the development of a robust and widespread charging infrastructure has become a top priority for governments and decision-makers. In this context, innovative approaches to energy management and sustainability, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), are gradually being employed, leading to new challenges, like grid service integration, charge scheduling and public acceptance. For instance, the planned use scenario, the user’s behavior, and the reachability of the geographical position influence the optimal energy management strategies both maintain user satisfaction and optimize grid impact. Firstly, this paper not only presents an extensive classification of charging infrastructure and possible planning activities related to different charging scenarios but also indicates the most feasible Point of Interest (POIs) for certain energy strategies and a user’s behavior associated with POIs. Secondly, the article proposes a systematic procedure to analyze the potential location using accessible data from OpenStreetMap (OSM), considering different POIs categories and the classifications proposed above. Therefore, this methodology can support future practitioners both in the definition of the suitability of a charging geographical position for specified energy management strategies (e.g., V2G) and the best path planning for a defined charging location. Lastly, the proposed model is applied to a real case study, functional to the XL-Connect Horizon Europe project. The results proposed utilized open-source geographical data and can be obtained for other worldwide case studies.
Innocenti, EleonoraBerzi, LorenzoKociu, AljonDelogu, Massimo
Life cycle analyses suggest that electric vehicles are more efficient than gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Although the latest available data reveal that electric vehicle (EV) life cycle operational efficiency is only 17% (3 percentage points) higher than a gasoline ICEV, overall life cycle efficiencies including manufacturing for EVs are 2 percentage points lower than for ICEVs. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of EVs are only 4% lower than ICEVs, but criteria emissions of NOx and PM are approaching or exceeding two times those of gasoline ICEVs. Significant reductions in electric grid emissions are required to realize EV’s anticipated emission benefits. In contrast, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have over 70% higher efficiency and 28% lower GHG emissions than today’s EVs. For heavy-duty trucks using today’s gray hydrogen, produced by steam–methane reforming, overall life cycle efficiencies of ICEs and fuel cells are 63% higher than electric powertrains using today’s electric grid, but 25% lower than diesel-fueled ICEs. GHG emissions of ICEs and fuel cells using gray hydrogen are 34% lower than electric powertrains using today’s grid, but are over 50% higher than diesel-fueled ICEs. Only 1% of today’s hydrogen is green, derived by electrolysis using renewable energy. Using green hydrogen, life cycle efficiencies of ICEs or fuel cells are 36% lower than with gray hydrogen. GHG emissions of green hydrogen-fueled ICE or fuel cell powertrains, although reduced by 69% relative to gray hydrogen, are nearly twice those of an electric powertrain using renewable electricity.
Wade, Wallace R.
The benefits of EVs are still being explored and introduced to the world. The latest is GM Energy's new bidirectional charging system. With a host of EVs on the market and more on the way, GM Energy unveiled its Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) bidirectional charging solution. The wall box and companion apps will initially be available on the 2024 Chevrolet Silverado EV First-Edition RST2. Compatibility with other vehicles under the GM umbrella will be supported in the future.
Baldwin, Roberto
A commonplace chemical used in water treatment facilities has been repurposed for large-scale energy storage in a new battery design by researchers at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The design provides a pathway to a safe, economical, water-based, flow battery made with Earth-abundant materials. It provides another pathway in the quest to incorporate intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar energy into the nation’s electric grid.
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