Browse Topic: Electric power grid

Items (506)
Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs) reduces air pollution by reducing harmful gas emissions. Such adoption, however, needs a reliable and convenient charging infrastructure, including smart EV charging. Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic cells, battery and wind energy systems can address these infrastructural gaps which work in conjunction with main grid power supply thereby providing low-cost electricity. This paper introduces an energy management algorithm for integrated renewable and grid power sources available at charging stations across India that considers techno-economic and environmental factors. The current work proposes a supervisory controller model that manages the load power demand of the charging station. The controller effectively deploys low cost energy sources based on the status of all available power supplies and reduces the overall charging costs in real time. The energy management algorithm ensures adequate stand-alone energy generation and
Shukla, AnkitKushwah, Yogendra SinghSuman, Saurabh
ABSTRACT A simulation capable of modeling grid-tied electrical systems, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) resource sharing was developed within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the steady state admittance matrix approach, the unknown currents and voltages within the network are determined at each time step. This eliminates the need for states associated with the distributed system. Each vehicle has two dynamic states: (1) stored energy and (2) fuel consumed while the generators have only a single fuel consumed state. One of its potential uses is to assess the sensitivity of fuel consumption with respect to the control system parameters used to maintain a vehicle-centric bus voltage under dynamic loading conditions
Jane, Robert S.Parker, Gordon G.Weaver, Wayne W.Goldsmith, Steven Y.
ABSTRACT Situations exist that require the ability to preposition a basic level of energy infrastructure. Exploring and developing the arctic’s oil potential, providing power to areas damaged by natural or man-made disasters, and deploying forward operating bases are some examples. This project will develop and create a proof-of-concept electric power prepositioning system using small autonomous swarm robots each containing a power electronic building block. Given a high-level power delivery requirement, the robots will self-organize and physically link with each other to connect power sources to storage and end loads. Each robot mobile agent will need to determine both its positioning and energy conversion strategy that will deliver energy generated at one voltage and frequency to an end load requiring a different voltage and frequency. Although small-scale robots will be used to develop the negotiation strategies, scalability to existing, large-scale robotic vehicles will be
Weaver, Wayne W.Mahmoudian, NinaParker, Gordon G.
Abstract Optimization of a microgrid interacting with mobile power transfer systems is a multiobjective problem that grows to be computationally expensive as components and fidelity are added to the simulation. In previous work [17] we proposed an optimization strategy relying on evolutionary computing. With an evolutionary computing approach, seeking a well-distributed set of solutions on the entire optimal frontier necessitates a large population and frequent evaluation of the aforementioned simulation. With these challenges, and inspiration from Roy et al. [14] distributed pool architecture, we propose an architecture for distributed pool evolutionary computing that differs from the Roy et al. design. We use this strategy with a microgrid and mobile power transfer system simulation to optimize for cost and relaibility. We find that the distributed approach achieves increased performance in raw system execution time, and in some cases converges faster than a non distributed version
Dunn, Andrew G.Mange, Jeremy B.Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, David J.Pandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
ABSTRACT This paper explores the effect dispatchable loads have on microgrids with a high penetration of renewable sources. For this study, the dispatchable loads are electric vehicles whose state of charge must be maintained on a 24 hour cycle. Simulation and optimization tools are utilized in MATLAB to optimize a grid design with 50% renewable energy sources in the form of a photovoltaic solar array. The findings of this study are that the electric vehicle dispatchable loads can be used to stabilize a microgrid against unpredictable losses in renewable generation
Bordeau, KyleParker, GordonVosters, GregoryWeaver, WayneWilson, DavidRobinett, Rush D.
ABSTRACT The roll-up roll-away Tactical Vehicle-to-Grid / Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2G/V2V) system provides a plug-and-play, very fast forming, smart, aggregated, and efficient power solution for an emerging (including austere) contingency base that is ready to generate up to 240kW of 208 VAC 3-phase power in less than 20 minutes. The system is designed to provide grid services (peak shaving, Volt/VAR control, power regulation, and current source mode) beneficial to emerging and mature grids (CONUS or OCONUS). The system uses vehicle Transmission-Integrated Generators (TIGs) to produce 600VDC power for use by vehicle hotel-loads (electrification) and off-board loads (tents/shelters, communications centers, or other electrical loads). Each vehicle is equipped with a Vehicle Communication Module (VCM), which provided the communication capability prior to initiation of transfer of up to 100kW of power via the J1772 SAE Combo Connector between vehicles (V2V) and/or for export power off-vehicle
Hancock, JanieKolhoff, Steven W.McGrew, Dean Z.Masrur, M. AbulSkowronska, Annette G.Vandiver, JamesGatherer, JimPalmer, JasonWood, RobertCurtiss, PeterDorflinger, Max
ABSTRACT Silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor devices have demonstrated promise in increasing power density by offering reduced continuous and switching losses compared to traditional silicon (Si) semiconductors. SiC can also withstand higher temperatures than Si devices. This presents an opportunity to achieve higher power density for vehicle inverters by using SiC. In this work, we describe the design and testing of a prototype SiC three-phase inverter that can achieve higher temperatures and power density than any off-the-shelf offerings, while fitting in a package roughly the size of a shoebox. This will enable future ground vehicle platforms to deliver greater power without needing to increase space claim or vehicle-level cooling compared to traditional Si inverters, enabling greater capabilities for a given platform to support future Warfighter capabilities (such as directed energy weapons, silent mobility, high power radar/communications/jamming on-the-move, and vehicle to grid
Soles, AlexanderAdams, Matthew
ABSTRACT Microgrids have garnered attention as they facilitate the integration of distributed renewable and non-renewable energy resources and allow flexibility to connect to the grid whenever required. When power is required for temporary missions or an emergency search and rescue mission, a vehicle-borne microgrid can supply critical power needs. In this paper, a vehicle-borne mobile microgrid consisting of a diesel generator, a battery storage system and solar panels mounted on the vehicle exterior is considered, and an operational control that minimizes the total fuel consumption and the battery degradation is formulated based on model predictive control. A simulation study is carried out considering a forward operating base mission scenario where the microgrid supplies the charging power to unmanned ground and aerial vehicles deployed in the mission. The result shows that the proposed approach is robust against uncertainties associated with renewable generation and the charging
Paudel, SarojZhang, JiangfengAyalew, BeshahCastanier, MatthewSkowronska, Annette
ABSTRACT The roll-up roll-away Tactical Vehicle-to-Grid / Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2G/V2V) system provides a plug-and-play, very fast forming, smart, aggregated, and efficient power system for an emerging (including austere) contingency base. The V2G/V2V system gives the Soldier a capability they currently lack: The ability to generate up to 240kW of 120/208 VAC 3-phase power anywhere, anytime using Transmission-Integrated Generators (TIGs) to produce 600VDC for use by vehicle hotel loads (electrification), transfer of power from V2V, and export power off-vehicle in a Forward Operating Base (FOB) environment, V2G. The system is designed to provide grid services (peak shaving, Volt/VAR control, power regulation, and current source mode) beneficial to emerging and mature grids (CONUS or OCONUS). Data collected during the FY 14 Tactical Enabled Contingency Basing Demonstration (TECD 4a) of a single vehicle with V2G capability showed that variable speed engine power management can provide up
Hancock, JanieMcGrew, DeanKolhoff, StevenSkowronska, Annette G.
ABSTRACT Electric vehicle (EV) aggregation to provide vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services is a topic that has generated research into the economics and viability of using EVs for more than transportation, but little has been demonstrated to this point. This is especially true of using bidirectional power flows to move energy to the grid from EVs or to provide variable charge and discharge control. Our work focuses on implementing bi-directional functionality to demonstrate both V2G services and islanded microgrid support. The use of an intelligent microgrid controller combined with an EV aggregator provides new control capabilities for EV participation as energy storage devices
Massie, Darrell D.Curtiss, PeterMitchem, Sean C.
ABSTRACT As the U.S. Army develops its 30-year science and technology strategy for ground systems, these systems are seen more as mobile power generation systems than just semi-autonomous mobile protection systems. As ground systems continue to have greater levels of electrification, they are perceived as key to providing power not only to the propulsion and mobility systems, but to protection systems, communications, information systems and a complex, ever-increasing suite of auxiliary power systems which are not limited to the vehicle platform itself, but to external systems and platforms. All power systems can be connected wirelessly, or through a microgrid. Therefore, optimizing the overall ground system along with an external suite of loads and sources through a power grid, as a system of systems, becomes crucial in vehicle design. This optimization problem for performance and reliability is complex when considering the outside grid and a mix of other sources and loads with
Skowronska, Annette G.Gorsich, DavidMange, JeremyDunn, AndrewPandey, VijitashwaMourelatos, Zissimos P.
It’s common knowledge that a major challenge for solar energy is how to store excess energy produced when conditions are right, like noon-time sun, so that it can be used later. The usual answer is batteries. But renewable energy resources are causing problems for the electricity grid in other ways as well. In a warm, sunny location like California, mid-afternoon had been a time of peak demand for the electric utility, but with solar it’s now a time of peak output
A device was developed that uses composite-based nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) for a complete high-power microwave system, eliminating the need for multiple auxiliary systems. The interest in NLTLs has increased in the past few decades because they offer an effective solid-state alternative to conventional vacuum-based, high-power microwave generators that require large and expensive external systems such as cryogenic electromagnets and high-voltage nanosecond pulse generators
Tracking of energy consumption has become more difficult as demand and value for energy have increased. In such a case, energy consumption should be monitored regularly, and the power consumption want to be reduced to ensure that the needy receive power promptly. Our objective is to identify the energy consumption of an electric vehicle from battery and track the daily usage of it. We have to send the data to both the user and provider. We have to optimize the power usage by using anomaly detection technique by implementing deep learning algorithms. Here we are going to employ a LSTM auto-encoder algorithm to detect anomalies in this case. Estimating the power requirements of diverse locations and detecting harmful actions are critical in a smart grid. The work of identifying aberrant power consumption data is vital and it is hard to assure the smart meter’s efficiency. The LSTM auto-encoder neural network technique is used here for predicting power consumption and to detect anomalies
Deepan Kumar, SadhasivamArun Raj, VR, Vishnu Ramesh KumarManojkumar, R
A potentially effective means for ground system radar cross section reduction (RCSR) involves a checkerboard-arranged applique (ACA) composed of artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) metasurfaces which can result in phase modification – and thus destructive interference – of the reflected radar energy. This effort focused on the development of such a concept through the following main tasks: (1) the development of performance goals; (2) the selection of the AMC topology pattern; (3) the development of various performance models based upon transmission line theory and antenna planar array theory, and the use of various computational electromagnetics (CEM) solvers; (4) model validation; (5) the optimization of the AMC pattern through a design of experiment (DOE) approach; and (6) the development of a genetic programming framework for more rigorous ACA optimization
Tison, NathanD’Archangel, Jeffrey
The mobility industry with its entire ecosystem is currently striving towards sustainable solutions, which leads to a continuous production ramp-up of electrified vehicles. The parallel extension of the charging infrastructure is needed but faced with various challenges like high investments and power limitations of local electrical grid connection. To fulfill the user requirements of electrified vehicle owners, large-scaled but cost-efficient charging systems for different parking scenarios in residential buildings, at work or at the destination are essential. MAHLE chargeBIG offers large-scaled and centralized charging infrastructure with more than 2,000 already installed charging points since 2019. This paper is a first scientific publication with an in-dept evaluation of the large-scaled charging infrastructure usage. Based on backend data of multiple MAHLE chargeBIG charging infrastructure installations with more than 600 charging points, more than 70,000 recorded charging events
Mehlig, DennisKrumbholz, MatthiasGerstadt, Max
Life cycle analyses suggest that electric vehicles are more efficient than gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Although the latest available data reveal that electric vehicle (EV) life cycle operational efficiency is only 17% (3 percentage points) higher than a gasoline ICEV, overall life cycle efficiencies including manufacturing for EVs are 2 percentage points lower than for ICEVs. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of EVs are only 4% lower than ICEVs, but criteria emissions of NOx and PM are approaching or exceeding two times those of gasoline ICEVs. Significant reductions in electric grid emissions are required to realize EV’s anticipated emission benefits. In contrast, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have over 70% higher efficiency and 28% lower GHG emissions than today’s EVs. For heavy-duty trucks using today’s gray hydrogen, produced by steam–methane reforming, overall life cycle efficiencies of ICEs and fuel cells are 63% higher than electric powertrains using
Wade, Wallace R.
The benefits of EVs are still being explored and introduced to the world. The latest is GM Energy's new bidirectional charging system. With a host of EVs on the market and more on the way, GM Energy unveiled its Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) bidirectional charging solution. The wall box and companion apps will initially be available on the 2024 Chevrolet Silverado EV First-Edition RST2. Compatibility with other vehicles under the GM umbrella will be supported in the future
Baldwin, Roberto
Smart devices can be hacked. That makes the electric grid vulnerable to bad actors who might try to turn off the power, damage the system, or worse. Recently, a team of experts at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory put forth a new approach to protect the grid
A commonplace chemical used in water treatment facilities has been repurposed for large-scale energy storage in a new battery design by researchers at the Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The design provides a pathway to a safe, economical, water-based, flow battery made with Earth-abundant materials. It provides another pathway in the quest to incorporate intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar energy into the nation’s electric grid
This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to provide information relating to the construction, calibration, and usage of parallel plate transmission lines in electromagnetic compatibility susceptibility testing
AE-4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee
Modern automotive industry field is recently moving to more electrification level, so the presence of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) is constantly increasing, along with charging technology evolution. Typically, BEVs do not use a significant portion of their battery’s capacity in day-to-day travel, which means their most valuable asset, the battery, sits idle during most of its life. Vehicle to Load (V2L) feature enables the transfer of energy from vehicle to the external loads (like utility tools, dryer, camping equipment or any other electrical appliance) which is connected to the power socket present in the Power Panel to perform AC Discharging. V2L technology lets consumers get more energy from a vehicle, even when it is turned off, improving consumer appeal. Bottomline, consumers can use this on-board Power Panel like a normal portable generator. More specifically, this paper will explore a scalable V2L architecture design with on-board Smart Power Panel technology, requested to
Tavella, DomenicoTolkacz, JosephKasture, ArchanaSarkar, Ashish
In the process of automobile industrialization, integrated electric drive systems turn to be the mainstream transmission system of electric vehicles gradually. The main sources of noise and vibration in the chassis are from the gear reducer and motor system, as a replacement of engine. For improving the electric vehicles NVH performance, effective identification and quantitative analysis of the main noise sources are a significant basis. Based on the rotating hub test platform in the semi-anechoic chamber, in this experiment, an electric vehicle equipped with a three-in-one electric drive system is taken as the research object. As well the noise and vibration signals in the interior vehicle and the near field of the electric drive system are collected under the operating conditions of uniform speed, acceleration speed, and coasting with gears under different loads, and the test results are processed and analyzed by using the spectral analysis and order analysis theories. Combining the
Jin, MingxinZuo, ShuguangShi, LeiMao, Qingshao
With the increasing demand for efficient & clean transport solutions, applications such as road transport vehicles, aerospace and marine are seeing a rise in electrification at a significant rate. Irrespective of industries, the main source of power that enables electrification in mobility applications like electric vehicles (EV), electric ships and electrical vertical take-off & landing (e-VTOL) is primarily a battery making it fundamentally a DC system. Fast charging solutions for EVs & e-VTOLs are also found to be DC in nature because of several advantages like ease of integration, higher efficiency, etc. Likewise, the key drivers of the electric grid are resulting in an energy transition towards renewable sources, that are also essentially DC in nature. Overall, these different business trends with their drivers appear to be converging towards DC power systems, making it pertinent. However, DC circuit protection poses serious challenges compared to AC due to the absence of natural
Milind, T. R.Thomas, AmalRastogi, SarthakK, Satyadeep
UC Santa Cruz Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Yu Zhang and his lab are leveraging tools to improve the efficiency, reliability, and resilience of power systems, and have developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based approach for the smart control of microgrids for power restoration when outages occur
This article presents a technical study on the integration of hybrid renewable energy sources (RES) with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, aiming to enhance energy efficiency, grid stability, and mitigating power imbalances. The growing adoption of RES and electric vehicles (EV) necessitates innovative solutions to mitigate intermittency and optimize resource utilization. The study’s primary objective is to design and analyze a hybrid distribution generation system encompassing solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power stations, along with a conventional diesel generator, connected to the utility grid. A V2G system is strategically embedded within the microgrid to facilitate bidirectional power exchange between EV and the grid. Methodologically, MATLAB/Simulink® 2021a is employed to simulate the system’s performance over one day. This research addresses a critical research gap in comprehensively evaluating the synergy between hybrid RES and V2G technology within a microgrid context. The
Al-Shetwi, Ali Q.
Road transport is bound to play a major role in the imminent transition to green energy. India has pledged to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2070 at the COP26 [1] and is committed to have 30% electric vehicle (EV) sales by 2030 [2]. The Indian government is promoting fleet electrification through initiatives like FAME–II. India’s EV market is expected to grow at an annual rate of 90% between 2022 and 2030 [3]. With this projection combined with climate targets, comes an anticipated exponential rise in renewable energy contribution to the national power grid, accompanied by a huge transport-related demand for electricity. NITI Aayog – India’s public policy think tank – and the Ministry of Power are already looking into the expansion of EV charging infrastructure in India as part of smart grid implementation. The deployment of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as an extension of the smart charging initiative is essential for a smooth transition to renewable energy. The
Sandhu, RoubleCao, XinyuanFaßbender, MaxSchade, ThomasEmran, AshrafAndert, JakobXia, FeihongSharma, Vijay
With increase in number of EVs on Indian roads, poised EV makers to produce innovative and pragmatic concept of electric vehicle features. The concept of bidirectional charging is one of that and which is creating buzz and curiosity among EV buyers. The bidirectional charging enables EV owners to lend the power to grid, other vehicles or use for other auxiliary applications. This paper focuses on idea of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) level 1, level 2 AC charging using J1772 standard, and level 3 DC fast charging using ISO 15118 or DIN 70121. where one user can lend a range of few kilometers to other based on requirement as a helping hand. This paper proposes a new idea which enable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) charging using ISO 15118, DIN70121 and J1772 protocol. In V2V charging, source vehicle shall function as a mobile charging source (EVSE) and other shall function as a sink (EV). The idea of making source vehicle as charging station involves sink vehicle authentication and managing the
Kumar, RohitPenta, AmarVenugopal, Karthick BabuSahu, HemantArya, Harshita
The battery electric buses (BEB) are set as key tools to enable cities to meet their challenging transport environmental targets, i.e. the reduction of Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improvement of local air quality, as well as to provide a quieter system for both passengers and the urban community. The recent evolutions of the traction battery technology, with increasing battery energy and power densities, battery durability and dynamic performance, driven by both the light and heavy duty vehicles segment, has opened the way for a series of transit bus electrification initiatives, focused on the evaluation of the feasibility of the BEB technology for the zero local emission bus fleet targets, already set by transit authorities in some important cities worldwide. In this context, as important as the onboard electric traction technology itself, currently already mature for BEB test trials, is the required electric charging infrastructure and its inherent operational effects, which
Barbosa, Fábio C.
Electric vehicles (EV) are an effective eco-friendly means of transportation due to the increased use of batteries for energy storage. Additionally, they connect with electricity grids by supplying power and managing the charging rate to achieve quicker charging times. Owing to their ability to operate in a Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode, electric vehicles can fulfil this task by supplying bidirectional power flow to tackle the various challenges associated with faster charging and introducing additional services to the grid. Maintaining a stable output voltage and current during the energy exchange process is a crucial factor in these systems. To overcome this challenge, the proposed system employs a bi-directional buck-boost converter (BBBC) with a sophisticated control strategy that considers the current State of Charge (SoC) of the storage system. This BBBC enables bidirectional energy transfer between the power grid and the vehicle's energy storage system
R, UthraJena, SwetaparnaMajeed, SalmanAgarwal, Janvhi
Future lunar missions will utilize a Lunar DC microgrid (LDCMG) to construct the infrastructure for distributing, storing, and utilizing electrical energy. The LDCMG’s energy management, of which energy storage systems (ESS) are crucial components, will be essential to the success of the missions. Standard system design currently employs a rule-of-thumb approach in which design methodologies rely on heuristics that may only evaluate local power balancing requirements. The Hamiltonian surface shaping and power flow control (HSSPFC) method can also be utilized to analyze and design the lunar LDCMG power distribution network and ESS. In this research, the HSSPFC method will be utilized to determine the ideal energy storage requirements for ESS and the optimally distributed control architecture. This paper summarizes the HSSPFC application to the LDCMG, along with an example of an operational scenario that outlines the trade-offs for the selection, design, and implementation of the ESS
Weaver, Wayne
Microgrids are a topic of interest in recent years, largely due to their compatibility with the integration of distributed renewable resources, capability for bidirectional power flow, and ability to reconfigure to mitigate the effects of faults. Fault diagnosis algorithms are a foundational technology for microgrids. These algorithms must have two primary capabilities. First, faults must be detectable; it is known when the fault occurs. Second, faults must be isolable; the type and location of detected faults can be determined. However, most fault handling research considering microgrids has focused on the protection algorithm. Protection algorithms seek to quickly extinguish dangerous faults which can damage components. However, these algorithms may not sufficiently capture less severe faults, or provide comprehensive monitoring for the microgrid. This is particularly relevant when considering applications involving fault tolerant control or dynamic grid reconfiguration. Although
Heyer, GabrielD'Arpino, Matilde
As a part of NASA’s efforts in space, options are being examined for an Artemis moon base project to be deployed. This project requires a system of interconnected, but separate, DC microgrids for habitation, mining, and fuel processing. This in-place use of power resources is called in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). These microgrids are to be separated by 9-12 km and each contains a photovoltaic (PV) source, energy storage systems (ESS), and a variety of loads, separated by level of criticality in operation. The separate microgrids need to be able to transfer power between themselves in cases where there are generation shortfall, faults, or other failures in order to keep more critical loads running and ensure safety of personnel and the success of mission goals. In this work, a 2 grid microgrid system is analyzed involving a habitation unit and a mining unit separated by a tie line. A set of optimal controls that has been developed, including power flow controls on the tie line
Rashkin, Lee JoshuaDonnelly, TimothyCook, MarvinYoung, Joseph
With the increased demand for electricity due to the rapid expansion of EV charging infrastructure, weather events, and a shift towards smaller, more environmentally responsible forms of renewable sources of energy, Microgrids are increasing in growth and popularity. The integration of real time communication between all PGSs (Power Generating Sources) and loadbanks has allowed the re-utilization of waste electricity. Pop-up Microgrids in PSPS events have become more popular and feasible in providing small to medium size transmission and distribution. Due to the differing characteristics of the PGSs, it is a challenge to efficiently engage the combined PGSs in harmony and have them share and carry the load of the microgrid with minimal ‘infighting.’ Different Power generating sources each have their own personality and unique ‘quirks.’ With loadbanks being able to perform various functions automatically by monitoring and responding to individual PGSs needs and demands, efficiency is
Tyne, Shelby
NASA’s Watts on the Moon Challenge is seeking solutions to transfer at least 1.065 kW power from a 120 V dc source to a 24-32 V dc load over a 3-km distance under the same environmental conditions as the Lunar surface (i.e., 77 K temperature and 1 mTorr pressure). The selected solution from the author’s team proposed utilizing two modular multilevel Gallium Nitride (GaN) based isolated dc-dc converters to connect the 120 V dc source with the 24-32 V dc load bank via 1.5 kV rated dc transmission lines. The modular multilevel converters feature frequency multiplication, high step-down voltage ratio and low device voltage stress. In the converters, GaN gate injection transistor (GaN GIT) and GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistor (GaN HEMT) devices are chosen as switching devices, due to the merits of lower power loss, radiation hardness and ability to work under cryogenic and vacuum conditions. In addition, LiFePO4 battery based energy storage with a power condition system is added in
Yao, YuzhouZhang, ZhiningFan, JunchongAdina, NihanthBharmal, NaeemShah, SiddhantZhang, JesseShi, YifanHu, PhD, BoxueFu, PhD., PengyuWang, PhD., Jin
The reliable operation of power systems on the lunar surface is crucial for critical research activities and supporting life. These systems are standalone or interconnected grids that integrate intermittent power sources and distributed energy storage. Lunar microgrids must be highly reliable, reconfigurable, and efficient. To meet these requirements, we propose the flexible DC energy router (FeDER), a modular and scalable power management unit for interconnected lunar DC microgrids. The FeDER integrates local energy storage and addresses various microgrid power management needs such as fault management, stability enhancement, power flow regulation, and power quality improvement. The lunar DC microgrids' design, protection, and control are achieved using a three-layered approach: (1) graph theory, (2) energy management system, and (3) smart resistor control. The lunar power grid architecture is introduced and the FeDER stability enhancement is implemented in the OPAL-RT platform. The
Adina, NihanthZhang, ZhiningYao, YuzhouIslam, Md. HaduilShi, YifanFu PhD, PengyuWang, Jin
Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have fabricated a novel device that could dramatically boost the conversion of heat into electricity. If perfected, the technology could help recoup some of the recoverable heat energy that is wasted in the U.S. at a rate of about $100 billion each year
In the context of the race toward minimum road transportation carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the needs for tools comparing various powertrain options are of the highest importance. Various authors have demonstrated the necessity to take into account the full life cycle assessment (LCA), a simplified tank-to-wheel calculation being unsatisfactory in providing guidance regarding the optimized technological choices depending of variables manufacturing and operating conditions. There are several examples to be found in the literature but they have been found to be very specific to most of their assumptions (e.g., vehicle models, electricity carbon intensity for usage or production, etc.). This paper focuses first on possibly to establish a more general model and relative graphic tool to compare carbon foot print of various powertrains with incremental electrification levels of light-duty vehicles (spark ignition engine, full hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicle), enabling
Hébert, Guillaume
A novel method which has the potential for improving the U.S. Navy's ability to perform continuous assurance on autonomous and other cyberphysical systems. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA Autonomous systems are poised to provide transformative benefits to society. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to reduce the frequency and severity of collisions, enhance mobility for blind, disabled, and underage drivers, lower energy consumption and environmentally harmful emissions, and reduce population density in metropolitan regions. In civilian aviation, increasingly autonomous systems could mitigate two of the most costly features of human pilots: the cost associated with training and paying highly skilled operators, and the reduced efficiency incurred by flight time limitations and crew rest requirements. Additionally, autonomous air traffic management systems could reduce the cognitive burden on air traffic controllers by automating the monitoring and analysis of high
Electrification of public transport in cities puts lots of stress onto the vehicle's traction batteries and the power grid during charging. The authors present a self-learning operating strategy to improve the battery life and reduce stress on the power grid by lengthening charging operations as long as possible and avoiding extreme states of charge. During regular service operation, the operating strategy observes the vehicle state and energy flows inside of the vehicle and between vehicle and charging infrastructure. Based on these observations, the operating strategy plans a guidance state of charge trajectory for the trip and dispatches recommendations for charging and discharging the traction battery to the vehicle's ECU. Additionally, the operating strategy ensures reliable service trips by checking if the current state of charge matches the estimated energy consumption for a fixed range laying ahead. The operating strategy can detect and mitigate a situation in which the vehicle
von Kleist, HermannSaroch, LarsBeims, Martin
Weather situations that are associated with hazardous icing conditions near the ground impact multiple kinds of infrastructure. A prominent example of a transmission system failure due to wintry conditions was the snow storm over the Münsterland, Germany, in 2005, as exceptional high amounts of wet snow in conjunction with supercooled water led to heavy damages on conductor cables and tower collapses (Klinger et al., 2011). In this work, an interdisciplinary approach between energy and aviation meteorology is presented. The study was conducted for the purpose of providing a forecast tool of hazardous icing conditions for German transmission system operators (TSOs). TSOs are faced with icing on ground-based objects just like aviation on the ground. For the purpose of obtaining an ensemble-based forecasting tool to detect hazardous icing of structures near the ground, the already existing aeronautical icing model “Advanced Diagnosis and Warning System for Aircraft Icing Environments
März, BenediktFundel, VanessaKalinka, FrankSchultze, MarkusSchmidli, Jürg
Through connectivity with the electric grid, electric vehicles (EVs) minimize or eliminate the need for fossil fuels. Despite the rapid adoption of EVs in recent times, most government adoption objectives have not been attained. This article aims to comprehend the reasons behind the limited uptake of electric scooters in India and the driving aspects. This research used a grounded theory methodology. Using a snowball sampling technique, we conducted 25 in-depth interviews with EV owners, mainly based in Delhi and Mumbai. As an outcome of the study, four drivers and four impediments to the adoption of EVs have been formulated. The study shows that there are Financial, Technological, Operational, and Psychological drivers and Technological/Infrastructural, Operational, and Psychological impediments to the adoption. The study identifies the key concern areas in the form of categories of drivers and impediments, which can be considered in industrial and public policymaking. This research
Suri, AnkitDeepthi, B.Sharma, Yogesh
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