Browse Topic: Exhaust emissions

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Multi-Objective Optimization of Oxyfuel Gas Engine Using Stochastic Engine Model and Detailed Chemistry2025-01-0529To be published on 11/25/2025
The energy transition initiatives in Germany’s renown coal mining region Lusatia have driven research into Power-to-X-to-Power (P2X2P) technologies, where synthetic fuel is produced from renewably sourced hydrogen and captured CO2, and converted to electricity and heat through oxyfuel combustion. This work investigates the multi-objective optimization of oxyfuel gas engine using stochastic engine model (SEM) and detailed chemistry. EGR rate, initial cylinder temperature and pressure, spark timing, piston bowl radius and depth are selected as design parameters to minimize the exhaust temperature at exhaust valve opening (EVO) and indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) corresponding to oxyfuel operation with different dry and wet exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates. The optimization problem is solved for a dry EGR and four wet EGR cases with various CO2 / H2O fractions, aiming to achieve comparable performance as in conventional natural gas / air operation, along with an energy
Asgarzade, Rufat, Franken, Tim, Mauss, Fabian
Development of a Comprehensive Predictive QD Knock Simulation Model for Hydrogen, Methanol, and an Ammonia–Hydrogen Blend2025-01-0528To be published on 11/25/2025
This work presents a comprehensive predictive 0D simulation model for the knock behavior of hydrogen, methanol, and an ammonia-hydrogen blend. With the increasing focus on carbon neutrality, synthetic fuels are gaining attention as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. Their potential applications include land and marine transport, construction machinery, and automotive powertrains, sectors with high carbon dioxide emissions. As their development requires extensive experimental validation, simulations offer a cost- and time-efficient alternative. In particular, 0D simulations offer a good balance between predictive capability and computational effort, making them well suited for concept evaluations and parametric studies. In spark-ignition engines, knock is a major limitation to achieving high thermal efficiency, emphasizing the need for accurate and fuel-specific knock prediction methods. The objective of this work is to enable a predictive and versatile 0D knock modeling framework for
Benzinger, Steffen, Yang, Qirui, Grill, Michael, Kulzer, Andre Casal, Plum, Lukas, Hermsen, Philipp, Günther, Marco, Pischinger, Stefan, Hurault, Florian, Foucher, Fabrice, Rousselle, Christine
Investigation of Active Pre-Chamber Ignition on an Optically Accessible Ultra-Lean DI Hydrogen Engine2025-01-0524To be published on 11/25/2025
Hydrogen is a promising alternative to conventional fuels for decarbonizing the commercial vehicle sector due to its carbon-free nature. This study investigates the ignition and flame propagation characteristics of hydrogen in a 2-liter single-cylinder optical research engine representative of the commercial vehicle sector. The main objective was to enable high power density operation while minimizing NOx emissions. For that, ultra-lean combustion was employed to lower in-cylinder temperatures, addressing the challenge of NOx formation. To counteract delayed and unstable combustion under lean conditions, an active pre-chamber ignition system was implemented. It uses a gas-purged pre-chamber with separate hydrogen injection and spark plug ignition. Turbulent hot gas jets from the pre-chamber ignite the fresh mixture in the main combustion chamber, enabling faster and more stable ignition compared to conventional spark plugs. Additionally, the low volumetric energy density of hydrogen
Borken, Philipp, Bill, Daniel, Link, Lukas, Dinkelacker, Friedrich, Hansen, Hauke
Fuel Differentiation for the Energy Efficiency in Heavy Duty Diesel Applications - A case study for the determination of exhaust emissions and fuel economy2025-28-0231To be published on 11/06/2025
For the achievement of Net Zero Emission goals, various corporates have started with the planning towards the achievement of short-term goals which are well defined with the implementation of energy conservation and efficiency. In this direction, differentiated diesel (Xtragreen) is an optimized combination of diesel fuel with higher Cetane Number fortified with Novel & Optimized multi-functional additives (MFAs) formulation for improved performance and specially designed by Indian Oil Corporation Limited for heavy duty diesel engines & off-highway applications. IndianOil innovative concept is based on enhancement of fuel economics by enhancement in fuel combustion, injector cleaning characteristics and reduction of frictional losses. The benefits associated with differentiated diesel are with High cetane fuel (55 against 51) with Superior cleanliness to keep high pressure diesel Injectors clean, better lubricity provides longer injector life, Superior Combustion leads to lower noise
Kumar, Prashant, Mayeen, Hafiz, Saroj, Shyamsher
Smart Idle Control - Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Overheat Protection2025-28-0237To be published on 11/06/2025
The current and upcoming internal combustion engine emission norms are very stringent. It is difficult to meet emission standards with just combustion optimization techniques, as a result post-treatment is required for Engine-out emissions/exhaust gas. Otherwise, these hazardous gases impact the ecosystem of living beings. Many technologies are implemented at the exhaust for reducing the emissions. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is one such technique to achieve lower PM and PN emission goals. In order to achieve the PM and PN emission reduction, the DPF undergoes periodic cleaning called regeneration. During regeneration, the exhaust systems (DPF) are maintained at elevated temperatures to achieve proper cleaning. When the vehicle is in regeneration, the sudden braking or accelerator pedal release leads to engine dropping to idle speeds (DTI), which sharply increases the temperature gradient inside the DPF which results to physical damage like cracks, melting, and fractures to the DPF
Anandakrishnan, Abhishek, A L, Prathima, Benni Matada, Ajay
Development of a Cost-Effective DCU for Diesel Emission Control: Design, Diagnostics, and Compliance2025-28-0286To be published on 11/06/2025
An essential aspect of contemporary emission control technology, especially in diesel engines with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems, is the Doser Control Unit (DCU) for exhaust systems. Its main purpose is to accurately regulate the injection of urea or diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) into the exhaust stream to lower harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) to meet CPCB4+ emissions. The Doser Control Unit architecture, operation, significance of analytical / experimental study and originality of contribution are described in this abstract. The ECU can determine and administer the exact dosage rate needed under various operating conditions since it gets real-time data from engine and exhaust sensors, such as exhaust temperature, NOₓ levels, and engine load. The DCU activates the Adblue pump in response to the ECU's dosage request, which is determined by the parameters listed above. In addition to having a solenoid actuator for quick dosing responses, the system has features of
Raju, Manikandan, K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, Krishnakumar, Palanichamy, Arumugam, Arunkumar, YS, Ananthkumar
Dual Urea Dosing System with Novel Control Strategy for Enhanced NOx Emission Reduction for High-Power Diesel Generators Application2025-28-0214To be published on 11/06/2025
In the power industry, high-power Diesel Generator (DG) sets often utilize V-engine cylinder configurations to enhance power output within a compact design, ensuring smoother operation and reduced vibration. This "V" arrangement requires a dual exhaust manifold system to efficiently extract exhaust gases, leading to the requirement for dual Exhaust After Treatment Systems (EATS) to effectively manage NOx emissions. High-power gensets typically emit NOx levels around 9 g/kWh, presenting significant challenges for developers in adhering to stringent emission standards. To address these challenges and meet CPCB IV+ emission norms, we propose a dual urea dosing system integrated with a novel control strategy aimed at optimizing the treatment of exhaust gases. This paper introduces a dual exhaust system equipped with dual urea dosing units. By employing two controller units, we ensure compliance with On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) requirements while effectively implementing advanced software
K, Sabareeswaran, K K, Uthira Ramya Bala, S K, Nejanthen, A, Ravikumar, S, Mahendra Boopathi, YS, Ananthkumar
Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engines Using Ethanol-Cottonseed Biodiesel Blended with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles2025-28-0210To be published on 11/06/2025
As global energy demands continue to grow and environmental challenges intensify, biodiesel emerges as a technologically viable and sustainable alternative to mitigate fossil fuel dependency and emissions. This study systematically investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine powered by ethanol-cottonseed biodiesel (Cs) blends enhanced with aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles. The experimental fuel blends, consisting of 10%, 20%, and 30% cottonseed biodiesel with 5% ethanol and remaining with conventional diesel, were analyzed under varying engine load conditions. The inclusion of ethanol improved fuel atomization due to its lower viscosity and higher volatility, while Al₂O₃ nanoparticles acted as advanced combustion catalysts, promoting enhanced oxidation rates and thermal efficiency. Among the blends, B10 (10% cottonseed biodiesel) exhibited superior performance metrics, achieving a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32.8
T, Karthi, G, Manikandan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, M E, Chandhuru, S, Bavanya, S, Arunkumar
Effect of EGR and Ethanol additive on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Rubber Seed Biodiesel Blends2025-28-0224To be published on 11/06/2025
Alcohols are being considered as an alternative to traditional fuels for compression ignition engines due to their oxygen content and biomass origin. While alcohols have lower cetane numbers, making them more suitable for premixed combustion, they are also a promising option for reducing exhaust emissions in internal combustion engines through methods like exhaust gas recirculation. In this study, we investigate and improve the performance of a single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine by introducing ethanol into the intake port during the intake stroke. The main fuels used were diesel and rubber seed biodiesel, which were injected directly into the combustion chamber. The results showed that increasing the amount of ethanol combined with rubber seed biodiesel and his EGR by 10% improved brake thermal efficiency and reduced NOX emissions. The timing and duration of ethanol injection are optimized for dual fuel operation. The highest brake thermal efficiency for a 20% ethanol energy
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, G, Manikandan, Bungag, Joel Quendangan, T, Karthi
Performance and Emission Study of Watermelon Seed Oil Biodiesel with Ferrous Oxide Nano Particle on Diesel Engine2025-28-0218To be published on 11/06/2025
Most of researches warns the world that our sources for traditional fuels including petroleum would be depleted. Owing to the fact that these fuels are also typically not renewable, a lot of people are worried that a day would come when the demand for these fuels would be more than the supply, triggering a considerable world crisis. The use of alternative fuels considerably decreases harmful exhaust emissions as well as ozone-producing emissions. According to a commonly accepted scientific theory, burning fossil fuels is causing temperatures to rise in the earth’s atmosphere. Lot of people across the globe are of the belief that discovering sources of cleaner burning fuel is an essential step towards enhancing the quality of our environment. Many research works are finding the suitability of various alternative fuels like Jatropha oil, Sunflower oil, Waste cooking oil, Rubber seed oil, and Melon seed oil etc. for IC engines. Therefore, it was proposed to find the suitability of water
G, Manikandan, Subbaiyan, Gunasekharan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, T, Karthi, S, Gokul, J, Sanmuganathan
Optimizing Heavy-Duty Mining Operations With LNG Powertrains: Enhancing Efficiency And Reducing Environmental Impact2025-28-0236To be published on 11/06/2025
Heavy-duty mining is a highly demanding sector within the trucking industry. Mining companies are allocated coal mine sites, and fleet operators are responsible for efficiently extracting ore within the given timeframe. To achieve this, companies deploy dumper trucks that operate in three shifts daily to transport payloads out of the site. Consequently, uptime is crucial, necessitating trucks with exceptionally robust powertrains. The profitability of mining operations hinges on the efficient utilization of these dumper trucks. Fuel consumption in these mines constitutes a significant portion of total expenses. Utilizing LNG as a fuel can help reduce operational fuel costs, thereby enhancing customer profitability. Additionally, employing LNG offers the potential to lower the CO2 footprint of mining operations. This paper outlines the creation of a data-driven duty cycle for mining vehicles and the simulation methodology used to accurately size LNG powertrain components, with a focus
John, Ann Veena, Pendharkar, Koustubh
Onboard Exhaust Capture and Carbon Sequestration for Off-Highway Vehicles: A Sustainable Approach to Emission Reduction2025-28-0215To be published on 11/06/2025
Off-highway vehicles (OHVs) operating in sectors like mining, construction, and agriculture play a significant role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Despite progress in alternative fuel technologies, diesel-powered OHVs continue to prevail because of their strong torque and reliability. This paper suggests an onboard exhaust capture and carbon sequestration system designed to be incorporated into diesel OHVs to temporarily contain and utilize emissions, thereby lessening their environmental impact. The system employs nano-porous filters and solid-state carbon absorption materials to selectively trap CO₂ and NOx directly from the exhaust flow. The gathered CO₂ is then subjected to compression and temporary storage, with possible uses for conversion into carbon-based fuel additives or direct sequestration in industrial applications. Unlike conventional catalytic converters that only diminish NOx emissions, this system provides
Vashisht, Shruti
Experimental Study on Hydrogen-Methane Co-Combustion in Small Gas Engines2025-32-0055To be published on 11/03/2025
In a decarbonized society, adapting internal combustion engines (ICEs) to various carbon-free fuels is crucial for their sustainable use. One such application is gas heat pumps (GHPs), which currently rely on hydrocarbon-based fuels. However, a transition to decarbonized and low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen and synthetic methane, is essential for achieving carbon neutrality. Hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel, but its tendency to ignite with extremely low energy and a wide flammability range, making it highly reactive. While these properties enable efficient combustion, they also increase the likelihood of abnormal combustion, such as backfire and knocking, when used in ICEs. Furthermore, hydrogen’s low volumetric energy density has been reported to result in reduced engine output compared to hydrocarbon fuels. On the other hand, methane, the simplest alkane, has a volumetric energy density approximately three times higher than that of hydrogen and exhibits lower combustibility than
Tanaka, Kenta, Tani, Toshihiro, Sako, Takahiro
Development of 2-cylinder Diesel Engine for European quadricycles to achieve EURO 5+ standard2025-32-0068To be published on 11/03/2025
The EURO 5+ standard (134/2014/EU) has been enforced in the year 2025 for quadricycle in Europe. The exhaust emission under this standard has significantly tightened compared to the EURO4. Additionally, this standard also limits vehicle weight, which remains stringent and unchanged from the EURO4 standard. We introduce the original technologies to meet EURO5+ standard in this paper. Emission limit values of the EURO 5+ standard are more stringent, requiring an 84% reduction in NOx and a 94% reduction in PM compared to the previous standard. Diesel engines equipped with mechanical injection control systems for the previous standard are required significant technological advancements to meet EURO 5+ standard of exhaust emission. To meet this, the adoption of engine aftertreatment components such as SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) for NOx reduction and DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) for PM reduction is an common solution. However, to meet this new regulation, adding the weight of these
Nagai, Naotaro, Tennomi, Masanari, Tamura, Akira, Mochizuki, Hiroaki, Kobayashi, Yasushi, Onishi, Takashi
Study on CO2 Absorption via Atomization Utilizing Surface Texturing and Surface Energy for Small Engine Applications2025-32-0076To be published on 11/03/2025
This study aimed to absorb and capture CO₂ emissions from small engines by investigating a method that atomizes a CO₂-absorbing solution. We investigated the conditions necessary for atomizing the sprayed droplets by utilizing the relationship between the surface tension of the droplets and the surface free energy of the impingement plate with surface textures.
Nohara, Tetsuo, Nara, Shotaro, Kawamoto, Yuki, Fukushima, Naoya, Ochiai, Masayuki
Experimental Study on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Port Water Injection and Blends of Biodiesel for Performance & Emission.2025-32-0062To be published on 11/03/2025
The increasing demand for alternative fuels due to environmental concerns has sparked interest in biodiesel as a viable substitute for conventional diesel. Most of automotive engines use diesel fuel engine. They contribute a major portion of today's air pollution, which causes serious health issues including chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, heart diseases, and many more. Greenhouse gases are produced using fossil fuel in the engines and causes global warming. To combat with air pollution, we need clean renewable and environment friendly fuels. Due to depletion in fossil fuels, it has become necessary to find alternative fuel which are safer for the environment and humankind. One such possible solution is Biodiesel. In present study series of experiments were carried out on 435cc naturally aspirate DI Diesel engine with port water injection and different blend of Jatropha based Biodiesel. Biodiesel was derived from Jatropha oil, produced using a heterogeneous catalyst
Bhoite, Vikram, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Jagtap, Pranjal, Reddy, Kameswar
Hydrogen-Assisted Renewable Fuels RME and HVO in the Compression-Ignition Engine2025-32-0048To be published on 11/03/2025
The article presents the research results on performance, thermodynamic parameters, and toxic exhaust emissions from the combustion in a compression-ignition engine fueled by the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) or the rapeseed methyl ester (RME), both with hydrogen addition. Furthermore, regular diesel fuel was used to obtain the reference data for comparing HVO, RME, and diesel fuel. Hydrogen was injected into the intake manifold of a CI engine with a compression ratio of 17. Typically, diesel fuel combustion in a CI engine initiates through its self-ignition, usually simultaneously occurring at many points across the engine cylinder. Hydrogen, as a very chemically reactive substance, can promote pre-ignition reactions and accelerate flame kernel formation, shortening the ignition lag. This is crucial in the case of the smooth running of the compression-ignition engine. Hydrogen was added at amounts not exceeding 7% by volume as regards air sucked into the engine cylinder. The heat
Szwaja, Stanislaw, Juknelevicius, Romualdas, Pukalskas, Saugirdas, Rimkus, Alfredas, Szymanek, Arkadiusz
Clean cuts, clear conscience: Advanced engines, optimized tools, eco-friendly fuels2025-32-0087To be published on 11/03/2025
Handheld outdoor power equipment is used worldwide to shape and maintain the environment and are daily assistants in forestry, operated under very demanding environmental conditions. In the power tool sector, as elsewhere, the shift from petrol to battery-powered products is already well underway, especially for consumer applications. However, internal combustion engines will continue to be indispensable for professional users of power tools, who place the highest demands on their equipment in terms of performance and energy density. These power tools are often used in remote locations and thus far away from a possible charging infrastructure. To make a contribution to climate protection, biofuels and RFNBOs are necessary. The continuous optimization of engine technology and its overall system, including cutting tools (saw chain set, cutting wheel, etc.) is an important development goal of STIHL. The interaction between the saw chain, guide bar and power train are essential for optimal
Beck, Kai W., Maier, Georg, Müller, Matthias, Lux, Thomas, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Melder, Jens
Analysis of Flame Propagation Characteristics in a Hydrogen Engine using an Optically Accessible Engine2025-32-0061To be published on 11/03/2025
In recent years, the progress of global warming and the response to environmental problems have become important global issues, and efforts are being made to achieve carbon neutrality. In this context, the automotive and energy industries, which are required to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, have an urgent need to move away from fossil fuels. Especially in small engines, efficiency and cleanliness are important themes, and the introduction of hydrogen fuel is attracting attention as one solution to this. Hydrogen does not emit carbon dioxide when combustion and is considered to be a clean energy source, but due to the difference in characteristics from hydrocarbon fuels used in the past, there are still many unclear points about its combustion behavior and application to engines, and this information is indispensable for improving the performance and efficient operation of hydrogen engines. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of hydrogen on flame propagation and
Arai, Yuto, Ueno, Takamori, Suda, Ryosuke, Sato, Ryoichi, Nakao, Yoshinori, Ninomiya, Yoshinari, Matsushita, Koichiro, Kamio, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Experimental and kinetic study of methane blending on the laminar combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia under various oxygen contents at high temperature and pressure2025-32-0060To be published on 11/03/2025
As a carbon-free fuel, ammonia is one of the alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, but its combustion characteristics are poor, and it is usually optimized by blending methane and increasing oxygen content. However, there are few relevant studies under different conditions under high temperature and high pressure conditions. In this study, the laminar burning velocities (LBV) and flame instability of NH3/CH4/O2/N2 mixtures at high initial temperature (T), high initial pressure (p), various oxygen contents (Ω) and methane energy ratios (α) are analyzed using a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). According to numerical simulation, how various oxygen contents and methane energy ratios affect the combustion characteristics of NH3/CH4/O2/N2 mixtures and NOx emission is analyzed. The results show that LBV is positively correlated with T、α、and Ω, and negatively correlated with p. Markstein length (Lb) does not change significantly with T, but increases with α and decreases with p
YU, Yuantao, Dai, Zhizhuo, Hou, Chunlei, Ye, Mingyuan, Zhang, Xiaolei, Cui, Zechuan, Yin, Shuo, Nishida, Keiya
Exhaust emissions tests of small gasoline engines used as drives for power generators and handheld machinery2025-32-0072To be published on 11/03/2025
The paper presents the results of the investigations on the exhaust emissions carried out under real operating conditions of gasoline small engines. During the operation of these devices the authors measured the exhaust emissions: CO, HC, NOx and CO2. For the measurements the authors used a portable exhaust emission analyzer (PEMS). The presented method is a new solution in determining of the exhaust emissions from such engines. In the paper the results of exhaust emissions measurement has been presented. Moreover, some remarks according to measurement method has been presented. The obtained results were compared with the applicable emission requirements. Besides, based on the performed investigations, the authors attempted an evaluation of the possibilities of the use of the measurement method for development works and legislation related to the reduction of the emission from small gasoline engines.
Lijewski, Piotr, Markiewicz, Filip, Fuc, Pawel, Dobrzynski, Michał
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms.2025-32-0086To be published on 11/03/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emission reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and catalyst monitoring on vehicles. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for On-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. OBD systems enables owner of vehicles to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the Malfunction Indicator Lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific NOx emission control systems became necessary in BS VI OBD II B for 3-wheeler applications. Additionally, the performance and integrity of the catalytic converter must be monitored. Driver warnings, inducement
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Electrification potential of Small ICE Powertrain Applications2025-32-0094To be published on 11/03/2025
The reduction of the CO2 footprint of transport vehicles is a major challenge to minimize the harmful impact of technology on the environment. Besides passenger cars and light and heavy-duty vehicles, this affects also the two-wheeler category and the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). One promising path for the de-carbonisation is the transition from fossil-fuel powered ICE powertrains to electric powertrains. Several examples of electrified powertrains showcase possibilities for small hand-held powertools or small mopeds and scooters. As the powertrain categories two-wheeler and NRMM are very diversified and consist of various sub-categories and sub-classes with many different applications, the feasibility of electrification for the whole category cannot be judged by few examples. In this publication a methodology for assessing the electrification potential of small NRMM and two-wheelers is shown. The method uses 4 different factors, which determine the feasibility for electrification
Schmidt, Stephan, Schacht, Hans-Juergen, Weller, Konstantin, Absenger, Johann Friedrich
Higher-strength, higher-toughness die cast wheel material using recycled aluminum2025-32-0007To be published on 11/03/2025
In an attempt to reduce CO2 release from the alloy wheel production, we have developed such an aluminum alloy for casting that satisfies necessary property requirements using recycled aluminum and without heat treatment. The wheel is a critical safety item of the vehicle requiring higher toughness and strength. In many wheels, virgin aluminum containing small amounts of impurities are used to maintain toughness, and the heat treatment (T6), in which quick heating and cooling are conducted after the casting, is applied to provide ensure strength. At the start of this project, we focused on two wheel-manufacturing processes; the production of virgin aluminum and the heat treatment, from which a large amount of CO2 is released. The change from the virgin to the recycled material allows reduction of CO2 release to 1/9. The issue in the use of recycled material is that impurities grow in the metal structures as an intermetallic compounds and lower toughness. To deal with the said issue, we
Suzuki, Noritaka
Development of a Combined Injection and Ignition Unit for a Gas Engine with Direct Hydrogen Injection Integrated into the Standard Spark Plug Access Hole2025-32-0059To be published on 11/03/2025
To achieve the desired fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen in internal combustion engines for combined heat and power units, it is necessary to make some adjustments to the fuel supply system. External gas mixers increase the probability of backfiring when natural gas is replaced by hydrogen. In addition, the low density of hydrogen results in a loss of power. Therefore, direct gas injection is preferred when using hydrogen. A drawback of direct injection is the requirement of higher injection pressures to achieve the desired fuel mass and mixture homogeneity as well as the additional access to the combustion chamber for the direct gas injector in the cylinder head. This paper proposes an alternative approach that does not necessitate the implementation of a high-pressure direct injection system nor additional access to the combustion chamber via the cylinder head. A combined injection and ignition unit, called HydroFit, was developed which uses a sleeve inside the spark plug bore
Rischette, Nic, Holzberger, Sascha, Helms, Sven, Kettner, Maurice
Impacts of enhanced physics-based estimation modeling for trapped air and EGR estimation in real-time control of hydrogen injection in a PFI internal combustion engine2025-32-0047To be published on 11/03/2025
Hydrogen PFI engines face abnormal combustion issues, especially during transient operation. The air-to-fuel ratio and trapped exhaust gas significantly affect combustion stability and NOx emissions, requiring continuous monitoring. Real-time estimation of the trapped gas composition and thermodynamic state is therefore crucial but challenging. This work introduces a real-time, physics-based Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) model for accurately estimating trapped air and exhaust gas mass at the intake valve closing (IVC) event. In detail, the estimation model makes use of dynamic in-cylinder and exhaust pressure measurements to accurately model mass flows and heat exchange equations with 0.5 CAD resolution. This allows an extremely high fidelity when modelling the physical properties of the various chemical species along the engine cycle. Moreover, the model calibration appears only in the form of two coefficients implemented on a lookup table for twelve different operating points
Galli, Claudio, Ferrara, Giovanni, Grilli, Niccolò, Balduzzi, Francesco, Romani, Luca, Vichi, Giovanni
Ca Additive and In-cylinder Condition on Promotion of Abnormal Combustion in Supercharged SI Engine2025-32-0004To be published on 11/03/2025
　The downsizing engine is popular in the field of SI engine. However, one of the problems is the abnormal combustion so called LSPI. 　A lot of researchers have been reported about the mechanism of LSPI. One of the sources of LSPI would be the lubricating oil droplet in cylinder. To avoid LSPI, it has been adjusted the ingredients of oil additive in lubricating oil. However, many kinds of fuels will be adapted to the SI engine on the point of CO2 emission in the future. So, it would be needed that the mechanism of LSPI would be cleared essentially. It has been reported that the ingredients of oil additive strongly effect on the occurring the LSPI. There are two information in our previous research. First, the data shows that frequency of abnormal combustion is 1/10 of frequency of scattering lubricating oil from the piston crown. 　Seconds, autoignition timing of scattering lubricating oil is almost at ATDC, however several its autoignition proceed the timing for BTDC continuously. 　Here
kitano, Kaito, Tanaka, Junya
Effect of intake-air heating on combustion, performance and emissions in a light-duty engine under CNG-diesel RCCI Operation2025-32-0003To be published on 11/03/2025
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that offers high thermal efficiency with reduced NOx and soot emissions. However, at low loads, RCCI operation often suffers from incomplete combustion, leading to elevated unburned hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which can hinder oxidation catalyst (DOC) light-off and reduce overall efficiency. Intake-air heating is a potential strategy to address this issue by enhancing fuel reactivity and promoting more complete combustion. In this study, the effects of intake-air heating (from ambient to 100°C) on performance and emissions are experimentally investigated in a light-duty diesel engine operated under CNG-diesel RCCI mode. The experiments were conducted at low and intermediate load and speed conditions. The influence of intake-air heating on cycle-to-cycle variations of the gross indicated mean effective pressure (GIMEP) is also discussed. The CO and THC
Navaneethakrishnan, P., Sarangi, Asish K, Suman, Abhishek, Sreedhara, Seshadri, Singh, Arvind
Performance Analysis of a Hydrogen-blended Naturally Aspirated Gas Engine with a Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation System2025-32-0046To be published on 11/03/2025
With the publication of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) III in 2022, the European Union increased its renewable energy consumption target to 45% by 2030. Consequently, gaseous fuels derived from renewable electricity, particularly green hydrogen, are expected to play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the energy sector. One promising application of green hydrogen is its integration into combined heat and power (CHP) plants, where it can replace natural gas to reduce CO₂ emissions. Pure hydrogen as fuel or blended with natural gas has demonstrated potential for lowering both pollutant emissions and fuel consumption while maintaining or even enhancing engine performance. But it is expected, that the amount of available green hydrogen will be limited in the beginning. So new engine systems with hydrogen and natural gas for CHP plants are required, that offer more CO2-benefit than from fuel substitution only. In the LeanStoicH₂ project, a novel approach was developed to optimize
Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice
Effect of Plasma-Assisted Ignition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Two Stroke Engines with Different Fuels2025-32-0030To be published on 11/03/2025
The 2-stroke opposed piston engine(2OPE) is attracting attention for its potential to achieve higher theoretical thermal efficiency due to its unique combustion chamber design. 2OPE has twice stroke/bore ratio compared to that of conventional 2-stroke engines, which reduces cooling losses, thereby enhancing output power density. However, like other 2-stroke engines, the 2OPE faces challenges such as fuel short-circuiting and scavenging loss, which historically limited the development of 2-stroke engines. Due to the insufficient scavenging process, the residual gas remains higher than 4-stroke engine. Although the residual gas helps maintain higher in-cylinder temperature that accelerate the fuel evaporation, the reduced fresh air supply leads to incomplete combustion and increasing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emission (HC). Under that condition, the minimum ignition energy increases sharply and leading to slower combustion. Plasma-assisted ignition (PAI) is considered as a
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Kobayashi, Daichi, Umegaki, Tetsuo, Asai, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Experimental Study of HCNG on Single Cylinder 395cc Spark Ignition Engine for Performance and Exhaust Emission.2025-32-0050To be published on 11/03/2025
There is growing demand for energy utilization due to stricter environmental emission norms to reduce greenhouse gases and other threats posed due to the emissions are major motivation factors for researchers to adopt on strategic plans to decrease the usage of energy and reduce the carbon contents of fuels, the usage of hydrogen or blend of hydrogen with CNG as a fuel in internal combustion engines is the best option. As hydrogen has lower volumetric energy density and higher combustion temperature, pure hydrogen-fueled engines produce lower power output and much higher NOx emissions than gasoline-fueled engine at stoichiometric air-fuel ratio. Blending of hydrogen with CNG provides a blended gas termed as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HCNG). HCNG stands for hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas and it combines the advantages of both hydrogen and methane. The addition of Hydrogen to CNG has potential to even lower the CNG emissions and is the first step towards promotion of a
Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Sajjan lng, Suresh
Real Driving Emission (RDE) Assessment for Motorcycles Using a Random Cycle Generator (RCG)2025-32-0071To be published on 11/03/2025
To protect the atmospheric environment conservation, regulations regarding vehicle exhaust gas emissions have become increasingly stringent over the years. For the case of light duty vehicles (LDVs), Real Driving Emission (RDE) assessments based on Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) measurements are being introduced. However, the application of PEMS measurements to motorcycles presents several challenges, including reduced measurement accuracy due to the small engine displacement and number of cylinders, and increased weight due to the PEMS installation. Therefore, an alternative evaluation method that does not rely on PEMS is required. In this study, we have developed a Random Cycle Generator (RCG) to provide an evaluation method that can be performed in a laboratory environment. The RCG allows the creation of evaluation modes by combining different speed patterns of motorcycles. It can generate arbitrary driving cycles that take into account the average and upper limits of
Matsuoka, Masahiro, Hirai, Hiroshi, Ito, Takayuki
Analysis of injected mass shot-to-shot dispersion and injection rate profile for a PFI injector in actual operating conditions2025-32-0019To be published on 11/03/2025
In order to improve engine emission and limit combustion instabilities, in particular for low load and idle conditions, reducing the injected fuel mass shot-to-shot dispersion is mandatory. Unfortunately, the most diffused approach for the hydraulic analysis of low-pressure injectors such as PFIs or SC R dozers is restrained to the mean injected mass measurement, since the use of conventional injection analysers is unfeasible. In the present paper, an innovative injection analyser is used to measure the injection rate and the injected mass of each single injection event, enabling a proper dispersion investigation of the studied system. The proposed instrument is an inverse application of the Zeuch’s method, which in this case is applied to a closed volume upstream the injector, with the injector being operated with the prescribed upstream-downstream pressure differential. Further, the injector can inject freely against air, thus enabling simultaneous analyses of the resulting spray
Postrioti, Lucio, Maka, Cristian, Martino, Manuel
Effect of hydrogen injection timing in a compression ignition engine operating in hydrogen diesel dual fuel mode2025-32-0051To be published on 11/03/2025
Stringent European CO2 emission regulations have stimulated the development of alternative technologies such as Dual Fuel (DF), which involves partially replacing fossil fuel with a low-carbon alternative. Hydrogen represents an ideal candidate for DF due to its properties, including the absence of carbon, high flame propagation speed, and high diffusivity. This study analyzes the combustion and performance of a 1L, naturally aspirated, three-cylinder in-line compression ignition off-road engine with a 17.5:1 compression ratio, originally equipped with a conventional diesel system and modified for diesel-hydrogen dual fuel operation. The conversion involved installing three PFI injectors in the intake manifold for hydrogen injection, attempting to minimize the volume between the intake valve and injector tip. Tests were conducted at a fixed engine speed of 2000 rpm, varying the engine load from 30% to 85% of maximum torque. The diesel contribution was maintained at 10%, while hydrogen
Rossetti, Salvatore, Mancaruso, Ezio
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-0067To be published on 11/03/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analysed in comparison to diesel operation. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the John Deere JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and high load. The focus of the
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
Emission Performance of Motorcycles: Regulated and Non-Regulated Pollutants under Harmonized and Extended Testing Conditions2025-32-0069To be published on 11/03/2025
This study investigates emissions from motorcycles, focusing on both regulated gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO, NOx, HC) and particulate number (PN) emissions, which are non-regulated for this vehicle category in the actual EU emission regulation. Using a state-of-the-art testbench setup equipped with advanced exhaust gas analysis and PMP system, emissions were analyzed under both standardized homologation cycles and more dynamic Real Driving Cycles (RDCs). Besides the measurement results the technological differences between different motorcycle categories are described. This is followed by a discussion of the influences of engine and exhaust gas aftertreatment systems on emission. The findings reveal that, there are two different subcategories of two-wheeler, which show different emission characteristics. L1e vehicles showed increased emissions compared to passenger cars, caused by the absence of advanced exhaust aftertreatment and on-board diagnosis systems which is driven by less
Schurl, Sebastian, Schmidt, Stephan, Bretterklieber, Niko, Kupper, Martin, Kirchberger, Roland
Preliminary Development of a Novel 2-Stroke Petrol Engine for a Hybrid Sport-Tourer Motorcycle2025-32-0025To be published on 11/03/2025
While hybrid electric powertrains are the standard for passenger cars, the application to motorcycles is almost nil. The reason is the increase in weight, cost and overall dimensions, which can compromise the layout and dynamics of the motorcycle. A viable path is to replace the standard internal combustion engine with a much smaller and lighter unit, which leaves room for the installation of the electric components. The 2-Stroke (2S) cycle technology, thanks to the double cycle frequency and inherent simplicity, can be the key to reduce engine dimensions, weight and cost, while keeping high power outputs. The HybridTec project, discussed in this paper, aims to develop a compact and lightweight V-90° two-cylinder 2S engine, coupled to an electric motor installed downstream of the gearbox (P3 configuration). The total installed power should be about 110 kW. The engine features loop-scavenging, actuated by a crankshaft-driven supercharger, while an exhaust rotary valve and electronic
Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto, Scrignoli, Francesco, Volza, Antonello, Mattarelli, Enrico, Montanari, Luca, Magnani, Gianluca
Predicting Transient Soot Emissions in Diesel Engines Using Physical and Machine Learning Models2025-32-0017To be published on 11/03/2025
In recent years, emissions regulations for engines have been globally strengthened, and many countries, including the United States, have added real-world testing using Portable Emissions Measuring Systems (PEMS) as new test requirements. In the development of diesel engines, improving fuel efficiency and simultaneously reducing NOx and soot emissions are critical challenges, and evaluations using Model-Based Development (MBD) are considered promising methods. However, it is still difficult to accurately predict soot emission, even with detailed combustion models using computationally intensive 3D-CFD, due to the complex mechanisms of soot formation. While various approaches have been researched for prediction methods, they are often limited to specific injection and operating conditions, and an industry-standard model has to be established yet. This paper presents a method for predicting NOx and soot emissions in diesel engines under arbitrary transient test cycles. Fuel consumption
Kitamura, Takahiro, Matsuoka, Ayano, Suematsu, Kosuke, Okano, Hiroaki
Measurement of the liquid fuel film on the combustion chamber wall of a gasoline engine using a novel capacitance sensor2025-32-0018To be published on 11/03/2025
During a cold start and warm-up operation of an SI gasoline engine, a liquid fuel film is formed on the intake port and piston walls. The liquid fuel film attached to the wall increases exhaust unburned HC, particulate matter (PM) emissions, and oil dilution. It is essential to investigate the formation process of the fuel liquid film to reduce exhaust emissions and improve thermal efficiency. Compact fuel film measurement sensors are required for application in the production engine measurement. In this study, a liquid film sensor detecting changes in capacitance due to the liquid film has been developed. The newly developed liquid film sensor was installed and demonstrated into the combustion chamber wall of a single-cylinder gasoline engine. As a result, the liquid film behavior on the combustion chamber wall was successfully detected.
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Nakajima, Takeru, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Optimized Engine Off Time Estimation for Cold Start Detection in Emission Diagnostics2025-28-036610/30/2025
A cold start occurs when the engine is cranked after being off for a long time, enough for its temperature to drop down to the cold ambient levels. Cold start in an engine is a critical phase as it is characterized by elevated emissions. During a cold start, exhaust components such as catalytic converter do not operate in its optimal temperature zone leading to reduced efficiency in emission control. New regulations for engine emissions are becoming stringent for this condition, hence it is important to accurately determine cold start condition in an engine to optimize the emissions control strategy. Accurate engine off time calculation plays a crucial role in cold start detection, emissions control and On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II) decision making. This engine off time if greater than 6 hours indicates one of the conditions to confirm a cold start. Other conditions such as Ambient temperature and coolant temperature along with the engine off time confirms a cold start. This paper
MUTHA, MAYURESH, Talawadekar, Pradnya, Kale, Upendra
Probabilistic Thermal Modelling of AdBlue System Using Bayesian Networks2025-28-037010/30/2025
In Diesel engine exhaust after treatment system (ATS), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions control is achieved via Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) in which AdBlue or Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) plays vital role. But AdBlue freezes below -11°C due to which in cold climate conditions system performance becomes critical as it affects efficiency as well as overall performance leading to safety and compliance with emission standards issue. So, it is essential to have a probabilistic thermal model which can predict the AdBlue temperature as per ambient temperature conditions. The present paper focuses on developing Bayesian Network (BN) based algorithm for AdBlue system by modelling probability of key factors influencing on its performance including AdBlue temperature, Ambient temperature, Coolant temperature, Coolant flow, Vehicle operating conditions etc. The BN Model predicts and ensures continuous learning and improvement of the system, based on operational data. Methodology proposed in
Thakur, Shivam, Salunke, Omkar
Enhancing Cabin Air Quality: Challenges, Impact and Advanced Climate Control Solutions2025-28-043310/30/2025
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
A Physics-Guided Neural Network Approach for EGR Cooler Temperature Estimation: Addressing ECU Model Discrepancies2025-28-039310/30/2025
As the automotive industry explores alternative powertrain options to curb emissions, it is pertinent to refine existing technologies to improve efficiency. The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system is one of the pivotal components in emission control strategies for Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). The EGR cooler is crucial in thermal management strategies, as it lowers the temperature of recirculated exhaust gases before feeding it along with fresh air, thereby reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Precise estimation of the EGR cooler outlet temperature is crucial for effective emission control. However, conventional Engine Control Unit (ECU) models fall short, as they often show discrepancies when compared to real-world test data. These models rely on empirical relationships that struggle to capture precisely the transient effect, and real time variation in operating conditions. To address these limitations and improve the accuracy of ECU based model, various signal processing
Kumar, Amit, Kumar, Raman, Manojdharan, Arjungopal, Challa, Krishna, Kramer, Markus
First Investigation of Ducted Fuel Injection on a Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Multi-Cylinder Production Engine04-19-01-000510/22/2025
Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was tested for the first time on a production multi-cylinder engine. Design-of-experiments (DoE) testing was carried out for DFI with a baseline ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel as well as three fuels with lower lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: renewable diesel, neat biodiesel (from soy), and a 50/50 blend by volume of biodiesel with renewable diesel denoted B50R50. For all fuels tested, DFI enabled simultaneous reductions of engine-out emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with late injection timings. DoE data were used to develop individual calibrations for steady-state testing with each fuel using the ISO 8178 eight-mode off-road test cycle. Over the ISO 8178 test, DFI with a five-duct configuration and B50R50 fuel reduced soot and NOx by 87% and 42%, respectively, relative to the production engine calibration. Soot reductions generally decreased with increasing engine load. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions tended to increase
Ogren, Ryan M., Baumgard, Kirby J., Radhakrishna, Vishnu, Kempin, Robert C., Mueller, Charles J.
Characterization of High-Power Cold-Start Emissions Part 2: Impact of Hybrid Topologies and Powertrain Sizing on Tailpipe Emissions Performance03-18-06-003910/22/2025
The current work is the second installment of a two-part study designed to understand the impact of high-power cold-start events for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) on tailpipe emissions. In part 1, tailpipe emissions and powertrain signals of a modern PHEV measured over three drive cycles identified that high-power cold-start events generated the highest amounts of gaseous and particulate emissions. The trends in emissions data and powertrain performance were specific to the P2-type hybrid topology used in the study. In this second part of the study, the effects of different PHEV hardware configurations are determined. Specifically, the tailpipe emissions of three production plug-in hybrid vehicles, operated over the US06 drive cycle, are characterized. The approach compared the tailpipe emissions of the test vehicles on the basis of the hybrid topologies and corresponding engine operational characteristics during a high-power cold-start event. Analysis of test results showed
Chakrapani, Varun, O’Donnell, Ryan, Fataouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret
The Analysis of Community Entrance Openness on Transportation and Emission: A Comparison of Different Automobiles2025-99-008110/17/2025
With the escalating rate of urbanization in China, the urban construction sector is encountering numerous challenges, including issues such as traffic congestion and environmental pollution. To enhance traffic efficiency and offer planning guidance for urban development, this study focuses on the fully or partial opening of community entrances. VISSIM is utilized to examine the community opening and simulate the internal road network, while also employing the SPSS data analysis tool for supplementary analysis. The objective of this method is to compare and analyze the traffic conditions and environmental impact of the community before and after its opening with different automobiles. Through the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system, the study calculates and analyzes the average vehicle speed, noise levels, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions before and after the opening of the community. Finally, several recommendations are proposed to enhance community
Li, Mengyuan, Zhuo, Chenxu, Xiong, Simin, Xu, Lihao
Research and Calculation Method of Road Maintenance Carbon Emission in Expressway Operation Period2025-99-006710/17/2025
In recent years, the greenhouse effect has become a major challenge for sustainable development, with carbon dioxide emissions playing a significant role. In 2022, China’s carbon dioxide emissions reached 12,667,430 tons [1], the highest globally, with the transportation sector contributing about 8% of this, and road transportation accounting for 90% of the sector’s emissions. To promote green development, the Chinese government emphasizes efficient resource use, energy conservation, and emissions reduction, aiming to build a strong transport system by 2035. Understanding carbon emissions in expressway construction is crucial for green development. Studies on highway carbon emissions focus on emissions from road construction and vehicle operation. For example, Chen et al. used a “bottom-up” method to account for emissions during construction, while Tu et al. created a vehicle carbon emission model during operation. With the expanding highway network, maintenance has become essential
You, Shuting, Xu, Ziheng, Gao, Yihan, Zhang, Zhishuo, Li, Zihao
Biodiesel Characterization and Prediction Using ANN Modeling along with the Assessment of Performance and Emission Behavior of Fuel Sources— Gossypium hirsutum and Stoechospermum marginatum —Used in Direct Injection CI Engine2025-01-507110/16/2025
The demand for alternate fuel continues to grow steadily, while energy sources are being researched and explored every year. Considering the energy demand and fuel cost this research was initiated to identify better sources for fuel production. Also the emission released into the atmosphere causes significant influence in the global market in terms of pollution, which was also a prime motive toward this research analysis. A green biodiesel, fatty acid alkyl ester, has attracted much attention as an environmentally friendly diesel fuel. This is due to several advantages, especially that fatty acid alkyl ester is renewable, biodegradable, and has less toxic properties as a fuel. In this article, cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) biodiesel and algal (Stoechospermum marginatum) biodiesel was prepared with a yield of 94% and 85%, respectively. Single-stage transesterification was performed since the free fatty acid percentage was within the limit. The performance characteristics in terms of
Godwin, John J., Hariram, V., Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Sambandam, Padmanabhan, Prathik, S. J., Santhosh, K., Baskar, S., Boopathi, D.
The Aircraft nvPM Mission Emissions Estimation Methodology, Version 2 (MEEM2)2025-01-600010/13/2025
The nvPM Mission Emissions Estimation Methodology (MEEM) was previously developed to estimate nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions from ground certification data using the publicly available data from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Aircraft Engine Emissions Databank (EEDB). In order to potentially improve the accuracy of nvPM emissions estimation and to enhance its usefulness to modelers, the method was revised to make use of fuel flow correlations and similar altitude corrections as used in the Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2). The new fuel flow approach allows for improved trade-off-type assessments between nvPM and gaseous emissions—i.e., less relative uncertainties when assessing results from the two methods. Like the former MEEM, the new method, MEEM2, can be used with just publicly available data such as nvPM emissions indices (EI) from the EEDB as well as predicted fuel flows from publicly available aircraft performance models. MEEM2 has been
Ahrens, Denise, Kim, Brian, Méry, Yoann, Zelina, Joseph, Dudebout, Rudolph, Miake-Lye, Richard C.
Reconstruction of Density Fields of Category L-Vehicles’ Exhaust Plumes for Optimizing Remote Emission Sensing and Engine Performance03-18-06-003610/07/2025
Air pollution is a significant long-term public health issue, with on-road traffic emissions being a primary contributor, especially in urban areas. Remote emission sensing (RES) is an innovative method for large-scale monitoring of vehicle emissions. It not only enables accurate detection of pollutants from vehicles under real-world driving conditions but also offers actionable insights to optimize engine performance. The point sampling-based RES technique involves sampling the vehicle exhaust plume along the roadside with a sampling line and using exhaust analyzers. In this method, the sampling line is placed alongside the road for sample extraction. Thus, the sampling position and knowledge regarding the spread of the exhaust plumes are crucial. Other modern RES systems utilize laser absorption spectroscopy to measure the pollutants in vehicle exhaust. For accurate absorption measurements, the laser’s height must align with the height of the exhaust plume, and the absorption length
Imtiaz, Hafiz Hashim, Liu, Yingjie, Schaffer, Paul, Kupper, Martin, Bergmann, Alexander
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