Browse Topic: Exhaust emissions

Items (17,335)
The aviation industry is undergoing environmental scrutiny due to its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a vital solution for reducing carbon emissions and pollutants, aligning with global efforts for carbon-neutral aviation growth. SAFs can be produced via multiple production routes from different feedstock, resulting in significantly different physical and chemical fuel properties. Their suitability in a compression-ignition (CI) aircraft engine was evaluated through test bench investigations at TU Wien - Institute of Powertrain and Automotive Technology in partnership with Austro Engine. ASTM D7566-certified fuels like Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch–Kerosene (FTK) or Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), but also an oxygen containing biodiesel have been tested extensively. Gaseous emissions, soot emissions, indication measurement data, efficiencies, and the like were acquired and comprehensively analyzed for engine operation with different
Kleissner, FlorianHofmann, Peter
In order to reduce the pumping loss of low loads and maximize the lean combustion advantage of hydrogen, the paper proposes a load control strategy based on hydrogen mass, called quality control, for improving thermal efficiency and emissions at low loads. The advantages of quality control and the effect of VVT on the combustion performance of hydrogen internal combustion engines under low loads were discussed. The results show that when the relative air–fuel ratio (λ) increases to more than 2.5, the NOx emissions are reduced to less than 3.5 g/kW · h at the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) below 8 bar, especially when the BMEP is less than 5 bar, the NOx is within 0.2 g/kW · h. Compared to quantity control based on air mass, the quality control strategy based on hydrogen mass achieves over a 2.0% reduction in pumping loss at BMEP levels lower than 4.4 bar. Furthermore, it enhances thermal efficiency by up to 5% at low loads, while maintaining NOx emissions within 0.2 g/kW · h at
Li, YongChen, HongFu, ZhenDu, JiakunWu, Weilong
This document is intended for connectors typically found on aerospace platforms and ground support equipment. The document provides the reasons for proper fiber optic cleaning, an in-depth discussion of available cleaning methods, materials, packaging, safety, and environmental concerns. Applicable personnel include: Managers Designers Engineers Technicians Trainers/Instructors Third Party Maintenance Agencies Quality Personnel Purchasing Shipping/Receiving Production
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
This document provides recommended best practice methods and processes for the in-service inspection, evaluation and cleaning of all physical contact (PC) fiber optic interconnect components (termini, alignment sleeves and connectors), test equipment and test leads for maintainers qualified to the approved aerospace fiber optic training courses developed in accordance with ARP5602 or ARINC807. This document also provides a decision-making disposition flowchart to determine whether the fiber optic components are acceptable for operation. For definitions of individual component parts refer to ARP5061
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
A numerical investigation has been performed in the current work on reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), a low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that is beneficial for achieving lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emission. A light-duty diesel engine was modified to run in RCCI mode. Experimental data were acquired using diesel as HRF (high-reactivity fuel) and gasoline as LRF (low reactivity fuel) to check the accuracy and fidelity of predicted results. Blends of ethanol and gasoline with DTBP (di-tert-butyl peroxide) addition in a small fraction on an energy basis were used in numerical simulations to promote ignitability and reactivity enhancement of PFI charge. Achieving stable, smooth, and gradual combustion in RCCI is challenging at low loads, especially in light-duty engines, due to misfiring and poor combustion stability. DTBP is known for enhancing cetane number and accelerating combustion, and it is mixed in a PFI blend to avoid combustion deterioration
Tripathi, SaurabhKrishnasamy, Anand
Global warming has intensified environmental challenges such as more intense heat waves due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), which is heavily produced in power generation and transportation sectors, traps heat and raises the Earth’s temperature. Significant measures must be taken to reduce its production and impact on our environment. Hydrogen (H2) enrichment is a promising technology that enables higher thermal efficiencies and lower exhaust emissions. However, various parameters need to be optimized for internal combustion engines (ICE), which increases experimental and computational costs. The main goal of this work is to offer a reliable correlation that can be used as an input parameter for turbulent combustion models to enhance predictions and lower the cost of running simulations. Thus, the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of binary fuel mixtures is investigated numerically over a wide range of initial conditions (300–600 K and 1–11 atm) and
Almansour, Bader
The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of different combinations of engine oil and oil additive as well as additivated and unadditivated fuel on particulate emissions in gasoline engines. To accomplish this, load, speed, and type of oil injection were varied on a single-cylinder engine, and the influence on particle number concentration and size distribution were evaluated. The tests were supplemented by an optical investigation of their in-cylinder soot formation. The investigation of fuel additives showed no significant differences compared to the reference fuel without additives. However, in the case of oil additives, detergents led to a significant increase in the number of particles in the <20 nm range. This effect occurred when used as both a single additive and a component in the standard engine oil. While viscosity improvers also lead to a measurable, but less pronounced, increase in the particle number concentration, no significant influence can be determined
Böhmeke, ChristianHeinz, LukasWagner, UweKoch, Thomas
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers combustion heaters and accessories used in, but not limited to, the following applications: a Cabin heating (all occupied regions and windshield heating) b Wing and empennage anti-icing c Engine and accessory heating (when heater is installed as part of the aircraft) d Aircraft deicing
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on air quality and some of the factors affecting the perception of cabin air quality in commercial aircraft cabin air. Also a typical safety analysis process utilizing a Functional Hazard Assessment approach is discussed
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have rapidly grown as a means for clean mobility, as they zero down tail pipe emission of greenhouse gases. Additionally, greenhouse gases such as Hydro-Fluoro-Carbon (HFCs) based refrigerants used in Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) are under global scrutiny for their high Global Warming Potential (GWP). To prevent earth environment to pass the climate tipping point that will be irreversible within human capacity, actions such as rapid phase down of high GWP rated HFCs under Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol are enacted. India being amongst signatory nations is now working to fast track phase-down use of high GWP refrigerant and transit to low GWP refrigerant options. Nearly half of national HFCs use and emissions are for manufacture and service MAC. Vehicle OEMs supplying to markets in developing countries (e.g. European nation and non-Article 5 Parties) have already phased out HFC-134a (GWP=1400) through alternate refrigerant solutions. The work presented
Maurya, AnuragVenu, SantoshKapoor, SangeetKhan, Farhan
The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a technique, which is using in diesel engine to reduce harmful nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. SCR technique involves the injection of urea-water-solution (Water-urea solution) into the hot exhaust stream. The water first evaporates and then urea undergoes thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition of urea produces ammonia, which reacts with the nitrogen oxides inside a SCR catalyst layers and nitrogen and water vapor are the final product. The production of ammonia from urea strongly influenced by the droplet size, residence time of the droplets inside decomposition chamber and exhaust gas temperature. During the combustion process of Diesel engines, Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is produced as a pollutant which is harmful for environment. Acceptance level of (NOx) is made more stringent in BS-VI and subsequent standards to regulate (NOx) levels. In SCR system NH3 reacts with (NOx) and converts N2 and H2O. Ammonia (NH3) concentration and
Chaudhary, Alok SubhashGhodake, PreetamBiswas, Kundan
Light commercial vehicles are an indispensable element for the transport of people and the delivery of goods, especially on extra-urban and long-distance routes. With a view to sustainable mobility, it is necessary to think about hybridizing these vehicles to reduce the fuel consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter. These types of vehicles are generally powered by diesel and travel many kilometers a day. On the other hand, the use of light commercial vehicles in battery electric vehicle (BEV) configuration has already been started but is not receiving widespread recognition. In this panorama, starting from a study already developed for the hybridization of a plug-in light commercial vehicle in Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) condition, the simulation analysis has been extended to the plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) operating in real driving emission conditions (RDE). In particular, using Advisor software, a vehicle has been simulated in
Mancaruso, EzioMeccariello, GiovanniRossetti, Salvatore
Growing environmental concerns drive the increasing need for a more climate-friendly mobility and pose a challenge for the development of future powertrains. Hydrogen engines represent a suitable alternative for the heavy-duty segment. However, typical operation includes dynamic conditions and the requirement for high loads that produce the highest NOx emissions. These emissions must be reduced below the legal limits through selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The application of such a control system is time-intensive and requires extensive domain knowledge. We propose that almost human-like control strategies can be achieved for this virtual application with less time and expert knowledge by using Deep Reinforcement Learning. A proximal policy optimization (PPO) -based agent is trained to control the injection of Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) and compared with the performance of a manually tuned controller. The performance is evaluated based on the restrictive emission limits of a
Itzen, DirkAngerbauer, MartinHagenbucher, TimoGrill, MichaelKulzer, Andre
The need to reduce vehicle-related emissions in the great cities has led to a progressive electrification of urban mobility. For this reason, during the last decades, the powertrain adopted for urban buses has been gradually converted from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), diesel, or Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), to hybrid or pure electric. However, the complete electrification of Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) in the next years looks to be still challenging therefore, a more viable solution to decarbonize urban transport is the hybrid powertrain. In this context, the paper aims to assess, through numerical simulations, the benefits of a series hybrid-electric powertrain designed for an urban bus, in terms of energy consumption, and pollutants emissions. Particularly a Diesel engine, fueled with pure hydrogen, is considered as a range extender. The work is specifically focused on the design of the Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of the series-hybrid powertrain, by comparing
Nacci, GianlucaCervone, DavideFrasci, EmmanueleLAKSHMANAN, Vinith KumarSciarretta, AntonioArsie, Ivan
Electrification or hybridization of commercial vehicles offers a promising avenue for mitigating emissions in urban environments. This concept is particularly applicable to waste collection vehicles, which move in urban contexts along repeatedly chosen driving cycles. Municipal waste collection and transport are functional tasks which have a significant impact on the urban environment in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this work, the evaluation of a full-electric powertrain was carried out for a small size waste collection vehicle operating in the historic center of the city of Perugia (Italy). First, the vehicle model was developed and validated against literature data using a full-electric powertrain. The model allows to evaluate energy consumption and system efficiency considering the real driving path and the mass variation due to the waste collected during the route. Real driving data (position, slope, collection stops) were obtained through an experimental
Zembi, JacopoBistoni, LorenzoCinti, GiovanniCastellani, BeatriceBattistoni, Michele
Abstract As an important contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, the road freight sector plays a significant role when it comes to reaching global climate goals. Due to the requirements regarding payloads and ranges, the transition towards zero emissions is particularly challenging in this sector. A technical solution that can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions are electrified semi-trailer systems. These vehicles can be combined with conventional tractor vehicles in order to reduce their fuel consumption and CO2 footprint, as well as with tractor vehicles with alternative powertrains to increase their driving range. In this paper, a simulation study that evaluates the potentials of different configurations for such a system is performed. In the first part the general working principle of an electrified trailer is described. This includes a cloud based predictive energy management system that was used during the simulations. Based on a general vehicle model, the
Knaup, LarsBeidl, Christian
Since signing the legally binding Paris agreement, fighting climate change has been an increasingly important task worldwide. One of the key energy sectors to emit greenhouse gases is transportation. Therefore, long term strategies all over the world have been set up to reduce on-road combustion emissions. One of the emerging alternative technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector is Mobile Carbon Capture (MCC). MCC refers to the on-board separation of CO2 from vehicle exhaust. To accurately assess this technology, a techno-economic analysis is essential to compare MCC abatement cost to alternative decarbonization technologies such as electric trucks. Adding to the system capital and operational costs, our study includes mass penalty costs, CO2 offloading and transport costs for different transport scenarios. To better relate to a single consumer (driver), the cost can be converted from euro per-tCO2 to euro per-trip or euro per-mile. A sensitivity analysis is then conducted
SAAFI, Mohamed AliHamad, Esam
Decarbonization and a continuous reduction in exhaust emissions from combustion engines are key objectives in the further development of modern powertrains. In order to address both aspects, the DE4LoRa research project is developing an innovative hybrid powertrain that is characterized by the highly flexible combination of two electric motors with a monovalent compressed natural gas (CNG) engine. This approach enables highly efficient driving in purely electric, parallel and serial operating modes. The use of synthetic CNG alone leads to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions and thus in the climate impact of the drivetrain. With CNG-powered engines in particular, however, methane and other tailpipe emissions of climate gases and pollutants must also be minimized. This is possible in particular through efficient exhaust gas aftertreatment and an effective operating strategy of the powertrain. This publication presents measurement results that examine the critical aspect of cold
Noone, PatrickHerold, TimBeidl, Christian
Even if huge efforts are made to push alternative mobility concepts, such as, electric cars (BEV) and fuel cell powered cars, the importance and use of liquid fuels is anticipated to stay high during the 2030s. The biomethane and synthetic natural gas (SNG) might play a major role in this context as they are raw material for chemical industry, easy to be stored via existing infrastructure, easy to distribute via existing infrastructure, and versatile energy carrier for power generation and mobile applications. Hence, biomethane and synthetic natural gas might play a major role as they are suitable for power generation as well as for mobile applications and can replace natural gas without any infrastructure changes. In this paper, we aim to understand the direct production of synthetic natural gas from CO2 and H2 in a Sabatier process based on a thermodynamic analysis as well as a multi-step kinetic approach. For this purpose, we thoroughly discuss CO2 methanation to control emission in
Mauss, Fabian
Fighting climate change has become a major task worldwide. Alongside the United States and China, Europe is considered as one of the biggest greenhouse gases (GHG) emitters. Therefore, the European Union (EU) has set long term strategies to reduce emissions. One of the key energy sectors to emit greenhouse gases is transportation. In this context, EU has turned its eye toward cutting emissions from the transport sector and has recently put its stamp of approval on a reworked law banning all new sales of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles from 2035. Despite representing only 2% of the vehicles on the road, trucks account for more than a quarter of road transport emissions in the EU and have been increasing every year since 1990. In order to investigate the impact of transportation projected policies on the heavy-duty sector, we develop the Mobility and Energy Transportation Analysis (META) Model, a python-based model to project market penetration of conventional and alternative
SAAFI, Mohamed Ali
The Galapagos Islands have a protected marine reserve that currently gets most of its energy—over 80%—from fossil fuels like diesel. This reliance on fossil fuels is a significant issue because it impacts the environment and sustainability of the region. Understanding this heavy dependence is important for exploring alternatives that can provide cleaner energy. This paper introduces a new simulation model based on system dynamics to explore the effects of completely replacing fossil fuels with biodiesel as a short-term solution. The simulation uses current official data for the Galapagos Islands and connects different factors to calculate their effects all at once. Our goal is to identify the social, economic, energy-related, and environmental factors that make biodiesel a better choice than the currently used fossil fuels. We aim to find a way to keep the energy supply stable, as it mainly depends on internal combustion engines, while also quickly providing cleaner and greener energy
Gutierrez, MarcosTaco, Diana
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 17335