Browse Topic: Exhaust emissions

Items (17,363)

Sustainable Design of Automotive Batteries

2025-01-0001To be published on 04/18/2025

A consequence of the automotive industry's shift to electrification is that a significantly higher percentage of a vehicle's lifecycle CO₂ emissions occur during the production phase. As a result, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers must shift the focus of product development from the 'in-use phase only' to optimizing the complete product lifecycle. The proper design of a battery has the highest impact to all other phases following in the life-cycle. It influences the selection of materials, the manufacturing, in-use and end of life, respectively the recycling and recycling yield for a circular economy. Using real-life examples the paper will explain what are the main parameters necessary for designing a sustainable battery. What are the low hanging fruits to be considered? In addition, it will elaborate on the relation as well as the impacts to other KPIs like safety, costs and life-time of the battery. Finally it will round up in an outlook on how batteries will evolve in the future

Braun, Andreas, Rothbart, Martin

Comprehensive Investigation of Combustion Characteristics, Emissions, and Tribological Properties of Synthetic Kerosene (S8) in a CVCC and CRDI Research Engine

2025-01-8443To be published on 04/01/2025

There is a need to reduce both the greenhouse gas emissions of internal combustion engines, and the reliance on traditional fossil fuels like Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD). In this research, a synthetic aviation fuel created from natural gas feedstocks using the Fischer-Tropsch process was investigated to determine its autoignition and combustion characteristics, emissions, and tribological properties. This fuel, S8, has a Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of 62, which reflects a short Ignition Delay (ID) and Combustion Delay (CD) compared to ULSD, which has a DCN of 48. However, due to the chemical properties of S8, it lacks sufficient lubrication qualities in comparison to ULSD, so addition of 3% methyl oleate by mass was used to improve lubricity. The shorter ignition delay of S8, initially observed in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC), was also observed in the instrumented Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine. Investigations with an He-Ne laser apparatus with Mie

Soloiu, Valentin, Willis, James, Norton, Coleman, Davis, Zachary, Graham, Tristan, Nobis, Austin

High-Performance and Stable Three-Way Catalyst Achieved via Ultrasonic Treatment for Gasoline Vehicle Emission Control

2025-01-8480To be published on 04/01/2025

Three-way catalysts (TWCs) containing significant amounts of precious metals are commonly employed to purify exhaust emissions (CO, NOx, and THC) from gasoline-powered vehicles. A critical factor contributing to TWC degradation is the sintering of these precious metals. Maintaining the appropriate particle size and distribution of the metals is essential for optimal catalyst performance. In this study, palladium (Pd) nanoparticles with a uniform size were synthesized using ethylene glycol as a reductant under ultrasonic conditions, yielding particles in the range of 3 nm to 5 nm. These Pd nanoparticles were subsequently used to prepare three-way catalysts on cordierite substrates supplied by Corning (China) Inc. Chemisorption analysis revealed that the Pd active component in the catalysts prepared via the ultrasonic method exhibited higher dispersion than the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. The aged catalysts were obtained after 150 hours of aging following the General Motors

Hao, Shijie, Lv, Yanan, Wang, Weidong, Rao, Chao, Wei, Wei, Mao, Bingbin, Chen, Tao, Zhao, Huawang

Model-Based Evaluation of Hybrid Powertrains for a Light Duty Pickup Truck Application

2025-01-8532To be published on 04/01/2025

The ever-growing push for reducing GHG and NOx emissions has been challenging vehicle manufacturers globally. In the USA, multi-pollutant emissions standards finalized recently by EPA, for model years 2027 and later aim to reduce the CO2 emissions by 56% and 44%, respectively, for light and medium duty vehicles by 2032. The NMOG+ and NOx are also required to be reduced by 60 – 76% by 2032 from 2026 levels. Europe is also aiming to reduce CO2 emissions by 55% by 2030 from 1990 levels and 100% by 2035. To achieve such low levels of CO2 emissions, especially in the near-term scenario of limited EV sales, hybridization of conventional powertrains has found renewed interest. While hybrid powertrains add complexity, if optimized well for the application, they can offer best tradeoff between upfront cost, range, payload, performance, emissions and off-ambient operation. This study investigates the benefits and challenges of various hybrid architectures suitable for a pickup truck application

Fnu, Dhanraj, Correia Garcia, Bruno, Paul, Sumit, Joshi, Satyum, Franke, Michael

Validation of Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Models for ALPHA v3.0

2025-01-8521To be published on 04/01/2025

The Environmental Protection Agency’s Advanced Light-Duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA) modeling tool was initially created to simulate the Greenhouse Gas emissions from light-duty vehicles. ALPHA is used to predict tailpipe CO2 emissions and energy consumption from advanced automotive technologies. ALPHA is a physics-based, forward-looking vehicle computer simulation tool capable of analyzing various vehicle types with different powertrain technologies while replicating realistic vehicle behavior. ALPHA version 3.0 is the current version of the MATLAB/Simulink based software. Key changes made for ALPHA v3.0 include the addition of new light- and medium-duty vehicle models to support simulation of electrified vehicle architectures (hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles) aligning with the automotive industry transition towards electrified fleets. Each electrified vehicle model was tuned to replicate operational behavior of components (such as engine

Kargul, John, Moskalik, Andrew, Barba, Daniel, Butters, Karla

On the potentially misleading evaluation of CO2 emissions for hybrid-electric vehicles

2025-01-8537To be published on 04/01/2025

The adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is becoming more popular during the last few years due to government incentives and favourable legislation both for automotive companies and final users. This type of vehicle claims very low carbon dioxide emissions while eliminating the range anxiety associated with battery electric vehicles thanks to the on-board range extender being able to recharge the battery throughout the journey. Unfortunately, the low emissions values are more representative of the particular mathematical model implemented by the legislation than the measured real driving emissions. Specifically, the legislation does not take into account the CO2 embedded in production of the batteries or of the electrical energy stored in it. This work analyses these aspects by means of a numerical model of the BMW i3 94Ah vehicle. The results obtained are collected from simulations conducted over the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) by using the commercial

Turner, James, Vorraro, Giovanni

Effect of Fuels on Compression Ignition Engine Particle Number and Mass Emissions and DPF Filtration Efficiency

2025-01-8502To be published on 04/01/2025

As part of decarbonization, alternative fuels are likely to be used in compression ignition internal combustion engines as a substitute for diesel fuel. There have been many studies on the effect of these alternative fuels on emissions and catalytic aftertreatment systems. Past research has reported lower particulate matter (PM) and higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) with biofuels. However, there are limited studies on the effect of PM on the performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs), especially in its effectiveness of PM filtration. PM emissions from four (4) types of fuels and five (5) of their blends, a total of nine fuels, were investigated using PM2.5 mass, soot mass, solid particle number (> 10 nm SPN10 and > 23 nm SPN23)and size distribution (6 nm to 560 nm) measurements at inlet and outlet of a DPF. The PM emissions were measured over a non-road regulatory cycle sequence consisting of five (5) non-road transient cycles (NRTCs) and five (5) non-road steady-state cycles

Lakkireddy, Venkata, Khalek, Imad, Buffaloe, Gina

How carbon quota policy guides the sustainable and rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry

2025-01-8606To be published on 04/01/2025

The sustainable and healthy development of the new energy vehicle industry requires the support and guidance of relevant policies, but at present, China's automotive industry is facing problems such as subsidy regression and points redundancy. In order to better guide the high-quality development of the new energy vehicle industry and support the realization of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals, it is necessary to explore new policies. Carbon quota policy is considered to be an effective measure to realize the dual-carbon goal. In this context, this study discusses the incentive mechanism of carbon quota policy for technological innovation in new energy vehicles and makes recommendations for policy implementation. First, this study applies multinomial Logit theory to analyze consumers' car purchase choice behavior, and establishes a market share prediction model for passenger cars of different power types based on three key attributes: range, acquisition and usage cost, and

Zhao, Jiaqi

Potential for Reduction in NRMM Real-World Emissions

2025-01-8489To be published on 04/01/2025

The pollutant emission regulation for Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) is currently under consideration, both in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). In Europe a Stage V review is expected within 2025 and in the US, the California Air Resource Board (CARB) has released their Tier 5 proposal in late 2024. It is expected that there will be further focus on covering a wide variety of operation conditions in actual use cases, including continuous low load scenarios. In addition, CO2-neutral fuels are being investigated to reduce the carbon footprint of NRMM Internal Combustion Engines (ICE), which remains an important powertrain for the sector. The objective of the work presented is to assess the potential for emissions reductions in the future, both NOx and CO2. A simulation study is conducted, modelling a 9l class engine with 8-10 g/kWh engine-out NOx emission level. Three different emission control systems are investigated: an enhanced stage V system with single SCR, a

Demuynck, Joachim, Bosteels, Dirk, Michelitsch, Philipp, Noll, Hannes

Study on Energy Consumption and Emission Characteristics of EHC Coupled DOC+SDPF+SCR-ASC System under WLTC and RDE

2025-01-8498To be published on 04/01/2025

With the tightening of emission regulations, electrically heated catalytic converters (EHC) are an important technical solution for diesel vehicles to address the challenges of cold start and RDE emission reduction. This paper investigates the impact of EHC coupled exhaust aftertreatment system (DOC+SDPF+SRR-ASC) on the energy consumption and emission characteristics of light-duty diesel vehicles based on the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). The research results show that under WLTC conditions, compared to EHC off, the time for the SDPF inlet temperature to reach 180 ℃ when EHC on is 44 seconds earlier. The CO emission value of diesel vehicles is 67.5 mg/km, the THC emission value is 49.8 mg/km, the NMHC emission value is 42.5 mg/km, and the NOx emission value is 28.7 mg/km, which is far below the limit requirements of CHINA VI B. Among them, the average urea injection rate increased by 1.1 mg/s, and the overall NOx conversion efficiency increased

Kang, Lulu, Zhao, Zhiguo, Lou, Diming

Analysis of Trapped Gases Within an Aftertreatment System Reacting Over a TWC After Engine is Stopped.

2025-01-8499To be published on 04/01/2025

Measurements of Hydrogen emissions from vehicle exhaust have been often substituted for prediction models, partly due to the lack of Hydrogen analyzers targeted for combustion gases. A previous study using a Hydrogen mass spectrometer revealed that the ratio of Hydrocarbons entering a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC) and Hydrogen leaving the catalyst was inconstant throughout a standardized driving cycle. Although Hydrogen by itself is not currently a target of emission regulations, its omission during catalyzer optimization may disrupt the intended performance of the integrated aftertreatment system. The highest emissions of unwanted gases are commonly seen during vehicle cold start. Thus, this study focuses on intermittent operation of an engine, such as that of full hybrid vehicles. In particular, this study measures how the gases trapped in the aftertreatment system continue to react over the TWC as it cools down after the engine stops. Hydrocarbons (HC), NOx, NH3 and H2 are measured

Lamas, Jorge Eduardo, Lacdan, Ma Camille, Hara, Kenji, Otsuki, Yoshinori

Improved three-way catalyst with the ignition layer for reducing cold emissions

2025-01-8482To be published on 04/01/2025

Exhaust gas regulations, such as Tier4, Euro7, and China7, are being strengthened. In addition to the regulated values during specified driving patterns, emissions must be minimized under various usage scenarios. Since vehicle catalysts have been using higher amounts of precious metals to satisfy these requirements, there is increasing demand to decrease the usage of these metals from the perspective of environmental protection. The exhaust gas emission is divided into cold emission and hot emission. Recently, improvements of cold emission have become a focus. This research focused on improving catalyst warm-up activity by positioning the palladium (Pd) layer above the rhodium (Rh) layer. At the same time, to resolve the decrease in gas utilization in the Rh layer, connectivity was enhanced, and the influence of sulfur components was suppressed through the optimization of the Pd support. As a result, the usage of precious metals has successfully lowered.

Nishio, Takahiro, Takagi, Nobuyuki, Tojo, Takumi, Fujita, Naoto, Mori, Mizuho, Toda, Yosuke

Study of the Effects on Plain Bearings in Simulated Corrosion Tests Using Carbon neutral Fuels

2025-01-8470To be published on 04/01/2025

Many countries around the world are currently working toward carbon neutrality, which would reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. As part of our efforts to achieve carbon neutrality, we have developed low friction bearings that contribute to reduced fuel consumption, and high load capacity bearings for increased engine output and longer service life. Meanwhile, Countries around the world are also considering engines that use carbon-neutral (CN) fuels, such as hydrogen and e-fuel, as part of their efforts to achieve carbon neutrality. It was reported that CN fuels differ significantly from gasoline and diesel in the chemical composition of gases produced after combustion. In particular, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines generate more water during combustion than gasoline engines, and nitrogen oxides emissions (NOx) have also been observed under some combustion conditions. Dissolution of these substances in engine oil is expected to create a corrosive environment

Kondo, Makoto, Kawaura, Hiroki, Shiroya, Tomoyasu, Watanabe, Airi

Effects of Ambient and Injection Conditions on a High-Pressure Hydrogen Jet for Direct Injection in ICE

2025-01-8466To be published on 04/01/2025

The transport sector is responsible for about one third of the global CO2 emissions. To align to the net zero emission scenario, the transportation sector needs the implementation of policies aimed to reduce as much as possible the highly emitting transport options and, at the same time, the use of new technologies to reduce the environmental impact of transport methods whose emissions cannot be entirely eliminated. An exploitable solution for the internal combustion engine (ICE), even in the nearest future, would be to use hydrogen as a fuel in these engines. This is supported by the fact that H2-ICE is the only ICE technology currently capable of meeting the standards imposed by the European Union for 2035. Due to the possibility of different injection strategies as well as the variation of in-cylinder back pressure, the comprehensive knowledge of hydrogen injection jet behavior and characteristics is fundamental for improving the combustion process in direct injection H2-ICE. In

Montanaro, Alessandro, Mancaruso, Ezio, Meccariello, Giovanni, Allocca, Luigi

The numerical study of methane flame characteristics in the ammonia/air environment at sub-atmospheric pressure

2025-01-8450To be published on 04/01/2025

The low emission of carbon and minimum level of soot formation in combustion engines and turbines strategy is adopted by many countries to counteract global warming and climate change. The combustion and emission characteristics of methane coflow flame were studied at low pressure and air polluted by ammonia conditions. The results showed that a significant decline in carbon formation was observed when ammonia was boosted, 5-10%. The impact of sub-atmospheric pressure, 90-70 KPa, on COx development was higher than that of NH3 addition, 0-5%, thanks to the lower formation of hydroxymethylium, formaldehyde, and aldehyde radical. The sub-atmospheric pressure had more impact on the reduction of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide, and ammonia impact was greater on the increment of nitric oxide than that of nitrous oxide. The maximum reduction and increment in the profile of nitric oxide were observed ~ 42.1% at 5% NH3 and 182% at 80 KPa. The acetylene species was more affected by sub

Hina, Anam, Akram, M Zuhaib, Shafa, Amna, Akram, M Waqar

Comparison of Gasoline Particulate Indices Using U.S. Market Gasoline Samples

2025-01-8449To be published on 04/01/2025

Simulated distillation (SimDis) uses wide bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) to provide a detailed volatility profile of blended gasoline. The boiling point distribution from SimDis analysis is correlated to the hydrocarbon contents of spark ignition fuels and provide the resolution necessary to characterize the compositions of the fuel. Recent publications on simulated distillation applied to spark ignition fuel reveal the merits of indexing a gasoline fuel so that it can be correlated to the tendency of particulate emissions from vehicles. With this in mind, SimDis can be a useful and quick tool in assessing the PM-formation potential of market gasolines. Heavy aromatic compounds are compounds identified as having at least 10 Carbons and 1 aromatic ring. These compounds that are present in spark ignition fuels are major contributors to vehicle particulate emissions. These compounds can be found in the higher boiling portion (T70+) of the distillation profiles. As demonstrated in

Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Dozier, Jon, Butler, Aron

Combustion and Emission Performance from the use of Acid-catalysed Butanol Alcoholysis Derived Advanced Biofuel Blends in a Compression Ignition Engine

2025-01-8445To be published on 04/01/2025

Low-carbon alternatives to diesel are needed to reduce the carbon intensity of the transport, agriculture, and off-grid power generation sectors, where compression ignition (CI) engines are commonly used. Acid-catalysed alcoholysis produces a potentially tailorable low-carbon advanced biofuel blend comprised of mixtures of an alkyl levulinate, a dialkyl ether, and the starting alcohol. In this study, model mixtures based on products expected from the use of n-butanol (butyl-based blends) as a starting alcohol, were blended with diesel and tested in a Yanmar L100V single-cylinder CI engine. Blends were formulated to meet the flash point, density, and kinematic viscosity limits of fuel standards for diesel EN 590 (on-road), and the 2022 version of BS 2869 (off-road). No changes to the engine set-up were made, hence testing the biofuel blends for their potential as “drop-in” fuels. Changes in engine performance and emissions were determined for a range of diesel/biofuel blends and

Wiseman, Scott, Li, Hu, Tomlin, Alison S.

A study on cetane on demand technology part 1 - Development of fuel reformer to improve fuel ignitability-

2025-01-8447To be published on 04/01/2025

The integration of low-octane gasoline with a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed as a strategy to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions from automobiles in petroleum-based fuel. Also, gasoline components produced via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis exhibit low octane numbers, rendering them suitable for this combustion concept. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires Cetane on Demand technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. It is known that the ignition property of fuel is enhanced when the fuel is oxidized to generate peroxides. Moreover, the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a catalyst promotes peroxide generation at low temperatures. The objective of this

Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Matsuura, Katsuya, Kudo, Tomohide, Chishima, Hiroshi, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Albashrawi, Reem

Theoretical Study of Electrically Assisted Two-Stage Turbocharger Boost System Applied to Large-Bore Gas SI ICE

2025-01-8354To be published on 04/01/2025

Large-bore gas SI ICEs are supposed to operate under more strict conditions in terms of NOx level and potentially using new generation of fuels (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia) in the near future. Currently, the TA Luft norm is being considered while typical BMEP levels are between 22-28 bar. It is expected that NOx will have to drop significantly (down to 20% or even below 10% of the amount based on TA Luft) while engine BMEP is supposed to be increased above 30 bar. The paper is based on 0-D/1-D simulations while using the experience gained from older research projects concerning similar engines. The main goal is to study the influence of different operating conditions (e.g., NOx level, BMEP level, control means, ambient conditions) on both ICE performance and turbocharger operation while comparing classical 2-stage system with 2 electrically assisted ones (e-turbo, e-booster) – steady state performance is of the main focus while transient one is also considered. Complex optimizations were

Vitek, Oldrich, Macek, Jan, Mares, Bohumil, Klima, Jiri, Vacek, Martin

Numerical Investigation of Fuel Injection Strategies for Ammonia-Diesel Dual-fuel Engine

2025-01-8368To be published on 04/01/2025

This study numerically investigates ammonia-diesel dual fuel combustion in a heavy-duty engine. Detailed and reduced reaction mechanisms are validated against experimental data to develop injection timing maps aimed at maximizing indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) while mitigating environmental impacts using stochastic reactor model (SRM). The equivalence ratio, ammonia energy share (AES), injection timing, and engine load are varied to optimize combustion efficiency and minimize emissions. The results demonstrate that advancing injection timing reduces ITE due to heightened in-cylinder temperatures, resulting in increased heat losses through walls and exhaust gases. Maximum chemical efficiency is observed at an equivalence ratio near 0.9 but decreases thereafter, influenced by ammonia’s narrow flammability range. Emission analysis highlights significant reductions in Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP) with higher AES, driven by decreased CO2 and nitrogen

Karenawar, Shivraj Anand, Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar

Neural Network Based Modeling and Model Predictive Control for Reduction in Diesel Emissions

2025-01-8369To be published on 04/01/2025

The paper illustrates the process and steps in the development of a neural network-based economic Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for reducing diesel engine feed gas emissions. This MPC controller performs fuel limiting and modifies intake manifold pressure and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate set-points to the inner loop air path controller to reduce engine-out oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Soot emissions. We examine two Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) options for a control-oriented emissions model which are based on a multi-layer perception (MLP) architecture and a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. These RNN models are trained for use as prediction models in MPC. Both models are defined in input-output form, assuming that measurements/estimates of current values of NOx and Soot are available. We discuss and compare their training using PyTorch. The formulation of economic MPC is detailed, including the definition of the cost function and soft constraints

Zhang, Jiadi, Li, Xiao, Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Tsutsumi, Munecika, Nakada, Hayato

Formation and Decomposition of Ammonium Sulfate Species over a Small Pore Cu/zeolite Catalyst

2025-01-8493To be published on 04/01/2025

Cu/zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are used globally to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. These catalysts can achieve high NOx conversion efficiency, and they are hydrothermally durable under real world diesel exhaust environments. However, Cu/zeolite catalysts are susceptible to sulfur poisoning and require some type of sulfur management even when used with ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). In the present study, the authors seek to better illuminate the chemical processes responsible for ammonium sulfate formation and decomposition occurring in Cu/zeolite SCR catalysts. Reactor-based experiments are first conducted with a real-world concentration of SO2 (0.5 ppmv) and a typical diesel exhaust water vapor concentration (8 vol.%) to quantify progressive effects of ammonium sulfate formation. BET surface area is used to measure the impact of ammonium sulfate on the Cu/zeolite catalysts’ physical properties. A second group of experiments probe the chemical

Ottinger, Nathan, Xi, Yuanzhou, Liu, Z. Gerald

Comprehensive Prediction of Deposit Formation in SCR Systems Using Integrated 1D Heat Transfer Model with Empirical Data from 3D CFD Simulations

2025-01-8491To be published on 04/01/2025

Urea-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems are widely used to meet stringent NOx emission standards in industrial diesel engines. However, suboptimal design of the urea-water solution (UWS) mixing pipes in SCR systems can lead to the formation of urea-derived solid deposits, which may adversely affect the system performance and reliability. Although recent advancements in deposit simulation technology using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D CFD) have significantly improved the performance and compactness of mixing pipes, assessing deposit formation across all operating and environmental conditions remains challenging due to high simulation costs. This study introduces a novel computational method for predicting the formation and temperature of permanent liquid films from UWS injection which are closely related to deposit formation, along with new deposit evaluation criteria based on them. This proposed method integrates a one-dimensional heat transfer model

Sugimoto, Kazuma, Kawabe, Ken

Gasoline Particulate Filter Modeling with Catalytic Washcoat and Ash Accumulation and Transient Soot Distribution Prediction

2025-01-8483To be published on 04/01/2025

The upcoming EURO 7, China 7, and EPA Tier 4 regulations are expected to tighten the tailpipe particulate emissions extensively. High performance Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs) with high filtration efficiency and low pressure drop would be mandated for gasoline engines to meet these stringent regulations. Due to packaging constraints, GPFs are often coated with three-way catalyst (TWC) materials to achieve four-way functionality. Ash accumulation in GPFs also has a significant impact on the performance of GPFs. The conventional 0D/1D GPF models can be effective for basic pressure drop and filtration efficiency prediction, but have their limitations. Previous studies have proven that 3D CFD model can provide more comprehensive data on soot distribution in and on top of GPF wall substrate. This paper continues utilizing 3D CFD to investigate the effects of washcoating and ash accumulation on the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of GPFs during the soot loading process

Yang, Pengze, Cheng, Zhen

Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Hydrogen-Powered Heavy-Duty High Compression Ratio SI Engine Across Various Loads and speed at ultra-lean condition

2025-01-8428To be published on 04/01/2025

With the global shift towards sustainable and low-emission transportation, hydrogen-fueled engines stand out as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels, offering significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and emissions characteristics of a hydrogen-powered heavy-duty compression ignition engine, which has been modified to operate as a Spark Ignition (SI) engine with a high compression ratio of 17:1. The evaluation was conducted across various speeds, loads, and spark timings under ultra-lean combustion conditions. The analysis utilized a modified 6-cylinder, 13-liter Volvo D13 diesel engine, configured to operate in single-cylinder mode with the addition of a spark plug for SI operation. The study examined key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE), power output, and specific fuel consumption, under the selected operating conditions. Emissions profiles for nitrogen oxides

Dyuisenakhmetov, Aibolat, Panithasan, Mebin Samuel, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong, Turner, James

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Different Dilution Techniques in a High-Performance H2 - Fueled SI Engine

2025-01-8424To be published on 04/01/2025

Nowadays Hydrogen (H2) fueled Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) can be considered a promising solution for high performance applications since it allows carbon free combustion process. At the same time, H2-ICE can reach similar performance and driving experience of gasoline engines. Compared to gasoline, Hydrogen combustion, in stoichiometric conditions, shows a higher flame speed, a lower ignition energy and a lower quenching distance. Mainly for these reasons H2 combustion is characterized by a high risk of abnormal combustion (Knock and Pre-Ignition), relevant NOx emissions and high heat losses. On the other hand, the high flammability range and high combustion stability of H2 allow the use of different techniques to reduce combustion reactivity. This work presents a combined approach experimental and numerical in order to assess the benefits and the disadvantages of each method. The experimental campaign, in different operating conditions, was carried out on a production derived

Tonelli, Roberto, Medda, Massimo, Gullino, Fabrizio, Silvestri, Nicola, Zaffino, Francesco, Mariconti, Roberto, Rossi, Vincenzo

Effects of Injection Timing and Pressure on Combustion Performance and Emissions in Hydrogen Direct Injection Engine

2025-01-8421To be published on 04/01/2025

As the demand for cleaner and more efficient propulsion systems increases, hydrogen internal combustion engines have emerged as a promising solution due to their high thermal efficiency and zero-carbon emissions potential. Achieving ultra-lean combustion conditions (lambda > 2.8) in hydrogen engines significantly improves thermal efficiency while maintaining combustion stability and reducing knock intensity. However, hydrogen injection timing and pressure are crucial factors influencing the combustion and emission characteristics of hydrogen engines. This study investigates the effects of hydrogen injection timing and pressure on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection hydrogen engine under different load conditions. Experimental tests were conducted on a multi-cylinder engine equipped with a hydrogen direct injection system, focusing on part-load operation to explore the interplay between injection parameters and engine performance. Results show

Du, Jiakun, Wu, Guangquan, Chen, Hong, Sun, Fanjia, Xie, Fangxi, Li, Yuhuai, Sun, Yao, Qi, Hongzhong, Li, Yong

Development of Non-Road Spark Ignited H2-ICE with Port Fuel Injection for Fixed Speed Applications

2025-01-8435To be published on 04/01/2025

The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) is an attractive solution for decarbonizing heavy duty equipment. The paper describes the development of a heavy-duty 6-cilinder spark ignited (SI) hydrogen internal combustion engine using port fuel injection (PFI) of hydrogen. The H2-ICE targets non-road application and STAGE V emission legislation. The paper presents a development methodology using results from experimental combustion research on a heavy-duty single-cylinder research engine combined with detailed numerical analysis. Single-cylinder experimental combustion research results are used to determine key engine design parameters, such as the compression ratio, together with base engine operating conditions. Here, focus is on extension of the low engine-out NOx load range. CFD simulations, considering PFI system configuration and injection strategy are used to optimize the in-cylinder charge mixture homogeneity. Results are used to define full engine hardware, such as piston

Seykens, Xander, Doosje, Erik, Bekdemir, Cemil, Wezenbeek, Peter

Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Potential via Water Direct Injection in a Single-cylinder Hydrogen-fueled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine

2025-01-8427To be published on 04/01/2025

In hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine (H2ICE), there are some ways to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. Using the wide flammability range of hydrogen, such as conducting lean combustion to reduce nitrogen oxides and employing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), have been adopted. However, challenges exist in terms of load expansion and due to the absence of high heat capacity of carbon dioxides in the exhaust, EGR also struggles to exhibit significant effects. In such a scenario, there is growing interest in injecting water into the H2ICE as an alternative to augment the EGR effect. However, injecting water into the port can have drawbacks by adversely affecting volumetric efficiency. Therefore, in this study, the spark ignition (SI) single-cylinder engine equipped with two direct injectors was used to evaluate hydrogen and water dual direct injection combustion system. This system involved direct injection of hydrogen using wall-guided gasoline direct injector and direct

Kim, Kiyeon, Lee, Seungil, Kim, Seungjae, Lee, Seunghyun, Min, Kyoungdoug, Oh, Sechul, Son, Jongyoon, Lee, Jeongwoo

The impact of GCI engines on energy consumption and performance of longhaul trucks in the US and China

2025-01-8396To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper focuses on the impacts of GCI engines and automated driving technologies on heavy-duty long-haul trucks in both the Chinese and US markets. The study examines various aspects, including vehicle performance requirements, fuel consumption, emissions, and ownership costs, and their influence on the adoption and impact of these technologies. Furthermore, the GCI engine’s cost advantages in the Chinese market are noteworthy. Its lower urea cost effectively offsets its higher energy expenditure, highlighting its potential for cost-effective overall operation. Additionally, the GCI engine holds promise in the medium-duty trucking sector due to forthcoming low NOx requirements and the potential for cost reductions in hybrid powertrains. Medium-duty trucks, characterized by transient driving patterns and shorter daily distances, can significantly reduce energy demands, thereby diminishing the costs associated with hybrid components. The integration of GCI engines into heavy-duty long

Nieto Prada, Daniela, Vijayagopal, Ram, Yan, Ziming, Sari, Rafael, He, Xin

Achieving ultra-low NOx and meeting full useful life requirement for CARB 2027 NOx and GHG 2027 Phase2 CO2 regulation w/ opposed piston 2-stroke engine and a conventional ATS.

2025-01-8391To be published on 04/01/2025

Internal combustion engines are expected to continue to play an important role in the future of transportation, particularly in long haul transit and off-road applications. Substantially reducing criteria emissions of heavy-duty commercial vehicle engines while reducing CO2 is the quickest way for a more sustainable transportation. The opposed-piston (OP) engine developed by Achates Power has demonstrated the ability to meet the most stringent 0.02g/hp-hr ultralow NOx and CO2 emissions requirements at the same time using only a conventional, underfloor aftertreatment system, offering reduced cost, complexity and compliance risk compared to other diesel engines. The present paper focuses on the measurement results of Achates Power heavy-duty engine achieving CARB proposed ultralow NOx emission for 2027 and 2031+full useful requirements while also meeting the EPA GHG Phase 2 limits with a conventional aftertreatment system which was aged to 435k, 600k and 800k equivalent miles. The paper

Kale, Vaibhav, Bako, Zoltan

Energy Conversion Efficacy of Neat Dimethyl Ether Combustion with Heat Release Characterization and Emission Analysis

2025-01-8417To be published on 04/01/2025

Dimethyl ether (DME) is widely regarded as a suitable energy source for compression ignition power systems because of its high reactivity. It has been widely reported that DME possesses a significantly low propensity to form soot, hindering the innate NOx-soot trade-off encountered with diesel fuel operation. Beyond the fuel-borne oxygen content of DME, its unique physical properties present a contrasting combustion behavior which may be advantageous to direct injection systems, especially concerning the mixing-controlled combustion mode. This work aims to detail the energy conversion efficacy of DME through heat release characterization and exhaust emission speciation. The tests were controlled within a single-cylinder research engine with an off-board high-pressure injection system to handle liquified DME up to 1000bar. To mitigate interference in fuel additives over the combustion behavior, the high-pressure fuel system specifically managed neat DME. The in-cylinder pressure was the

Leblanc, Simon, Cong, Binghao, Leach, Jace, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming

Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer

2025-01-8411To be published on 04/01/2025

Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.83 L and a compression ratio of 16.5: 1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 6.5% lower fuel consumption (in

Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian

Ignition and Combustion Improvement via Ignition Modulation under Flow Conditions

2025-01-8403To be published on 04/01/2025

In order to reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the adoption of low and zero carbon fuel is needed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from engines, both from tailpipe and well-to-wheel perspectives. However, for some of the promising fuels, such as renewable natural gas and ammonia, the relatively low chemical reactivity and laminar flame speed bring challenge to a rapid and efficient combustion process, especially under lean or diluted conditions to suppress NOx emissions, leading to reduced combustion and thermal efficiencies. To tackle the challenge, high in-cylinder turbulence intensity is needed to shorten the combustion duration, together with strong ignition sources to support the initial flame kernel development. In this paper, an ignition energy modulation system is developed to enhance both discharge duration and discharge energy of a spark event to secure the ignition process. Moreover, a rapid compression machine is employed to compress the fuel-air

Jin, Long, Yu, Xiao, Zhou, Qing, Reader, Graham, Li, Liguang, Zheng, Ming

Experimental Investigation into Abnormal Combustion Behaviour in a Pure Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine

2025-01-8399To be published on 04/01/2025

The hydrogen internal combustion engine technology, with its potential for almost full carbon emissions reduction and adaptability to a wide range of fossil fuel-based internal combustion engine (ICE) platforms, offers a promising future. This potential underscores the importance of the research, which aims to address the challenges, such as abnormal combustion phenomena, that come with this innovative technology. These challenges, including intake backfire in the port fuel injection (PFI) and preignition, require further investigation to fully understand and predict the engine's performance. This study comprehensively investigates the main abnormal combustion behaviour in a spark ignition (SI) downsized boosted hydrogen engine. It examines both direct and port fuel injection (DI and PFI) systems, evaluating in-cylinder, intake, and exhaust pressures in the crank domain. The study provides a direct comparison at steady-state conditions between abnormal and normal cycles over 200 cycles

Mohamed, Mohamed, Mirshahi, Milad, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Harrington, Anthony, Hall, Jonathan, Peckham, Mark

Emissions Savings from Efficient Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) Systems in Passenger Vehicles

2025-01-8156To be published on 04/01/2025

Mobile Air-Conditioning (MAC) systems are a substantial source of energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in passenger vehicles, particularly for electrified vehicles under real-world operating conditions. Enhancing the efficiency of such systems is imperative to achieving greater energy efficiency and maintaining occupants’ comfort. In recognition of their significance, MAC systems can be classified as eco-innovative technologies under EU Regulation 2019/631, effective from 2025. This study lays the groundwork for a methodology to calculate CO₂ savings from eco-innovative MAC systems in passenger cars. The approach compares CO₂ emissions between baseline and eco-innovative vehicles under active and inactive MAC systems. Literature-derived indicative ambient conditions are applied to reflect realistic MAC usage scenarios in Europe. The testing protocol follows the WLTP procedure under controlled ambient conditions, including temperature, humidity, and solar irradiation, which can either

Di Pierro, Giuseppe, Currò, Davide, Gil-Sayas, Susana, Fontaras, Georgios

Optimizing Hybrid Powertrains for Light Duty Commercial Vehicles

2025-01-8544To be published on 04/01/2025

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are well-suited for many passenger vehicle applications, but high cost, short range, and long recharging times have limited their growth in commercial vehicle markets. These constraints can be eliminated with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which combine many benefits of BEVs with those of conventional vehicles. In this study, research was conducted to determine the optimal hybrid electric powertrain system for a Class 3, light duty commercial vehicle. The key technologies used in this hybrid powertrain include engine downsizing, P3 architecture hybridization, and active thermal management of aftertreatment. A vehicle cost of ownership analysis was conducted to determine the economic viability, a very important consideration for commercial vehicles. Several combinations of E-motor and battery pack sizes were evaluated during the cost analysis and the best possible configuration was determined. The resulting vehicle powertrain demonstrated ~60

Meruva, Prathik, Michlberger, Alexander, Bachu, Pruthvi, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

High Performance DPF to Tackle Nano Particulate Emissions for Off-highway Applications

2025-01-8501To be published on 04/01/2025

Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) have been used extensively worldwide as a Particle Mass (PM) / Particle Number (PN) reduction technology for various diesel applications. Based on CARB’s latest Tier 5 regulation workshop, PM emission targets are expected to become a lot more stringent; from 0.02 g/kWh to 0.005 g/kWh (75% reduction compared to Tier 4 Final). Also, CO2 emission targets are expected to be introduced for Tier 5. In parallel, EU Stage VI emission regulation standards and implementation timing could be announced sometime in late 2024. It is expected that PN emission standards will be tightened such as extending measurement range of PN from 23 nm to 10 nm. With Tier 5 and EU Stage VI regulations approaching, several OEMs are considering implementing a common aftertreatment system that can meet emission targets for both regions. High filtration efficiency and low backpressure DPFs will be required to meet PM/PN and CO2 emission standards. NGK has developed several DPF

Fakih, Hussein, Elizondo, Zachery, Ishikawa, Hiroaki, Yoshioka, Fumihiko, Kato, Kyohei, Suzuki, Hiroaki, Aoki, Takashi, Ito, Yoshitaka

The New China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd Full-Scale Aero-acoustic Wind Tunnel

2025-01-8779To be published on 04/01/2025

The China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd (CAERI) has completed a new vehicle aero-acoustic wind tunnel (AAWT), which is located in Chongqing, China, and has been in operation for 5 years. To help address Chinese vehicle market’s need to improve fuel economy, reduce exhaust emissions, and decrease product development period, the wind tunnel was designed and implemented to achieve high degree of automation for vehicle test and high accuracy aerodynamic and acoustic test for product development. The CAERI wind tunnel was in operation in August 2019, which has a top speed of 250 kph, a 5-belt rolling road system with a long center belt for proper wake simulation, a test section with very low static pressure gradient, background noise and an overhead traverse both for wind tunnel calibration and customized measurement activities. This paper describes the main facilities of AAWT including some auxiliary equipment. The aerodynamic and acoustic performances of the CAERI

Xu, Lei, Zhu, Xijia, Wang, Qingyang, Bu, Han, Peng, Chao, Shi, Feng, Yang, Chao, Huang, Tao, Zeng, Yi, Zeng, Xiangyi, Wallmann, Steffen, Münstermann, Henning, Wittmeier, Felix, Mercker, Edzard, Blumrich, Reinhard

Title: Characterization of Dimethyl Ether (DME) Spray Using ECN Spray D under Engine-Relevant Conditions

2025-01-8457To be published on 04/01/2025

This research experimentally investigates the spray vaporization of high-pressure dimethyl ether (DME) using a single-hole research in- jector focusing on nominal operating conditions of Spray A from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). DME is a synthetic alternative to diesel fuel, offering both high reactivity and potential reductions in particulate emissions. Because DME only features half of the energy density of diesel fuel, a specifically designed fuel system with a high mass flow rate to meet the energy delivery requirements is needed. The unique physical properties of DME, including higher vapor pressure and lower viscosity, introduce challenges like cavitation and unique evaporation characteristics that deviate from typical diesel fuel. These features are likely to lead to differences in fuel mixing and combus- tion. This study aims to provide detailed experimental data on DME spray characteristics under engine-like conditions, helping the devel- opment of predictive CFD

Yi, Junghwa, Wan, Kevin, Pickett, Lyle, Manin, Julien

Numerical investigation on behaviors of under-expanded hydrogen jets: Influence of straight nozzle structure

2025-01-8459To be published on 04/01/2025

In internal combustion engines, the use of hydrogen is considered as one of the most promising alternatives to reduce CO2 emissions. In such a context, traditional injectors for hydrocarbon fuels are currently being tailored to be used with hydrogen or a single-hole/multi-hole cap mounted at the injector tip was used. Nevertheless, hydrogen injection has to be operated at high pressure due to the low density of the hydrogen, which leads to the formation of highly under-expanded fuel jets and have a significant influence on the downstream mixture formation. Therefore, in order to achieve better hydrogen-air mixture, this work aims to numerically analyze high-pressure hydrogen spray behaviors, focusing on the effect of nozzle structure on the formation and the structure of the shock waves. The nozzle diameter ranged from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm, with the ratio of nozzle length to diameter from 0.5 to 5. The nozzle pressure ratio varied from 5 to 10 with different combination of injection

Jiahui, Lang, Li, Yanfei, Xu, Lubing, Xiao, Ma, Shuai, Shijin

Correlation of Total Aromatics and Speciated Aromatic Analysis by ASTM D5769 (Determination of Aromatics) and ASTM D6730 (Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis) of US Market Gasoline Samples

2025-01-8453To be published on 04/01/2025

The Standard Test Method for Determination of Benzene, Toluene, and Total Aromatics in Finished Gasolines by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, also known as ASTM D5769, provides the identification of aromatic compound speciation’s, carbon group six through carbon group twelve (C6-C12). The enhanced detail hydrocarbon analysis in The Standard Test Method for Determination of Individual Components in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100-Metre Capillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution Gas Chromatography), also known as ASTM D6730, provides a more thorough identification of all known compounds in gasoline samples, with aromatics ranged C6-C14. The differences of the two methods on the identification of total aromatics and the speciation of C10+ aromatics has increased. ASTM D5769 provides a rapid determination with less than 11 minutes. The method is based around internal standards and target component analysis which targets 23 known aromatics, and uncalibrated Indans, C10, C11, and C12

Dozier, Jonathan, Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Reilly, Veronica

Numerical study on the effect of SCO-SCR catalyst coating strategy on the synergistic effect of NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in diesel engine SDPF

2025-01-8490To be published on 04/01/2025

Selective catalytic oxidation/reduction (SCO/SCR) catalysts coated on diesel particulate filters (SDPF) are an important technology route to meet next-stage emission regulations. Catalyst coating strategy is an important parameter affecting the synergistic purification performance of SDPF. In this study, MnO2-CeO2/Al2O3 and Cu-SSZ-13 were combined to obtain a novel SCO-SCR catalyst, and a multi-physics field SDPF model was constructed. The effects of different coating strategies of SCO-SCR catalysts (C25, C50, C75, and C100) on the synergistic effect between NOx reduction and passive soot oxidation in SDPF were investigated. The results show that, When the inlet gas temperature is 200~400℃, the soot cake layer pressure drops of C50, C75, and C100 are very similar. Increasing the inlet gas temperature or expanding the catalyst coating area can increase the NH3 oxidation rate. As the inlet gas temperature increases, NO emissions show a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, and

Chen, Ying-jie, Tan, Piqiang, Yao, Chaojie, Lou, Diming, Hu, Zhiyuan, Yang, Wenming

Experimental and CFD simulation study of heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid Spray characteristics

2025-01-8486To be published on 04/01/2025

This paper investigates heated and cold Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) sprays with the aim of establishing the effect of temperature on the resulting spray characteristics. The work is motivated by the need to optimize active Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems to meet more stringent NOx emission regulations for internal combustion engines. Pre-heating DEF has the potential to improve evaporation of the injected fluid, increasing the NOx conversion efficiency of the SCR at low exhaust temperatures. Experiments are carried out using the MAHLE SmartHeat fluid heater and mounted atop a DEF injector, with an incorporated thermocouple for fluid temperature. The fluid temperature established by the heater in this configuration was about 130 °C. The fluid is injected into an atmospheric environment and Schlieren imaging is used to visualize the spray evolution. CFD Simulations are also carried out to validate the experimental observations and further shed light on the associated velocity

Liu, Zeyang, Peters, Nathan, Bunce, Mike, Pothuraju Subramanyam, Sai, Akih Kumgeh, Benjamin

Aftertreatment system for a Hydrogen fuelled Internal Combustion Engine (H2-ICE)

2025-01-8484To be published on 04/01/2025

Hydrogen fuelled IC engine has gained a lot of importance in the recent years, in our journey towards carbon neutral transportation. This is especially relevant for commercial vehicles due to the advantages in total cost of ownership, refuelling time and long term durability. NOx emission from the H2-ICE remains a challenge, especially with more stringent emission norms like EPA27 and further moving towards zero emission powertrain. Due to leaner operations, engine out specific NOx emissions are of the order of 30 – 40%, compared to a similar modern diesel engine. However, transient NOx peaks, higher space velocities, residual hydrogen, higher oxygen and water content in the exhaust make it quite challenging to design an optimum aftertreatment system. The application of a complying reaction scheme for the simulation of aftertreatment system with H2-ICE exhaust is presented, including reactions specific to H2 combustion and H2-SCR. The chemical kinetics of standard and fast SCR

Srinivasan, Shankar, Andersson, Lennart

Prediction and control of long-term system degradation for a light-off SCR in an ultra-low NOx aftertreatment system

2025-01-8488To be published on 04/01/2025

The medium-duty low NOx program funded by CARB at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) evaluates a combination of engine and advanced aftertreatment systems to achieve a 0.02 g/bhp-hr tailpipe NOx standard. This work emphasizes improvements to the light-off SCR (LO SCR) model used for low NOx controls. Two key mechanisms drive these improvements: the first is a real-time feedback system that utilizes the LO SCR outlet NOx sensor for short-term corrections to the model state, and the second involves adjustments to the dosing mechanism based on long-term trends in dosing signals compared to predicted NH3 consumption, derived from LO SCR inlet and outlet NOx sensors, referred to as long-term trim. An algorithm is incorporated to differentiate the LO SCR outlet NOx sensor readings into NOx and NH3 components based on cross-correlation. The integration of this speciation algorithm with both short-term and long-term trim mechanisms significantly enhances the accuracy of the model state, as

Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Adsule, Kartik, Sharp, Christopher

Experimental Study of DOC-on-Filter using next Generation filter solutions for Non-Road Applications

2025-01-8479To be published on 04/01/2025

Upcoming California Tier 5 non-road limits mandate 90% and 75% reductions in NOx and PM respectively, from current Tier 4F emission standards. Similarly, lower NOx and PN/PM limits can be expected from a next round of European Non-Road regulations. To meet these limits, more SCR volume for greater NOx reduction, and better filtration efficiency filters for greater PN/PM reduction, may be required. The challenge is to accommodate larger SCR volume while maintaining oxidation (DOC) and filtration (DPF) functionality of the aftertreatment system within a limited packaging space on non-road machineries. Consolidating DOC and DPF into a single component as DOC-on-filter instead of separate DOC and DPF substrates to achieve space saving has been previously discussed in literature. This study expands on the current understanding and explores various functional performance characteristics of the DOC-on-filter concept in comparison with DOC + bare DPF, DOC + PGM coated DPF. The three test

Dam, Mrinmoy, Warkins, Jason, He, Suhao

The Development of JASO GLV-2: Next Generation Specification for Ultra-High Viscosity Index Gasoline Engine Oils

2025-01-8468To be published on 04/01/2025

Carbon neutrality has become a global initiative, and automobile manufacturers are introducing electrified vehicles such as HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs. Although interest in BEVs is growing, it is expected that HEVs, PHEVs, and other vehicles with internal combustion engines will continue to be used in regions where conversion to BEVs is not easy. For such vehicles, low-viscosity engine oil is one of the important ways to contribute to further reduction of CO2 emissions. In addition, high-efficiency engines installed in electrified vehicles and other vehicles have lower engine oil temperatures than conventional engine vehicles because the thermal loss of these engines to coolant and engine oils is lower. The reduction of viscous resistance in the mid- to low-temperature range below 80°C is considered significant to fuel economy. On the other hand, the viscosity must be kept above a certain level to ensure the performance of hydraulic devices at the high temperature. To achieve both

Yamamori, Kazuo, Hirano, Satoshi, Yoshida, Satoru, Matsui, Noriyuki

Effects of Combustion Characteristic Parameters on Emission Performance in Ammonia-hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

2025-01-8425To be published on 04/01/2025

Under the background of the global dual carbon target, ammonia and hydrogen as the carbon-free fuel, have become a research hotspot for internal combustion engines. The existing researches mainly focus on the combustion characteristics influenced by equivalent ratio, hydrogen jet ignition and so on, while the relationship between combustion and emission characteristics should be also paid more attention. In this paper, the impact of combustion characteristic parameters on engine emissions is investigated by GT-power software. The simulation model is based on a single cylinder active pre-chamber engine and Wiebe combustion model. Meanwhile, combustion characteristic parameters, in terms of CA10,CA50 and CA90 are set referred to the research of hydrogen jet ignition ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engine. The results show that CA10, CA50 and CA90 could significantly affect the concentration of N2O, NH3 and NOX emissions in different ways. The concentrations of N2O, NH3 emissions are

Yuan, Yang, Shang, Quanbo, Deng, Jun, Li, Liguang, Yin, Xuemei, Lai, Huilong, Ma, Jiangli, Yu, Fei, Feng, Feng, Cui, Hao, Du, Junchen

A Study on Cetane on Demand Technology Part 2: Gasoline Reforming and Ignitability Evaluation

2025-01-8444To be published on 04/01/2025

In petroleum-based fuels, the combination of low-octane gasoline and a compression ignition combustion system has been proposed to reduce Well-to-Wheel CO2 emissions of automobiles. The gasoline components produced by FT synthesis have a low octane number, making them suitable for this combustion concept. In the current situation where low-octane gasoline is not widely available in the market, onboard reforming of commercial gasoline to increase the cetane number (lower the octane number) allows for compression ignition combustion even with commercial gasoline. This requires Cetane on Demand Technology, which enables compression ignition combustion with both commercial gasoline and low-octane gasoline. To reform commercial gasoline, a reformer with a spiral structure reactor and mechanical stirring air introduction was designed and prototyped based on the results of toluene reforming tests. Using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)-supported ZSM-5 as a catalyst, commercial gasoline was

Matsuura, Katsuya, Hashimoto, Kohtaro, Yamada, Yoshikazu, Al-Taher, Maryam, Kalamaras, Christos, Voice, Alexander, Bhadra, Kaustav

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