Browse Topic: Particulate matter (PM)

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Enhancing LiDAR Performance under Fog with Adaptive Multi-Echo and Feature-Based Filtering2026-01-0011To be published on 04/07/2026
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) systems are essential for autonomous driving (AD) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), providing accurate 3D perception of the surrounding environment. However, their performance significantly deteriorates under adverse weather conditions such as fog, where laser pulses are scattered by airborne particles, resulting in substantial noise and reduced ranging accuracy. This scattering effect makes it difficult to detect objects within or behind particulate matter, posing a serious challenge for reliable perception in real-world driving scenarios. To address this issue, we propose an algorithm that combines adaptive multi-echo signal processing with a feature-integrated, rule-based denoising framework to enhance LiDAR performance in noisy environments. The multi-echo approach selectively utilizes meaningful signal returns by evaluating both reflection intensity and relative echo positions. Based on predefined rules, the algorithm identifies the
Kaito, Seiya, Zheng, Shengchao, Fujioka, Ibuki, Beppu, Taro
Effect of Renewable Fuel Blends on Particulate Emissions Under Medium Engine Load and Injector Coking Conditions in a GDI Engine2026-01-0301To be published on 04/07/2026
Renewable gasoline is blended with fossil gasoline as part of the effort to achieve zero net carbon emissions. This study examined how five gasoline fuels with different hydrocarbon compositions affect engine-out gaseous and particle number (PN) emissions. Gasolines F3 and F4 reduce GHG emissions by 54% and 35%, compared with fossil gasoline. The other three gasolines reduce GHG emissions by 4-9%. Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder GDI engine at 10-14 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The injector-tip coking behavior of the test fuels and the resulting PN emissions were also investigated at 10 bar IMEP. Spray plume targets and start-of-injection (SOI) timing were adjusted to examine how the test fuels affected PN emissions. An endoscope was used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. The experimental results show that PN varies with gasoline composition and engine operating conditions. Aromatics and olefins contribute more to injector
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Advancing Oil Consumption Prediction with 3-D Multiphase CFD: Insights into Piston Design Impacts2026-01-0282To be published on 04/07/2026
Engine oil consumption contributes to hydrocarbon and particulate emissions, catalyst degradation, and reduced thermal efficiency. Reducing it is essential for meeting emission standards and improving engine reliability. This study introduces a 3-D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework that captures micron-scale gaps in the piston-ring-cylinder system while accounting for ring dynamics. The model leverages Simerics-MP+ features—including a novel mesh motion strategy and Mismatched Grid Interface (MGI) coupling—to resolve fine crevice regions alongside coarser bulk domains. It incorporates piston translation, ring motion, and crankshaft rotation, and uses the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to capture multiphase interactions in thin oil films. Compared to experiments, this approach offers detailed flow visualization in optically inaccessible regions at lower cost and complexity. Unlike traditional 1-D models, it captures nonlinear behaviors without relying heavily on parameter
Mohapatra, Chinmoy K., Schlautman, Jeff, Manne, Venkata Harish Babu, schroeder, Debera, Srinivasan, Chiranth
Improving Transient Diesel Performance with E-Supercharging and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Controls2026-01-0444To be published on 04/07/2026
Engine torque response for turbocharged diesel engines is limited by lag in air supply to the engine restricting the rate at which fuel can be delivered. This delay can lead to rich air-fuel mixtures and elevated soot emissions during transient events. Electric forced induction systems (EFIS) offer a potential solution to address both of these challenges. For this study, an electric supercharger (E-Booster) is integrated with the original forced induction system of a 4.5-L 4-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine to create a two-stage boosting system that assists induction during transients. Electric supercharger operation is managed by two control schemes, a model-based single-input single-output (SISO) and a model-based robust multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller. Constant speed load acceptance (CSLA) experiments and emulated drive-cycles were performed in a dyno cell evaluating both control methods. The E-supercharged two-stage boosted engine has demonstrated significant
Vang, Nicholas, Rothamer, David, Ghandhi, Jaal, Ashta, Shubham, Qiu, Weijin, Rayasam, Sree Harsha, Shaver, Greg, Frushour, Bryan, Dou, Danan
Impact of Hydrogen on Methane and Pollutant Emissions over Three-Way Catalysts with Natural Gas–Hydrogen Blends2026-01-0357To be published on 04/07/2026
Natural gas (NG) is a domestically abundant, low-cost fuel with the potential to displace gasoline and diesel fuel in commercial and off-road vehicles. NG engines typically produce lower engine-out pollutant emissions, such as NOx, CO and particulate matter, which could simplify emission control systems. Blending NG with hydrogen (H₂) can improve engine performance and increase combustion efficiency to further reduce engine-out emissions. Additionally, the presence of H2 in the exhaust stream may also facilitate the catalytic conversion of methane and other pollutants, resulting in cleaner tailpipe emissions. This study evaluates the impact of H2 on the conversion of methane, CO, and NOx emissions on a commercial three-way catalyst (TWC) in a flow reactor using synthetic gas mixtures that simulate stoichiometric engine exhausts with NG or NG+H₂ combustion. The work examines whether, and how, the additional amount of H₂ in the exhaust stream affects the conversion efficiency of methane
Prikhodko, Vitaly, Wang, Min, Park, Yeonshil, Chen, Hai-Ying, Pihl, Josh
Adaptive Economic Model Predictive Control for Engine Emissions Management with Compensation for Performance Drift2026-01-0287To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper addresses the changes in engine emissions due to in-use component changes through the synergistic application of predictive control, machine learning, and onboard adaptation. In particular, we consider an adaptive economic Model Predictive Control (eMPC) strategy to mitigate the effects of performance drift on Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Soot emissions from compression ignition (diesel) engines. A performance drift block, which applies a multiplier and offset to nominal emissions, is integrated with a high-fidelity Neural Network (NN) plant model to simulate these characteristic changes. To counteract variability, two online adaptation methods are integrated within the eMPC framework: One is based on Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and another on a continuously updated online NN. The proposed control architecture is validated through simulations over standard transient cycles. Results demonstrate that while the rate-based eMPC possesses inherent robustness to performance drift
ZHANG, JIADI, Li, Xiao, Kolmanovsky, Ilya, Tsutsumi, Munecika, Nakada, Hayato
The impact of various renewable hydrocarbons on performance and emissions in a super lean burn engine2026-01-0306To be published on 04/07/2026
Biofuels can play a key role as carbon-neutral transitional energy sources for ICE vehicles as the fleet moves towards increasing electrification. Blending of ethanol plays a key role in enhancing the anti-knock properties of the fuel and also allows renewable hydrocarbons (such as bio-naphtha) to be incorporated into the blend whilst maintaining an acceptable overall fuel quality. Super lean burn ICE technology with λ between 2 and 3 can lead to significantly enhanced fuel economy and reduced NOx emissions. The Toyota prototype engine used to generate data for this project injects most of the fuel in a PFI mode to generate a homogeneous super-lean charge in the cylinder, but just before spark ignition the DI injector sprays a small amount of fuel towards the spark plug to create a richer charge near the spark plug to promote flame kernel development. Various fuel formulations with a high biofuel content were tested in both conventional and super lean burn engines. Certain fuel
Aradi, Allen, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Jain, Sandeep Kumar, Cracknell, Roger, Kolbeck, Andreas, Shibuya, Masahiko, Yamada, Ryota, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji
A Quantitative Approach for Mapping and Assessing Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration Events in Diesel Engines2026-01-0377To be published on 04/07/2026
Regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) is crucial for maintaining the performance of diesel engines and minimizing harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions from exhaust. However, conventional regeneration strategies often suffer from incomplete soot removal and inefficient monitoring. These issues lead to increased exhaust back pressure, reducing engine efficiency, and potentially damaging the particulate filter. In this paper, a new approach is proposed for mapping and quantifying the real-world DPF regeneration process for diesel engines complying with the stringent emission standards. We introduce a novel metric, the differential pressure drop percentage (DPDP), to detect regeneration events and quantify soot burn quality. The proposed method utilizes real-time sensor data obtained through the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) system. The algorithm processes sensor data and robustly maps the regeneration quality. The performance of regeneration event detection and
Bagga, Harleen Kaur, Nagare, Mukund B., Patil, Bhushan D., Ravishankar, Hariharan, Melapudi, Vikram, Patil, Abhijit
Passive Soot Regeneration Observations on a GPF-equipped vehicle for PM exhaust emission control.2026-01-0366To be published on 04/07/2026
The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) will be a common technology adopted by EPA Tier4 emission compliant vehicles, starting as early as model year 2017 in North America. For those Tier-4 compliant gasoline-powered powertrains, their GPF solutions will require that the captured soot can be safely removed through passive oxidation. This clean-out process is driven by occasional fuel-cut events, such as engine motoring, which would provide an excess of oxygen in the exhaust gas flow to the hot, soot-loaded GPF. Here, a study has been conducted where a modern vehicle with a 3L engine displacement was upfitted with appropriately sized GPFs for soot capture in the dual-bank exhaust line. These GPFs were weighed to track their soot-load trends between representative real-world driving routes, where sensor data and ECU parameters were recorded. Thus, characterization of the passive soot regeneration process in the GPF was linked to the preceding exposure of gaseous flow temperatures, oxygen
Craig, Angus, Warkins, Jason
Effect of renewable fuel blends on particulate emissions in warm-up conditions in a GDI engine2026-01-0304To be published on 04/07/2026
Renewable gasoline offers significant benefits in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, five gasolines with different renewable hydrocarbon classes and varying distillation curves were taken to investigate their effect on particle number (PN) emissions in a spark-ignition GDI engine at 10 bar indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and 2000 rpm. The engine coolant temperature was varied from 90°C to 35°C to investigate the effect of fuel evaporation on soot formation. Injectors with various spray plume targets and start of injection (SOI) timing (300° and 260° bTDC) were used to assess how different gasolines affect engine performance and to determine engine calibration requirements. A simplified transient cycle examines how engine motoring influences PN emissions for test gasolines. A high-speed camera and endoscope were used to identify the sources of soot during fuel combustion. Simulations were done to assess the quality of fuel-air mixing in support of the
Muniappan, Krishnamoorthi, Dahlander, Petter, Helmantel, Ayolt, Alemahdi, Nika, Lehto, Kalle
Technical Outlook on the Potential of HVO and Biodiesel Blends for Cleaner Combustion2026-01-0316To be published on 04/07/2026
The increasing need to decarbonize the transport sector is accelerating the adoption of renewable fuels, particularly biofuels, as sustainable alternatives to conventional diesel. For compression ignition engines, Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) represents a promising solution due to its clean combustion profile and high-quality fuel properties. HVO is a paraffinic fuel obtained via hydrotreatment of renewable lipids. It is characterized by a high cetane number (>70), very low particulate emissions, and excellent oxidative stability. However, the absence of polar molecules results in poor lubricity, which raises durability concerns for high-pressure fuel systems. Biodiesel, composed of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from vegetable oils or used cooking oil, is known for its renewable origin and favorable lubricity. Its ester content enhances lubricity and contributes to reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter. Nonetheless
Zaccai, Martina, Chiavola, Ornella, Palmieri, Fulvio, Verdoliva, Francesco
Persistent Elevated Soot Emissions Induced by Clustered Stochastic Preignition Events2026-01-0314To be published on 04/07/2026
Stochastic Preignition (SPI) is an abnormal combustion phenomenon that can occur in spark-ignition engines particularly under high-load operation. SPI is characterized by uncontrolled initiation of combustion prior to spark discharge, an abnormal combustion process that can lead to severe knock events and significant engine damage. SPI has been associated with fuel properties, lubricant composition, and engine design and operation. In this work, a single-cylinder test engine with a dry-sump oil system was utilized to study the SPI response of E10 and E25 fuels with a range of Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP). An automated test procedure was employed, consisting of ten square-waved load profile segments, with each segment composed of 5 min of low-load operation followed by 25 min of sustained high-load operation. These tests were replicated across multiple days of testing with a triple flush of lubricant between each test, and an online Fuel in Oil diagnostic measurement. Exhaust particulate
Splitter, Derek, Jatana, Gurneesh, DelVescovo, Dan, Douvry-Rabjeau, Julien, Fioroni, Gina, Chapman, Elana, Salyers, John
Heavy duty hydrogen internal combustion engine emissions development to achieve ultra-low NOx2026-01-0356To be published on 04/07/2026
This paper presents the emissions development of a heavy-duty hydrogen internal-combustion engine (H₂ ICE) targeting ultra-low NOx with a design goal of 20–35 mg/hp-hr. The approach integrates precise air–fuel-ratio control, transient-response enhancements to minimize rich/lean excursions, and advanced thermal management of the engine and aftertreatment, including an electric heater to accelerate light-off and sustain activity at low-load/idle conditions. A diesel-derived aftertreatment system (ATS) is selected to maximize practicality and component commonality, and a unified controls strategy spanning the engine and ATS is implemented to ensure emissions compliance over EPA certification and in-use testing cycles. The aftertreatment solution space is evaluated for catalyst sizing and backpressure while demonstrating particulate matter control without the need for a filter. The paper concludes with emphasis on catalyst aging and durability relative to diesel benchmarks, including long
Shakya, Bijesh, Xu, Hui, Yang, Zhao, stetter, John
Tungsten Disulfide Coating, Thin Lubricating Film, Binder-Less Impingement AppliedAMS2530B (Current)2/6/2026
This specification covers a coating consisting of tungsten disulfide without binders and does not require a curing process.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-01141/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. Part throttle performance test shows the higher NMHC and CO emissions in CNG-DDF mode which have been controlled by an oxidation catalyst in C1 8-mode emission test. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 2% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter, while retaining the same NOx
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
Correlation of Particulate Matter Species on Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Vehicle with Ethanol Blended Gasoline: Real Drive Emissions based Portable Emission Measurement System2026-26-02161/16/2026
On the way to net zero emissions and to cut the oil import bills, NITI Aayog, Government of India and Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoP&NG) has rolled out roadmap for ethanol blending in India during 2020-2025. Also, National Policy on Biofuels – 2018, provides an indicative target of 20% ethanol blending under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme by 2030. Considering these Government’s initiatives current studies were performed on BSVI compliant gasoline direct injection vehicle on RDE compliant route (Route formulated by Indian Oil R&D Centre) with different ethanol blended gasoline fuel formulations i.e., E0 (Neat Gasoline), E10 (10% Ethanol in gasoline) & E20 (20% Ethanol in gasoline). The study aims to determine the compliance of Conformity Factor (C.F.) for ethanol blended gasoline fuel on Direct Injection gasoline engine. The conformity factors were calculated in each case for CO, NOx & PN using moving window average evaluation method. For reference CO2
Kant, Chander, Arora, Ajay, Saroj, Shyamsher, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Chakradhar, Dr Maya, Kalita, Mrinmoy
Thermal Management and Engine Calibration Strategies for Enhanced Passive DPF Regeneration in CEV Stage V CI Engines2026-26-01411/16/2026
Meeting the stringent emissions norms of CEV stage V for medium BMEP engines, CI engines present significant challenges. These stringent norms call for a highly efficient DPF. With the increasing demands for high-performance DPFs, the issue of soot accumulation and cleaning presents significant hurdles for DPF longevity. This paper explores the potential of passive DPF regeneration, which leverages naturally occurring exhaust gas conditions to oxidize accumulated soot, offering a promising approach to minimize fuel penalty and system complexity compared to active regeneration methods. The study investigates engine calibration techniques aimed at enhancing passive regeneration performance, emphasizing the optimization of thermal management strategies to sustain DPF temperatures within the passive regeneration range. Furthermore, the paper aims to expand the applicability of passive regeneration across diverse engine loads common in off-highway applications with effective passive
Saxena, Harshit, Gandhi, Naresh, Lokare, Prasad, Shinde, Prashant, Patil, Ajit, Raut, Ashish
A Comprehensive Strategy for Diesel Particulate Filter Calibration to Address the Diverse Applications of Stage V Construction Equipment Vehicles2026-26-01431/16/2026
The legislation of CEV Stage V emission norms has necessitated advanced Diesel Particulate Filter calibration strategies to ensure optimal performance across diverse construction equipment applications in the Indian market. Considering the various duty cycles of cranes, backhoe loaders, forklifts, compactors, graders, and other equipment, different load conditions and operational environments require a comprehensive strategy to enhance DPF efficiency, minimize regeneration frequency, and maintain compliance with emission standards. The DPF, as an after-treatment system in the exhaust layout, is essential for meeting emission standards, as it effectively traps particulate matter. Regeneration occurs periodically to burn the soot particles trapped inside the DPF through ECU management. Therefore, understanding soot loading and in-brick DPF temperature behavior across various applications is key. This paper explores the challenges in DPF calibration for CEV Stage V and provides a
Mohanty, Subham, Chaudhari, Kuldeepak, Patil, Lalit, Mahajan, Atish, Madhukar, Prahlad
Development of a Passive Regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter System for an Agricultural Tractor Engine2026-26-02171/16/2026
This paper presents the development and evaluation of a passive regeneration Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) system for a 4-cylinder, 3.18-liter naturally aspirated agricultural tractor engine based on the mDI engine family. The primary objective is to significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining optimal engine performance and fuel economy. The passive regeneration DPF system leverages the engine's operating conditions to generate sufficient heat for the oxidation of trapped particulate matter, eliminating the need for active regeneration techniques. The paper details the design process, including the selection of DPF material, filter geometry, and integration into the exhaust system. Rigorous experimental testing was conducted to assess the performance of the DPF system under various engine load and speed conditions. Results demonstrate substantial reductions in PM emissions without compromising engine power, torque, or specific fuel consumption. This
Maddali, Varun Suman, Jidigonti, Shashank, Kannan, S, Ramesh, Natrajan
Optimizing Engine Combustion and Exhaust After treatment System for Passive Regeneration in Off-Highway Applications2026-26-02211/16/2026
The Bharat TREM V regulations in the off-highway segment mandates the use of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) to reduce gaseous emissions and Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) to trap solid particulates from engine exhaust. DPFs undergo regeneration, where trapped soot is burned, converting it into CO2 with ash as main byproduct. Regeneration can be active, using late post fuel injections to raise temperatures above 550°C, or passive, relying on NO2 formation at 300-400°C. Passive regeneration is preferred as a safer mode for both DPF health and longevity as well as reduction in fuel penalty and oil dilution. This paper highlights the selection and optimization of combustion hardware and Exhaust Aftertreatment System to achieve the desired NO2 formation which is suitable for passive regeneration. Key considerations in engine hardware selection include the design of piston bowl, injector hole configuration to increase heat release rate and combustion temperature resulting in higher NOx
Gautam, Aman, Rawat, Saurabh, Dogra, DaljitSingh, Singh, Sachleen, Ranjan, Piyush
Study of Real Time Impact on Automotive Cabin Air Quality due to the Various Usage Conditions in the Severely Polluted City2026-26-05311/16/2026
This study investigates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside an automobile under real-world driving conditions, one of the most polluted cities globally. India faces severe air pollution challenges in many cities, including Delhi, which are consistently ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. Major contributors to this pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and biomass burning. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, and premature mortality. PM2.5 particles, being smaller, can penetrate deeper into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing more severe health issues. In big cities like New Delhi, long driving times exacerbate exposure to these pollutants, as commuters spend extended periods in traffic. Measurements were taken both inside and outside the vehicle to assess the real-world
Gupta, Rajat, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Kumar, Shubham, Joshi, Rishi, Kumar, Mukesh
Brake Emission Testbed Automation and Control: Insights and New Developments2026-26-02321/16/2026
A significant contributor to particle mass (PM) emissions originating from road transport are particles emitted from brakes, which in Europe are considered in the upcoming Euro 7 emission legislation. UN-GTR (United Nations Global Technical Regulation) no. 24 describes the methodology for measuring brake particle emissions in a test cell setting with a dynamometer, both in terms of PM and PN (particle number). A regulation-compliant test fulfills various quality criteria for different control parameters, which can often be met by applying different control strategies. In this study, we evaluate the effects of implementing different control strategies for torque applied to the brake by the dynamometer, as well as for sampling flow. Additionally, we discuss the cost-saving potential of increasing the automation degree of testing, as well as modifying existing testbeds to accommodate brake emission testing. The torque control strategies applied in this study did not influence PN or PM
Martikainen, Sampsa, Weidinger, Christoph, Huber, Michael Peter
Impact of Fuel Properties and Aftertreatment Systems on Particulate Number Emissions from Euro 6 Gasoline Direct Injection Engines2026-01-50021/15/2026
This study examines the influence of gasoline fuel properties on particulate number (PN) emissions from two Euro 6 gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles with contrasting aftertreatment systems. One vehicle with a gasoline particulate filter (GPF) and one without GPF were selected. Eight EN 228-compliant E10 gasolines were tested on these vehicles on a chassis dynamometer. The results demonstrate the significant impact of GPFs on particulate number emissions of particles above 10 nm (PN10). The vehicle equipped with GPFs showed a dramatic reduction in PN10 emissions, exceeding an order of magnitude decrease compared to the vehicle without one. However, the presence of a GPF complicates the evaluation of fuel effects on PN10 emissions, significantly reducing the variability observed between different fuels and essentially blurring these effects on PN10 emissions. Individual PN10 emission nonlinear models were developed for both vehicles, demonstrating a good correlation between
Kroyan, Yuri, Lehto, Kalle, Risberg, Per
Improving Late Pilot Injection Strategy in Dual-Fuel Diesel/Methane Engines through Supercharging and Hydrogen Enrichment03-18-08-004912/24/2025
In this study, a novel dual-fuel combustion strategy is investigated, employing late pilot injection in diesel–methane engines to improve performance and reduce emissions. The engine was first tested with conventional diesel and methane, exploring a wide range of pilot injection timings, injection pressures, and intake boost pressures. Subsequently, experiments were repeated using a methane/hydrogen blend to assess the influence of hydrogen addition. Results show that, when using only methane, delayed pilot injections have minimal effects on engine performance. In naturally aspirated operation, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are reduced, while in supercharged conditions, emissions increase; however, they remain within acceptable limits. Nitrogen oxides and particulate matter reach their lowest levels with delayed injection. Introducing hydrogen reduces engine performance and hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions; notably, it suppresses the typical nitrogen oxides
Carlucci, Antonio Paolo, Strafella, Luciano, Ficarella, Antonio
Effect of Ultra-High Fuel Injection Pressure on Combustion Characteristics, Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions of a Multi-Cylinder Engine2025-36-021212/18/2025
The concern about CO2 emissions from commercial vehicles powered with internal combustion engines has been motivating research and development projects to reduce the transportation sector carbon footprint. One of the promising alternatives is the use of biofuels associated with high-efficient internal combustion engines, taking advantage of the current infrastructure of car manufacturers and automotive suppliers, as well as of the potential growth in biofuel production. With the stringent emissions regulations, the use of downsized SI engines for passenger cars has driven the adoption of direct injection technology, enabling the use of different fuel injection strategies such as stratified mixtures and multiple injection events, as well as the increase of the compression ratio as a way to improve engine thermal efficiency. This path also led to a gradual increase in injection pressure, aiming to improve spray formation and reduce the formation of particulate matter. In this sense, the
Antolini, Jácson, Zabeu, Clayton Barcelos, Pires, Gustavo Cassares, Polizio, Yuri
Investigation of Particulate Matter Emissions from Brake Pads of Light-Duty Vehicles: A Comparative Analysis of Friction Material Compositions2025-36-020012/18/2025
Studies correlate air pollution with an increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases, affecting lung function and raising hospitalization rates. Among the pollutants associated with these diseases, inhalable coarse particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) stand out. The emission of particulate matter resulting from the wear of brake pads in light vehicles is the second largest source, accounting for approximately 33% of a vehicle’s total emissions. The particulate matter generated during the braking process can be analyzed through its collection in tests conducted on dynamometers, using enclosure and sampling systems. The development of the dynamometer used was based on the braking cycles described in the SAE J2522:2003 standard, whose main objective is to provide comparative data on different friction materials. Given the variations in particulate matter emissions depending on the composition of the brake pads, as reported in the literature, this study
Catão, Vítor Gustavo Gomes, Machado, Amanda Ribeiro, Fiorentin, Felipe Klein, Silva, João Pedro Anuto, Bernardino, Lucas Gabriel, Fiorentin, Thiago Antonio, Carboni, Andrea Piga
Analysis of Light Duty Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions Using Scanning Electron Microscopy2025-36-007412/18/2025
Particulate matter (PM), mainly its finer fraction, is among the main atmospheric pollutants present in an urban environment. The relationship between the increase in the concentration of this pollutant and the harm to human health is well established. The main sources of particulate matter in urban areas are mobile sources, which include the exhaust emission from light duty vehicles. This work measured the emission of PM in three light duty passenger vehicles, characterizing it in terms of emitted mass in one “flex” vehicle with port fuel (indirect) injection (PFI), using ethanol and gasohol (mixture of 22% anhydrous ethanol and 78% gasoline, by volume), in another “flex” vehicle with direct fuel injection (GDI), and in a diesel vehicle. In addition to mass measurement, images of the filters used in PM sampling were produced using scanning electron microscopy. The processing of these images made it possible to determine the average PM size, as well as establish a particle size
Borsari, Vanderlei, Neto, Edson Elpídio, de Abrantes, Rui
Procedures for the Sampling and Measurement of Particle Size Distributions from Aircraft Turbine EnginesAIR7382 (Current)11/12/2025
This document, expanding upon AIR6037A, provides technical specifications and operational protocols for instruments commonly used to measure aircraft engine nonvolatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) Particle Size Distributions (PSDs). For each instrument type, its functionality, calibration, uncertainties, and known limitations are discussed to support the development of procedures that help ARP6320B nvPM system operators reliably determine PSDs. Practical setup considerations, such as sample conditioning and instrument positioning, are highlighted, together with guidelines for maintenance, data correction, and quality control to minimize measurement uncertainty.
E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Smart Idle Control - Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Overheat Protection2025-28-023711/6/2025
The current and upcoming Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) emission norms are very stringent. It is difficult to meet emission standards with just combustion optimization techniques. As a result, post-treatment is required for Engine-out emissions. Otherwise, these hazardous gases impact the ecosystem of living beings. Many technologies are implemented at the exhaust for reducing the emissions. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is one such technique to achieve lower Particulate Matter (PM) and Particulate Number (PN) emission goals. In order to achieve such emission reduction, the DPF undergoes periodic cleaning called regeneration. During regeneration, the exhaust systems including DPF are maintained at elevated temperatures to achieve proper cleaning. When the vehicle is in regeneration, sudden braking or accelerator pedal release leads to engine Drop to Idle speeds (DTI), which sharply increases the temperature gradient inside the DPF which may result in physical damage like cracks
Anandakrishnan, Abhishek, A L, Prathima, Benni Matada, Ajay
Measurement of the Liquid Fuel Film on the Combustion Chamber Wall of a Gasoline Engine using a Novel Capacitive Sensor2025-32-001811/3/2025
The reduction of exhaust emissions and particulate matter from internal combustion engines remains a critical challenge, particularly under cold start and warm-up conditions, where a significant portion of total emissions is generated. In spark-ignition (SI) gasoline engines, the formation of liquid fuel films on intake ports wall, piston and cylinder wall surface significantly contributes to unburned hydrocarbon and particulate emissions. Also, the fuel film adhering to the wall can be a cause of the lubricating oil dilution. To address these issues, a novel capacitive sensor, fabricated using MEMS technology, was developed and applied to investigate the behavior of liquid fuel films formed inside the combustion chamber of a single-cylinder engine. The sensor detects changes in capacitance caused by fuel film adhesion to the sensor surface. The sensor was installed in a single-cylinder test engine along with a direct fuel injector allowing for the controlled formation of fuel films on
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Nakajima, Takeru, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Emission Performance of Motorcycles: Regulated and Non-Regulated Pollutants under Harmonized and Extended Testing Conditions2025-32-006911/3/2025
This study investigates emissions from motorcycles, focusing on both regulated gaseous pollutants (e.g., CO, NOx, HC) and particulate number (PN) emissions, which are non-regulated for this vehicle category in the actual EU emission regulation. Using a state-of-the-art testbench setup equipped with advanced exhaust gas analysis and particle measurement programme (PMP) system, emissions were analyzed under both standardized homologation cycles (WMTC) and more dynamic Real Driving Cycles (RDCs). Besides the measurement results the technological differences between different motorcycle categories are described. This is followed by a discussion of the influences of engine and exhaust gas aftertreatment systems on emission. The findings reveal, that there are two different subcategories of two-wheeler, which show different emission characteristics. L1e vehicles showed increased emissions compared to passenger cars, caused by the absence of advanced exhaust aftertreatment and on-board
Schurl, Sebastian, Schmidt, Stephan, Bretterklieber, Niko, Kupper, Martin, Kirchberger, Roland
Impact of Water Injection on Emission Formation in an HVO-Fuelled NRMM Engine2025-32-006711/3/2025
Water injection in diesel engines is a well-known method of lowering combustion temperatures and thus reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. In this study, the influence of water injection in hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) operation on NOx formation, particulate emissions and ignition delay is analyzed in comparison to diesel operation on a John Deere JD4045 tractor engine. Both the fuel (HVO) and the water injection system were designed as ‘drop-in’ solutions that enable rapid implementation to reduce emissions, even in existing vehicle fleets. The standard engine control unit of the JD4045 engine was therefore used for the tests. A single water nozzle was installed downstream the charge air cooler to integrate a water injection system. The three operating points of interest were: (1) low speed and high load without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (2) high EGR rates at low speed and medium load and (3) the engine's ‘sweet spot’ regarding the emission-tradeoff at high speed and
Fuhrmeister, Jonas, Mayer, Sebastian, Günthner, Michael
Predicting Transient Soot Emissions in Diesel Engines Using Physical and Machine Learning Models2025-32-001711/3/2025
In recent years, diesel engine emissions regulations have been strengthened worldwide, necessitating the evaluation of regulatory values under transient conditions. Consequently, the need to assess transient states in the development of diesel engines has increased significantly. The evaluation using MBD (Model Based Development) is considered a promising method for achieving both low fuel consumption and simultaneous reduction of NOx and soot emissions. However, the mechanism of soot formation is complex, making it challenging to model mathematically directly. In this paper, hybrid machine learning approaches combining a physical model and a machine learning model are used to validate the prediction of soot emissions under transient conditions in a diesel engine with an EGR system. Various parameters such as fuel consumption and emissions predicted by the physical model are compared with measurements to validate the accuracy of the physical model. The prediction of soot emissions by
Kitamura, Takahiro, Matsuoka, Ayano, Suematsu, Kosuke, Okano, Hiroaki
On Board Monitoring of Water Injection Inducement System and Particulate Filter for 3-Wheeler BS VI OBD II B Diesel Vehicle Norms2025-32-008611/3/2025
To mitigate greenhouse emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxides (CO2), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter reduction Government of India implemented Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) norms from year 2020. Moving to more stringent emission norms poses challenges for automakers in several ways such as meeting exhaust emissions, on board diagnostic, drivers’ inducement, and particulate filter monitoring on vehicle. It is imperative to upgrade engine management system for on-board diagnostics (OBD) that refers to a vehicles self-diagnostic and reporting ability. On board diagnostics systems enables owner of vehicle to gain access of the various vehicle sub-systems. OBD-II standards were made more rigid, requiring the malfunction indicator lamp (MIL) to be activated if emission-related components fail. Also, vehicle emissions carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter not to exceed OBD thresholds. Consequently, the use of specific oxide of nitrogen
Jagtap, Pranjal, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Bhoite, Vikram, Reddy, Kameswar
Experimental Study on Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Port Water Injection and Blends of Biodiesel for Performance & Emission2025-32-006211/3/2025
The increasing demand for alternative fuels due to environmental concerns has sparked interest in biodiesel as a viable substitute for conventional diesel. Most automotive engines use diesel fuel engines. They contribute a major portion of today’s air pollution, which causes serious health issues including chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, heart diseases, and many more. Greenhouse gases are produced using fossil fuel in the engines and causes global warming. To combat air pollution, we need clean renewable and environmentally friendly fuels. Due to depletion of fossil fuels, it has become necessary to find alternative fuel which are safer for the environment and humankind. One such possible solution is Biodiesel. In present study, series of experiments were carried out on 435cc naturally aspirate DI Diesel engine with port water injection and different blend of Jatropha based Biodiesel. Biodiesel was derived from Jatropha oil, produced using a heterogeneous catalyst
Bhoite, Vikram, Syed, Kaleemuddin, Chaudhari, Sandip, Khairnar, Girish, Jagtap, Pranjal, Reddy, Kameswar
Enhancing Cabin Air Quality: Challenges, Impact and Advanced Climate Control Solutions2025-28-043310/30/2025
Cabin air quality plays a crucial role in ensuring passenger comfort, health and driving experience. There have been growing concerns over poor cabin air quality resulting from multiple factors, including infiltration of external pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, emissions from vehicle interior materials, microbial contamination and inadequate ventilation. Therefore, maintaining optimal air quality inside vehicle cabin has become a critical aspect of vehicle climate control systems. Additionally, high humidity levels inside the cabin contribute to mold growth and fogging of windows, further compromising both air quality and visibility. This review explores such factors contributing to poor cabin air quality, where the severity of these issues ranges from mild discomfort and allergic reactions to long-term respiratory ailments. To mitigate these challenges, automotive manufacturers and researchers have implemented various air purification and filtration
Sharma, Shrutika
First Investigation of Ducted Fuel Injection on a Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Multi-Cylinder Production Engine04-19-01-000510/22/2025
Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was tested for the first time on a production multi-cylinder engine. Design-of-experiments (DoE) testing was carried out for DFI with a baseline ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel as well as three fuels with lower lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: renewable diesel, neat biodiesel (from soy), and a 50/50 blend by volume of biodiesel with renewable diesel denoted B50R50. For all fuels tested, DFI enabled simultaneous reductions of engine-out emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with late injection timings. DoE data were used to develop individual calibrations for steady-state testing with each fuel using the ISO 8178 eight-mode off-road test cycle. Over the ISO 8178 test, DFI with a five-duct configuration and B50R50 fuel reduced soot and NOx by 87% and 42%, respectively, relative to the production engine calibration. Soot reductions generally decreased with increasing engine load. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions tended to increase
Ogren, Ryan M., Baumgard, Kirby J., Radhakrishna, Vishnu, Kempin, Robert C., Mueller, Charles J.
Characterization of High-Power Cold-Start Emissions Part 2: Impact of Hybrid Topologies and Powertrain Sizing on Tailpipe Emissions Performance03-18-06-003910/22/2025
The current work is the second installment of a two-part study designed to understand the impact of high-power cold-start events for plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs) on tailpipe emissions. In part 1, tailpipe emissions and powertrain signals of a modern PHEV measured over three drive cycles identified that high-power cold-start events generated the highest amounts of gaseous and particulate emissions. The trends in emissions data and powertrain performance were specific to the P2-type hybrid topology used in the study. In this second part of the study, the effects of different PHEV hardware configurations are determined. Specifically, the tailpipe emissions of three production plug-in hybrid vehicles, operated over the US06 drive cycle, are characterized. The approach compared the tailpipe emissions of the test vehicles on the basis of the hybrid topologies and corresponding engine operational characteristics during a high-power cold-start event. Analysis of test results showed
Chakrapani, Varun, O’Donnell, Ryan, Fataouraie, Mohammad, Wooldridge, Margaret
The Aircraft nvPM Mission Emissions Estimation Methodology, Version 2 (MEEM2)2025-01-600010/13/2025
The nvPM Mission Emissions Estimation Methodology (MEEM) was previously developed to estimate nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions from ground certification data using the publicly available data from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Aircraft Engine Emissions Databank (EEDB). In order to potentially improve the accuracy of nvPM emissions estimation and to enhance its usefulness to modelers, the method was revised to make use of fuel flow correlations and similar altitude corrections as used in the Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2). The new fuel flow approach allows for improved trade-off-type assessments between nvPM and gaseous emissions—i.e., less relative uncertainties when assessing results from the two methods. Like the former MEEM, the new method, MEEM2, can be used with just publicly available data such as nvPM emissions indices (EI) from the EEDB as well as predicted fuel flows from publicly available aircraft performance models. MEEM2 has been
Ahrens, Denise, Kim, Brian, Méry, Yoann, Zelina, Joseph, Dudebout, Rudolph, Miake-Lye, Richard C.
Automated Calibration of Heavy-Duty Low NO x Aftertreatment System Controls using Deep Learning and Global Optimization Methods2025-01-040210/7/2025
Heavy duty diesel engines provide a robust power plant for transportation applications for both on highway and off road applications. Control of criteria pollutants such as particulate matter and NOx at tailpipe for these applications based on standards set by regulatory bodies such CARB and EPA is critical. SwRI has demonstrated capability to achieve 0.02 g/bhp-hr. tailpipe NOx standard through the application of a model based controls in EPA and CARB funded projects. This control mechanism enables precise urea dosing for both steady state and transient conditions by leveraging estimated ammonia storage state in a dual dosing system using a set of chemical kinetics-based SCR observer models. This controller is highly nonlinear, with a significant amount of controller tuning with up to 55 calibratable parameters. In order to improve the accuracy and reduce the time required for calibration of this controller, this work proposes the deployment of a Deep Learning-based SCR plant model in
Chundru, Venkata Rajesh, Rajakumar Deshpande, Shreshta, Sharp, Christopher, Gankov, Stanislav
Challenges in Quantifying Tire Wear Particle Emissions on an Outer Drum Test Bed2025-01-03529/15/2025
Tire wear is a significant source of microplastics and airborne particulate matter, contributing to environmental pollution and posing health risks. This study aims to develop a reliable method for quantifying tire wear and TWP on an outer drum test bed while achieving realistic wear rates. A degumming method using talcum powder was applied to prevent tire adhesion, which significantly increased wear rates but introduced complications in particle measurements. To address this, a flow-optimized enclosure was implemented to minimize background emissions. Particle emissions were quantified using APCs, PM samplers, and an ELPI+. The results underscore the challenge of distinguishing between TWP and talcum powder contributions. To estimate the percentage of airborne particle mass, a novel method was employed that calculates the RGB values of images of PM filters. This method estimates the blackening of the filter to determine the amount of TWP present. Size distribution analysis revealed
Schubert, Ludwig, Arias Torres, María Alejandra, Bigl, Stephan, Steiner, Gerald, Huber, Michael, Lex, Cornelia
A Novel Simulation Method for Vehicle Brake Wear Emissions2025-01-03619/15/2025
The effective reduction of particulate emissions from modern vehicles has shifted the focus toward emissions from tire wear, brake wear, road surface wear, and re-suspended particulate emissions. To meet future EU air quality standards and even stricter WHO targets for PM2.5, a reduction in non-exhaust particulate (NEP) emissions seems to be essential. For this reason, the EURO 7 emissions regulation contains limits for PM and PN emissions from brakes and tire abrasion. Graz University of Technology develops test methods, simulation tools and evaluates technologies for the reduction of brake wear particles and is involved in and leads several international research projects on this topic. The results are applied in emission models such as HBEFA (Handbook on Emission Factors). In this paper, we present our brake emission simulation approach, which calculates the power at the wheels and mechanical brakes, as well as corresponding rotational speeds for vehicles using longitudinal dynamics
Landl, Lukas, Ketan, Enis, Hausberger, Stefan, Dippold, Martin
Achieving Euro 7 Compliance: Cost-Effective Brake Wear Particle Emissions and Performance with FNC-Smart ONC® GCI Rotors2025-01-03329/15/2025
Advanced ferritic nitrocarburizing process combined with a specialized post-oxidation treatment described as FNC + Smart ONC® [1] is developed for brake rotor applications. The process can be applied to standard grey cast iron brake rotors, significantly reducing PM 10 emissions to levels below the Euro 7 limits for most vehicles equipped with at least some recuperative braking capabilities, all without compromising performance. Finished grey iron brake rotors, ferritic nitrocarburized and post oxidized were evaluated according to several industry standards. The standards include SAE J2707B (Block Wear Test including Highway) [2], GRPE-90-24 Rev.1 Emission Test (Full WLTP Brake Cycle 6 Times) [3], and SAE J2522 (AK-Master Performance) [4]. Nitrocarburized post oxidized brake rotors were compared to untreated grey iron rotors exposed to several friction materials. Ferritic nitrocarburizing and post oxidation addresses the issue of corrosion, which is particularly relevant for brake
Winter, Karl-Michael, Holly, Mike
Visualization Analysis of Hydrogen Combustion Triggered by Non-Controlled Hotspots Using a Rapid Compression Expansion Machine2025-24-00479/7/2025
Research on hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines has gained growing attention as a carbon-neutral solution to reducing emissions in the transport sector. However, challenges remain, with the risk of abnormal combustion being one of the major criticalities. This paper aims to clarify the ignition process of a hydrogen-air mixture caused by lubricant oil droplets and soot deposition. To achieve this, high-speed imaging methods were applied with a Rapid Compression Expansion Machine under engine-like conditions. Direct imaging and OH* chemiluminescence were captured simultaneously on the engine head to visualize the ignition point and flame propagation. Different operating conditions were tested to evaluate the influence of lambda, intake pressure, and soot quantity on ignition occurrence. For each test bench configuration, ten successive tests were conducted to assess the probability of ignition. The presence of soot was ensured through a preliminary run with diesel injection. The
Tempesti, Claretta, Yukitani, Takumi, Horibe, Naoto, Romani, Luca, Ferrara, Giovanni, Kawanabe, Hiroshi
Influence of the SCR Reactivity on Passive Soot Oxidation for Vanadium-Coated and Uncoated (S)DPF2025-24-00869/7/2025
In modern diesel exhaust aftertreatment systems (EATS), combining a catalytic coating for selective NOx reduction (SCR) with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) enables simultaneous particulate filtration and NOx reduction. In such systems, soot regeneration is primarily influenced by the NO2 supply in the exhaust gas, particularly at low exhaust temperatures (250-400 °C). Several investigations found that in SCR-coated filters with urea-water solution (UWS) dosing upstream, particle oxidation is partially inhibited by NH3. However, at higher temperatures (>400 °C), this effect seems to be reduced. In this study, numerical modelling approaches based on engine test bench results are utilised to examine the impact of SCR reactivity on passive soot oxidation for a highly porous vanadium-coated SDPF. To identify the interaction mechanism between the SCR reaction and soot oxidation, further investigations were conducted using a filter with a washcoat without SCR-active component. The
Prchal, Niklas, Wegmann, Andreas, Müller, Werner, Günthner, Michael
Experimental Simulation of a Real Mission for Identifying a Telematics-Based Diagnostic Model in Connected Light Commercial Vehicles2025-24-01249/7/2025
Remote monitoring of commercial vehicles is taking an increasingly central position in automotive companies, driven by the growth of the on-road freight transportation sector. Specifically, telematics devices are increasingly gaining importance in monitoring powertrain operability, performance, reliability, sustainability, and maintainability. These systems enable real-time data collection and analysis, offering valuable support in resolving issues that may occur on the road. Moreover, the fault codes, called Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), that arise during actual road driving constitute fundamental information when combined with several engine parameters updated every second. This integration provides a more accurate assessment of vehicle conditions, allowing proactive maintenance strategies. The principal goal is to deliver an even faster response for resolving sudden issues, thus minimizing vehicle downtime. High-resolution data transmission and failure event information
D'Agostino, Valerio, Cardone, Massimo, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Marialto, Renato
DLR Tire and Road Wear Particle Emission Testing Methodology–Collection System Influence and Repeatability Assessments2025-24-00929/7/2025
Tire and road wear particles (TRWP) have emerged as air quality hazardous matters and significant sources of airborne microplastic pollution, contributing to environmental and human health concerns. Regulatory initiatives, such as the Euro 7 standards, emphasize the urgent need for standardized methodologies to quantify TRWP emissions accurately. Despite advancements in measuring tire abrasion rates, critical gaps persist in the characterization of airborne TRWP, particularly regarding the influence of collection system design and influencing parameters on measurement accuracy and repeatability. This study addresses these challenges by designing a controlled methodological framework that aims to minimize the influencing effects and ensure comparability in TRWP emission quantification results. At the German Aerospace Center (DLR) dynamometer testbench in Stuttgart, Germany, a methodical framework was established to ensure the repeatability and comparability of TRWP measurements
Celenlioglu, Melis Seren, Epple, Fabius, Reijrink, Nina, Löber, Manuel, Reiland, Sven, Vecchi, Roberta, Philipps, Franz
S.I.S.T.E.R.: An Integrated Approach to Non-Exhaust Emissions2025-24-00919/7/2025
As electric mobility spreads and evolves, non-exhaust Particulate Matter (PM) sources are gaining more attention for total vehicular emissions. A holistic approach for studying the involved phenomena is necessary to identify the parameters that have the greatest impact on this portion of emissions. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop a new platform capable of both creating testing methodologies for future regulations and enabling the parallel development of advanced tyres and brakes that meet these standards, by correlating vehicle dynamics, driving style, tyre and brake characteristics, and the resulting emissions. Here the authors present the Sustainable Integrated System for Total non-Exhaust Reduction (S.I.S.T.E.R.) project, funded by the Italian Centro Nazionale per la Mobilità Sostenibile (MOST), that aims to develop an integrated approach to study tyre/brake-related emissions from the initial stages of compound development to outdoor vehicle tests, allowing actions to be
Genovese, Andrea, De Robbio, Roberta, Lenzi, Emanuele, Caiazza, Antonio, Lippiello, Felice, Costagliola, Maria Antonietta, Marchitto, Luca, Serra, Antonio, Arimondi, Marco, Bardini, Perla
AeroSolfd: Advancing Air Quality through Retrofitted Gasoline Particulate Filters – Insights from Laboratory and Real-World Evaluations2025-24-00889/7/2025
This article details the experimental and testing activities of the EU project AeroSolfd, with a particular focus on the project's efforts to reduce combustion-based nanoparticle emissions in exhaust gases for the European fleet of vehicles by developing a GPF retrofit solution. The technical activities undertaken the process of developing such a retrofit are examined in this article. The findings illustrate the viability of reducing nanoparticle levels in gasoline-powered vehicles with the utilization of appropriate GPFs. For this purpose, in addition to a fleet, four vehicles were examined in great detail and underwent the process of obtaining component approval for the particulate filter. The vehicles were measured in a preliminary state, then following the installation of the GPF, and subsequently after several months of continuous field operation. A total of four vehicles were selected for evaluation as a representative subgroup of a larger test fleet of vehicles in the project
Engelmann, Danilo, Mayer, Andreas, Comte, Pierre, Rubino, Lauretta, Larsen, Lars
Study of a CI Engine for Off-Road Application in Diesel-Hydrogen Dual Fuel Configuration2025-24-00559/7/2025
Hydrogen as fuel in internal combustion engines is a promising solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as its combustion produces only water vapor. One potential application is in dual fuel (DF) engines, where diesel is used to ignite the mixture, and hydrogen serves as the primary fuel. However, there is limited literature on the use of hydrogen in compression ignition (CI) engines for off-road applications running in dual fuel diesel/hydrogen, which motivates this study. The focus is on a 3-cylinder, 1-liter naturally aspirated (NA) engine with a compression ratio of 17.5:1 equipped with direct injection (DI) for diesel. Retrofitting the engine with 3 port fuel injectors, it was possible to feed the engine with hydrogen by the control system elaborated in the laboratory. The study aims to analyze dual fuel diesel/hydrogen combustion characteristics and the emissions across different engine speeds (from 1600 rpm to 3600 rpm) and loads (30%, 50% and 70%). The dual fuel
Gelé, Raphaël, Mancaruso, Ezio, Rossetti, Salvatore, Rousselle, Christine, Brequigny, Pierre
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