Development of Non-Road Spark Ignited H2-ICE with Port Fuel Injection for Fixed Speed Applications

The hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2-ICE) is an attractive powertrain solution for decarbonization of heavy equipment. This paper presents the development of a lean burn spark ignited (SI) H2-ICE with Port Fuel Injection (PFI). The targeted application is STAGE V fixed speed power generation realized without the need for NOx aftertreatment. A 13L EURO VI diesel engine is used as a base. The engine conversion process to hydrogen fuel is presented in detail discussing key aspects regarding both hardware and control software adaptations to fulfill the performance, emission, and safety requirements. In the development process, measurements have been performed on a single-cylinder and a multi-cylinder engine setup supported by detailed CFD computations to quantify operational limits and specify development directions. These results are translated into updated hardware and software of the fixed speed SI H2-ICE. The resulting H2-ICE is shown to comply with the requirements for power output, dynamic response, operational safety, and emissions. More precisely, STAGE V legislative requirements are met without the use of exhaust gas NOx aftertreatment.