Browse Topic: Hydrocarbons

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Effect of Plasma-Assisted Ignition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Two Stroke Engines with Different Fuels2025-32-0030To be published on 11/03/2025
The 2-stroke opposed piston engine(2OPE) is attracting attention for its potential to achieve higher theoretical thermal efficiency due to its unique combustion chamber design. 2OPE has twice stroke/bore ratio compared to that of conventional 2-stroke engines, which reduces cooling losses, thereby enhancing output power density. However, like other 2-stroke engines, the 2OPE faces challenges such as fuel short-circuiting and scavenging loss, which historically limited the development of 2-stroke engines. Due to the insufficient scavenging process, the residual gas remains higher than 4-stroke engine. Although the residual gas helps maintain higher in-cylinder temperature that accelerate the fuel evaporation, the reduced fresh air supply leads to incomplete combustion and increasing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emission (HC). Under that condition, the minimum ignition energy increases sharply and leading to slower combustion. Plasma-assisted ignition (PAI) is considered as a
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Kobayashi, Daichi, Umegaki, Tetsuo, Asai, Tomohiko, Iijima, Akira
Optimal Sets of Molecules to Predict Aviation Fuel Properties2025-01-0395To be published on 10/07/2025
The complexity and variability of modern aviation fuels necessitate the development of robust and efficient tools to assess their properties accurately, particularly within the certification framework established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Therefore, previous research has developed predictive models to reduce the experimental burden by predicting aviation fuel properties from broad chemical classes. While two-dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) provides detailed compositional information, it only identifies the weight of hydrocarbon families (aromatics, cycloalkanes, n-alkanes, iso-alkanes), not individual molecules. Aviation fuels are complex, and their composition can contain more than 60 key classes. As a result, an exceptionally high number of possible molecule combinations makes random selection prone to high errors in property prediction. We will use a Monte Carlo approach to search for the optimal combination of 64 hydrocarbon molecules from
Radaideh, Mohammed I., Kim, Doohyun, Radaideh, Majdi, Violi, Angela
Experimental and Numerical Insights on Emissions Control with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst in Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Conditions03-18-05-003409/01/2025
Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), a low-temperature combustion strategy, reduces oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot simultaneously; however, high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THC) and low exhaust gas temperatures pose a significant challenge for the catalytic control of tailpipe CO and THC. Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is generally used in compression ignition (CI) engines for CO, THC, and nitric oxide (NO) oxidation. This work provides a new understanding of the performance characteristics of a DOC in the RCCI combustion strategy with various gasoline–diesel fuel premix ratios ranging from ~46% to ~70% at steady-state operating conditions. Experimental insights from the RCCI strategy prompt considerations of both CO and THC oxidations and THC trap functionalities in the 1D transient model of the DOC. It is observed that an increase in the fuel premix ratio from 50% to 70% in RCCI shifts the CO and THC oxidation characteristics
Suman, Abhishek, Sarangi, Asish Kumar, Herreros, Jose Martin
Drop-In Performance of Propyl- and Butyl-Terminated Oxymethylene Ethers in a Compression Ignition Engine04-19-01-000307/16/2025
Oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) have been proposed for use in diesel engines as a high-reactivity fuel with reduced soot emission. Historically, the focus on methyl-terminated OMEs has limited drop-in applicability. In this work, a set of extended-alkyl OMEs with methyl, propyl, and butyl terminations are tested in an unmodified 4.5L Deere diesel engine, neat and in various blends with ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD). Engine operability and emissions data are collected for the various fuel blends. External laboratory testing against the ASTM D975 standard demonstrates that a blend of 30% butyl-terminated OMEs with ULSD meets all ASTM standard requirements except lubricity. It is shown that the OMEs and OME–diesel blends demonstrate shorter combustion durations, as defined by the 10%–90% heat release timing, than the ULSD control. Engine brake efficiency is unaffected by OME usage, while specific fuel consumption increases in proportion to the reduced heating values of OMEs. Particulate
Lucas, Stephen P., Zdanowicz, Andrew, Wolff, Wyatt W., Windom, Bret
Effect of Water Dilution and Homogenous Lean Operation on Combustion and Detailed Emissions in a Spark Ignited Gasoline Direct Injection Engine04-19-01-000407/10/2025
Twenty-nine percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in the US are produced by the transportation sector according to the US Environmental Protection Agency. The combination of increasingly stringent regulations on emissions and fuel economy, along with the current practical limitations of electrification motivate continued development efforts for improving internal combustion engine efficiency and emissions. Ethanol, an extensive fuel additive or drop-in replacement for gasoline, is already recognized as a promising transition fuel in decarbonization efforts. Furthermore, lean combustion in spark-ignited (SI) engines has been pursued extensively for engine efficiency and emissions improvements. Lean combustion, however, faces the challenges of decreased combustion stability and strong increases to engine-out NOx at conditions where conventional SI engines are stable (ϕ > 0.7). Water dilution, historically used as a knock inhibitor in performance engines, has shown potential for
Voris, Alex, Lundberg, Matt, Puzinauskas, Paulius
Investigating Lubricants Base Oils Reactivity in Ammonia Engines via Accelerated Aging2025-01-024006/16/2025
As a carbon-free molecule, ammonia is more and more considered as a relevant fuel for long distance and off-road applications. However, this gas has different combustion characteristics compared to conventional fuels, challenging the suitability of lubricants to such engines. In this work, the evolution of lubricants under conditions mimicking ammonia combustion was assessed. Mineral and polyester lubricant base oils were exposed to oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia in a pressurized reactor under stirring. Oil aliquots were sampled at regular intervals, and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), viscosity and total oxygen and nitrogen contents measurements. Exposure to air containing nitrogen oxides resulted in quicker accumulation of oxidation products compared to neat air, for both the mineral and complex polyester base oil. Besides, exposure to gaseous ammonia in air resulted in a slower oxidation rate for both oils, compared to neat air. A global
Doncoeur, Carole, Giarracca, Lucia, Cologon, Perrine, Rousselle, Christine
Effects of Double Injection Strategy in a Diesel-Ammonia Dual-Fuel Engine2025-01-020606/16/2025
This study investigates the application of a double injection strategy in a single-cylinder marine diesel-ammonia dual-fuel engine retrofitted for experimental analysis. A diesel micro-pilot (MP) injection was used to ignite ammonia combustion, and diesel and ammonia were injected separately into the cylinder through dedicated injectors. The first MP injection timing was fixed at reference injection timing, and both early and late double MP injection strategies were implemented to evaluate their effects on ammonia combustion, engine performance, and exhaust emissions. Under all conditions, the ammonia injection timing remained constant. Early double injection strategies, with the second MP injection occurring before the first, enhanced premixed diesel combustion by raising in-cylinder temperature and pressure. However, this early heat release was ineffective for ammonia evaporation and combustion due to poor timing alignment. In contrast, late double injection strategies, with the
Park, Chansoo, Jang, Ilpum, Park, Cheolwoong, Kim, Minki, Park, Gyeongtae
Effect of Ignition Condition and Fuel Octane Number on Knock Intensity in a Small 2-Stroke Engine2025-01-021106/16/2025
Internal combustion engines (ICEs) remain widely used in automotive transportation for their high energy storage system efficiency and economic benefits. The 4-stroke engine has dominated all other forms to date, because the Otto cycle is relatively simple to understand. However, the significant benefits such as less pumping work and friction, lighter construction of 2-stroke engine, are attractive for applications that prioritize the simplicity and power density as well as meet the emission regulations. The disadvantages of the 2-stroke engine are mainly caused by the lack of sufficient scavenging process. Also, the overlap of the intake and exhaust phases results in charge short-circuiting, more fuel consumption and high unburned hydrocarbon emissions. For these reasons, it is difficult for 2-stroke engines to achieve stoichiometric combustion, making them incompatible with three-way catalyst to control emissions. The residual exhaust gas in the cylinder makes the spark ignition
Liu, Jinru, Yamazaki, Yoshiaki, Otaki, Yusuke, Kato, Hayato, Yokota, Takumi, Iijima, Akira
Thermal Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction of Methanol Spark Ignition Engine Using Lean-Burn Strategy2025-01-022406/16/2025
Methanol is a promising fuel for achieving carbon neutrality in the transportation sector, particularly for internal combustion engine vehicles. With its high-Octane number, methanol enables higher thermal efficiency compared to gasoline engines. Additionally, its wide flammability range allows stable engine operation under lean burn conditions at low to mid-load levels. These characteristics make methanol well-suited for lean-burn strategies, which reduce pumping losses and enhance thermal efficiency. However, there remains a lack of studies on the influence of injection timing under different lean conditions, particularly in a wall-guided spark ignition engine. Wall-guided systems use the chamber wall or piston surface to redirect and stratify the fuel-air mixture near the spark plug at the time of ignition. The combustion performance of lean-burn engines in highly sensitive to variations in injection and excess air ratio. In this study, experiments were conducted on a single
Lee, Seungwon, Kim, Hyunsoo, Hwang, Joonsik, Bae, Choongsik
Understanding How Blending Different Ratios of Renewable Fuels with Diesel Impacts the Toxicity of Exhaust Particulates to Human Health2025-01-020706/16/2025
The urgent need to decarbonise transport has increased the utilisation of renewable fuels blended with current hydrocarbons. Heavy duty vehicle electrification solutions are yet to be realised and therefore the reliance on diesel engines may still be present for decades to come. Currently, the diesel supplied to fuel stations across the UK is a 7% blended biodiesel, whilst in South Korea a 5% blend is utilised. Biodiesel is produced from renewable sources, for example, crops, waste residue, oils and biomass. Particulates from diesel combustion are known to be toxic due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), however there is very limited understanding of blending oxygenated fuels on the toxicity of the particulates produced. PAHs are aromatic structures that can be metabolised into chemicals which can disrupt DNA replication and potentially influence cancer mechanisms if inhaled in high quantities. Soyabean methyl-ester (SME) was blended at lower ratios, e.g., 5
Hailwood, Emma, Hellier, Paul, Ladommatos, Nicos, Leonard, Martin
Research on Basic Characteristics of a Two-Stroke Opposed Piston Engine2024-32-011204/18/2025
This study investigated the performance characteristics of a two-stroke opposed piston engine that is capable of constantly operating with high power output and high efficiency. An investigation was also made of the performance obtained by applying a pseudo uniflow condition as a measure against large hydrocarbon (HC) emissions owing to blow-by of unburned mixture, which is an issue of two-stroke engines. The test engine had a displacement of 127 cm3 and a bore and stroke of 48 x 70 mm. One-point and dual-point ignition systems were used, and regular gasoline was supplied as the test fuel using a carburetor-based fueling system. Experiments were conducted at engine speeds of 1500 and 3000 rpm at ignition timings of 45 deg. and 35 deg. before top dead center. The results showed that large quantities of HC emissions were emitted because stable combustion was not achieved. This revealed that a stronger uniflow condition must be applied as a countermeasure rather than a simple pseudo
Fukushima, Shumpei, Uehara, Ryota, Hayashi, Yoshiaki, Igarashi, Ryo, Tokita, Kazuho, Iijima, Akira
A Computational Investigation of Hydrogen Pre-Chamber and Spark-Ignition Combustion Engines at Different Load Conditions2025-01-840604/01/2025
Pre-chamber (PC) technology has demonstrated its capability to achieve clean and stable combustion in internal combustion engines (ICEs) under lean conditions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of PC in direct injection (DI) hydrogen (H2)-ICEs compared to conventional spark ignition (SI) operation using high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations across a range of load conditions. Various loads were attained by systematically adjusting intake pressure and injected H2 mass. The primary hypothesis posits that highly turbulent PC jets facilitate rapid mixing and combustion of ultra-lean mixtures. The comparative analysis revealed that DI fueling in both PC and SI modes did not achieve perfectly homogeneous mixtures, particularly under high load conditions, although PC slightly enhanced mixture uniformity. Combustion behavior exhibited a non-monotonic trend, with SI outperforming PC at low and high loads, while PC demonstrated superior performance at medium loads despite
Menaca, Rafael, Liu, Xinlei, Mohan, Balaji, Cenker, Emre, AlRamadan, Abdullah, Im, Hong
Influence of Methanol-to-Gasoline Fuel Formulation on Knock Propensity and Flame Speed2025-01-840004/01/2025
Drop-in gasoline fuels that originate from renewable, low-net-carbon sources, such as methanol-to-gasoline (MTG), are an important bridge in the transition between traditional fossil fuels and electrification of the transportation sector. The composition of these fuels can be tuned by adjusting the settings of the chemical processes used to create them, which can be leveraged to formulate optimized fuels for higher knock resistance or higher flame speed. This study investigated how the distribution of hydrocarbon classes and molecular structure of a renewable MTG gasoline surrogate affected knock and flame speed using chemical kinetic modeling. The original MTG surrogate was modified by increasing the relative amount of a certain hydrocarbon class while the concentration of other hydrocarbon classes is reduced equally. Increasing normal- and iso-alkanes increased reactivity and penalized octane sensitivity, olefins increased octane sensitivity while keeping the research octane number
MacDonald, James, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Matsubara, Naoyoshi, Kitano, Koji, Yamada, Ryota
Comparison of Gasoline Particulate Indices Using U.S. Market Gasoline Samples2025-01-844904/01/2025
Simulated distillation (SimDis) uses wide bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) to provide a detailed volatility profile of blended gasoline. The boiling point distribution from SimDis analysis is correlated to the hydrocarbon contents of spark ignition fuels and provide the resolution necessary to characterize the compositions of the fuel. Recent publications on simulated distillation applied to spark ignition fuel reveal the merits of indexing a gasoline fuel so that it can be correlated to the tendency of particulate emissions from vehicles. With this in mind, SimDis can be a useful and quick tool in assessing the PM-formation potential of market gasolines. Heavy aromatic compounds are compounds identified as having at least 10 Carbons and 1 aromatic ring. These compounds that are present in spark ignition fuels are major contributors to vehicle particulate emissions. These compounds can be found in the higher boiling portion (T70+) of the distillation profiles. As demonstrated in
Goralski, Sarah, Geng, Pat, Dozier, Jon, Butler, Aron
Products of TomorrowTBMG-5282404/01/2025
Effects of Post-Injection Strategy on the Performance of Diesel Catalyst-Heating Operation2025-01-841404/01/2025
Minimizing the time needed to achieve light-off temperatures in diesel engine aftertreatment devices is key to mitigate pollutant emissions during the first minutes of operation. Catalyst heating operation typically includes one or multiple post-injections late during the expansion stroke aimed to increase the enthalpy of the exhaust gases. However, post-injection retardability is constrained by low combustion efficiency and the formation of CO and unburned hydrocarbons that cannot be oxidized by a still-inactive oxidation catalyst. In this study, the effects of post-injection strategy on the performance and emissions of a medium duty diesel engine have been investigated experimentally, focusing on the impacts on post-injection retardability. A five injection strategy (two pilot, one main, two post) was implemented in the engine, and the injection duration ratio between the two post-injections has been varied systematically while performing post-injection timing sweeps to identify the
Lopez Pintor, Dario, Lee, Sanguk, Cho, Seokwon, Busch, Stephen, Wu, Angela, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Abboud, Rami
Combustion and Emission Analysis of Pelletized vs. Raw Biomass Fuels2025-28-003502/07/2025
Biomass fuels, such as sawdust and groundnut shells, are increasingly recognized as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, their high moisture content and loose structure result in low thermal efficiency. To improve performance, pellet forms of these fuels are often used. Naturally available raw and pellet forms of Sawdust, groundnut shell fuels have been utilized in this study. This study evaluates and compares the thermal efficiency of a gasifier cook stove and emissions from the combustion of raw and pellet forms of biomass fuels. It was found that the burning rate and firepower increase significantly with the use of pellet from of fuels. Sawdust pellets exhibited a highest thermal efficiency of 22.41%. The hydrocarbon (HC) levels for groundnut shell pellets were observed to range between 1 and 5 parts per million (ppm), while for sawdust pellets, it was observed to range from 1 to 6 ppm, indicating the preferable usage of pellets as fuel over raw form of biomass fuel.
Prasad, Malladi Jogendra, Vangipurapu, Bapi Raju
Effects of Injection Parameters On the Evaporation, Mixing, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Methanol Engine2025-01-711901/31/2025
The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing, combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side
Zhang, Zhi, Liu, Haifeng, Li, Yongzhi, Chang, Weide, Shu, Zanqiao, Ju, Chengyuan, Ratlamwala, Tahir Abdul Hussain, Yao, Mingfa
Exploring the Future of Sustainable Fuels: Experimental and Predictive Insights on Engine Performance and Emissions Using Algae Biodiesel Blends2024-01-525001/28/2025
This study investigates the potential of biodiesel derived from Azolla algae as an alternative fuel for conventional diesel. The performance and emissions characteristics of various biodiesel blends were evaluated experimentally. The physicochemical properties of pure diesel (D100), and blends with Azolla biodiesel at 5% (BD5), 10% (BD10), 15% (BD15), 20% (BD20), and 100% (B100) were analyzed. It is observed that the amount of fuel consumed is higher at higher loads when fuel is blended with biodiesels. Hydrocarbon emissions were reduced with biodiesel blends at full load and the reduction is higher with increase in blend concentration. A significant difference of 85 ppm NOx was observed between BD20 and D100 at full load. CO emissions decreased with higher biodiesel concentrations, with BD20 resulted less CO emissions than D100, making BD20 a more environmentally viable fuel. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed for predictive modeling, achieving approximately 95% accuracy
Senthilkumar, D., Murugesan, Sivanesan, Bhadrinath, P., Shamitha, G., Adityasree, R.
Ionization Based Sensor for Early Detection of Thermal Runaway Events in Lithium-Ion Batteries2024-01-432611/05/2024
Lithium-ion and lithium-metal battery cells are susceptible to a phenomenon known as thermal runaway under failure conditions. Given their widespread use in applications such as electric vehicles, portable electronics, and energy storage systems, early detection of thermal runaway is crucial for ensuring the safety of these battery systems. Thermal runaway entails a rapid escalation in battery cell temperature accompanied by the emission of flammable lithium ions, particulates, electrons, hydrocarbons, and hydrogen gases. These gases pose a significant ignition risk, potentially leading to fires and endangering occupants and bystanders. Therefore, the timely detection of thermal runaway is paramount for ensuring safety in proximity to such battery systems. Traditionally, thermal runaway sensors comprise intricate assemblies of pressure, temperature, and gas sensors, strategically positioned at the pressure relief valve of battery modules. Calibration of all sensors is essential to
Mansour, Youssef
Effects of Fuel Distillation Characteristics on the Performance of Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-Duty Off-Road Diesel Engine2024-01-427811/05/2024
Catalyst heating operation in compression-ignition engines is critical to ensure rapid light-off of exhaust catalysts during cold-start. This is typically achieved by using late post injections for increased exhaust enthalpy, which retardability is constrained by acceptable CO and unburned hydrocarbons emissions, since they are directly emitted through the tailpipe due to the inactivity of the oxidation catalyst at these conditions. Post-injection retardability has shown to be affected by the cetane number of the fuel, but it is unclear how other fuel properties affect the ability to retard the combustion. This study aims to understand the impact of the distillation characteristics of the fuel on the performance of catalyst heating operation and on post-injection retardability. In this study, experiments are performed in a single-cylinder medium-duty diesel engine fueled with three full boiling-range diesel fuels with different distillation curves using a five-injection strategy (two
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Cho, Seokwon, Busch, Stephen
Effect of Fuel Chemical Structure on Soot Formation in Sustainable Aviation Fuels2024-01-431011/05/2024
Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) offer great promises towards decarbonizing the aviation sector. Due to the high safety standards and global scale of the aviation industry, SAFs pose challenges to aircraft engines and combustion processes, which must be thoroughly understood. Soot emissions from aircrafts play a crucial role, acting as ice nuclei and contributing to the formation of contrail cirrus clouds, which, in turn, may account for a substantial portion of the net radiative climate forcing. This study focuses on utilizing detailed kinetic simulations and soot modeling to investigate soot particle generation in aero-engines operating on SAFs. Differences in soot yield were investigated for different fuel components, including n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. A 0-D simulation framework was developed and utilized in conjunction with advanced soot models to predict and assess soot processes under conditions relevant to aero-engine combustion. The simulations
Yi, Junghwa, Manin, Julien, Wan, Kevin, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Nguyen, Tuan, Dempsey, Adam
Quantifying Environmental and Health Impacts of Conventional Diesel and Methane Diesel RCCI Engine Emissions: A Numerical Analysis2024-01-430711/05/2024
A reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine offers ultralow soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission in addition to higher thermal efficiency than diesel or compression ignition (CI) engines. However, the higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from RCCI engines pose a significant challenge that hinders their adoption in the future automotive sector. Additionally, HC includes several hydrocarbons that harm human health and the environment. This study aims to minimize HC and CO formation and emissions by implementing different injection strategies, including adjustments to spray angle configuration, injection timing, and fuel premixing ratio. Additionally, the study examines how different injection strategies affect the spatial and temporal distribution of HC and CO inside the combustion chamber. To achieve this objective, a numerical investigation is conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine modified to operate in RCCI mode, utilizing a
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Chandel, Amit Singh, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar, Padhee, Srikant Sekhar
HYPERFIRE: A Sub-Scale Non-Reacting Flow Test SystemTBMG-5175010/01/2024
Engineers at NASAs Stennis Space Center have developed the HYdrocarbon Propellants Enabling Reproduction of Flows in Rocket Engines (HYPERFIRE), a sub-scale, non-reacting flow test system. HYPERFIRE uses heated ethane to enable physical simulation of rocket engines powered by a broad range of propellants in an inexpensive, accurate, and simple fashion.
Aerospace - General Requirements for Hydraulic Fuse - Quantity MeasuringAS5466 (Current)06/24/2024
This specification establishes the design, performance, and test requirements for hydraulic quantity measuring fuses intended to be used for hydraulic circuit protection.
A-6C5 Components Committee
Engine Behavior Analysis on a Conventional Diesel Engine Powered with Blends of Lemon Grass Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Blends03-17-08-005806/14/2024
Fossil fuel usage causes environmental pollution, and fuel depletion, further affecting a country’s economy. Biofuels and diesel-blended fuels are practical alternatives to sustain fossil fuels. This experimental study analyses lemongrass oil’s performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics after blending with diesel. Lemongrass oil is mixed with diesel at 10 (B10), 15 (B15), and 25% (B25) and evaluated using a 5.20 kW direct injection diesel engine. B10 brake thermal efficiency is 36.47%, which is higher than other blends. The B10 displays an 8.73% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. An increase in exhaust gas temperature for B10 than diesel is 4.5%. It indicates that higher lemongrass oil blends decrease exhaust gas temperature. The decrease in average carbon monoxide emissions in B10 to diesel is 22.19%. The decrease in hydrocarbon emissions for B10 to diesel is 7.14%. Biodiesel with lemongrass oil increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) because of
Swami Punniakodi, Banumathi Munuswamy, Arumugam, Chelliah, Suyambazhahan, Sivalingam, Senthil, Ramalingam, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh, Papla Venugopal, Inbanaathan, Nguyen, Van Nhanh, Cao, Dao Nam
Effects of Renewable Fuels on the Performance and Emissions of a Small Displacement Diesel Engine for Urban Mobility2024-37-001906/12/2024
In the frame of growing concerns over climate change and health, renewable fuels can make an important contribution to decarbonizing the transport sector. The current work presents the results of an investigation into the impact of renewable fuels on the combustion and emissions of a turbocharged compression-ignition internal combustion engine. An experimental study was undertaken and the engine settings were not modified to account for the fuel's chemical and physical properties, to analyze the performance of the fuel as a potential drop-in alternative fuel. Three fuels were tested: mineral diesel, a blend of it with waste cooking oil biodiesel and a hydrogenated diesel. The analysis of the emissions at engine exhaust highlights that hydrogenated fuel is cleaner, reducing CO, total hydrocarbon emissions, particulate matter and NOx.
Chiavola, Ornella, Matijošius, Jonas, Palmieri, Fulvio, Recco, Erasmo
Catalytic Converter—An Integrated Approach to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission2024-01-504704/22/2024
Vehicle emissions, which are rising alarmingly quickly, are a significant contributor to the air pollution that results. Incomplete combustion, which results in the release of chemicals including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter, is the main cause of pollutants from vehicle emissions. However, CO2 contributes more than the aforementioned pollutants combined. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that vehicles emit. For every liter of gasoline burned by vehicles, around 2,347 grams of carbon dioxide are released. Therefore, it’s important to reduce vehicle emissions of carbon dioxide. The ability of materials like zeolite and silicon dioxide to absorb CO2 is outstanding. These substances transform CO2 into their own non-polluting carbonate molecules. Zeolite, silicon dioxide, and calcium oxide are combined to form the scrubbing material in a ratio based on their increasing adsorption propensities, along with enough bentonite sand to bind the mixture.
Saravanakumar, L., Arunprasad, S.
NH 3 and H 2 Impact on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of i-C 8 H 18 Flame under Premixed and Diffusion Conditions2024-01-237004/09/2024
Soot and carbon dioxide released from internal combustion engines became the key issues when using fossil fuels. Ammonia and hydrogen having zero-carbon species can reduce carbon-related emissions and enhance the reliance on renewable fuels. A comparative study of ammonia and hydrogen impact on combustion and emission characteristics of iso-octane flame was performed under different combustion conditions. Arrhenius equation, soot surface reactions, and modified kinetic mechanism were used to study the flame growth, soot nucleation, and surface growth rates. The results show that hydrogen increased the temperature about 20.74 K and 59.30 K, whereas ammonia reduced it about 82.17 K and 66.03 K at premixed and counterflow conditions, respectively. The flame speed of iso-octane was increased 43.83 cm/s by hydrogen and decreased 34.36 cm/s by ammonia. A reduction in CH2O caused a reduction in CO and CO2 emissions. Ammonia impact on CO reduction was stronger than hydrogen under premixed and
Akram, M. Zuhaib, Rashid, Haroon, Deng, Yangbo, Aziz, Muhammad, Zhu, Qiao, Akram, M. Waqar
Improved Coated Gasoline Particulate Filters for China 7 and US Tier 4 Legislations2024-01-238704/09/2024
The impending emission regulations in both China (CN7) and the United States (Tier 4) are set to impose more stringent emission limits on hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). CN7 places particular emphasis on reducing particulate number (PN) thresholds, while the forthcoming United States Tier 4 legislation is primarily concerned with reducing the allowable particulate matter (PM) to an assumed limit of 0.5 mg/mile. Given the more stringent constraints on both PN and PM emissions, the development of enhanced aftertreatment solutions becomes imperative to comply with these new regulatory demands. Coated Gasoline Particulate Filters (cGPFs) play a pivotal role as essential components for effective PN and PM abatement. These filters are typically deployed in one of two configurations: close-coupled to the turbocharger positioned downstream of a primary three-way catalyst (TWC) or located further downstream of the exhaust system in an
Schoenhaber, Jan, Kawashima, Shota, Gotthardt, Meike, Schühle, Johannes
Modeling of Vent Gas Composition during Battery Thermal Runaway2024-01-219904/09/2024
The growing global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) emphasizes the pressing need for a comprehensive understanding of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries. Prevention of the onset of thermal runaway and its subsequent propagation throughout the entire battery pack is one of the pressing challenges of lithium-ion batteries. In addition to generating excess heat, thermal runaway of batteries also releases hazardous flammable gases, posing risks of external combustion and fires. Most existing thermal runaway models in literature primarily focus on predicting heat release or the total amount of vent gas. In this study, we present a model capable of predicting both heat release and the transient composition of emitted gases, including CO, H2, CO2, and hydrocarbons, during thermal runaway events. We calibrated the model using experimental data obtained from an 18650 cell from the literature, ensuring the accuracy of reaction parameters. We employ this developed model to investigate
Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Gundlapally, Santhosh
Methane Conversion in Stoichiometric Natural Gas Engine Exhaust2024-01-263204/09/2024
Stoichiometric natural gas (CNG) engines are an attractive solution for heavy-duty vehicles considering their inherent advantage in emitting lower CO2 emissions compared to their Diesel counterparts. Additionally, their aftertreatment system can be simpler and less costly as NOx reduction is handled simultaneously with CO/HC oxidation by a Three-Way Catalyst (TWC). The conversion of methane over a TWC shows a complex behavior, significantly different than non-methane hydrocarbons in stoichiometric gasoline engines. Its performance is maximized in a narrow A/F window and is strongly affected by the lean/rich cycling frequency. Experimental and simulation results indicate that lean-mode efficiency is governed by the palladium’s oxidation state while rich conversion is governed by the gradual formation of carbonaceous compounds which temporarily deactivate the active materials. Lean/rich cycling around stoichiometry enables a higher CH4 oxidation as the oxygen storage seems to balance the
Karamitros, Dimitrios, Ibraimova, Adjer, Konstantinidis, Konstantinos, Koltsakis, Grigorios, Choi, Sungmu, Cho, Jiho
Highway Exhaust Emissions of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Truck2024-01-212004/09/2024
Diesel-fueled heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) can be retrofitted with conversion kits to operate as dual-fuel vehicles in which partial diesel usage is offset by a gaseous fuel such as compressed natural gas (CNG). The main purpose of installing such a conversion kit is to reduce the operating cost of HDVs. Additionally, replacing diesel partially with a low-carbon fuel such as CNG can potentially lead to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the tail-pipe. The main issue of CNG-diesel dual-fuel vehicles is the methane (CH4, the primary component of CNG) slip. CH4 is difficult to oxidize in the exhaust after-treatment (EAT) system and its slip may offset the advantage of lower CO2 emissions of natural gas combustion as CH4 is a strong greenhouse gas (GHG). The objective of this study is to compare the emissions of an HDV with a CNG conversion kit operating in diesel and dual-fuel mode during highway operation. Road tests were conducted on a three-axle Class-8 highway semi-trailer tractor
Dev, Shouvik, Qi, Aidu, Anderson, Andrew, Dahlseide, Austin, Smith, Brett, Lussier, Simon-Alexandre, Guo, Hongsheng, Rosenblatt, Deborah
Diesel Fuel-Fired Heater Emissions from a Battery Electric Transit Bus in Real-World Conditions2024-01-501102/01/2024
Battery electric transit buses sold in Canada generally include a fuel-fired diesel auxiliary heater for cabin heating in cold weather. This report details a test project, performed in collaboration with OC Transpo, to capture and quantify the emissions from such a fuel-fired heater (FFH) installed on a New Flyer XE40 battery electric transit bus from OC Transpo’s fleet in Ottawa, Canada. The FFH was tested while the bus was both stationary and being driven on-road in cold conditions. The results include the emissions rates of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and methane, and soot. Additionally, total particulate matter results were obtained during stationary testing. The results of stationary testing were compared to the California Air Resources Board and European Union standards for FFH emissions, even though these standards do not apply directly to buses operated outside of these jurisdictions. During stationary testing, average emissions of carbon
Humphries, Kieran, Rashid, Hussein, Araji, Fadi
Oil Aerosol Emission Optimization Using Deflectors in Turbo Charger Oil Drain Circuit2024-26-004701/16/2024
Closed crankcase ventilation prevent harmful gases from entering atmosphere thereby reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Ventilation system usually carries blowby gases along with oil mist generated from Engine to Air intake system. Major sources of blowby occurs from leak in combustion chamber through piston rings, leakage from turbocharger shafts & leakage from valve guides. Oil mist carried by these blowby gases gets separated using separation media before passing to Air Intake. Fleece separation media has high separation efficiency with lower pressure loss for oil aerosol particles having size above 10 microns. However, efficiency of fleece media drops drastically if size of aerosol particles are below 10 microns. Aerosol mist of lower particle size (>10 microns) generally forms due to flash boiling on piston under crown area and from shafts of turbo charger due to high speeds combined with elevated temperatures. High power density diesel engine is taken for our study. It produces
M, Velshankar, Dharan R, Bharani, Dhadse, Ashish, Permude, Ashok, Loganathan, Sekar
Environmental and Cancer Risk Potential Assessment of Unregulated Emissions from Methanol-Diesel Dual Fuel RCCI Engine2024-26-015201/16/2024
The influence of engine load and fuel premixing ratio (PMR) on unregulated emission from a methanol-diesel dual-fuel RCCI (MD-RCCI) engine is examined in this study. The study focuses on assessing the adverse effects of unregulated emissions (saturated HC, unsaturated HC, carbonyl compounds, aromatic hydrocarbon, NH3, and SO2) on the health of human beings and the environment. To quantify the effect on the environment, the greenhouse gas potential (GWPs), Eutrophication potential (EP), Acidification potential (AP), and Ozone forming potential (OFP) are calculated and presented. The cancer risk potential (CRP) of the carbonyl compounds (HCHO and CH3CHO) is calculated and presented to see the effect on human health. The results demonstrate that at lower engine load, with an increase in PMR, the OFP and CRP for MD-RCCI operation increase significantly, whereas AP, EP, and GWPs decrease. Additionally, with a rise in the load at a constant PMR, the AP, EP and OFP decrease significantly. The
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Saxena, Mohit Raj, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Problem(s) with Replacing Fossil Fuels1343001/10/2024
Don't miss 2023's most-watched episode of SAE Tomorrow Today! From geopolitical pressures to the shunning of fossil fuels, there is no question the current state of energy in the US and globally is a mess. One possible answer? An "all of the above" approach. For candid insight into this topic, we sat down with Mark P. Mills, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute and a faculty fellow at Northwestern University's McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. Mark served in the White House Science Office under President Reagan and subsequently provided science and technology policy counsel to a variety of private-sector firms, the Department of Energy, and U.S. research laboratories. He began his career as an experimental physicist and development engineer in microprocessors and fiber optics. As part of this wide-ranging discussion, Mark shares his views on the need for hydrocarbon, the instability of the grid, energy's relationship to inflation, the US dependence on China, and
Hineman, Marcie
Add-On Device Makes Home Furnaces Cleaner and SaferTBMG-4981901/01/2024
Natural gas furnaces not only heat your home, they also produce a lot of pollution. Even modern high-efficiency condensing furnaces produce significant amounts of corrosive acidic condensation and unhealthy levels of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and methane. These emissions are typically vented into the atmosphere and end up polluting our soil, water, and air.
Performance Investigation of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Characteristics Fuelled with Ternary Blends and Additive as Ethanol2023-28-012511/10/2023
This study aims to examine the effectiveness and environmental impact of using linseed and jatropha oil as biodiesels in combination with diesel. These oils were transformed through a process called trans-esterification, and three blends of ethanol, biodiesel, and diesel were prepared in E10-B20, E15-B20, and E20-B20 configurations. Ethanol was added to improve the combustion properties. The performance of these novel blends was tested in a computerized single-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine to measure brake power and emissions. It was found that the ternary biodiesel mixtures produced lower NOx and CO emissions than regular diesel fuel. In terms of performance, the E10-B20 blend reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and increased brake thermal efficiency by 6.1% to diesel. The E15-B20 blend showed a significant reduction of about 50% in unburnt hydrocarbons when compared to regular diesel at heavy load conditions. Additionally, the NOx value also decreased by 28.15% compared to
P, Selvan, Kandasamy, Sudalaiyandi, Dharmaraj, Jones Joseph Jebaraj
Experimental and Modeling Study of NH 3 -SCR on a Hydrocarbon-Poisoned Cu-CHA Catalyst2023-01-165910/31/2023
A urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system is used for the reduction of NOx emitted from diesel engines. Although this SCR catalyst can reduce NOx over a wide temperature range, improvements in NOx conversion at relatively low temperatures, such as under cold-start or low-load engine conditions, are necessary. A close-coupled SCR (cc-SCR), which was set just after the engine exhaust manifold, was developed to address this issue. The temperature of the SCR catalyst increases rapidly owing to the higher exhaust temperatures, and NOx conversion is then enhanced under cold-start conditions. However, since the diesel oxidation catalyst is not installed before the SCR catalyst, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions pass directly through the SCR catalyst and poison it, leading to lower NOx conversion. Therefore, the mechanism of NOx conversion reduction on HC-poisoned SCR catalysts are required to be studied. In this study, the effects of HC poisoning on the NOx conversion of Cu-CHA catalysts
Tanaka, Kotaro, Dobashi, Ibuki, Sakaida, Satoshi, Konno, Mitsuru
Emissions of Aerospace Fuels F-24 and Jet-A in a Jet Engine and Correlation with Combustion Characteristics from a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2023-01-166610/31/2023
An investigation into emissions differences and their correlations with differing combustion characteristics between F24 and Jet-A was conducted. Raw emissions data was taken from a single stage jet engine by a FTIR gas analyzer. Measurements of H2O, CO2, CO, NOx, and total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) were taken at 60K, 65K, and 70K RPM. At 70K RPM Jet-A and F-24 the emissions were similar at approx.: 4% H2O, 3% CO2, 970 PPM CO, 28 PPM NOx. Jet-A THC emissions were approx.: 1200 PPM THC, F24 THC emissions were lower by over 60%. The significantly lower amount of THC emissions for F24 suggests more complete combustion compared to Jet-A.
Soloiu, Valentin, Rowell, Aidan, Weaver, Amanda, Mcafee, John, Willis, James, O'Brien, Brandon
Experimental Comparison of a Rotary Valvetrain on the Performance and Emissions of a Light Duty Spark Ignition Engine2023-01-161310/31/2023
Rotary valve technology can provide increased flow area and higher discharge coefficients than conventional poppet valves for internal combustion engines. This increase in intake charging efficiency can improve the power density of four-stroke internal combustion engines, particularly at high engine speeds, where flow is choked through conventional poppet valves. In this work, the valvetrain of a light duty single cylinder spark ignition engine was replaced with a rotary valve train. The impact of this valvetrain conversion on performance and emissions was evaluated by comparing spark timing sweeps with lambda ranging from 0.8 to 1.1 at wide open throttle. The results indicated that the rotary valvetrain increased the amount of air trapped at intake valve closing and resulted in a significantly faster burn duration than the conventional valvetrain. Additionally, the spark to CA10 burn duration of the rotary valvetrain was highly sensitive to spark timing, which was not true of the
Gainey, Brian, Vaseleniuck, Darrick, Cordier, Dan, Garrett, Norman
Experimental Study of Low Thermal Inertia Thermal Barrier Coating in a Spark Ignited Multicylinder Production Engine2023-01-161710/31/2023
Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have long been studied as a potential pathway to achieve higher thermal efficiency in spark ignition engines. Researchers have studied coatings with different thicknesses and thermophysical properties to counteract the volumetric efficiency penalty associated with TBCs in spark ignition. To achieve an efficiency benefit with minimal charge heating during the intake stroke, low thermal inertia coatings characterized by their larger temperature swings are required. To study the impact of low thermal inertia coatings in spark ignition, coatings were applied to the cylinder head, piston crown, intake and exhaust valve faces, and intake and exhaust valve backsides. Tier III EEE E10 certification gasoline was used to keep the experiments relevant to the present on-road vehicles. This study is aimed at analyzing durability of the coatings as well as efficiency and emissions improvements. Thus, a 100-hr. durability test was conducted to assess the durability of
Bhatt, Ankur, Gandolfo, John, Vedpathak, Kunal, Jiang, Chen, Jordan, Eric, Lawler, Benjamin, Gainey, Brian
Design Development and Testing of the Fuel Supply System with Metalized Fuels for Power Plants of Vehicles2023-01-164010/31/2023
The demand for multi-environmental modes of transportation is driven by the overall trend of increasing mobility and the necessity of movement across various alternating environments (land, water, underwater, aerial, and airspace). However, the specific energy density of hydrocarbon fuels cannot ensure efficient operation of power systems for such multi-environmental vehicles. A promising solution to this problem involves the utilization of boron-containing metallized fuels through the creation of specialized fuel supply systems. Based on a general method of optimization synthesis for technical objects, new fuel supply systems were synthesized with different levels of process control and degrees of automation, as well as an adjustable hybrid fuel delivery system that allows the application of components in varying aggregate states. During testing, operational characteristics were determined primarily for the implemented metallic hybrid transformer fuel delivery system. In our view, it
Dudukalov, Yuri, Ternyuk, Mykola, Hlushkova, Diana, Bushnov, Valery, Sorokin, Volodymyr, Kholodov, Mykhailo
Methanol (M85) Port Fuel-Injected Spark Ignition Motorcycle Engine Development—Part 1: Combustion Optimization for Efficiency Improvement and Emission Reduction03-17-03-001810/27/2023
Limited fossil fuel resources and carbonaceous greenhouse gas emissions are two major problems the world faces today. Alternative fuels can effectively power internal combustion engines to address these issues. Methanol can be an alternative to conventional fuels, particularly to displace gasoline in spark ignition engines. The physicochemical properties of methanol are significantly different than baseline gasoline and fuel mixture-aim lambda; hence methanol-fueled engines require modifications in the fuel injection parameters. This study optimized the fuel injection quantity, spark timing, and air–fuel ratio for M85 (85% v/v methanol + 15% v/v gasoline) fueling of a port fuel-injected single-cylinder 500 cc motorcycle test engine. Comparative engine performance, combustion, and emissions analyses were performed for M85 and baseline gasoline. M85-fueled engine exhibited improved combustion characteristics such as higher peak in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and cumulative heat
Agarwal, Avinash, Yadav, Omkar, Valera, Hardikk
Impacts of eFuels on Solid and Gaseous Emissions of Powersport Two-Wheelers2023-01-183810/24/2023
As alternative to electrification or carbon free fuels such as hydrogen, CO2-neutral fuels have been researched aiming to decrease the impact of fossil energy sources on the environment. Despite the potential benefit of capturing CO2 emission after combustion for own fuel production, the so-called eFuels also benefit by using a green source of energy during their fabrication. Among all the possibilities for eFuels, alcohols, ethers (such as MTBE and ETBE) and alternative hydrocarbons have shown positive impacts regarding emission reduction and performance when compared to standard gasoline. Previously in [1] and [2], synthetic fuels and methanol blends were tested at steady state conditions in order to verify advantages and drawbacks relative to gasoline, for power-sport motorcycles. However, for real-world operation, transient behavior must be investigated addressing critical topics such as emissions during engine / aftertreatment warm-up, catalyst light-off and its interaction with
Batalha, Guilherme Pellizzaro, Schurl, Sebastian, Schmidt, Stephan, Bonifer, Marcus
Measurement of Liquid Fuel Film Attached to the Wall in a Port Fueled SI Gasoline Engine2023-01-181810/24/2023
Liquid fuel attached to the wall surface of the intake port, the piston and the combustion chamber is one of the main causes of the unburned hydrocarbon emissions from a port fueled SI engine, especially during transient operations. To investigate the liquid fuel film formation process and fuel film behavior during transient operation is essential to reduce exhaust emissions in real driving operations, including cold start operations. Optical techniques have been often applied to measure the fuel film in conventional reports, however, it is difficult to apply those previous techniques to actual engines during transient operations. In this study, using MEMS technique, a novel capacitance sensor has been developed to detect liquid fuel film formation and evaporation processes in actual engines. A resistance temperature detector (RTD) was also constructed on the MEMS sensor with the capacitance sensor to measure the sensor surface temperature. The response and the sensitivity of the
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Yoshihashi, Tsukasa, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Nakabeppu, Osamu, Takayama, Satoshi
Use of Detailed Hydrocarbon Emission Analysis to Identify Synergistic Effects in Renewable Gasoline Fuel Blends for Significant Reduction of Aromatic Hydrocarbon As Well As Total Hydrocarbon Emissions of a Small Gasoline-Powered ICE2023-01-184010/24/2023
With rising awareness of man-made climate change the interest in measures to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increases. The use of renewable liquid fuels is one way to achieve reduction of GHG emissions. Due to their different chemical composition, gasoline fuels containing significant shares of renewable components also produce different pollutant emissions including hydrocarbon (HC) emissions amongst others such as particular matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. In this study the effects of renewable fuel components on amount and type of individual hydrocarbon components in exhaust emissions of a small gasoline-powered internal combustion engine were investigated via gas chromatographic analyses. Therefore, three different gasoline fuels with varying degrees of sustainable components and their respective HC exhaust emissions were investigated in single compound resolution. HC emissions could be categorized into combustion side products and unburned fuel
Pfleger, Georg Stefan, Schober, Sigurd
Research of Fuel Components to Expand Lean-limit in Super Lean Burn Condition (Part III)2023-32-000209/29/2023
In this research, we investigated the improvement of combustion and anti-knocking properties as factors that affect the lean limit in order to reflect in fuel design. First, as a basic study, characteristics such as the Laminar burning velocity and Ignition energy of hydrocarbons, which are highly effective in improving combustion speed, were examined. In addition, using the knowledge obtained in the basic study, several concept fuels were created by blending the blend- stocks of the refinery aiming to meet or exceed the current standards in Japan. Their lean limits, thermal efficiencies, and effects on CO2 emission were investigated.
Naiki, Taketora, Yasutake, Yuki, Watanabe, Manabu, Obata, Ken
Impact from a variety of E10 and E20 gasoline formulations on PN10 and PN23 emissions evaluated in combination with advanced GPF technology generations2023-32-002809/29/2023
The study was aimed at assessing the impact of fuel quality on the PN10 and PN23 emissions. A total of 6 fuels having different level of ethanol, renewable components, additives, and aromatic hydrocarbons were tested on the test vehicle. In the first phase of the study, the emission tests were conducted removing the GPF present in the original aftertreatment system to measure the direct impact of different fuels on the tailpipe particle emissions. The emission results showed that heavy aromatics components lead to a significant increase in particle emissions while the fuel with renewable components and E20 emit less PN comparing to the E10 reference fuel. However, those fuel impacts became very small with a GPF present due to a high filtration efficiency independent of fuel type.
Chijiiwa, Ryoko, Rose, Dominik, Boger, Thorsten, Krueger-Venus, Jens, Cracknell, Roger, Williams, Rod
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