Browse Topic: Carbon monoxide

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Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using goat fat oil biodiesel blends enhanced with diethyl ether additives2025-28-0219To be published on 11/06/2025
This study explores the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuel with biodiesel blends derived from goat fat oil, enhanced with diethyl ether (DEE) additives. Biodiesel, obtained via the transesterification of goat fat oil, serves as a renewable and sustainable alternative to conventional diesel. Blends comprising 10% (B10), 20% (B20), and 30% (B30) biodiesel, mixed with 85%, 75%, and 65% diesel, respectively, along with a fixed 5% DEE, were tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine under varying load conditions. DEE, an oxygenated additive, demonstrated its potential to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions, making it a cleaner energy alternative. Key performance parameters, such as brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), alongside emissions metrics including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO), were systematically analysed. The engine tests revealed that the
T, Karthi, G, Manikandan
Performance and Emission Study of Watermelon Seed Oil Biodiesel with Ferrous Oxide Nano Particle on Diesel Engine2025-28-0218To be published on 11/06/2025
Most of researches warns the world that our sources for traditional fuels including petroleum would be depleted. Owing to the fact that these fuels are also typically not renewable, a lot of people are worried that a day would come when the demand for these fuels would be more than the supply, triggering a considerable world crisis. The use of alternative fuels considerably decreases harmful exhaust emissions as well as ozone-producing emissions. According to a commonly accepted scientific theory, burning fossil fuels is causing temperatures to rise in the earth’s atmosphere. Lot of people across the globe are of the belief that discovering sources of cleaner burning fuel is an essential step towards enhancing the quality of our environment. Many research works are finding the suitability of various alternative fuels like Jatropha oil, Sunflower oil, Waste cooking oil, Rubber seed oil, and Melon seed oil etc. for IC engines. Therefore, it was proposed to find the suitability of water
G, Manikandan, Subbaiyan, Gunasekharan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, T, Karthi
Effect of intake-air heating on combustion, performance and emissions in a light-duty engine under CNG-diesel RCCI Operation2025-32-0003To be published on 11/03/2025
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that offers high thermal efficiency with reduced NOx and soot emissions. However, at low loads, RCCI operation often suffers from incomplete combustion, leading to elevated unburned hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, which can hinder oxidation catalyst (DOC) light-off and reduce overall efficiency. Intake-air heating is a potential strategy to address this issue by enhancing fuel reactivity and promoting more complete combustion. In this study, the effects of intake-air heating (from ambient to 100°C) on performance and emissions are experimentally investigated in a light-duty diesel engine operated under CNG-diesel RCCI mode. The experiments were conducted at low and intermediate load and speed conditions. The influence of intake-air heating on cycle-to-cycle variations of the gross indicated mean effective pressure (GIMEP) is also discussed. The CO and THC
Navaneethakrishnan, P., Sarangi, Asish K, Suman, Abhishek, Sreedhara, Seshadri, Singh, Arvind
Numerical Study of Mixing, Combustion and NOx Emissions in a DI High Performance Hydrogen Engine Operated at Stoichiometry2025-24-0010To be published on 09/07/2025
The roadmap towards carbon neutrality by 2050 makes necessary drastic reduction of road vehicle tailpipe carbon emissions. One viable approach to reach the abatement of carbon monoxide and dioxide is to fuel internal combustion engines (ICEs) with hydrogen. The burning of a hydrogen-air mixture inside the combustion chamber reduces to minimal amount the production of carbon emissions and particulate matter that are only produced by the presence of lubricant oil. However, the high temperatures reached by the end-gases promote the formation of nitrogen oxides. In high-performance ICEs, the pursuit for high-specific power by means of the adoption of stoichiometric mixtures is hindered by the need to reduce NOx - as this pollutant drastically drops when moving towards ultra-lean mixtures. The paper aims to present a CFD-3D framework to simulate the full engine-cycle of a high-performance Spark-Ignited (SI) Direct-Injection (DI) ICE fuelled at stoichiometric conditions. The methodology is
Baudone, Antonio Denny, Marini, Alessandro, Sfriso, Stefano, Falcinelli, Francesco, Mortellaro, Fabio, Tonelli, Roberto, Breda, Sebastiano
Mid-IR Laser Extinction Measurements of Formaldehyde Emissions in a Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-0034To be published on 09/07/2025
As energy security and sustainability becomes important, the role of alternative fuels, particularly methanol, is becoming increasingly significant. While the feasibility of methanol as a substitute for diesel fuel has been explored, understanding of emissions from methanol-fueled compression-ignition engines remains limited, even though these engines are known to emit formaldehyde (CH2O) due to methanol’s chemical structure and oxidation pathways. In this study, a quantitatively measurable mid-IR laser-based extinction methodology was employed to understand CH2O formation in a methanol mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) engine. Stable methanol MCCI combustion was achieved with the addition of 5%vol 2-ethylhexly nitrate (EHN) and by using a triple injection strategy (pilot + pilot + main), and CH2O emissions were measured with high temporal resolution by laser extinction while sweeping the injection timing. In addition, the injection strategy was systematically varied by
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Narayanan, Abhinandhan
Computational Fluid-Dynamics Analysis of the Effect of Ethanol-Air Mixture Supply in a Heavy-Duty Engine2025-24-0029To be published on 09/07/2025
As part of the Bio-FiRE-for-EVer research project aiming to propose a solution for off-grid charging stations based on the adoption of a reciprocating engine, this study investigated the combustion development and pollutant emissions of an 8.7 l six-cylinder heavy-duty PFI internal combustion engine fueled by ethanol. The reference experimental case features critical issues in the formation of the air-fuel, mainly due to the slow evaporation rate of the alcohol fuel inside the intake manifold via a single point injection, providing a non-uniform and averagely rich (λ=0.89) reactant mixture inside the cylinders. For this purpose, an in-depth analysis of the in-cylinder phenomena is performed by using a CFD solver for the reacting flow. A geometry of the cylinder system complete with intake and exhaust ducts is created for calculations with the three-dimensional Ansys FORTE code. The inclusion of the inlet duct in the computational domain allows the experiencing of several setups of the
De Robbio, Roberta, Cameretti, Maria Cristina, Palomba, Marco, Tuccillo, Raffaele
Analysis of Combustion Characteristics and Performance of a Multi-Cylinder Engine Operating on Syngas/Diesel in Dual-Fuel Mode.2025-24-0042To be published on 09/07/2025
Despite improvements in internal combustion engine efficiency, fossil fuel reliance remains a challenge for sustainable energy. Syngas, a hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture derived from gasification, offers a viable transition fuel due to its compatibility with existing combustion technologies and reduced emissions. However, its low ignition propensity necessitates high intake temperatures or pressure, which can be mitigated by diesel pilot injection in dual-fuel engines. This study extends prior single-cylinder research to a 1.6 L four-cylinder HCCI engine operating in dual-fuel mode, resembling a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine. The analysis focuses on cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation, thermal efficiency, and pollutant emissions, with particular emphasis on the influence of diesel pilot injection timing. Experimental evaluations are conducted across a range of injection timing and Syngas flow rates (100 to 160 L/min). Key metrics include ignition delay
El Younsi, Laila, Nelson-Gruel, Dominique
Exploring the Emission Spectrum of Pure Hydrogen Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines: A Comprehensive Experimental Study2025-24-0051To be published on 09/07/2025
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) have shown enormous potential for zero-carbon emissions, aligning with the European zero-carbon targets in 2050. Adopting hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel offers a time- and cost-effective approach to directly replacing carbon-based and fossil fuel-powered ICEs. The study aims to provide comprehensive data on the H2ICE engine during steady-state operations on a single-cylinder spark ignition engine with direct and port-fuel hydrogen injection systems. It focuses on emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO2) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), utilizing ultra-fast analyzers close to the exhaust valves to reduce signal delay. Particulate matter (PM) emissions are also measured to evaluate the potential for zero carbon emissions from the H2ICE. Additionally, NO and NO2 emissions are analyzed against air-fuel ratios (AFR) to estimate combustion temperature and NOx mechanisms. Water vapor and oxygen emissions are captured to assess their quantities at
Mohamed, Mohamed, Zaman, Zayne, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Hall, Jonathan
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Orientation in a Diesel-Gasoline-Fuelled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-0043To be published on 09/07/2025
Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) presents a promising alternative to conventional diesel combustion (CDC), substantially reducing pollutant levels by lowering the local in-cylinder temperature and enhancing fuel-air mixing. A significant challenge in PCCI is controlling the initiation of combustion, along with a narrow operating load range due to early ignition and knocking combustion at the higher load when using high-reactivity diesel fuel. This poses an obstacle to successfully implementing the PCCI combustion mode engine. In the present study, experimental investigations are carried out in a light-duty diesel engine in PCCI mode using three fuel blends, 0% (G0D100), 10% (G10D90) and 20% (G20D80) gasoline in diesel on a volume basis, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water vapor as charge diluents. A common rail direct injection (CRDi) system replaces the existing mechanical fuel injection, and the compression ratio is decreased from 17.5 to 15 to achieve the PCCI
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Ethanol Fuel as Enabler for High-Efficiency and Low-Soot Combustion in Dual-Fuel and Blend Modes03-18-04-002807/16/2025
Global climate initiatives and government regulations are driving the demand for zero-carbon tailpipe emission vehicles. To ensure a sustainable transition, rapid action strategies are essential. In this context, renewable fuels can reduce lifecycle CO2 emissions and enable low-soot and NOx emissions. This study examines the effects of renewable ethanol in dual-fuel (DF) and blend fueling modes in a compression ignition (CI) engine. The novelty of this research lies in comparing different combustion modes using the same engine test rig. The methodology was designed to evaluate the characteristics of various injection modes and identify the inherent features that define their application ranges. The investigation was conducted on a single-cylinder engine equipped with state-of-the-art combustion technology. The results indicate that the maximum allowable ethanol concentration is 30% in blend mode, due to blend stability and regulatory standards, and 70% in DF mode, due to combustion
Belgiorno, Giacomo, Ianniello, Roberto, Di Blasio, Gabriele
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Design and Operating Parameters on PCCI Combustion in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine03-18-04-002607/09/2025
Due to increasingly stringent emission regulations, advanced combustion strategies, such as premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), have emerged promising solutions for achieving low NOx and soot emissions. However, challenges such as increased unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, and a restricted engine operating load range remain unsolved. Since conventional diesel engines are not inherently designed for PCCI operation, re-optimizing engine parameters is essential. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the influence of injector orientation and nozzle spray angle on combustion parameters, performance, and emissions in a PCCI diesel engine. Initial parametric studies revealed that early direct injection combined with high fuel injection pressure limited the PCCI load range to 30% and 60% of the rated capacity with diesel, without and with EGR, respectively, accompanied by higher HC and CO emissions. To address these limitations, the injector
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Generation through Steam Methane Reforming: A Focus on Co-Product Allocation between Steam and Electricity2025-01-018106/16/2025
This research presents a numerical analysis of the environmental impacts associated with using hot steam as a co-product in hydrogen production through Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) of renewable gas sources. As hydrogen production technology advances rapidly, reducing emissions and addressing environmental concerns, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have become essential. This study examines the SMR process with a focus on the environmental effects of utilizing hot steam as a co-product for electricity generation or facility heating. The analysis evaluates renewable feedstocks, including landfill gas, animal waste, food waste, and wastewater sludge, to determine their viability for sustainable hydrogen production. Key pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, along with GHGs, are assessed to identify the most environmentally advantageous feedstock options. This work aims to provide insights to promote sustainable hydrogen production practices.
Rosyadi, Ahmad Adib, Lim, Ocktaeck
Assessing the Performance of a Modified Fuel Injection System–Equipped Dimethyl Ether-Fueled Genset/Tractor Engine04-18-03-001405/21/2025
Ethers are emerging as suitable mineral diesel replacements. A customized mechanical fuel injection system was used to investigate the dimethyl ether–fueled genset/tractor, and ~75% rated engine load was achieved over diesel. The in-cylinder pressure rise rate was about half for the dimethyl ether engine. However, the lower pressure generated in the high-pressure dimethyl ether line reduced brake thermal efficiency for the dimethyl ether engine. Dimethyl ether engines emitted lower nitrogen oxide emissions than baseline diesel except at higher loads and reduced nozzle opening pressure. Carbon monoxide emissions increased due to prolonged and incomplete combustion at higher loads with reduced nozzle opening pressure. Blowby gas leakage was lower for dimethyl ether than for baseline diesel engines. Overall, the genset/tractor engine could perform satisfactorily using a customized fuel injection system and will help achieve carbon neutrality from the various sectors using this technology.
Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Pal, Manojit, Valera, Hardikk
Experimental Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Additives Effect on Performance and Emission of a High-Injection Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engine03-18-03-002005/16/2025
Due to the continuous decrease in fossil fuel resources, and drawbacks of some biofuel properties, in addition to restricted environmental concerns, it becomes a vital manner to innovate some approaches for energy saving and emission reduction. One of the promising approaches is to enhance the fuel properties via adding nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) blended with biofuels get extensive investigations by researchers using conventional diesel engines at relatively limited operating regimes. The objective of this work is to extend these studies using diesel fuel, rather than biofuels, on a high-injection pressure (1400–1600 bar) common rail diesel engine at wide operating conditions and higher CNT concentrations. Experimental results show an increase in peak pressure up to 24.46% than pure diesel when using 100 ppm CNTs concentration. Also, BSFC has decreased by 33.19%, and BTE increased by 54.2% compared to pure diesel fuel at high speeds and loads. NOx and CO2 emissions raised
Moaayet, Sayed, Neseem, Waleed Mohamed, Amin, Mohamed Ibrahim, Shahin, Motasem Abdelbaky
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-002304/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Energy Conversion Efficacy of Neat Dimethyl Ether Combustion with Heat Release Characterization and Emission Analysis2025-01-841704/01/2025
Dimethyl ether (DME) is widely regarded as a suitable energy source for compression ignition power systems because of its high reactivity. It has been widely reported that DME possesses a significantly low propensity to form soot, hindering the innate NOx-soot trade-off encountered with diesel fuel operation. Beyond the fuel-borne oxygen content of DME, its unique physical properties present a contrasting combustion behavior which may be advantageous to direct injection systems, especially concerning the mixing-controlled combustion mode. This work aims to detail the energy conversion efficacy of DME through heat release characterization and exhaust emission speciation. The tests were controlled within a single-cylinder research engine with an off-board high-pressure injection system to handle liquified DME up to 1000bar. To mitigate interference in fuel additives over the combustion behavior, the high-pressure fuel system specifically managed neat DME. The in-cylinder pressure was the
Leblanc, Simon, Cong, Binghao, Leach, Jace, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer2025-01-841104/01/2025
Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.8315 L and a compression ratio of 16.5:1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 5.3% lower fuel consumption (in
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian
Refining Control, Charging, and Battery Chemistry for CO 2 e Savings in Heavy-Duty Off-Road Plug-In Series Hybrid14-14-02-000902/27/2025
With current and future regulations continuing to drive reductions in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions in the on-road industry, the off-road industry is also likely to be regulated for fuel and CO2e savings. This work focuses on converting a heavy-duty off-road material handler from a conventional diesel powertrain to a plug-in series hybrid, achieving a 49% fuel reduction and 29% CO2e reduction via simulation. Control strategies were refined for energy savings, including a regenerative braking strategy to increase regenerative braking and a load-following hydraulic strategy to decrease electrical energy consumption. The load-following hydraulic control shuts off the hydraulic electric machine when it is not needed—an approach not previously seen in a load-sensing, pressure-compensated system. These strategies achieved a 24.1% fuel savings, resulting in total savings of 61% in fuel and 41% in CO2e in the plug-in series compared to the conventional machine. Beyond control
Goodenough, Bryant, Czarnecki, Alexander, Robinette, Darrell, Worm, Jeremy, Subert, David, Kiefer, Dylan, Heath, Matthew, Brunet, Bob, Kisul, Robert, Latendresse, Phil, Westman, John, Black, Andrew
Experimental Investigation and Operating Characteristics of LHR Engine Using Pongamia Pinnata and Azadirachta Indica Biodiesel Blend with Industrial Waste Additive2025-28-003902/07/2025
The huge energy demand and environmental anxiety have focused the interest on alternative fuels to the diesel engine. This suggested the worldwide search for renewable, less pollutant and agricultural-based alternative fuel. Also, attention is given to increasing the efficiency of a conventional diesel engine when running on alternative fuels. Non-edible oil derived from Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica seed oil blends as an alternative fuel have been considered for this study. Using Copper oxide (5% w/w), the two oils were transesterified for 6 hours at a temperature of 75 °C and a methanol to oil ratio of 20:1. The biodiesel samples that were produced underwent FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The results indicated that the FAME conversion for the biodiesel derived from Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata was 99.19% and 97.93%, respectively. Diesel engine combustion components, viz., the piston crown and liner, were coated with Aluminium titanate thermal barrier material. The
R, Suresh, R, Ashwin, Uppuluri, Kiranbabu, T, MohanRaj
Performance and Emission Analysis of a CI Engine Using Various Blends of Diesel and Prosopis Juliflora Seed Oil-Derived Biodiesel2025-28-012902/07/2025
The rising demand for fossil fuels and the exploration of renewable energy sources from plants have gained significant attention due to their role in reducing emissions and enhancing energy security. Prosopis juliflora, abundantly available in India, offers a viable source for biodiesel production. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine using blends of diesel, vegetable oil, and biodiesel derived from Prosopis juliflora seeds. The engine was tested with pure diesel, vegetable oil (PJO), biodiesel (B100), and biodiesel-diesel blends at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% by volume, designated as B20, B40, B60, and B80, respectively. Key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), were measured, along with emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), smoke, hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NO). Results indicated that BTE
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Thiyagarajan, Prakash, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, John, Godwin
Impact of Hydrogen Enrichment on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Operated in Dual Fuel Mode with Karanja Oil Methyl Ester-Tire Pyrolysis Oil Blend2025-28-010902/07/2025
The growing demand for fossil fuels and the search for alternatives have the potential to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. Karanja oil and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) are identified as promising substitutes. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using diesel, the optimal combination of Karanja oil biodiesel (KOME) and TPO (50:50% volume ratio), and this KOME-TPO blend with hydrogen supplied in dual fuel mode at flow rates of 10 lpm, 20 lpm, and 30 lpm, designated as H10, H20, and H30, respectively. The results indicated that BTE for H30 was the highest, reaching 32.21% compared to 30.52% for diesel at 5.2 kW BP. BSEC for H30 was the lowest at 11.18 MJ/kWh, compared to 11.80 MJ/kWh for diesel at the same BP. Emission analysis showed that smoke and HC emissions were significantly lower for hydrogen-enriched blends. At 5.2 kW BP, HC emissions for H30
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar
Effect of Injection Pressure and Equivalent Ratio on Combustion and Emissions of The Ammonia/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine2025-01-711101/31/2025
In the context of low-carbon and zero-carbon development strategies, the transformation and upgrading of the energy structure is an inevitable trend. As a renewable fuel, ammonia has a high energy density. When ammonia is burned alone, the combustion speed is slow. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia is high. Therefore, a suitable high-reactivity combustion aid fuel is required to improve the combustion characteristics of ammonia. Based on this background, this study converted a six-cylinder engine into a single-cylinder ammonia/diesel dual-fuel system, with diesel fuel as the base and a certain percentage of ammonia blended in. The impact of varying the injection pressure and equivalence ratio on engine combustion and emissions was examined. The results demonstrate that an appropriate increase in injection pressure can promote fuel-gas mixing and increase the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). With regard to emissions, an increase in injection pressure has been
Wang, Hu, Lv, Zhijie, Zhang, Shouzhen, Wang, Mingda, Yang, Rui, Yao, Mingfa
Effects of Injection Parameters On the Evaporation, Mixing, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Methanol Engine2025-01-711901/31/2025
The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing, combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side
Zhang, Zhi, Liu, Haifeng, Li, Yongzhi, Chang, Weide, Shu, Zanqiao, Ju, Chengyuan, Ratlamwala, Tahir Abdul Hussain, Yao, Mingfa
Emission and Economic Characteristics of Diesel/PODE Blended Fuel in Actual Road Driving2025-01-711501/31/2025
Diesel/Polymethoxy Dimethyl Ether (PODE) blend fuel can significantly reduce emissions from diesel engines. However, emission levels often vary due to high transients during real-world driving conditions. To evaluate the emission and economic performance of diesel/PODE blend fuel, this study analyzed the real-world driving behavior of heavy tractors using different blend ratios (0%, 20%, 30%) across urban, suburban, and expressway road sections, in compliance with the national VI emission standard. Based on Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) bins, the study compared carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter, and fuel consumption rates between pure diesel and blended fuels, providing insights into their performance under varying driving conditions. In addition, specific emissions of pollutants, effective fuel consumption, and effective thermal efficiency for urban, suburban, and expressway sections, as well as for the entire test process, are analyzed to quantify the
Liu, He, Yang, Yajing, Farooq, Muhammad Shahid, Liu, Shenghua, Wei, Yanju
Exploring the Future of Sustainable Fuels: Experimental and Predictive Insights on Engine Performance and Emissions Using Algae Biodiesel Blends2024-01-525001/28/2025
This study investigates the potential of biodiesel derived from Azolla algae as an alternative fuel for conventional diesel. The performance and emissions characteristics of various biodiesel blends were evaluated experimentally. The physicochemical properties of pure diesel (D100), and blends with Azolla biodiesel at 5% (BD5), 10% (BD10), 15% (BD15), 20% (BD20), and 100% (B100) were analyzed. It is observed that the amount of fuel consumed is higher at higher loads when fuel is blended with biodiesels. Hydrocarbon emissions were reduced with biodiesel blends at full load and the reduction is higher with increase in blend concentration. A significant difference of 85 ppm NOx was observed between BD20 and D100 at full load. CO emissions decreased with higher biodiesel concentrations, with BD20 resulted less CO emissions than D100, making BD20 a more environmentally viable fuel. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed for predictive modeling, achieving approximately 95% accuracy
Senthilkumar, D., Murugesan, Sivanesan, Bhadrinath, P., Shamitha, G., Adityasree, R.
Performance Analysis of Graphene-Coated Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Cooling and Purification2025-01-500601/23/2025
This research investigates the development of a heat pipe heat exchanger coated with graphene for cooling and purification of automobile exhausts. The heat exchanger directly affects the performance of the engine because proper heat dissipation and transfer can improve engine performance, reduce fuel consumption, and decrease the emission. Moreover, this effect is much more noticeable on coated heat pipes because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene films. A heat null emitted by internal combustion engines was used in the experimental setup to test the thermal performance, cooling efficiency, and purification efficiency of the newly designed in-house exhaust simulation system where the new heat pipes were inserted. The results of the experiment show that the heat pipes have very high thermal performance as the efficiency of the heat pipes was calculated to be around 85%. Furthermore, the temperature decrease over the surfaces of the heat
Karthigairajan, M., Seeniappan, Kaliappan, Balaji, N., Natrayan, L., Sheik, Salman Basha, Ravi, D.
Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine2024-36-015212/20/2024
High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results
Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira
Assessment of Emission Reductions in a Diesel Engine using Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle-Muskmelon Waste Seed Biodiesel Blends2024-01-524012/10/2024
This research investigates the potential of muskmelon waste seed biodiesel (MWSB) enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The study focuses on transesterifying waste seed oil from muskmelon fruits to produce biodiesel suitable for common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. The addition of GO nanoparticles serves as a combustion enhancer, aiming to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. The test fuels included pure diesel, MWSB, and MWSB blends with 10 ppm and 20 ppm of GO nanoparticles. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in emissions when GO nanoparticles were added to the MWSB. Specifically, the MWSB+GO20 ppm blend achieved reductions in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 16.66%, 26.19%, and 45.33%, respectively, compared to diesel at maximum brake power (5.5 kW). However, this blend also resulted in a 7.4% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions at maximum brake
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Madhu, S.
Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emission Metrics in a Diesel Engine Operated with Hydrogen Induction and Cassia fistula Biodiesel2024-01-522112/10/2024
The current study investigates the influence of exhaust gas recirculation technique on the hydrogen (10lpm) inducted diesel engine using Cassia fistula derived biodiesel fuel. The focus is on evaluating the emission characteristics of the engine, with a particular emphasis on reducing NOx emissions. The study also examines the impact of varying the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) flow rate 10 and 20% on the aforementioned parameters. The novelty of this investigation lies in the comprehensive evaluation of emission metrics, particularly when combining Cassia fistula biodiesel with hydrogen induction. The experiment carried in Kirloskar TV1-V4A engine with blends consists 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume of CFME blends with diesel. The inducted hydrogen at 10 lpm caused increased NOx which were discussed to suppress by EGR applications. Among the tested fuels, a blend containing 40% cassia fistula methyl ester (CFME) and 60% diesel (CFME40D60) showed the lowest hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Madhu, S., De poures, Melvin Victor, Palani, Kumaran
Evaluation of Waste Transformer Oil Biodiesel Blend with n-Heptane Additives for Engine Performance under Variable Injection Pressure and Timing2024-01-522312/10/2024
This study examines performance metrics and emission profiles of Kirloskar TV1 CI engine fuelled with blend containing waste transformer oil (WTO) biodiesel (40%), n-Heptane (10%), and diesel (50%) by volume (referred to as WTO40H10D50), with additional 10 lpm of hydrogen induction in the intake manifold. Effects of varied injection of fuel timing (19°, 21°, and 23°bTDC) and injection pressure (170, 210, and 240 bar) of WTO40H10D50 on diesel engine were analyzed at 100% engine loading condition. The findings indicate that an injection timing of 23°bTDC and an IP of 240 bar yield the highest BTE and lowest BSEC, suggesting optimal energy conversion efficiency. The influence of inducted H2 resulted in the lowest smoke opacity and HC emissions, demonstrating more complete and cleaner combustion. The results indicate at 23° bTDC of injection timing and 240 bar injection pressure produced best overall performance, with highest brake thermal efficiency and the lowest brake specific energy
Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Palani, Kumaran, De Poures, Melvin Victor, Madhu, S.
Assessment of Performance and Emissions from a Hybrid Vehicle Integrated with a Low Temperature Combustion Engine Undergoing a Drive Cycle2024-28-014012/05/2024
In the last decade, the increased global temperature, stringent regulations, and customer demand for high fuel economy have led to the accelerated development of alternative propulsion solutions, with particular focus on electrified vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the combination of electric machinery with conventional powertrains, allows diversifications of powertrain architectures. In addition, it has been demonstrated that engines employing advanced low temperature combustion concepts, such as dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), and able to operate on both renewable and conventional fuels, produce ultra-low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining thermal efficiency similar to conventional diesel operation at part load operating conditions. This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating a gasoline-diesel RCCI engine in an HEV in achieving reduced fuel consumption and lower NOx and PM emissions
Marwaha, Tejasva, Khedkar, Nikhil Dilip, Sarangi, Asish Kumar
Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine2024-28-013412/05/2024
Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and
Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul
Examining Ethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel Blends: Impact on Diesel Passenger Car Performance and Emissions under Legislative Test Cycles2024-28-012512/05/2024
Incorporating ethanol and biodiesel into diesel fuel offers substantial benefits from bioenergy perspective. To assess the effect of these alternative fuels, a study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of Ethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel blends (BD7, E2B7, E5B7) on the performance and emissions of a diesel car under Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC), Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC), wide-open throttle (WOT), and acceleration tests. A four-cylinder 1.5L Common Rail Turbo based diesel passenger car was selected for the study. The test findings revealed that under MIDC conditions, biodiesel blend (BD7) resulted in higher CO emissions compared to neat diesel, but these emissions decreased with the addition of ethanol (E2B7 and E5B7) due to ethanol's embedded oxygen content. While biodiesel lowered THC emissions, these emissions increased when ethanol was added. NOx emissions increased with biodiesel due to its higher cetane number and shorter ignition delay, and this
Dhyani, Vipin, Patil, Yogesh J, Singhal, Nikita, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Kannala, Raghava, Muralidharan, M
Efficiency Improvement in a 48-Volt Mild Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery2024-01-431711/05/2024
The automotive industry faces significant obstacles in its efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Current conventional automotive powertrain systems are approaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future carbon dioxide emission targets as defined by the tank-to-wheel benchmark test. As automakers transition to low-carbon transportation solutions through electrification, there are significant challenges in managing energy and improving overall vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world driving scenarios. While electrification offers a promising path to low-carbon transportation, it also presents significant challenges in terms of energy management and vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios. Battery electric vehicles have a favorable tank-to-wheel balance but are constrained by limited range due to the low battery energy density inherent in their technology. This limitation has led to the development of hybrid
Kraljevic, Ivica, Spicher, Ulrich
Quantifying Environmental and Health Impacts of Conventional Diesel and Methane Diesel RCCI Engine Emissions: A Numerical Analysis2024-01-430711/05/2024
A reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine offers ultralow soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission in addition to higher thermal efficiency than diesel or compression ignition (CI) engines. However, the higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from RCCI engines pose a significant challenge that hinders their adoption in the future automotive sector. Additionally, HC includes several hydrocarbons that harm human health and the environment. This study aims to minimize HC and CO formation and emissions by implementing different injection strategies, including adjustments to spray angle configuration, injection timing, and fuel premixing ratio. Additionally, the study examines how different injection strategies affect the spatial and temporal distribution of HC and CO inside the combustion chamber. To achieve this objective, a numerical investigation is conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine modified to operate in RCCI mode, utilizing a
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Chandel, Amit Singh, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar, Padhee, Srikant Sekhar
Combustion and Emissions Comparison between a Diesel and a Dimethyl Ether (DME) Off-Highway Compression Ignition Engine2024-01-270011/05/2024
Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising substitute for diesel as a fuel in heavy-duty engines. This article presents the comparison between a diesel- and a DME-powered compression ignition engine. The diesel-powered version was initially characterised at a range of operating points before being converted to operate on DME. This was achieved by replacing fuel system components with bespoke DME-compatible engine parts. An off-board fuel pressurisation and conditioning system was designed to replace the existing high-pressure fuel pump, while maintaining all other engine hardware and components. Engine behaviour, in terms of combustion and emissions on both fuels was examined. Firstly, the effect of varying recirculated exhaust gas (EGR) concentration at constant excess air ratio, combustion phasing (CA50) and equal fuel delivery rate (by energy input) was interrogated. DME combustion was significantly faster, as combustion duration was reduced by around 30%, in some cases, when comparing to
Apostolou, Christos, Elliott, Thomas, Rutledge, John, Butcher, Daniel, Long, Edward, Spencer, Adrian
Numerical Investigations on Reducing Unburned Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Using Partial Reactivity Stratification with Alternative Fuels and Additive03-18-01-000510/04/2024
A numerical investigation has been performed in the current work on reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), a low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that is beneficial for achieving lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emission. A light-duty diesel engine was modified to run in RCCI mode. Experimental data were acquired using diesel as HRF (high-reactivity fuel) and gasoline as LRF (low reactivity fuel) to check the accuracy and fidelity of predicted results. Blends of ethanol and gasoline with DTBP (di-tert-butyl peroxide) addition in a small fraction on an energy basis were used in numerical simulations to promote ignitability and reactivity enhancement of PFI charge. Achieving stable, smooth, and gradual combustion in RCCI is challenging at low loads, especially in light-duty engines, due to misfiring and poor combustion stability. DTBP is known for enhancing cetane number and accelerating combustion, and it is mixed in a PFI blend to avoid combustion deterioration
Tripathi, Saurabh, Krishnasamy, Anand
Heater and Accessories, Aircraft Internal Combustion Heat Exchanger TypeAS8040C (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) covers combustion heaters and accessories used in, but not limited to, the following applications: a Cabin heating (all occupied regions and windshield heating) b Wing and empennage anti-icing c Engine and accessory heating (when heater is installed as part of the aircraft) d Aircraft deicing
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Air Quality for Commercial Aircraft CabinsAIR4766 (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on air quality and some of the factors affecting the perception of cabin air quality in commercial aircraft cabin air. Also a typical safety analysis process utilizing a Functional Hazard Assessment approach is discussed.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
Passenger Hypoxia Protection Utilizing Oxygen Enriched Gas MixturesAIR6036 (Current)09/13/2024
Currently, existing civil aviation standards address the design and certification of oxygen dispensing devices that utilize oxygen sources supplying at least 99.5% oxygen. This Aerospace Information Report discusses issues relating to the use in the passenger cabin of oxygen enriched breathing gas mixtures having an oxygen content of less than 99.5% and describes one method of showing that passenger oxygen dispensing devices provide suitable hypoxia protection when used with such mixtures.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Optimizing Spark-Ignition Engine Performance with Ternary Blend Fuels and Hybrid Nanolubricants: A Response Surface Methodology Study03-17-08-005907/17/2024
The current research elucidates the application of response surface methodology to optimize the collective impact of methanol–isobutanol–gasoline blends and nanolubricants on the operational parameters of a spark-ignition engine. Diverse alcohol blends in conjunction with gasoline are employed in engine trials at 2500 rpm across varying engine loads. The alcohol blends exhibit notable enhancements in brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, and heat release rate. At 2500 rpm and 75% load, the break thermal efficiency of iBM15 surpasses that of gasoline by 33.5%. Alcohol blends significantly reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions compared to gasoline. The iBM15 demonstrates a reduction of 25.2% and 51.12% in vibration along the Z and Y axes, respectively, relative to gasoline. As per the response surface methodology analysis, the optimal parameters are identified: an alcohol content of 29.99%, an engine load of 99.06%, and a nanolubricant concentration of 0.1%. It
Bharath, Bhavin K, Selvan , V. Arul Mozhi
Propulsion Electrification Architecture Selection Process and Cost of Carbon Abatement Analysis for Heavy-Duty Off-Road Material Handler02-17-03-001407/03/2024
The heavy-duty off-road industry continues to expand efforts to reduce fuel consumption and CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) emissions. Many manufacturers are pursuing electrification to decrease fuel consumption and emissions. Future policies will likely require electrification for CO2e savings, as seen in light-duty on-road vehicles. Electrified architectures vary widely in the heavy-duty off-road space, with parallel hybrids in some applications and series hybrids in others. The diverse applications for different types of equipment mean different electrified configurations are required. Companies must also determine the value in pursuing electrified architectures; this work analyzes a range of electrified architectures, from micro hybrids to parallel hybrids to series hybrids to a BEV, looking at the total cost, total CO2e, and cost per CO2e (cost of carbon abatement, or cost of carbon reduction) using data for the year 2021. This study is focused on a heavy-duty off-road material
Goodenough, Bryant, Czarnecki, Alexander, Robinette, Darrell, Worm, Jeremy, Burroughs, Brian, Latendresse, Phil, Westman, John
Measurements in the Recirculation Path of a Fuel Cell System2024-01-300907/02/2024
The study demonstrates the possibility and in particular the method to derive the efficiency of the entire fuel cell power system by measuring specific data of the recirculation path of the anode circuit of a fuel cell system. The results demonstrate the capabilities of the existing test rig and enable investigations on the suitability of auxiliary components. This study focuses on the hydrogen recirculation path equipped with multiple sensors and a needle valve to enable the required operating conditions of the fuel cell. Running a startup load profile without reaching the equilibrium state at all steps, the dynamic of the system and the requirements to the sensor parameters, such as sampling rate and precision, was seen. Additionally, it became obvious that the recirculation pump used is oversized, but a load point shift compensated this artifact. In detail, the stoichiometry and the efficiency of the entire system was evaluated. It was seen that the hydrogen concentration is
Allmendinger, Frank, Martin, Benedikt, Schmidtmann, Marlen
Engine Behavior Analysis on a Conventional Diesel Engine Powered with Blends of Lemon Grass Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Blends03-17-08-005806/14/2024
Fossil fuel usage causes environmental pollution, and fuel depletion, further affecting a country’s economy. Biofuels and diesel-blended fuels are practical alternatives to sustain fossil fuels. This experimental study analyses lemongrass oil’s performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics after blending with diesel. Lemongrass oil is mixed with diesel at 10 (B10), 15 (B15), and 25% (B25) and evaluated using a 5.20 kW direct injection diesel engine. B10 brake thermal efficiency is 36.47%, which is higher than other blends. The B10 displays an 8.73% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. An increase in exhaust gas temperature for B10 than diesel is 4.5%. It indicates that higher lemongrass oil blends decrease exhaust gas temperature. The decrease in average carbon monoxide emissions in B10 to diesel is 22.19%. The decrease in hydrocarbon emissions for B10 to diesel is 7.14%. Biodiesel with lemongrass oil increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) because of
Swami Punniakodi, Banumathi Munuswamy, Arumugam, Chelliah, Suyambazhahan, Sivalingam, Senthil, Ramalingam, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh, Papla Venugopal, Inbanaathan, Nguyen, Van Nhanh, Cao, Dao Nam
Assessing Heavy Duty Vehicle CO 2 Emissions for Qualification as a Zero Emissions Vehicle2024-37-000706/12/2024
The global transportation industry, and road freight in particular, faces formidable challenges in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions; both Europe and the US have already enabled legislation with CO2 / GHG reduction targets. In Europe, targets are set on a fleet level basis: a CO2 baseline has already been established using Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) data collected and analyzed by the European Environment Agency (EEA) in 2019/2020. This baseline data has been published as the reference for the required CO2 reductions. More recently, the EU has proposed a Zero Emissions Vehicle definition of 3g CO2/t-km. The Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) designation is expected to be key to a number of market instruments that improve the economics and practicality of hydrogen trucks. This paper assesses the permissible amount of carbon-based fuel in hydrogen fueled vehicles – the Pilot Energy Ratio (PER) – for each regulated subgroup of HDVs in the baseline data set. The analysis indicates that a PER
Mumford, David K., Williams, Graham, Leclercq, Nadege
Effect of Injector Type and Intake Boosting on Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Spray-Guided Gasoline Direct Injection Engine—A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study03-17-06-004406/06/2024
In general, GDI engines operate with stratified mixtures at part-load conditions enabling increased fuel economy with high power output, however, with a compensation of increased soot emissions at part-load conditions. This is mainly due to improper in-cylinder mixing of air and fuel leading to a sharp decrease in gradient of reactant destruction term and heat release rate (HRR), resulting in flame quenching. The type of fuel injector and engine operating conditions play a significant role in the in-cylinder mixture formation. Therefore, in this study, a CFD analysis is utilized to compare the effect of stratified mixture combustion with multi-hole solid-cone and hollow-cone injectors on the performance and emission characteristics of a spray-guided GDI engine. The equivalence ratio (ϕ) from 0.6 to 0.8 with the constant engine speed of 2000 rev/min is considered. For both injectors, the fuel injection pressure of 200 bar is used with 60° spray-cone angles. For lean boosting conditions
Kumar, Rahul, Bhaduri, Sreetam, Mallikarjuna, J.M.
Optimizing Carbon Monoxide Emission Reduction Using Rice Husk Activated Carbon in Automobile Exhaust Systems2024-01-505404/29/2024
This research effort is to optimize the conditions to minimize carbon monoxide (CO) gas emissions utilizing activated carbon derived from rice husks, an abundant agricultural waste. In the automobile industry, addressing vehicular emissions is crucial due to environmental ramifications and stringent regulatory mandates. This study presents an innovative and potentially cost-effective solution to capture CO emissions, mainly from motorcycles. The eco-friendly nature of using rice husks and the detailed findings on optimal conditions (20 m/s gas flow rate, 0.47 M citric acid concentration, and 30 g mass of activated carbon) make this research invaluable. These conditions achieved a commendable CO adsorption rate of 54.96 ppm over 1250 s. Essentially, the insights from this research could spearhead the development of sustainable automobile exhaust systems. By integrating activated carbon into these systems, there’s potential to capture CO and possibly other detrimental gases, reducing the
Natrayan, L., Seeniappan, Kaliappan
Catalytic Converter—An Integrated Approach to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission2024-01-504704/22/2024
Vehicle emissions, which are rising alarmingly quickly, are a significant contributor to the air pollution that results. Incomplete combustion, which results in the release of chemicals including carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter, is the main cause of pollutants from vehicle emissions. However, CO2 contributes more than the aforementioned pollutants combined. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas that vehicles emit. For every liter of gasoline burned by vehicles, around 2,347 grams of carbon dioxide are released. Therefore, it’s important to reduce vehicle emissions of carbon dioxide. The ability of materials like zeolite and silicon dioxide to absorb CO2 is outstanding. These substances transform CO2 into their own non-polluting carbonate molecules. Zeolite, silicon dioxide, and calcium oxide are combined to form the scrubbing material in a ratio based on their increasing adsorption propensities, along with enough bentonite sand to bind the mixture.
Saravanakumar, L., Arunprasad, S.
Experimental Investigation of Internal and External EGR Effects on a CNG-OME Dual-Fuel Engine2024-01-236104/09/2024
Dual-fuel engines powered by renewable fuels provide a potential solution for reducing the carbon footprint and emissions of transportation, contributing to the goal of achieving sustainable mobility. The investigation presented in the following uses a dual-fuel engine concept running on biogas (referred to as CNG in this paper) and the e-fuel polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME). The current study focuses on the effects of exhaust gas rebreathing and external exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on emissions and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A four-cylinder heavy-duty engine converted to dual-fuel operation was used to conduct the engine tests at a load point of 1600 min-1 and 9.8 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The respective shares of high reactivity fuel (HRF, here: OME) and low reactivity fuel (LRF, here: CNG) were varied, as were the external and internal EGR rates and their combinations. CNG was injected into the intake manifold to create a homogeneous air-fuel mixture
Jost, Ann-Kathrin, Guenthner, Michael, Weigel, Alexander
A Study on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of an Ammonia-Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engine2024-01-236904/09/2024
Internal combustion engines, as the dominant power source in the transportation sector and the primary contributor to carbon emissions, face both significant challenges and opportunities in the context of achieving carbon neutral goal. Biofuels, such as biodiesel produced from biomass, and zero-carbon fuel ammonia, can serve as alternative fuels for achieving cleaner combustion in internal combustion engines. The dual-fuel combustion of ammonia-biodiesel not only effectively reduces carbon emissions but also exhibits promising combustion performance, offering a favorable avenue for future applications. However, challenges arise in the form of unburned ammonia (NH3) and N2O emissions. This study, based on a ammonia-biodiesel duel-fuel engine modified from a heavy-duty diesel engine, delves into the impact of adjustments in the two-stage injection strategy on the combustion and emission characteristics. The research findings indicate that as the pre-injection timing advances, the
Liu, Yi, Cai, Kaiyuan, Qingchu, Chen, Yunliang, Qi, Wang, Zhi
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