Browse Topic: Carbon monoxide

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MINER’S SAFETY BOT2026-28-0116To be published on 02/12/2026
Mining remains one of the most hazardous industries, with workers constantly exposed to life-threatening conditions such as toxic gases, high temperatures, and confined spaces. To address these concerns, we propose the design and development of an autonomous Miner’s Safety Bot aimed at enhancing underground safety through real-time environmental monitoring and intelligent navigation. The system is built around the ESP32 microcontroller, integrating critical sensors including the MQ7 gas sensor for detecting carbon monoxide and methane, the DHT11 sensor for measuring ambient temperature, and an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle detection. These components work to monitor hazardous parameters and assist the bot in navigating through narrow mine shafts. A servo motor connected to a remote-controlled chassis adjusts the bot's direction when obstacles are detected. The bot employs the ESP32-CAM module to transmit live visuals from the mining site to external observers. Furthermore, sensor data
D, SUCHITRA, D, ANITHA, MUTHUKUMARAN, BALASUBRAMANIAM, MOHANRAJ, SIDDHARTH, SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE, ROHAN
Enhancing combustion, performance and emission profiles using kapok methyl ester blends with hydrogen2026-28-0058To be published on 02/12/2026
This study investigates the potential of using a dual green alternative fuel combination, the one is hydrogen fuel and another one is biodiesel for enhancing the Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. The kapok oil methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 20% (K20) and 40% (K40) by volume. The hydrogen gas was supplied at a constant flow of 4 liter per minute (LPM). The experimental fuels are neat diesel D100, K20 (80% Diesel and 20 % kapok methylester), K40 (60% Diesel + 40 % Kapok methyleter), K20 + H4L (K20 with 4 LPM hydrogen) and K40+H4L (K40 with 4 LPM hydrogen). These blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different load conditions at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, combustion, performance and emissions characteristic were evaluated and compared with base fuel. The results indicated that te use of B20 and B40 blends without hydrogen led to reduced brake thermal efficiency due to
Anbarasan, B, M, KUMARESAN, Balamurugan PhD, S, Rajesh, Munnusamy
A Thermoelectric System for Emission Control Optimization in Two-Wheeler Automotive Applications2026-26-0218To be published on 01/16/2026
Environmental pollution is one of the growing concerns of our society. As vehicle emissions are a major contributor to air pollution, emission control is a primary goal of the Automotive industry. Vehicle emissions are higher due to improper combustion, which leads to toxic gases being generated from the exhaust system. Unburnt fuel is one of the leading causes of toxic pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxides (NOx) and Hydrocarbons. The catalytic converter converts these gases into less toxic substances such as Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, and water vapor. The catalytic converter performs efficiently after reaching its “Light Off” temperature, after which the catalyst becomes active. Hence, elevated temperature of the exhaust gases aids in efficient conversion. Presently, the gases from the exhaust system are approximately at a temperature of 300°C-600°C. This paper outlines the concept of a Peltier (Thermoelectric) Module - based system, which helps maintain the high
Venkateshwaran, Aishwarya, Soodlu, Shashikiran, M, Mathaiyan
Development of above 500 kW Diesel Engine & After treatment System to meet CPCB-IV+ Emission Norms2026-26-0234To be published on 01/16/2026
The CPCB-IV+ emission compliance for genset application is applicable with effect from 1st July 2023 as per as per GSR 804(E). The CPCB-II to CPCB-IV+ changeover in very stringent in emission front by almost 90 % emission reduction. It's a significant advancement in environmentally sustainable powertrain technology. To meet the CPCB-IV+ Emission, combustion development & ATS technology plays an important role. First is the base engine need to optimize enough with combustion & associated parts. Second is the after treatment system which will carry the battle further to the engine emission with 10% minimum engineering target. This paper present the systematic approach followed to meet CPCB-IV+ emission norms for upgradation of 21 liter TCIC engine for the power range (56 <P ≤ 560). Here the challenge is that we don't want to major changes in the existing CPCB-II FIE recipe & meet the CPCB-IV+ emission with ECU calibration & ATS system calibration with its potential. Here interesting
Rane, Vikas, Jagtap, Shailesh, Gothekar, Sanjeev, Pawar, Narendra V, Khedkar, Prasad, Kagade, Samadhan, Kendre, Mahadev, G Bhat, Prasanna, Thipse, S
Development of a CNG-Diesel Dual Fuel Tractor with Mechanical Fuel Injection System2026-26-0114To be published on 01/16/2026
Identification of renewable and sustainable energy solutions remains a key focus area for the engine designers of the modern world. An avenue of research and development is being vastly dedicated to propelling engines using alternate fuels. The chemistry of these alternate fuels is in general much simpler than fossil fuels, like diesel and gasoline. One such promising and easily available alternate fuel is compressed natural gas (CNG). In this work, a 3-cylinder, 3-liter naturally aspirated air-cooled diesel engine from the off-highway tractor application is converted into a CNG Diesel Dual fuel (CNG-DDF) engine. A comparative performance shows that the thermal efficiency is up to 5% lower with CNG-DDF with respect to diesel. However, it has shown the benefit of 44% in Particulate Matter (PM), while retaining the same NOx + NMHC levels as baseline diesel engine. The cycle average CO emission was found to increase by 40% simultaneously, which has been controlled by an oxidation catalyst
Choudhary, Vasu, Mukherjee, Nalini, Kumar, Sanjeev, Tripathi, Ayush, Nene, Devendra
REPLACING DIESEL ENGINES WITH CNG ENGINES – IMPACT ON EMISSIONS, BASED ON CHASSIS DYNAMOMETER TESTS OF MEDIUM AND HEAVY-DUTY BUSES2026-26-0127To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract This paper compares carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and nitrogen oxide emissions from medium and heavy-duty buses using diesel, diesel-hybrid, and CNG powertrains. Comparisons are made using results from chassis dynamometer-based tests with driving cycles intended to simulate a wide range of operating conditions. Tail pipe emissions are measured by diluting the vehicle exhaust in a full-scale dilution tunnel by mixing with conditioned air. Samples are drawn through probes of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and measured using laboratory grade emission analyzers. Emissions measurements include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons including methane. Fuel consumption for liquid fuels is measured using weighing scales, while a gas flow meter is used for measuring CNG. Experimental data from 20 buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over the last 8 years is analyzed and a comparison of results from similar buses but with the differently fueled
Iyer, Suresh
Letter from the Guest Editors04-19-01-000112/10/2025
Letter from the Guest Editors
Assanis, Dimitris, Cho, Seokwon, Lawler, Benjamin, Pintor, Dario Lopez
Effect of Fuel Injection Strategies on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Diethyl Ether–Fueled Compression Ignition Engine03-18-07-004311/20/2025
This experimental study compared a blend of diesel–DEE (DEE 40% v/v in diesel) with baseline diesel. This experimental study assesses different fuel injection strategies for controlling the in-cylinder charge stratification, such as single, double, and triple injections. The peak in-cylinder pressure under the partially premixed combustion mode was higher than conventional diesel combustion. Higher in-cylinder pressure with increasing dwell time was observed under triple injections. Retarding pilot injections increased the peak in-cylinder pressure. Conventional diesel combustion mode exhibited the highest brake thermal efficiency and lowest emissions with all injection strategies. A longer dwell time of 12° CA showed higher brake thermal efficiency, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions, whereas hydrocarbon emissions were lower compared to a shorter dwell time of 6° CA. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased, but nitric oxide and brake thermal efficiency were
Sonawane, Utkarsha, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines Fueled with Watermelon Seed Oil Biodiesel Enhanced with Ferrous Oxide Nanoparticles2025-28-021811/06/2025
A large number of research studies have raised global concerns about the rapid depletion of traditional energy sources like petroleum. These fuels, being largely non-renewable, are being consumed at a rate much faster than they can be replenished. This growing imbalance between demand and supply has led to fears that, in the near future, the world could face a serious energy crisis if alternative sources are not developed and adopted in time. The use of alternative fuels plays an important role in lowering harmful emissions, including those that contribute to ozone formation and other toxic pollutants. It is a well-established scientific understanding that the continued combustion of fossil fuels is a key driver of global atmospheric warming. As environmental awareness grows, many individuals across the globe believe that shifting toward cleaner and more sustainable fuel sources is essential for protecting and improving the health of our planet. Extensive research is being conducted to
G, Manikandan, Subbaiyan, Gunasekharan, Saminathan, Sathiskumar, T, Karthi, S, Gokul, J, Sanmuganathan
Effects of Intake-Air Heating on a Light-Duty CNG-Diesel Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine2025-32-000311/03/2025
Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a promising low-temperature combustion strategy that offers high thermal efficiency with reduced nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. However, at low loads, RCCI operation often suffers from incomplete combustion, leading to elevated partial combustion products, such as, unburned total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Intake-air heating is a potential strategy to address these issues by enhancing fuel reactivity and promoting more complete combustion. In this study, the effects of intake-air heating (from ambient to ~95°C) on performance, combustion, and emissions were experimentally investigated in a light-duty diesel engine operated in compressed natural gas (CNG)-diesel RCCI mode. Experiments were conducted at low and intermediate loads at various engine speeds. A single injection strategy was employed for low-load, while a double-injection strategy was used at intermediate-load operating condition s. CO
Navaneethakrishnan, P., Sarangi, Asish K, Suman, Abhishek, Sreedhara, Seshadri, Singh, Arvind Kumar
Quasi-Dimensional Simulation of a Turbulent Jet Ignition Combustion in High-Performance High-Speed Motorcycle Engine2025-32-000211/03/2025
High-performance and high-revving Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are central to the motorbike driving experience. To achieve these peculiar characteristics, rich combustion strategies are often used to improve combustion performance, resulting in incomplete combustion leading to high unburned Hydro-Carbon (uHC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions. Turbulent Jet Ignition (TJI) combustion could replace standard Spark Ignition (SI) systems to improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions with minimal modification to existing configurations. Extensive experimental and numerical analyses are needed to develop and understand the complex phenomena that characterize TJI combustion, using considerable time and resources. To address this, reduced-order models are used to accelerate the research and development processes by simplifying the analysis of complex combustion phenomena. This paper presents an enhanced reduced-order model initially developed for SI engines and later extended to
Ballerini, Alberto, D'Errico, Gianluca, Nodi, Alessandro, Buttitta, Marco, Marmorini, Luca
First Investigation of Ducted Fuel Injection on a Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Multi-Cylinder Production Engine04-19-01-000510/22/2025
Ducted fuel injection (DFI) was tested for the first time on a production multi-cylinder engine. Design-of-experiments (DoE) testing was carried out for DFI with a baseline ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel as well as three fuels with lower lifecycle carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: renewable diesel, neat biodiesel (from soy), and a 50/50 blend by volume of biodiesel with renewable diesel denoted B50R50. For all fuels tested, DFI enabled simultaneous reductions of engine-out emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with late injection timings. DoE data were used to develop individual calibrations for steady-state testing with each fuel using the ISO 8178 eight-mode off-road test cycle. Over the ISO 8178 test, DFI with a five-duct configuration and B50R50 fuel reduced soot and NOx by 87% and 42%, respectively, relative to the production engine calibration. Soot reductions generally decreased with increasing engine load. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions tended to increase
Ogren, Ryan M., Baumgard, Kirby J., Radhakrishna, Vishnu, Kempin, Robert C., Mueller, Charles J.
Biodiesel Characterization and Prediction Using ANN Modeling along with the Assessment of Performance and Emission Behavior of Fuel Sources— Gossypium hirsutum and Stoechospermum marginatum —Used in Direct Injection CI Engine2025-01-507110/16/2025
The demand for alternate fuel continues to grow steadily, while energy sources are being researched and explored every year. Considering the energy demand and fuel cost this research was initiated to identify better sources for fuel production. Also the emission released into the atmosphere causes significant influence in the global market in terms of pollution, which was also a prime motive toward this research analysis. A green biodiesel, fatty acid alkyl ester, has attracted much attention as an environmentally friendly diesel fuel. This is due to several advantages, especially that fatty acid alkyl ester is renewable, biodegradable, and has less toxic properties as a fuel. In this article, cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) biodiesel and algal (Stoechospermum marginatum) biodiesel was prepared with a yield of 94% and 85%, respectively. Single-stage transesterification was performed since the free fatty acid percentage was within the limit. The performance characteristics in terms of
Godwin, John J., Hariram, V., Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Sambandam, Padmanabhan, Prathik, S. J., Santhosh, K., Baskar, S., Boopathi, D.
Optimization of CI Engine Operation with DME on an FTP Cycle2025-01-039410/07/2025
Fuels that can be produced in a sustainable manner are of high interest because they can provide an essential step toward net zero emissions vehicles. This study examines the combustion of one such fuel, Dimethyl Ether (DME), in a compression ignition, 4-cylinder, 2.2L engine. Testing was conducted using the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) certification cycle from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Different sets of calibration maps were designed to target low-NOx (30-50ppm) by using high EGR and intake throttle and high-NOx (approximately 1000ppm) using no EGR. An intermediate, mid-NOx calibration was also evaluated. Varying calibration approaches yielded total integrated engine out emissions ranging from 118 to 145gCO2/km, all below the 191gCO2/km from the baseline diesel. The corresponding NOx+UHC and CO emissions were also evaluated. The mid-NOx calibration was overall more favorable, as it met TIER 3-Bin 20 emissions requirements with the current efficiencies of the base
De Ojeda, William, Wu, Simon (Haibao), Harrison, Christopher, Hall, Carrie, Arslan, Elaheh, Pulpeiro Gonzalez, Jorge
Exploring the Emission Spectrum of Pure Hydrogen Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines: A Comprehensive Experimental Study2025-24-005109/07/2025
Hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2ICE) have shown enormous potential for zero-carbon emissions, aligning with the European zero-carbon targets in 2050. Adopting hydrogen as a zero-carbon fuel offers a time- and cost-effective approach to directly replacing carbon-based and fossil fuel-powered ICEs. The study aims to provide comprehensive data on the H2ICE engine during steady-state operations of a single-cylinder spark ignition engine with a direct hydrogen injection system. It focuses on emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), utilising ultra-fast analysers positioned close to the exhaust valves to minimise signal delay. Particulate matter (PM) emissions are also measured to evaluate the potential for zero-carbon emissions from the H2ICE. Additionally, NO and NO2 emissions are analysed against air-fuel ratios (AFR) to estimate combustion temperature and NOx mechanisms. Water vapour and oxygen emissions are captured to assess their quantities
Mohamed, Mohamed, Zaman, Zayne, Wang, Xinyan, Zhao, Hua, Hall, Jonathan
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Orientation in a Diesel-Gasoline-Fuelled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-004309/07/2025
Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) presents a promising alternative to conventional diesel combustion (CDC), offering significant reductions in pollutant emissions by lowering local in-cylinder temperatures and enhancing fuel-air mixing. However, a significant challenge in implementing PCCI is controlling the start of combustion, especially given its narrow operating load range. This is primarily due to early ignition and knocking combustion at higher loads when using high-reactivity diesel fuel, which limits the practical applicability of PCCI mode in diesel engines. In the present study, experimental investigations are carried out on a light-duty diesel engine operating in PCCI mode using two fuel blends: 10% (D90G10) and 20% (D80G20) gasoline mixed with diesel on a volume basis. To facilitate combustion control and emission reduction, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water vapor are used as charge diluents. A common rail direct injection (CRDi) system replaces the
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Mid-IR Laser Extinction Measurements of Formaldehyde Emissions in a Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine2025-24-003409/07/2025
As energy security and sustainability becomes important, the role of alternative fuels, particularly methanol, is becoming increasingly significant. While the feasibility of methanol as a substitute for diesel fuel has been explored, understanding of emissions from methanol-fueled compression-ignition engines remains limited, even though these engines are known to emit formaldehyde (CH2O) due to methanol’s chemical structure and oxidation pathways. In this study, a quantitatively measurable mid-IR laser-based extinction methodology was employed to understand CH2O formation in a methanol mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) engine. Stable methanol MCCI combustion was achieved with the addition of 5%vol 2-ethylhexly nitrate (EHN) and by using a triple injection strategy (pilot + pilot + main), and CH2O emissions were measured with high temporal resolution by laser extinction while sweeping the injection timing. In addition, the injection strategy was systematically varied by
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, Narayanan, Abhinandhan
Computational Fluid-Dynamics Analysis of the Effect of Ethanol-Air Mixture Supply in a Heavy-Duty Engine2025-24-002909/07/2025
As part of the Bio-FiRE-for-EVer research project aiming to propose a solution for off-grid charging stations based on the adoption of a reciprocating engine, this study investigated the combustion development and pollutant emissions of an 8.7 l six-cylinder heavy-duty PFI internal combustion engine fueled by ethanol. The reference experimental case features critical issues in the formation of the air-fuel, mainly due to the slow evaporation rate of the alcohol fuel inside the intake manifold via a single point injection, providing a non-uniform and averagely rich (λ=0.89) reactant mixture inside the cylinders. For this purpose, an in-depth analysis of the in-cylinder phenomena is performed by using a CFD solver for the reacting flow. A geometry of the cylinder system complete with intake and exhaust ducts is created for calculations with the three-dimensional Ansys FORTE code. The inclusion of the inlet duct in the computational domain allows the experiencing of several setups of the
De Robbio, Roberta, Cameretti, Maria Cristina, Palomba, Marco, Tuccillo, Raffaele
Analysis of Combustion Characteristics and Performance of a Multi-Cylinder Engine Operating on Syngas/Diesel in Dual-Fuel Mode2025-24-004209/07/2025
Despite improvements in internal combustion engine efficiency, fossil fuel reliance remains a challenge for sustainable energy. Syngas, a hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixture produced from gasification, typically of carbon-based feedstocks, offers a viable transitional fuel due to its compatibility with existing combustion technologies and reduced emissions. However, its low ignition propensity elevated intake temperatures or pressures, a limitation that can be overcome through diesel pilot injection in dual-fuel engine configurations. This study extends prior single-cylinder research to a 1.6 L four-cylinder HCCI engine operating in dual-fuel mode, resembling a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) engine. The analysis focuses on cylinder-to-cylinder combustion variation, thermal efficiency, and pollutant emissions, with particular emphasis on the influence of diesel pilot injection timing. Experimental evaluations are conducted across a range of injection timing and Syngas
El Younsi, Laila, Nelson-Gruel, Dominique
Numerical Study of Mixing, Combustion and NOx Emissions in a DI High Performance Hydrogen Engine Operated at Stoichiometry2025-24-001009/07/2025
The roadmap towards carbon neutrality by 2050 makes necessary drastic reduction of road vehicle tailpipe carbon emissions. One viable approach to reach the abatement of carbon monoxide and dioxide is to fuel internal combustion engines (ICEs) with hydrogen. The burning of a hydrogen-air mixture inside the combustion chamber reduces to minimal amount the production of carbon emissions and particulate matter that are only produced by the presence of lubricant oil. However, the high temperatures reached by the end-gases promote the formation of nitrogen oxides. In high-performance ICEs, the pursuit for high-specific power by means of the adoption of stoichiometric mixtures is hindered by the need to reduce NOx - as this pollutant drastically drops when moving towards ultra-lean mixtures. The paper aims to present a CFD-3D framework to simulate the full engine-cycle of a high-performance Spark-Ignited (SI) Direct-Injection (DI) ICE fuelled at stoichiometric conditions. The methodology is
Baudone, Antonio Denny, Marini, Alessandro, Sfriso, Stefano, Falcinelli, Francesco, Mortellaro, Fabio, Tonelli, Roberto, Breda, Sebastiano
A Life Cycle Assessment of Potential Pathways to Increase Sustainable Aviation Fuel Yields through CO 2 Upgrading Co-located with Corn Ethanol Production13-06-03-002309/04/2025
Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) upcycling of ethanol to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is an attractive emerging pathway for SAF production, especially in the US Midwest with large-scale corn ethanol production. Only 39% of the corn carbon is converted to ethanol, 20% is emitted as CO2. Capturing the CO2 to produce additional ethanol or SAF directly can increase the carbon yield. To guide technology selection, this work used life cycle assessment for several CO2-to-SAF production pathways. Additionally, improvements for corn ethanol production were explored by replacing natural gas burners with heat pumps for corn drying, which reduced the carbon intensity of corn ethanol by nearly 16%. But subsequent upgrading of the ethanol to SAF is only 4.5–20% better than conventional aviation fuel. By contrast, CO2-based alternative routes to SAF fared better, reducing carbon intensities between 83% and 90%. Gas fermentation of CO2 to ethanol with subsequent ATJ upcycling to SAF was contrasted to Fischer
McCord, Stephen, Talsma, Sam, Bouchard, Jessey, Zavaleta, Victor Gordillo, He, Xin, Sick, Volker
Ethanol Fuel as Enabler for High-Efficiency and Low-Soot Combustion in Dual-Fuel and Blend Modes03-18-04-002807/16/2025
Global climate initiatives and government regulations are driving the demand for zero-carbon tailpipe emission vehicles. To ensure a sustainable transition, rapid action strategies are essential. In this context, renewable fuels can reduce lifecycle CO2 emissions and enable low-soot and NOx emissions. This study examines the effects of renewable ethanol in dual-fuel (DF) and blend fueling modes in a compression ignition (CI) engine. The novelty of this research lies in comparing different combustion modes using the same engine test rig. The methodology was designed to evaluate the characteristics of various injection modes and identify the inherent features that define their application ranges. The investigation was conducted on a single-cylinder engine equipped with state-of-the-art combustion technology. The results indicate that the maximum allowable ethanol concentration is 30% in blend mode, due to blend stability and regulatory standards, and 70% in DF mode, due to combustion
Belgiorno, Giacomo, Ianniello, Roberto, Di Blasio, Gabriele
Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Injector Design and Operating Parameters on PCCI Combustion in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine03-18-04-002607/09/2025
Due to increasingly stringent emission regulations, advanced combustion strategies, such as premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI), have emerged promising solutions for achieving low NOx and soot emissions. However, challenges such as increased unburned hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, and a restricted engine operating load range remain unsolved. Since conventional diesel engines are not inherently designed for PCCI operation, re-optimizing engine parameters is essential. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the influence of injector orientation and nozzle spray angle on combustion parameters, performance, and emissions in a PCCI diesel engine. Initial parametric studies revealed that early direct injection combined with high fuel injection pressure limited the PCCI load range to 30% and 60% of the rated capacity with diesel, without and with EGR, respectively, accompanied by higher HC and CO emissions. To address these limitations, the injector
Ranjan, Ashish Pratap, Krishnasamy, Anand
Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen Generation through Steam Methane Reforming: A Focus on Co-Product Allocation between Steam and Electricity2025-01-018106/16/2025
This research presents a numerical analysis of the environmental impacts associated with using hot steam as a co-product in hydrogen production through Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) of renewable gas sources. As hydrogen production technology advances rapidly, reducing emissions and addressing environmental concerns, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, have become essential. This study examines the SMR process with a focus on the environmental effects of utilizing hot steam as a co-product for electricity generation or facility heating. The analysis evaluates renewable feedstocks, including landfill gas, animal waste, food waste, and wastewater sludge, to determine their viability for sustainable hydrogen production. Key pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, along with GHGs, are assessed to identify the most environmentally advantageous feedstock options. This work aims to provide insights to promote sustainable hydrogen production practices.
Rosyadi, Ahmad Adib, Lim, Ocktaeck
Assessing the Performance of a Modified Fuel Injection System–Equipped Dimethyl Ether-Fueled Genset/Tractor Engine04-18-03-001405/21/2025
Ethers are emerging as suitable mineral diesel replacements. A customized mechanical fuel injection system was used to investigate the dimethyl ether–fueled genset/tractor, and ~75% rated engine load was achieved over diesel. The in-cylinder pressure rise rate was about half for the dimethyl ether engine. However, the lower pressure generated in the high-pressure dimethyl ether line reduced brake thermal efficiency for the dimethyl ether engine. Dimethyl ether engines emitted lower nitrogen oxide emissions than baseline diesel except at higher loads and reduced nozzle opening pressure. Carbon monoxide emissions increased due to prolonged and incomplete combustion at higher loads with reduced nozzle opening pressure. Blowby gas leakage was lower for dimethyl ether than for baseline diesel engines. Overall, the genset/tractor engine could perform satisfactorily using a customized fuel injection system and will help achieve carbon neutrality from the various sectors using this technology.
Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Pal, Manojit, Valera, Hardikk
Experimental Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Additives Effect on Performance and Emission of a High-Injection Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engine03-18-03-002005/16/2025
Due to the continuous decrease in fossil fuel resources, and drawbacks of some biofuel properties, in addition to restricted environmental concerns, it becomes a vital manner to innovate some approaches for energy saving and emission reduction. One of the promising approaches is to enhance the fuel properties via adding nanoparticles. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) blended with biofuels get extensive investigations by researchers using conventional diesel engines at relatively limited operating regimes. The objective of this work is to extend these studies using diesel fuel, rather than biofuels, on a high-injection pressure (1400–1600 bar) common rail diesel engine at wide operating conditions and higher CNT concentrations. Experimental results show an increase in peak pressure up to 24.46% than pure diesel when using 100 ppm CNTs concentration. Also, BSFC has decreased by 33.19%, and BTE increased by 54.2% compared to pure diesel fuel at high speeds and loads. NOx and CO2 emissions raised
Moaayet, Sayed, Neseem, Waleed Mohamed, Amin, Mohamed Ibrahim, Shahin, Motasem Abdelbaky
Study on the Optimal Pre-Chamber Geometry for Active Pre-Chamber Gas Engines2024-32-002304/18/2025
In a pre-chamber engine, fuel in the main-chamber is ignited and combusted by the combustion gas injected from the pre-chamber. Therefore, further fuel dilution is possible and thermal efficiency can be also improved. However, adding a pre-chamber to an engine increases the number of design parameters which have a significant impact on the main combustion and the exhaust gas. Then, in this study, the optimum geometry of the pre-chamber in an active pre-chamber gas engine was investigated. The considered parameters were the volume of pre-chamber, the diameter of a nozzle hole, and the number of nozzle holes. 18 types of pre-chambers with different geometries were prepared. Using these pre-chambers, engine experiments under steady conditions were conducted while changing the conditions such as engine speeds, mean indicated pressure and air excess ratio. Based on the experimental data, neural network models were constructed that predict thermal efficiency, NOx and CO emissions from the
Yasuda, Kotaro, Yamasaki, Yudai, Sako, Takahiro, Takashima, Yoshitane, Suzuki, Kenta
Energy Conversion Efficacy of Neat Dimethyl Ether Combustion with Heat Release Characterization and Emission Analysis2025-01-841704/01/2025
Dimethyl ether (DME) is widely regarded as a suitable energy source for compression ignition power systems because of its high reactivity. It has been widely reported that DME possesses a significantly low propensity to form soot, hindering the innate NOx-soot trade-off encountered with diesel fuel operation. Beyond the fuel-borne oxygen content of DME, its unique physical properties present a contrasting combustion behavior which may be advantageous to direct injection systems, especially concerning the mixing-controlled combustion mode. This work aims to detail the energy conversion efficacy of DME through heat release characterization and exhaust emission speciation. The tests were controlled within a single-cylinder research engine with an off-board high-pressure injection system to handle liquified DME up to 1000bar. To mitigate interference in fuel additives over the combustion behavior, the high-pressure fuel system specifically managed neat DME. The in-cylinder pressure was the
Leblanc, Simon, Cong, Binghao, Leach, Jace, Yu, Xiao, Reader, Graham, Zheng, Ming
Decarbonization of Off-Road Engines by Methanol Mixing-Controlled Compression Ignition with Ignition Enhancer2025-01-841104/01/2025
Methanol is one of the most promising fuels for the decarbonization of the off-road and transportation sectors. Although methanol is typically considered an alternative fuel for spark ignition engines, mixing-controlled compression ignition (MCCI) combustion is typically preferred in most off-road and medium-and heavy-duty applications due to its high reliability, durability and high-efficiency. In this paper, methanol MCCI combustion was enabled using ignition improvers and the potential benefits of this approach compared to conventional diesel combustion were investigated. Methanol was blended with 7%vol of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) and experiments were performed in a single-cylinder production-like diesel engine with a displacement volume of 0.8315 L and a compression ratio of 16.5:1. The conditions of the ISO 8178 C1 regulatory cycle for off-road engines were tested, and performance and emissions over the cycle were calculated. Methanol MCCI shows 5.3% lower fuel consumption (in
Lee, Sanguk, Lopez Pintor, Dario, MacDonald, James, Narayanan, Abhinandhan, Chan, Adrian
Refining Control, Charging, and Battery Chemistry for CO 2 e Savings in Heavy-Duty Off-Road Plug-In Series Hybrid14-14-02-000902/27/2025
With current and future regulations continuing to drive reductions in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions in the on-road industry, the off-road industry is also likely to be regulated for fuel and CO2e savings. This work focuses on converting a heavy-duty off-road material handler from a conventional diesel powertrain to a plug-in series hybrid, achieving a 49% fuel reduction and 29% CO2e reduction via simulation. Control strategies were refined for energy savings, including a regenerative braking strategy to increase regenerative braking and a load-following hydraulic strategy to decrease electrical energy consumption. The load-following hydraulic control shuts off the hydraulic electric machine when it is not needed—an approach not previously seen in a load-sensing, pressure-compensated system. These strategies achieved a 24.1% fuel savings, resulting in total savings of 61% in fuel and 41% in CO2e in the plug-in series compared to the conventional machine. Beyond control
Goodenough, Bryant, Czarnecki, Alexander, Robinette, Darrell, Worm, Jeremy, Subert, David, Kiefer, Dylan, Heath, Matthew, Brunet, Bob, Kisul, Robert, Latendresse, Phil, Westman, John, Black, Andrew
Experimental Investigation and Operating Characteristics of LHR Engine Using Pongamia Pinnata and Azadirachta Indica Biodiesel Blend with Industrial Waste Additive2025-28-003902/07/2025
The huge energy demand and environmental anxiety have focused the interest on alternative fuels to the diesel engine. This suggested the worldwide search for renewable, less pollutant and agricultural-based alternative fuel. Also, attention is given to increasing the efficiency of a conventional diesel engine when running on alternative fuels. Non-edible oil derived from Pongamia pinnata and Azadirachta indica seed oil blends as an alternative fuel have been considered for this study. Using Copper oxide (5% w/w), the two oils were transesterified for 6 hours at a temperature of 75 °C and a methanol to oil ratio of 20:1. The biodiesel samples that were produced underwent FTIR and GC-MS analysis. The results indicated that the FAME conversion for the biodiesel derived from Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata was 99.19% and 97.93%, respectively. Diesel engine combustion components, viz., the piston crown and liner, were coated with Aluminium titanate thermal barrier material. The
R, Suresh, R, Ashwin, Uppuluri, Kiranbabu, T, MohanRaj
Impact of Hydrogen Enrichment on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Operated in Dual Fuel Mode with Karanja Oil Methyl Ester-Tire Pyrolysis Oil Blend2025-28-010902/07/2025
The growing demand for fossil fuels and the search for alternatives have the potential to reduce emissions and enhance energy security. Karanja oil and tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) are identified as promising substitutes. This study examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition engine. The engine was tested using diesel, the optimal combination of Karanja oil biodiesel (KOME) and TPO (50:50% volume ratio), and this KOME-TPO blend with hydrogen supplied in dual fuel mode at flow rates of 10 lpm, 20 lpm, and 30 lpm, designated as H10, H20, and H30, respectively. The results indicated that BTE for H30 was the highest, reaching 32.21% compared to 30.52% for diesel at 5.2 kW BP. BSEC for H30 was the lowest at 11.18 MJ/kWh, compared to 11.80 MJ/kWh for diesel at the same BP. Emission analysis showed that smoke and HC emissions were significantly lower for hydrogen-enriched blends. At 5.2 kW BP, HC emissions for H30
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Chelladorai, Prabhu, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, Madheswaran, Dinesh Kumar
Performance and Emission Analysis of a CI Engine Using Various Blends of Diesel and Prosopis Juliflora Seed Oil-Derived Biodiesel2025-28-012902/07/2025
The rising demand for fossil fuels and the exploration of renewable energy sources from plants have gained significant attention due to their role in reducing emissions and enhancing energy security. Prosopis juliflora, abundantly available in India, offers a viable source for biodiesel production. This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a 5.2 kW, 1500 rpm, four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine using blends of diesel, vegetable oil, and biodiesel derived from Prosopis juliflora seeds. The engine was tested with pure diesel, vegetable oil (PJO), biodiesel (B100), and biodiesel-diesel blends at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% by volume, designated as B20, B40, B60, and B80, respectively. Key performance metrics, including brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), were measured, along with emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), smoke, hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NO). Results indicated that BTE
Duraisamy, Boopathi, Stanley Martin, Jerome, Thiyagarajan, Prakash, Rajendran, Silambarasan, Marutholi, Mubarak, John, Godwin
Effect of Injection Pressure and Equivalent Ratio on Combustion and Emissions of The Ammonia/Diesel Dual Fuel Engine2025-01-711101/31/2025
In the context of low-carbon and zero-carbon development strategies, the transformation and upgrading of the energy structure is an inevitable trend. As a renewable fuel, ammonia has a high energy density. When ammonia is burned alone, the combustion speed is slow. The emissions of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia is high. Therefore, a suitable high-reactivity combustion aid fuel is required to improve the combustion characteristics of ammonia. Based on this background, this study converted a six-cylinder engine into a single-cylinder ammonia/diesel dual-fuel system, with diesel fuel as the base and a certain percentage of ammonia blended in. The impact of varying the injection pressure and equivalence ratio on engine combustion and emissions was examined. The results demonstrate that an appropriate increase in injection pressure can promote fuel-gas mixing and increase the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). With regard to emissions, an increase in injection pressure has been
Wang, Hu, Lv, Zhijie, Zhang, Shouzhen, Wang, Mingda, Yang, Rui, Yao, Mingfa
Emission and Economic Characteristics of Diesel/PODE Blended Fuel in Actual Road Driving2025-01-711501/31/2025
Diesel/Polymethoxy Dimethyl Ether (PODE) blend fuel can significantly reduce emissions from diesel engines. However, emission levels often vary due to high transients during real-world driving conditions. To evaluate the emission and economic performance of diesel/PODE blend fuel, this study analyzed the real-world driving behavior of heavy tractors using different blend ratios (0%, 20%, 30%) across urban, suburban, and expressway road sections, in compliance with the national VI emission standard. Based on Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) bins, the study compared carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, particulate matter, and fuel consumption rates between pure diesel and blended fuels, providing insights into their performance under varying driving conditions. In addition, specific emissions of pollutants, effective fuel consumption, and effective thermal efficiency for urban, suburban, and expressway sections, as well as for the entire test process, are analyzed to quantify the
Liu, He, Yang, Yajing, Farooq, Muhammad Shahid, Liu, Shenghua, Wei, Yanju
Effects of Injection Parameters On the Evaporation, Mixing, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Methanol Engine2025-01-711901/31/2025
The combustion performance test under different injection parameters was carried out on an inline 6-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) methanol engine, and the influence mechanism of injection parameters on methanol evaporation, mixing, combustion and emission was revealed through simulation. The results indicate that compared to the low-flow nozzle scheme (14*D0.26), when adopting the high-flow nozzle scheme (16*D0.30), the injection duration is shorter. The evaporation rate of methanol in the intake port is increased, the amount of methanol droplets and wall-attached liquid film in the cylinder is reduced, and the temperature in the cylinder is elevated. Moreover, the changes are more significant under high-load operating conditions. The change in the methanol charge rate during the intake process leads to a slightly higher inhomogeneity of the in-cylinder mixture. The relatively high temperature in the cylinder and the appropriate increase in the mixture concentration on the exhaust side
Zhang, Zhi, Liu, Haifeng, Li, Yongzhi, Chang, Weide, Shu, Zanqiao, Ju, Chengyuan, Ratlamwala, Tahir Abdul Hussain, Yao, Mingfa
Exploring the Future of Sustainable Fuels: Experimental and Predictive Insights on Engine Performance and Emissions Using Algae Biodiesel Blends2024-01-525001/28/2025
This study investigates the potential of biodiesel derived from Azolla algae as an alternative fuel for conventional diesel. The performance and emissions characteristics of various biodiesel blends were evaluated experimentally. The physicochemical properties of pure diesel (D100), and blends with Azolla biodiesel at 5% (BD5), 10% (BD10), 15% (BD15), 20% (BD20), and 100% (B100) were analyzed. It is observed that the amount of fuel consumed is higher at higher loads when fuel is blended with biodiesels. Hydrocarbon emissions were reduced with biodiesel blends at full load and the reduction is higher with increase in blend concentration. A significant difference of 85 ppm NOx was observed between BD20 and D100 at full load. CO emissions decreased with higher biodiesel concentrations, with BD20 resulted less CO emissions than D100, making BD20 a more environmentally viable fuel. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were employed for predictive modeling, achieving approximately 95% accuracy
Senthilkumar, D., Murugesan, Sivanesan, Bhadrinath, P., Shamitha, G., Adityasree, R.
Performance Analysis of Graphene-Coated Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Cooling and Purification2025-01-500601/23/2025
This research investigates the development of a heat pipe heat exchanger coated with graphene for cooling and purification of automobile exhausts. The heat exchanger directly affects the performance of the engine because proper heat dissipation and transfer can improve engine performance, reduce fuel consumption, and decrease the emission. Moreover, this effect is much more noticeable on coated heat pipes because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene films. A heat null emitted by internal combustion engines was used in the experimental setup to test the thermal performance, cooling efficiency, and purification efficiency of the newly designed in-house exhaust simulation system where the new heat pipes were inserted. The results of the experiment show that the heat pipes have very high thermal performance as the efficiency of the heat pipes was calculated to be around 85%. Furthermore, the temperature decrease over the surfaces of the heat
Karthigairajan, M., Seeniappan, Kaliappan, Balaji, N., Natrayan, L., Sheik, Salman Basha, Ravi, D.
Combustion of Hydrated Ethanol and Gasoline RON95 Ultra-High Pressure Direct Injection in Optical Access SI Engine2024-36-015212/20/2024
High and ultra-high pressure direct injection (UHPDI) can enhance efficiency gains with flex-fuel engines operating on ethanol, gasoline, or their mixtures. This application aims to increase the engine’s compression ratio (CR), which uses low CR for gasoline due to the knocking phenomenon. This type of technology, involving injection pressures above 1000 bar, permits late fuel injection during the compression phase, preventing auto-ignition and allowing for higher compression ratios. UHPDI generates a highly turbulent spray with significant momentum, improving air-fuel mix preparation, and combustion, resulting in even greater benefits while minimizing particulate matter emissions. This study aims to develop ultra-high-pressure injection systems using gasoline RON95 and hydrated ethanol in a single-cylinder engine with optical access. Experimental tests will be conducted in an optically accessible spark ignition research engine, employing thermodynamic, optical, and emission results
Malheiro de Oliveira, Enrico R., Mendoza, Alexander Penaranda, Martelli, Andre Luiz, Dias, Fábio J., Weissinger, Frederico F., dos Santos, Leila Ribeiro, Lacava, Pedro Teixeira
Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emission Metrics in a Diesel Engine Operated with Hydrogen Induction and Cassia fistula Biodiesel2024-01-522112/10/2024
The current study investigates the influence of exhaust gas recirculation technique on the hydrogen (10lpm) inducted diesel engine using Cassia fistula derived biodiesel fuel. The focus is on evaluating the emission characteristics of the engine, with a particular emphasis on reducing NOx emissions. The study also examines the impact of varying the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) flow rate 10 and 20% on the aforementioned parameters. The novelty of this investigation lies in the comprehensive evaluation of emission metrics, particularly when combining Cassia fistula biodiesel with hydrogen induction. The experiment carried in Kirloskar TV1-V4A engine with blends consists 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume of CFME blends with diesel. The inducted hydrogen at 10 lpm caused increased NOx which were discussed to suppress by EGR applications. Among the tested fuels, a blend containing 40% cassia fistula methyl ester (CFME) and 60% diesel (CFME40D60) showed the lowest hydrocarbon (HC) emissions
Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Madhu, S., De poures, Melvin Victor, Palani, Kumaran
Assessment of Emission Reductions in a Diesel Engine using Graphene Oxide Nanoparticle-Muskmelon Waste Seed Biodiesel Blends2024-01-524012/10/2024
This research investigates the potential of muskmelon waste seed biodiesel (MWSB) enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The study focuses on transesterifying waste seed oil from muskmelon fruits to produce biodiesel suitable for common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engines. The addition of GO nanoparticles serves as a combustion enhancer, aiming to improve engine performance and reduce emissions. The test fuels included pure diesel, MWSB, and MWSB blends with 10 ppm and 20 ppm of GO nanoparticles. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in emissions when GO nanoparticles were added to the MWSB. Specifically, the MWSB+GO20 ppm blend achieved reductions in smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 16.66%, 26.19%, and 45.33%, respectively, compared to diesel at maximum brake power (5.5 kW). However, this blend also resulted in a 7.4% increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions at maximum brake
Jayabal, Ravikumar, Madhu, S.
Evaluation of Waste Transformer Oil Biodiesel Blend with n-Heptane Additives for Engine Performance under Variable Injection Pressure and Timing2024-01-522312/10/2024
This study examines performance metrics and emission profiles of Kirloskar TV1 CI engine fuelled with blend containing waste transformer oil (WTO) biodiesel (40%), n-Heptane (10%), and diesel (50%) by volume (referred to as WTO40H10D50), with additional 10 lpm of hydrogen induction in the intake manifold. Effects of varied injection of fuel timing (19°, 21°, and 23°bTDC) and injection pressure (170, 210, and 240 bar) of WTO40H10D50 on diesel engine were analyzed at 100% engine loading condition. The findings indicate that an injection timing of 23°bTDC and an IP of 240 bar yield the highest BTE and lowest BSEC, suggesting optimal energy conversion efficiency. The influence of inducted H2 resulted in the lowest smoke opacity and HC emissions, demonstrating more complete and cleaner combustion. The results indicate at 23° bTDC of injection timing and 240 bar injection pressure produced best overall performance, with highest brake thermal efficiency and the lowest brake specific energy
Veeraraghavan, Sakthimurugan, Palani, Kumaran, De Poures, Melvin Victor, Madhu, S.
Data Quality Evaluation and Assurance of Emissions on IC Engine2024-28-013412/05/2024
Engines are the predominant source of Earth’s air pollution contributor, hence there are various emission laws which mandate the use of emission test cycle to verify that engine adhere to predetermined emission limits. A protocol found in an emission standard that enables consistent and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for various engines is known as an emission test cycle. The values of emission parameters are the result of emission cycle. Measurements of GHG (Green House Gas) emissions - particulate number and particulate matter, carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbon, and nitrogen oxides are used to determine exhaust gas thermodynamic characteristics, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and emission indices, as they link engine performance to environmental impact. The engine and after-treatment system’s exhaust emissions are currently having a significant negative impact on the environment. The emission indices (EI) are the characteristics that engine engineers and
Baraskar, Shweta, Rajopadhye, Sunil, Dhuri, Santosh, Patil, Rahul, Mudassir, Mohammed, Phadke, Abhijit Narahari, Mokhadkar, Rahul
Examining Ethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel Blends: Impact on Diesel Passenger Car Performance and Emissions under Legislative Test Cycles2024-28-012512/05/2024
Incorporating ethanol and biodiesel into diesel fuel offers substantial benefits from bioenergy perspective. To assess the effect of these alternative fuels, a study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of Ethanol-Biodiesel-Diesel blends (BD7, E2B7, E5B7) on the performance and emissions of a diesel car under Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC), Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC), wide-open throttle (WOT), and acceleration tests. A four-cylinder 1.5L Common Rail Turbo based diesel passenger car was selected for the study. The test findings revealed that under MIDC conditions, biodiesel blend (BD7) resulted in higher CO emissions compared to neat diesel, but these emissions decreased with the addition of ethanol (E2B7 and E5B7) due to ethanol's embedded oxygen content. While biodiesel lowered THC emissions, these emissions increased when ethanol was added. NOx emissions increased with biodiesel due to its higher cetane number and shorter ignition delay, and this
Dhyani, Vipin, Patil, Yogesh J, Singhal, Nikita, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Kannala, Raghava, Muralidharan, M
Assessment of Performance and Emissions from a Hybrid Vehicle Integrated with a Low Temperature Combustion Engine Undergoing a Drive Cycle2024-28-014012/05/2024
In the last decade, the increased global temperature, stringent regulations, and customer demand for high fuel economy have led to the accelerated development of alternative propulsion solutions, with particular focus on electrified vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the combination of electric machinery with conventional powertrains, allows diversifications of powertrain architectures. In addition, it has been demonstrated that engines employing advanced low temperature combustion concepts, such as dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI), and able to operate on both renewable and conventional fuels, produce ultra-low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions while maintaining thermal efficiency similar to conventional diesel operation at part load operating conditions. This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating a gasoline-diesel RCCI engine in an HEV in achieving reduced fuel consumption and lower NOx and PM emissions
Marwaha, Tejasva, Khedkar, Nikhil Dilip, Sarangi, Asish Kumar
Efficiency Improvement in a 48-Volt Mild Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery2024-01-431711/05/2024
The automotive industry faces significant obstacles in its efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Current conventional automotive powertrain systems are approaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future carbon dioxide emission targets as defined by the tank-to-wheel benchmark test. As automakers transition to low-carbon transportation solutions through electrification, there are significant challenges in managing energy and improving overall vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world driving scenarios. While electrification offers a promising path to low-carbon transportation, it also presents significant challenges in terms of energy management and vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios. Battery electric vehicles have a favorable tank-to-wheel balance but are constrained by limited range due to the low battery energy density inherent in their technology. This limitation has led to the development of hybrid
Kraljevic, Ivica, Spicher, Ulrich
Combustion and Emissions Comparison between a Diesel and a Dimethyl Ether (DME) Off-Highway Compression Ignition Engine2024-01-270011/05/2024
Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising substitute for diesel as a fuel in heavy-duty engines. This article presents the comparison between a diesel- and a DME-powered compression ignition engine. The diesel-powered version was initially characterised at a range of operating points before being converted to operate on DME. This was achieved by replacing fuel system components with bespoke DME-compatible engine parts. An off-board fuel pressurisation and conditioning system was designed to replace the existing high-pressure fuel pump, while maintaining all other engine hardware and components. Engine behaviour, in terms of combustion and emissions on both fuels was examined. Firstly, the effect of varying recirculated exhaust gas (EGR) concentration at constant excess air ratio, combustion phasing (CA50) and equal fuel delivery rate (by energy input) was interrogated. DME combustion was significantly faster, as combustion duration was reduced by around 30%, in some cases, when comparing to
Apostolou, Christos, Elliott, Thomas, Rutledge, John, Butcher, Daniel, Long, Edward, Spencer, Adrian
Quantifying Environmental and Health Impacts of Conventional Diesel and Methane Diesel RCCI Engine Emissions: A Numerical Analysis2024-01-430711/05/2024
A reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine offers ultralow soot and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission in addition to higher thermal efficiency than diesel or compression ignition (CI) engines. However, the higher emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) from RCCI engines pose a significant challenge that hinders their adoption in the future automotive sector. Additionally, HC includes several hydrocarbons that harm human health and the environment. This study aims to minimize HC and CO formation and emissions by implementing different injection strategies, including adjustments to spray angle configuration, injection timing, and fuel premixing ratio. Additionally, the study examines how different injection strategies affect the spatial and temporal distribution of HC and CO inside the combustion chamber. To achieve this objective, a numerical investigation is conducted on a single-cylinder diesel engine modified to operate in RCCI mode, utilizing a
Yadav, Neeraj Kumar, Chandel, Amit Singh, Maurya, Rakesh Kumar, Padhee, Srikant Sekhar
Numerical Investigations on Reducing Unburned Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions in Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Using Partial Reactivity Stratification with Alternative Fuels and Additive03-18-01-000510/04/2024
A numerical investigation has been performed in the current work on reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI), a low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategy that is beneficial for achieving lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emission. A light-duty diesel engine was modified to run in RCCI mode. Experimental data were acquired using diesel as HRF (high-reactivity fuel) and gasoline as LRF (low reactivity fuel) to check the accuracy and fidelity of predicted results. Blends of ethanol and gasoline with DTBP (di-tert-butyl peroxide) addition in a small fraction on an energy basis were used in numerical simulations to promote ignitability and reactivity enhancement of PFI charge. Achieving stable, smooth, and gradual combustion in RCCI is challenging at low loads, especially in light-duty engines, due to misfiring and poor combustion stability. DTBP is known for enhancing cetane number and accelerating combustion, and it is mixed in a PFI blend to avoid combustion deterioration
Tripathi, Saurabh, Krishnasamy, Anand
Air Quality for Commercial Aircraft CabinsAIR4766 (Current)10/03/2024
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) provides information on air quality and some of the factors affecting the perception of cabin air quality in commercial aircraft cabin air. Also a typical safety analysis process utilizing a Functional Hazard Assessment approach is discussed.
AC-9 Aircraft Environmental Systems Committee
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