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Gears are essential components in industrial machinery, and their design needs to be optimized to ensure the proper functioning of mechanical systems across various industrial applications. In this study, an optimization approach is proposed to determine the optimal design of a spur gear. This approach is based on an improved Jaya algorithm, which features a straightforward formulation without any algorithm-specific control parameters. Utilizing a simple and parameter-free updating mechanism, the strength of this algorithm lies in its iterative ability to enhance candidate solutions by moving them toward the best solution while avoiding the worst one, providing a flexible framework for optimization. However, since the original Jaya algorithm was primarily designed for continuous optimization problems, this research incorporates adjustments to adapt it effectively for mixed-variable optimization problems and to manage multi-objective functions. The effectiveness of the proposed
Abderazek, HammoudiRezki, InesFerhat, DjeddouHamouda, Abdelatif
The recent advancements in vehicle powertrain and aerodynamics have led to an increase in the production of faster passenger cars, where high-speed driving scenarios demand equally efficient and safe braking systems to ensure the safety of both passengers and surrounding vehicles and pedestrians. At high speeds, aerodynamics can significantly impact overall vehicle braking performance due to the interaction between downforces and lift forces, which, in turn, affects the vehicle’s overall dynamic weight, directly contributing to the maximum attainable deceleration or braking force. Accordingly, the braking performance can be maximized by generating more downforce by means of rear spoilers, while taking into consideration their inevitable drag, which adds to the total vehicle motion resistance. Therefore, this proposed work aims to investigate the effectiveness of employing an active rear spoiler to enhance the vehicle’s braking performance, without introducing remarkable drag that could
Abidou, DiaaAbdellah, Ahmed HelmyHaggag, Salem
Medium- and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) have gained attention over the battery electric vehicles, offering long vehicle range, fast refueling times, and high payload capacity. However, FCEVs face challenges of high upfront system cost and fuel cell system durability. To address the cost sensitivity of the fuel cell powertrain, it is imperative to maximize the operating efficiency of the energy and thermal management system while meeting the fuel cell durability requirements. This article presents an advanced adaptive control strategy for each of the energy and thermal management systems of a FCEV to maximize operating efficiency as well as vehicle performance. The proposed adaptive energy management strategy builds upon a real-time equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), which is updated based on a horizon prediction algorithm using GPS and navigation data of the route. The algorithm predicts the battery state of charge (SOC) for a defined horizon, which
Batool, SadafBaburaj, AdithyaSadekar, GauravJoshi, SatyumFranke, Michael
This study presents an analysis of the effects of pre-chamber nozzle orientation on dilution tolerance in a light-duty, optical, single-cylinder, constant-volume optical engine. Seven different nozzles with varying nozzle orientation to area-to-volume (A/V) ratio were studied using a combination of experimental and numerical methodologies. The findings reveal that the swirling nozzles were found to have lowest dilution tolerance of 6% tolerance due to the complexity of their internal flow dynamics and increased heat loss through nozzle surfaces. whereas straight nozzles with varying A/V ratio were stable up to 15% dilution. Pre-chambers combining swirling and straight nozzle orientations fail to synergize the benefits of each type, and instead, exacerbate challenges such as heat loss, flame quenching, and unfavorable flow dynamics. Furthermore, an increase in the number of nozzles, for a fixed area-to-volume ratio, tends to enhance ignition performance and stability across a range of
Lee, Dong EunYu, TianxiaoAlam, AfaqueIyer, ClaudiaWooldridge, StevenYi, Jianwen JamesQiao, Li
Characteristics of vertical non-rotating balancing machines are described which make such machines suitable for balancing rigid unbladed gas turbine rotors or rotors with fixed, integral blades.
EG-1A Balancing Committee
The automation of labor-intensive picking and planting operations is having an immediate impact in the agricultural indutry. In its simplest form, robotic automation can reduce the labor and soil disturbance while enabling organic soil cover and increasing species diversification through precision approaches to planting, weeding, and spraying. With this, pesticides and fertilizers can be applied in a more targeted way, and with machinery visiting fields more frequently, earlier and more targeted intervention can occur before pests become established. Small, Mobile, and Autonomous Agricultural Robots identifies issues that need to be resolved fo for this technology to thrive, including improving methods of acquiring and labeling training data to facilitate more accurate models for specific applications. It also discusses concepts such as general-purpose mechanical platforms for use as carriers of agricultural automation systems with high stability, positional accuracy, and variable
Muelaner, Jody E.
This SAE Standard covers the minimum requirements for design, construction, and testing of devices to prevent the propagation of backfire flame from within the gasoline engine to the surrounding atmosphere.
Marine Technical Steering Committee
This specification establishes process controls for the repeatable production of aerospace parts by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF). It is intended to be used for aerospace parts manufactured using additive manufacturing (AM) metal alloys, but usage is not limited to such applications.
AMS AM Additive Manufacturing Metals
Counterfeiting of refrigerants has seen a dramatic rise over the past decades. This rise can be partially attributed to global restrictions placed on production and use of refrigerants by the 1987 Montreal Protocol, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol [1, 2]. These protocols and the amendment regulate the gradual phase-out and strict regulations on the use of refrigerants with high Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and high Global Warming Potential (GWP). These protocols require that older refrigerants be replaced with more environmentally friendly products and necessitate redesigned, updated, or replaced equipment to operate efficiently with these new refrigerants.
G-21R Counterfeit Refrigerants
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides criteria for design and location of power supplies, controls, light fixtures, and associated equipment which are used to provide emergency illumination in transport aircraft, designed to comply with 14 CFR Part 25 (see Reference 1) for operation under 14 CFR Part 91 (see Reference 11) and 14 CFR Part 121 (see Reference 2), and also in compliance with FAA Advisory Circulars AC 25.812-1A (see Reference 3) and AC 25.812-2 (see Reference 10). It is not the purpose of an ARP to specify design methods to be followed in the accomplishment of the stated objectives.
A-20C Interior Lighting
Light-duty vehicles (LDV) are scaling up electrification technologies from battery to dedicated hybrid engines (DHEs). The success from electrification of LDVs can be a starting point to look into a similar trending development of commercial vehicles (CV), which are bigger and heavier with more demanding work cycles. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV)—Phase 3” establishes new CO2 emission standards for MY 2032 (Model Year) and later HD vehicles with more stringent CO2 standards phasing in as early as MY 2027 for certain vehicle categories. In this article, the focus is about improving the operational efficiency of MDHD (medium-duty and heavy-duty) vehicles through a selected electrification technology in this study rather than pure BET (battery electric truck). Extended-range electric vehicle (EREVs) systems are studied here to address sustainability regarding charging infrastructure and by using the renewable fuels (hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and
Wang, HailongMa, TiancaiShuai, ShijinWang, ZihuiSong, Xubin
Perception is a key component of automated vehicles (AVs). However, sensors mounted to the AVs often encounter blind spots due to obstructions from other vehicles, infrastructure, or objects in the surrounding area. While recent advancements in planning and control algorithms help AVs react to sudden object appearances from blind spots at low speeds and less complex scenarios, challenges remain at high speeds and complex intersections. Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technology promises to enhance scene representation for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in complex intersections, providing sufficient time and distance to react to adversary vehicles violating traffic rules. Most existing methods for infrastructure-based vehicle detection and tracking rely on LIDAR, RADAR, or sensor fusion methods, such as LIDAR–camera and RADAR–camera. Although LIDAR and RADAR provide accurate spatial information, the sparsity of point cloud data limits their ability to capture detailed object
Saravanan, Nithish KumarJammula, Varun ChandraYang, YezhouWishart, JeffreyZhao, Junfeng
This specification covers an iron-nickel alloy in the form of strip 0.020 to 0.250 inch (0.51 to 6.35 mm), inclusive, in thickness.
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) covers the general guidelines for conductive power transfer of high voltage Direct Current (DC) between OEM commercial truck chassis electrical systems and electrically powered body accessory equipment. The OEM chassis can have an EV drive train or be a hybrid chassis with or without a connection for traditional mechanical Power Take-Off (PTO). The chassis can include use of range extension systems. Voltage levels are defined as greater than 60 VDC and include typical EV chassis voltage ranges up to and including 1500 VDC based on selected component capabilities. It also covers limited functional requirements for the connection systems, body builder communication modes, and suggested operational modes. The scope of the Electric Power Take-Off (ePTO) physical electrical connection will be limited to a recommendation of the interface concept, space claim, and service features and will leave connector features and design open for future definition
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee