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The objective of the paper is to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft wing using the injection–suction method. This method utilizes simulation techniques based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations with a k-epsilon turbulence model solver. The results of the simulations demonstrate a significant improvement in the wing’s performance, with a 33% increase in the stalling angle and a 10% enhancement in the lift coefficient compared to the baseline airfoil. The drag value is decreasing up to 40% depending on the angle of attack. The novelty of this proposed method was in the strategic placement of injection and suction. Injection is applied over the top airfoil at the separation point, while suction is applied at the midsection of the bottom airfoil. This configuration optimizes the aerodynamic flow over the wing, leading to improved performance metrics of lift coefficient and stall angle. This concept has potential applications in subsonic fixed-wing
Rameshbhai, Patel AnkitkumarPatidar, Vijay KumarBalaji, K.
This study compared modern vehicle and booster geometries with relevant child anthropometries. Vehicle geometries (seat length, seat pan height, shoulder belt outlet height, and roof height) were obtained for 275 center and outboard rear seating positions of US vehicles (MY 2009–2022). Measurements of 85 US boosters (pan height and pan length) and anthropometries of 80 US children between 4–14yo (seated height, thigh length, leg length, and seated shoulder height) were also collected. Comparisons were made between vehicles, boosters, and child anthropometries. Average vehicle seat lengths exceeded child thigh lengths (+9.5cm). Only 16.4% of seating positions had seat lengths less than the child thigh length mean+1SD. Even for children at least 145cm, only 18.8% had thigh lengths greater than the average vehicle seat length. Child thigh lengths were more comparable with average booster seat pan lengths for all multi-mode and high-back designs (-2.0cm) and low-back boosters (+3.1cm). The
Baker, Gretchen H.Connell, Rosalie R.Rhodes, Carrie A.Mansfield, Julie A.
This SAE Standard establishes the requirements for lubricating oils containing ashless dispersant additives to be used in four-stroke cycle, reciprocating piston aircraft engines. This document covers the same lubricating oil requirements as the former military specification MIL-L-22851. Users should consult their airframe or engine manufacturer’s manuals for the latest listing of acceptable lubricants. Compliance with this specification must be accomplished in accordance with the Performance Review Institute (PRI) product qualification process as described in the documents referenced in 2.1.3. Requests for submittal information may be made to the PRI at the address shown in 2.1.3, referencing this specification. Products qualified to this specification are listed on a Qualified Products List (QPL) managed by the PRI. Approval and/or certification for use of a specific piston engine oil in aero applications is the responsibility of the individual equipment builders and/or governmental
E-38 Aviation Piston Engine Fuels and Lubricants
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes for passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles with GVW of 4500 kg (10000 pounds) or less: a Minimum performance standards for windshield wiper systems. b Test procedures that can be conducted on uniform test equipment by commercially available laboratory facilities. c Uniform terminology of windshield wiper system characteristics and phenomena consistent with those found in guides for the use of engineering layout studies to evaluate system performance. d Guides for the design and location of components of the systems for function, servicing of the system, etc. The test procedures and minimum performance standards outlined in this document are based on currently available engineering data. It is the intent that all portions of the document will be periodically reviewed and revised as additional data regarding windshield wiping system performance are developed
Wiper Standards Committee
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of plate 4.001 to 10.000 inches (101.60 to 254.00 mm), inclusive, in nominal thickness
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This specification covers a corrosion- and heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, mechanical tubing, forgings, and forging stock
AMS F Corrosion and Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
This specification covers an age-hardenable nitriding grade of aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
This specification covers a discontinuously reinforced aluminum alloy (DRA) made by mechanical alloying 2124A aluminum powder and silicon carbide particulate (SiC). It is produced in the form of extruded bar, rod, wire, and shapes with cross section inclusive of 1-inch (25.4-mm) diameter or less (see 8.7
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice defines the system and component functions, measurement metrics, and testing methodologies for evaluating the functionality and performance of tire pressure systems for use on trailers under 26000 pounds GVWR within the known operating environments. This document is applicable to all towed trailers under 26000 pounds GVWR. Examples of towed trailers are recreational vehicle travel trailers and fifth wheels, utility trailers, cargo trailers, livestock trailers, flatbed trailers, boat trailers, and snowmobile trailers. These trailers can be equipped with one, two, or three axles with each axle supporting either two or four tires. These systems are recommended to address all tires in service as originally installed on a trailer by the OEM. This recommended practice can also be applied to external TPMS that also cover tow vehicles and trailers simultaneously. This document will focus on tire pressure systems of the monitoring type
Trailer Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes mechanical property ranges for low-carbon automotive hot-rolled sheet, cold-rolled sheet, and metallic-coated sheet steels. It also contains information that explains the different nomenclature used with these steels
Metals Technical Committee
The aviation industry is undergoing environmental scrutiny due to its significant greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are a vital solution for reducing carbon emissions and pollutants, aligning with global efforts for carbon-neutral aviation growth. SAFs can be produced via multiple production routes from different feedstock, resulting in significantly different physical and chemical fuel properties. Their suitability in a compression-ignition (CI) aircraft engine was evaluated through test bench investigations at TU Wien - Institute of Powertrain and Automotive Technology in partnership with Austro Engine. ASTM D7566-certified fuels like Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO), Fischer–Tropsch–Kerosene (FTK) or Alcohol to Jet (AtJ), but also an oxygen containing biodiesel have been tested extensively. Gaseous emissions, soot emissions, indication measurement data, efficiencies, and the like were acquired and comprehensively analyzed for engine operation with different
Kleissner, FlorianHofmann, Peter
As part of a larger research program on behalf of Transport Canada and the Federal Aviation Administration, APS Aviation Inc. conducted a series of representative scaled tests in the National Research Council Canada 3 m × 6 m Icing Wind Tunnel evaluating contaminated fluid flow-off from a common research model vertical stabilizer. The goal of this work is to help understand the impact of de/anti-icing fluids with and without precipitation on the performance of vertical surfaces, using existing allowance times that were developed for horizontal surfaces to guide the test exposure times. The data include a qualitative analysis of the appearance of the surfaces and a quantitative evaluation using aerodynamic data from an external balance and manual measurements of the fluid thicknesses on the model surface. The model was evaluated in a clean and dry configuration to establish the baseline aerodynamic performance, with sandpaper roughness testing used to as a substitute for fluids in order
Ruggi, MarcoClark, Catherine
This study investigates the flow characteristics in the test section of a model-scale, three-quarters open-jet, closed-loop return wind tunnel equipped with a novel device featuring three subsystems to generate transient yaw, gusts, and turbulence. The effect of each subsystem on the resulting turbulent and unsteady flows is evaluated individually and simultaneously. It is demonstrated that this new turbulence generation system can generate yaw distributions with standard deviations ranging from 2.1° to 8.0°. This replicates a wide range of on-road yaw behavior. Additionally, the subsystems can activate transient yaw events and unsteady gusts. Frequency sweeping was demonstrated to fill a wide range of low-frequency spectra, which helps recreate the on-road flow spectra in wind tunnels. Unsteady gusts of more than 15% of the mean flow velocity were achieved. The active turbulence subsystem generates turbulence levels from a few percent, passively, to over 20% intensity levels actively
Cacho, GemielMarques, JoshuaVan Every, DavidWaudby-Smith, PeterHanson, Ronald
In this article, a novel tuning approach is proposed to obtain the best weights of the discrete-time adaptive nonlinear model predictive controller (AN-MPC) with consideration of improved path-following performance of a vehicle at different speeds in the NATO double lane change (DLC) maneuvers. The proposed approach combines artificial neural network (ANN) and Big Bang–Big Crunch (BB–BC) algorithm in two stages. Initially, ANN is used to tune all AN-MPC weights online. Vehicle speed, lateral position, and yaw angle outputs from many simulations, performed with different AN-MPC weights, are used to train the ANN structure. In addition, set-point signals are used as inputs to the ANN. Later, the BB–BC algorithm is implemented to enhance the path-tracking performance. ANN outputs are selected as the initial center of mass in the first iteration of the BB–BC algorithm. To prevent control signal fluctuations, control and prediction horizons are kept constant during the simulations. The
Yangin, Volkan BekirYalçın, YaprakAkalin, Ozgen
Electromechanical brakes (EMB) are currently coming into focus in the automotive industry. This trend was confirmed in 2022, when a first automotive supplier [1] announced the series production of EMB systems. One major driver is safety, especially if EMB systems are implemented with smart actuators that install redundant electronic control units (ECU) and distributed software [1]. Earlier, the authors have addressed safety mechanisms in EMB actuators [2]. In this article the authors extend their investigation to address safety mechanisms in future EMB central control systems (CCS). Impact of different brake system topologies (X-, H-, centralized) vis-à-vis potential safety mechanisms within communication buses and ECUs is analyzed
Schrade, SimonRöhler, AndreasNowak, XiVerhagen, ArminSchramm, Dieter
Air suspension systems are increasingly in demand in high-end cars due to their ability to vary ride height based on vehicle loads, road conditions, and speeds. This trend has driven manufacturers to enhance the performance of these systems. Predicting and optimizing the performance of the air spring system for various vehicle loads and conditions has become essential. The performance of an air suspension system is typically measured by its ability to suspend the vehicle within a specified target time. Therefore, it is necessary to model the air spring system—including the air spring, compressor, pneumatic lines, and valves—and integrate it with the vehicle. This modeling helps in predicting performance and optimizing the system. Additionally, a validated system model enables other important calculations, such as sizing the valves, pneumatic hoses, and compressors. In this study, a complete air spring system model has been developed alongside a 15-degrees-of-freedom car chassis to
Ahmed, Saad AnwarHupfeld, JanRajput, Brijesh
This article presents experimental investigations and machine learning-based analysis on depositions of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS ER2594) material in wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) considering the process parameters namely voltage, wire feed rate, torch travel speed, and gas flow rate. Deposition efficiency and surface height values of the accumulated material were measured to build machine learning models using artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The developed ANN model could predict the deposition efficiency and surface height with mean absolute deviations (MADs) of 8.9% and 16.1%, respectively. The MAD for prediction of the two responses for ANFIS model was found to be 6.1% and 14.9% as compared to the experimental data. Multi-objective optimization was also performed to obtain optimal solutions to achieve desired deposition results. Mechanical properties and microstructures of the deposited materials with optimal
Kumar, PrakashMondal, SharifuddinMaji, Kuntal
Vehicle light-weighting constitutes a critical component in the automotive sector’s drive to improve fuel economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the various options for lightweight materials, thermoplastic foams are distinguished by their durability, low weight, and environmental sustainability. This study explores the manufacturing of novel graphene-filled polypropylene (PP) foam, employing supercritical nitrogen as an eco-friendly substitute instead of conventional chemical foaming agents, and investigated the role of over-molding a solid skin over a foamed core on the flexural strength of the molded component. Our approach is broken down into four distinct investigations—Study I investigated the effect of different graphene content by weight percentage (wt.%), namely 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%, on flexural properties and foam morphology obtained for 15 wt.% reduction of the PP thermoplastic, thereby helping identify an optimum graphene loading wt.%. Study II broadened the wt
Pradeep, Sai AdityaDeshpande, Amit MakarandShah, BhavikKhan, SaidaFarahani, SaeedSternberg, JamesLi, GangPilla, Srikanth