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[LATEST UPDATE] The legacy version of Mobilus (Mobilus 3.0) has now been officially sunset. Thank you for your valuable feedback and continued support in helping to improve Mobilus. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] IMPORTANT UPDATE: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0 (legacy version) We would like to inform you of an important update regarding SAE Mobilus - As part of our ongoing commitment to enhancing your experience, the legacy version of the platform (Mobilus 3.0) will be phased out on October 31, 2024. The current website with the newly redesigned interface introduced back in April, featuring an intuitive interface, improved search capabilities, advanced search, and in-depth browsing capabilities, will continue to remain operational going forward to support your needs. What You Need to Know: Last Day of Service (Mobilus 3.0): October 31, 2024 Content Access: You will retain access to all subscribed content through your institutional subscription. Personal Preferences Migration: While most settings tied to your Dasboard in Mobilus 3.0 (alerts, annotations, folders) will transfer over to the new platform, saved searches will not be retained and will need to be recreated in the new platform through your complimentary My Library account. Access the New Platform: Your institutional preferences around login (IP authentication, SSO, username/password) will be retained. We appreciate your understanding during this transition. Thank you for your continued support. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Answers to common questions / FAQs are accessible here. Best regards, The Mobilus Team SAE International

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy (ACTIVE)

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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Barriers to Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Metal Additive Manufacturing

EPR202500101/14/2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact metal additive manufacturing (AM). Understanding how one might use AI in AM is challenging because AM experts are not AI experts, nor the other way around. This document introduces AI in AM and guides researchers in accessing relevant literature. It also discusses the hype surrounding AI in AM, the rush to publish peer-reviewed papers that use AI in AM, and the resulting uneven quality of the literature. Conclusions regarding the application of AI in both large and small enterprises are discussed. This document is intended to help illuminate AI in AM for Hands-on engineers who need to quickly understand what levels of problems they might encounter when dealing with AI in AM Engineering managers who need to stay current on emerging trends in their technical realm of responsibilities Policymakers who may not have the relevant technical expertise Faculty and students who want an introduction to AI in AM NOTE: SAE Edge Research

AI in Wonderland: Engineering in the Age of Overpromised Technology

EPR202500201/14/2025

This report explores the move from traditional industry practices to emerging technologies, specifically the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in engineering service sectors. It highlights the increasing problem of “technology washing,” when organizations overstate (sometimes deceivingly) their technology abilities and ethics, posing challenges to accountability, transparency, and trust in various fields. The rise of AI-based solutions in sectors like autonomous mobility, manufacturing, and aerospace has exposed a contrast between ambitious future aspirations and current technological barriers. With this, the role of human knowledge in guaranteeing ethical, efficient, and clear technology incorporation becomes essential. Starting with an examination of today’s technological scene, this report tackles topics such as the buzz around autonomous systems and the difficulties of standardizing fresh innovations. It also points out the problem of organizations exaggerating

Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling

EPR202403012/12/2024

In today's world, the electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing a remarkable boom with increasing global demand. With it, comes the surging and unprecedented need for EV batteries. Recycling these batteries has become of crucial importance, as it not only plays a vital role in ensuring the security of the battery supply chain but also serves as a key measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are still several issues that remain unresolved in this domain. Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling delves deep into these issues, thoroughly exploring the current state of the industry and potential solutions to drive sustainable EV battery recycling. By addressing these challenges, we can strive towards a more sustainable future in the EV sector. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry

EPR202402812/12/2024

Recent advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and the broader advanced air mobility (AAM) movement have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. Many new applications have been identified and are under development, with considerable potential for market growth and exciting potential. However, talent resources are the most critical parameters to make or break the AAM vision, and significantly more talent is needed than the traditional aviation industry is able to currently generate. One possible solution—leverage rapid advancements of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the gaming industry to help attract, identify, educate, and encourage current and future generations to engage in various aspects of the AAM industry. Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry discusses how the modern gaming population of 3.3 million

SAE J3016 as a Learning Device for the Driving Automation Community: Technical, Socio-technical, and Systemic Learning

EPR202402912/12/2024

It is the tenth anniversary of SAE International’s Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice effort SAE J3016 to establish a nomenclature standard for driving automation systems and levels of automation. While not exhaustive, this report covers motivation, initiation, and continued development of J3016 regarding driving automation systems, noting that J3016 evolved as a learning device that facilitated the evolution of driving automation systems. It initially worked by establishing common terminology for the technical learning in the field, but over time, J3016 expanded to recognize the human roles in driving automation systems, with later iterations considering broader transportation ecosystems, including fleet operations and remote assistance centers. SAE J3016 as a Learning Device for the Driving Automation Community: Technical, Socio-technical, and Systemic Learning emphasizes ongoing learning to integrate diverse insights about technical, social, and socio-technical challenges of

Low-carbon Hydrogen Use Across Economic Sectors and Global Regions

EPR202402611/25/2024

There is great recognition regarding the importance of hydrogen as an energy route for the decarbonization of road vehicles. Several countries are making large investments to create products, services, and infrastructures that allow hydrogen to be used as a clean source for propulsion, but there are still many open questions. This complete hydrogen chain involves production, transformation, transport, storage, and use. Although many initiatives are seeking global production, the use of low-carbon hydrogen is not yet economically competitive. Therefore, for this industry to establish itself, and acknowledging the characteristics of each region, there needs to be more intense coordination of efforts between the different industrial and political segments. Low-carbon Hydrogen Use Across Economic Sectors and Global Regions establishes premises for the hydrogen economy and its main environmental aspects. It also includes proposals and scenarios to establish a strategy that relates to

The Software-defined Vehicle: Its Current Trajectory and Execution Challenges

EPR202402711/25/2024

Original equipment manufacturers, Tier 1 suppliers, and the rest of the value chain, including the semiconductor industry, are reshaping their product portfolios, development processes, and business models to support this transformation to software-defined vehicles (SDVs). The focus on software is rippling out through the automotive sector, forcing the industry to rethink organization, leadership, processes, and future roadmaps. The Software-defined Vehicle: Its Current Trajectory and Execution Challenges assesses the state of SDVs and explores the potential hurdles to execution and examines the work being done in the industry. The goal is to evaluate whether the implementation of SDVs will encounter the same fate as electrification or autonomous technologies, which after some level of disillusionment, are expected to pick up momentum in a more mature way. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Product Governance and Management for Software-defined Battery Electric Vehicles

EPR202402510/21/2024

In recent years, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have experienced significant sales growth, marked by advancements in features and market delivery. This evolution intersects with innovative software-defined vehicles, which have transformed automotive supply chains, introducing new BEV brands from both emerging and mature markets. The critical role of software in software-defined battery electric vehicles (SD-BEVs) is pivotal for enhancing user experience and ensuring adherence to rigorous safety, performance, and quality standards. Effective governance and management are crucial, as failures can mar corporate reputations and jeopardize safety-critical systems like advanced driver assistance systems. Product Governance and Management for Software-defined Battery Electric Vehicles addresses the complexities of SD-BEV product governance and management to facilitate safer vehicle deployments. By exploring these challenges, it aims to enhance internal processes and foster cross

Systems Design Engineering: A Holistic Requirements-led Approach to Concept Design

EPR202402410/21/2024

Many organizations are falling far short of achieving the lifecycle potential of their new product designs. One major source of this suboptimal business performance stems from underleveraging key Systems Engineering and Design Engineering principles in the early phases of the design process. If these are being poorly applied, the following will likely occur: Inefficient use of engineering (and other cross-functional) resources Unnecessarily high product development costs Delayed time-to-market Subpar launch quality Poor system-level safety Suboptimal lifecycle sustainability-related performance Compromised design innovation This report addresses these challenges and articulates how Systems Design Engineering provides nonburdensome and quickly applied methods for overcoming these shortcomings, placing a dedicated focus on the three high-level principles that govern lifecycle product design success. Excellent and efficient performance against each of them is needed to achieve a new

Multi-sensor Fusion-based Vehicle Localization

EPR202402310/21/2024

Multi-sensor fusion (MSF) is believed to be a promising tool for vehicular localization in urban environments. Due to the differences in principles and performance of various onboard vehicle sensors, MSF inevitably suffers from heterogeneous sources and vulnerability to cyber-attacks. Therefore, an essential requirement of MSF is the capability of providing a consumer-grade solution that operates in real-time, is accurate, and immune to abnormal conditions with guaranteed performance and quality of service for location-based applications. In other words, an MSF algorithm depends heavily on data synchronization, cost, an accurate process model, a prior knowledge of covariance matrices, integrity assessments, and security against cyber-attacks. Multi-sensor Fusion-based Vehicle Localization addresses trending technologies in MSF-based vehicle localization and outlines some insights into the unsettled issues and their potential solutions. The discussions and outlook are presented as a

Latest Journal Issues

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Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Fuels and Lubricants

Engines

Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems

Aerospace

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Recent Books

Browse All 943

Aerospace Standards Index - 2025

ASIN202502/05/2025

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

January 2025 AMS Index

AMSJAN-202501/24/2025

Energy Efficiency of Vehicles, Second Edition

R-579-M01/02/2025

This eBook has been provided as the textbook for course number MECH ENG 5543 at Missouri State University. "Energy Efficiency of Vehicles" offers a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical relationship between energy usage and environmental impact. As we face pivotal decisions about energy in the coming decades, this book equips readers with the scientific knowledge needed to make informed, rational choices. In this updated edition, readers will explore: • Detailed calculations related to energy, power, and efficiency. • The environmental consequences of energy consumption. • Models illustrating the impact of city driving on the energy efficiency and fuel economy of cars and trucks. Ideal for students, professionals, and anyone passionate about sustainable energy solutions, this book provides the tools to analyze and improve vehicle energy efficiency, fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Spacecraft System Health Management: Current Practices and Emerging Technologies

R-56612/12/2024

Ensuring the safe and reliable operation of spacecraft is a complex task that requires advanced technologies and innovative approaches. This comprehensive guide provides a deep dive into the world of spacecraft system health management. From understanding the intricacies of spacecraft systems to exploring cutting-edge technologies like AI and digital twins, this book offers a valuable resource for anyone interested in the field. Key Features: - Clear and accessible language: The book is written for both technical experts and general readers, making it easy to understand complex concepts. - Real-world examples: Case studies and examples from actual missions bring the theoretical concepts to life. - Future-focused: The book explores emerging technologies that are shaping the future of spacecraft health management, giving readers a glimpse into the future of space exploration. Whether you're a seasoned space engineer or simply curious about the wonders of space exploration, this book

SAE International’s Dictionary of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

R-56112/04/2024

Welcome to SAE International’s Dictionary of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, the ultimate reference for mastering the complex and fast-evolving world of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. Designed for engineers, researchers, students, and enthusiasts, this comprehensive guide is your key to navigating the intricate vocabulary and concepts driving the future of sustainable transportation. As the automotive industry pivots toward greener, more efficient solutions, understanding the terminology and technology behind electric and hybrid vehicles is crucial. This dictionary offers precise, accessible definitions for a wide range of terms—from foundational principles to the latest innovations in battery technology, motor design, and smart charging systems. Each entry has been meticulously curated by experts to ensure accuracy and relevance, providing clear explanations that enhance both comprehension and application. Reflecting the most recent advancements in automotive engineering

Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction, Second Edition

R-58712/02/2024

Discover the Art and Science of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction "Provides excellent guidance on the documentation and reconstruction process and is a good field guide for anyone investigating an aircraft accident." ― Anthony T. Brickhouse, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Dive into the essential aspects of aircraft crash investigation with the new edition of Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction. Written by industry veteran Don Knutson, this comprehensive guide covers the intricacies of investigating crashes, the mindset needed for thorough investigations, and the step-by-step processes for on-scene reconstruction. Designed for practitioners, students, and enthusiasts alike, this book offers detailed references for further reading and research. Through generic yet real-life scenarios, Knutson provides valuable insights into aircraft crash investigations. Whether you're with a government aviation agency, a manufacturer, the military, an insurance company, law

Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysis

R-56711/19/2024

In the ever-evolving landscape of automotive technology, fire safety remains a critical concern. From the era of steam-powered vehicles to today’s cutting-edge electric and hybrid models, understanding the risks and preventive measures for automotive fires is essential for protecting lives and assets. In Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles, Erbis Biscarri, a seasoned expert with extensive experience in both automotive equipment manufacturing and major car manufacturers, presents a definitive guide on the subject. This book provides a thorough exploration of the physical phenomena leading to vehicle fires, offering in-depth analysis methods and prevention strategies tailored to both traditional internal combustion engines and the latest hybrid and electric vehicles. Organized into three key sections—Theory, Prevention, and Analysis—the book delves into the fundamental concepts of fire initiation, sustenance, and propagation, covering a wide range of vehicle systems. It

Energy Efficiency of Vehicles, Second Edition

R-57911/14/2024

"Energy Efficiency of Vehicles" offers a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical relationship between energy usage and environmental impact. As we face pivotal decisions about energy in the coming decades, this book equips readers with the scientific knowledge needed to make informed, rational choices. In this updated edition, readers will explore: • Detailed calculations related to energy, power, and efficiency. • The environmental consequences of energy consumption. • Models illustrating the impact of city driving on the energy efficiency and fuel economy of cars and trucks. Ideal for students, professionals, and anyone passionate about sustainable energy solutions, this book provides the tools to analyze and improve vehicle energy efficiency, fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Intelligent Electric Vehicles

R-58411/01/2024

Embark on a journey into the future of transportation with Intelligent Electric Vehicles. This comprehensive guide demystifies complex concepts, offering a roadmap to harness the monetization opportunities within the thriving IEV ecosystem. From management strategies to cutting-edge technology, this book provides a holistic perspective on the IEV industry. Explore real-world case studies, learn about emerging trends like cockpit intelligence and connected vehicles, and discover how to navigate the challenges and opportunities of this transformative space. Key Features: • Interdisciplinary approach: Bridges the gap between management and technology. • Real-world case studies: Grounds theoretical knowledge in practical applications. • Future-focused insights: Prepares readers for the next wave of innovations. • Monetization roadmap: Offers strategic advice for capitalizing on IEV advancements. Whether you're an automotive industry professional, technology enthusiast, or investor

By the Numbers: Principles of Automotive Parts Management, Second Edition

R-57710/28/2024

In By the Numbers, industry expert Gary J. Naples offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the complexities of modern parts department management. Designed for both new and experienced professionals, this book provides a solid foundation in essential business and personnel management techniques. Understanding that effective parts management requires more than just product knowledge, the author explores the broader aspects of the role, including: • Business acumen: Develop the financial and operational skills needed to succeed. • Inventory management: Optimize stock levels and reduce costs. • Team leadership: Build and motivate a high-performing team. • Customer service: Deliver exceptional service to enhance customer satisfaction. Featuring a new self-assessment tool, Inventory Effectiveness Quotient (IEQ), this book empowers parts managers to measure and benchmark their department's performance. With clear explanations, practical examples, and real-world case studies, By the Numbers

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Insights into Retrofitting Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles to Battery Electric Vehicles for Eco-friendly Vehicle Technology

2025-01-5009

02/20/2025

The global environmental pollution issue and global warming caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have prompted automotive manufacturers to pioneer the development of emission-free or pure electric vehicles. The Indian government declared that all ICE cars will be replaced by electric vehicles by 2030. Thus, after 2030, ICE vehicle scrapping will be prevented by retrofitting. Transforming traditional cars into electric vehicles in Indian markets reduces emissions and enhances sustainability. This work aims to transform the Maruti Suzuki Zen petrol car into a fully electric vehicle while keeping its pristine transmission system with an onboard charging system. During the fieldwork, all unnecessary components of the ICE are removed to transform it into an electric vehicle. The E Zen’s maximum speed, gradeability, and driving range on both level and sloping roads were also examined. The performance was assessed using a 72 V, 144 Ah lithium-ion battery pack and an AC induction motor

Suryavanshi, Shweta S., Ghanegaonkar, Pravin M., Kawade, Ramesh K.

Quantifying Hydroplaning Risk: Insights from Water Film Thickness Measurements on Maryland Highways

02-18-02-0010

02/19/2025

Wet pavement conditions during rainfall present significant challenges to traffic safety by reducing tire–road friction and increasing the risk of hydroplaning. During high-intensity rain events, the roadway pavement tends to accumulate water, forming a film that can have serious implications for vehicle control. As the longitudinal speed of the vehicle increases, a water wedge forms in front of the tire, leading to partial loss of contact with the road. At critical hydroplaning speed, a complete water layer forms between the tire and the road. Although less common, dynamic hydroplaning poses severe risks when high-intensity rainfall coincides with high vehicle traveling speed, leading to a complete loss of control over vehicle steering capabilities. This study advances hydroplaning research by integrating real-world data from the Road Weather Information System (RWIS) with an existing hydroplaning model. This approach provides more accurate hydroplaning risk assessments, emphasizing

Vilsan, Alexandru, Sandu, Corina, Anghelache, Gabriel

Model-Based Vehicle Mass Estimation for Enhanced Adaptive Cruise Control Performance

02-18-02-0009

02/19/2025

This study presents the development and integration of a vehicle mass estimator into the ZF’s Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the ACC system’s torque control for achieving desired speed and acceleration. Accurate mass estimation is critical for optimal control performance, particularly in commercial vehicles with variable loads. The incorporation of such mass estimation algorithm into the ACC system leads to significant reductions in the error between requested and measured acceleration during both flat and uphill driving conditions, with or without a preceding vehicle. The article details the estimator’s development, integration, and validation through comprehensive experimental testing. An electric front-wheel drive van was used. The vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics were modeled using D’Alembert’s principle to develop the mass estimation algorithm. This algorithm updates the mass estimate based on specific conditions: zero brake torque, high

Marotta, Raffaele, D’Itri, Valerio, Irilli, Alessandro, Peccolo, Marco

Time-Varying Gain-Scheduled Path-Tracking Controller with Delay Compensation (TGDC) for Autonomous Vehicles

10-09-02-0012

02/19/2025

Path-tracking control occupies a critical role within autonomous driving systems, directly reflecting vehicle motion and impacting both safety and user experience. However, the ever-changing vehicle states, road conditions, and delay characteristics of control systems present new challenges to the path tracking of autonomous vehicles, thereby limiting further enhancements in performance. This article introduces a path-tracking controller, time-varying gain-scheduled path-tracking controller with delay compensation (TGDC), which utilizes a linear parameter-varying system and optimal control theory to account for time-varying vehicle states, road conditions, and steering control system delays. Subsequently, a polytopic-based path-tracking model is applied to design the control law, reducing the computational complexity of TGDC. To evaluate the effectiveness and real-time capability of TGDC, it was tested under a series of complex conditions using a hardware-in-the-loop platform. The

Hu, XuePeng, Zhang, Yu, Hu, Yuxuan, Wang, Zhenfeng, Qin, Yechen

Leveraging Triggering Conditions for Efficient Scenario-Based Testing of Automated Vehicles

12-08-04-0035

02/19/2025

Scenario-based testing has become a central approach of safety verification and validation (V&V) of automated driving. The standard ISO 21448: Safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) [1] proposes triggering conditions (e.g., an occluded traffic sign) as a new aspect to be considered to organize scenario-based testing. In this contribution, we discuss the requirements and the strategy of testing triggering conditions in an iterative, SOTIF-oriented V&V process. Accordingly, we illustrate a method for generating test scenarios for evaluating potential triggering conditions. We apply the proposed method in a two-fold case study: We demonstrate how to derive test scenarios and test these with a virtual automated driving system in simulation. We provide an analysis of the testing result to show how triggering condition-based testing facilitates spotting the weakness of the system. Besides, we exhibit the applicability of the method based on multiple triggering conditions and nominal

Zhu, Zhijing, Philipp, Robin, Howar, Falk

A Comparative Study on the Working Efficiency of Journal Bearing Employing Different Micro-Textures

04-18-02-0011

02/19/2025

This study proposed the different micro-textures of the SC (square cylinder), SWS (square wedge shape), HS (hemispherical shape), and CR (cylindrical round) to improve the working efficiency of the journal bearing. A hydrodynamic lubrication model of the journal bearing under the impact of the changing dynamic loads is established to analyze the performance of micro-textures. The maximum oil film pressure and minimum frictional force in the journal bearing are selected as two evaluation indices. Some outstanding research results show that all the SC, SWS, HS, and CR added on the bearing surface improved the working efficiency of the journal bearing better than without the micro-textures. Moreover, the HS also improved the working efficiency of the journal bearing better than other structures of SC, SWS, and CR. To optimize the working efficiency of the journal bearing using HS, the dimension ltex and depth htex of HS should be selected and designed in a range of 3.6 < ltex ≤ 3.9 mm and

Song, Fengxiang, Nguyen, Vanliem, Liu, Yaxi

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: A Breakthrough in Sustainable Aviation Fuel

1350202/17/2025

We often hear about sustainable fuel options when it comes to vehicles, but what about aerospace? With aviation fuel demand expected to rise to 160 billion gallons per year by 2050, new and innovative Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) pathways are certainly needed. In response, CleanJoule has developed a proprietary manufacturing process that produces SAF with 10% higher energy density than average Jet A fuel. This process utilizes abundant biomass residue to create a cost-effective, drop-in replacement for conventional jet fuel. To learn more, we sat down with Mukund Karanjikar CEO, to discuss CleanJoule's mission is to create accessible, affordable and abundant SAF and reduce the aerospace industry's reliance on fossil fuels. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders

Hineman, Marcie

Mitigating Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Diesel Engines through the Application of Physical Adsorbents

2025-01-5008

02/13/2025

Graphical Abstract Abstract The world is targeting zero-emission standards by promoting flexi-fuel-based vehicles. In the automotive industry, IC engine-powered vehicle has a good market. Either IC or flexi-fuel engines are considered the safest mode of transport, one tedious problem needs to be addressed is their toxic exhaust emissions from those engines. However, there are many aftertreatment systems available to control HC, CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. To control CO2 emissions there is no aftertreatment system available. Physical adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are going to be used in this work to reduce emissions from exhaust gases. Zeolite has a greater affinity toward NOx emission, and activated carbon has greater potential to capture HC and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially computational studies were carried out to evaluate back pressure developed in adsorbent chamber. Analysis was carried out by varying conical length of the adsorbent chamber (68 mm, 75 mm

Subramanian, MohanKumar, Muthiya, Solomon Jenoris, Pachamuthu, Senthilkumar, Naveena, B. E., Divya, G. S., Praveen Kumar, M. V.

SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: February 2025

25TOFHP0202/13/2025

Deere advances off-highway autonomy John Deere revealed its second-generation tech stack and four new autonomous machines to the public at CES 2025. Hybrid powertrains in the product mix Hybridization and alternative fuels catching on as carbon-reduction targets intensify and infrastructure challenges persist for on-highway trucks. The intersection of autonomy and cybersecurity New automated safety features and increased connectivity require truck and off-highway OEMs to prioritize vehicle security and minimize cyber threats. Editorial Not quite your father's cab CES 2025: Oshkosh puts AI, autonomy and electrification to work CES 2025: Cat debuts hybrid-electric retrofit on 972 wheel loader Bosch sees two paths forward for on-road hydrogen trucks Study: Excessive real-world NOx emissions from HD diesel pickups AVSC develops best practices for traceable AV safety inspection protocols JLG reveals new E313 electric telehandler Freightliner develops safer, sleeker fifth-gen Cascadia GM

Diesel Engine Performance and Combustion Imaging Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid and Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ether Blended Fuels

04-18-02-0010

02/12/2025

To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from automobiles, the introduction of electric vehicles to the market is important; however, it is challenging to replace all existing IC engine vehicles with electric ones. Consequently, there is increasing anticipation for the use of carbon-neutral fuels, such as e-fuels. This study investigates the effects of GTL (gas-to-liquid), as a substitute for e-fuel, produced from natural gas via the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis method and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OMEmix) produced from methanol, on engine performance. Additionally, combustion image analysis was conducted using a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). GTL fuel combusts similarly to conventional diesel fuel but has slightly lower smoke emissions because it does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, its high cetane number results in better ignition properties. During the combustion, unburnt hydrocarbons and smoke are generated in the spray flame interference region near the

Shibata, Gen, Yuan, Haoyu, Yamamoto, Hiroya, Tanaka, Shusuke, Ogawa, Hideyuki

Study on the Impact of Arrangement of Urea Injector and Mixer in Diesel Engine Selective Catalytic Reduction System on Ammonia Uniformity

02-18-02-0007

02/12/2025

With the continuous upgrading of emission regulations for internal combustion engines, the nitrogen oxide treatment capacity of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment needs to be continuously improved. In this study, based on a prototype of SCR aftertreatment, the impact of the arrangement of key components in the SCR system (urea injector, mixer, and catalyst unit) on ammonia uniformity was investigated. First, parameterized designs of the urea injector, mixer, and SCR unit were conducted. Then, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulations of the established aftertreatment system models with different parameter factors were performed under a high-exhaust temperature and a low-exhaust temperature conditions to study the impact of each individual parameter on ammonia uniformity. Finally, an optimized solution was designed based on the observed patterns, and the optimized samples were tested on an engine performance and emission test bench to compare their

Jie, Wang, Jin, Jianjiao, Wu, Yifan

Deep Learning-Enhanced Direct Torque Control of BLDC Motors for Optimized Electric Vehicle Performance

12-08-04-0036

02/12/2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising solution to reduce environmental issues and decrease dependency on fossil fuels. The main drawback associated with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme is that it is incapable of improving the efficiency and response time of the EVs. To overcome this problem, integrating deep learning (DL) techniques into DTC offers a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the drive system of EVs. This article introduces three control methods to improve the output for DTC-based BLDC motor drives: a traditional proportional–integral for speed controller (speed PI), a neural network fitting (NNF)-based speed controller (speed NNF), and a custom neural (CN) network-based speed controller (speed CN). The NNF and CN are DL techniques designed to overcome the limitations of conventional PI controllers, such as retaining the percentage overshoot, settling times, and improving the system’s efficiency. The CN controller reduced the torque ripple by 15

Patel, Sandesh, Yadav, Shekhar, Tiwari, Nitesh

Validating Human Factors-Based Classification Models for Safe and Efficient Mixed-Autonomy Interactions at Intersections Using a Virtual Simulator

12-08-02-0019

02/12/2025

The introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) promises significant improvements to road safety and traffic congestion. However, mixed-autonomy traffic remains a major challenge as AVs are ill-suited to cooperate with human drivers in complex scenarios like intersection navigation. Specifically, human drivers use social cooperation and cues to navigate intersections while AVs rely on conservative driving behaviors that can lead to rear-end collisions, frustration from other road users, and inefficient travel. Using a virtual driving simulator, this study investigates the use of a human factors-informed cooperation model to reduce AV reliance on conservative driving behaviors. Four intersection scenarios, each involving a left-turning AV and a human driver proceeding straight, were designed to obfuscate the right-of-way. The classification models were trained to predict the future priority-taking behavior of the human driver. Results indicate that AVs employing the human factors-informed

Ziraldo, Erika, Oliver, Michele

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Optimizing Energy Data for the Cold Supply Chain

1350102/10/2025

The growing complexity of fleet electrification has highlighted the importance of understanding how energy is used and where you can reduce waste. To optimize energy intensity at industrial facilities, one company is leveraging integrated data and AI-powered intelligence to reduce both cost and fleet-related emissions, particularly when it comes to cold storage supply chains. Ndustrial helps companies lower energy intensity, decrease costs, and increase sustainable industrial operations with solutions like the Nsight Energy Intensity Platform, a data analytics and monitoring solution central to the management of electric transport refrigeration unit (eTRU) power systems. To learn more, we sat down with Manuel Aguirre VP of Supply Chain Electrification, to discuss Ndustrial's energy optimization solutions and the importance of efficient refrigeration management throughout the cold storage supply chain. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future

Hineman, Marcie

Real-Time Driver Drowsiness Detection Using YOLOv8 with Whale Optimization Algorithm

09-13-01-0001

02/10/2025

Driver fatigue and drowsiness portray an integral role in the frequency of road accidents. Putting in place policies intended to alert drivers is imperative for averting accidents and saving lives. This work aims to improve road safety by devising a real-time driver drowsiness detection system. To accomplish this, drowsiness is detected using YOLOv8 algorithm optimized with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). Key facial cues such as eye closure and yawning frequency are monitored to analyze driving behavior by the suggested approach. YOLOv8 model optimized with WOA processes video streams in real time and sets off an alarm on the graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard based on the output. The proposed approach was investigated using two datasets namely UTA-RLDD and D3S. A 640 × 640 pixel image with a frame rate of 50 fps was used in the investigation. The mAP at 0.5 (mean average precision at 0.5 IoU (intersection over union) threshold) of drowsiness detection system using UTA

Nandal, Priyanka, Pahal, Sudesh, Sharma, Tripti, Omesh, Omesh

Active Unmatched Disturbance Rejection Quasi-Sliding Observer for Electronic Throttle Valve System Based on Backstepping Control

03-18-02-0011

02/10/2025

This study addresses the control problem of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) system in the presence of unmatched perturbations. Most previous works have ignored the effect of actuating motor inductance, which results in an approximated model with a matched perturbation structure. However, if this assumption is not permitted, the ETV model turns into an exact model with unmatched perturbation and the control task becomes more challenging. In this article, a backstepping control design based on a quasi-sliding mode disturbance observer (BS-QSMDO) has been proposed to effectively reject the unmatched perturbation in the ETV system. A rigorous stability analysis has been conducted to prove the ultimate boundedness for disturbance estimation error and tracking error. The key to this proposed observer-based control design is to obtain a robust and chattering-free controller based on a quasi-sliding mode methodology. The proposed quasi-sliding mode observer works to estimate the unmatched

Hameed, Akram Hashim, Al-Samarraie, Shibly Ahmed, Humaidi, Amjad Jaleel

CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL, STRAIN RELIEF, 90°, NON-SELF-LOCKING AND SELF-LOCKING, CATEGORY 4C (FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES III AND IV CONNECTORS)

AS85049/16D (Current)02/08/2025

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL ADAPTER, SHRINK BOOT, CATEGORY 5 (FOR MIL-DTL-38999 SERIES I AND II CONNECTORS)

AS85049/62C (Current)02/08/2025

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

SHIELD BAND, CONNECTOR ACCESSORIES, ELECTRICAL BACKSHELL, CATEGORY 7 (FOR AS85048/82 - /90, /93, /109 - /117 ACCESSORIES)

AS85049/128G (Current)02/08/2025

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee

Contact, Wire Barrel, Crimp Type

AS5261A (Current)

02/08/2025

This specification provides dimensional standards for crimp type contact wire barrel design and is a replacement for MS3190. Some wire barrel designs may exist in AS39029 but are not considered approved for future use, therefore, will not appear in this specification. The crimp barrel sizes listed in this document have been standardized in AS39029 and AS22520 specifications, tools and contacts are available to support these listed sizes. These crimp barrel requirements shall be used for any contact, regardless of whether it is a standard or non-standard contact configuration. The specification lists details for three types of wire barrels: A, B, and C. Wire barrel type A is not recommended for new design. Table 4 lists each AS39029 detail sheet wire barrel type.

AE-8C1 Connectors Committee