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Experience WCX for Free—Expo Pass + Keynote Insights!

Join us at WCX 2025, where the future of mobility takes center stage! Get your FREE Expo Pass to explore groundbreaking technology, connect with industry leaders, and hear from visionary keynote speakers from Woven by Toyota, Stellantis, and Intel Automotive. For more information, visit: wcx.sae.org

[Resolved] Service notice - System issues

Update: Issue has been resolved. Please reach out to CustomerService@sae.org if you have any questions. -- Hello, Please be aware that we are currently experiencing system issues / slowness on the platform, and our teams are working diligently to resolve the issue as quickly as possible. We apologize for any inconvenience and appreciate your patience and understanding. Thank you for your continued support. Best regards, The Mobilus Team

[ARCHIVED] Counter Reports Issue - Fixed

Last updated: November 11, 2024 [LATEST UPDATE] The issue has been fixed and Counter reports are now accessible through the portal. Usage data until the previous month (i.e. October 2024) can be pulled in reports. Useful links: FAQs: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/counter-usage-reports Mobilus Minute video on Counter: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45s8S3ixURk Thank you for your patience and understanding. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] Original announcement: Please note that Counter Database Reports and Title Reports are currently experiencing technical issues, and our team is working on restoring all functionality as soon as possible. We have disabled usage data extraction, while we're looking into the issue. If you need immediate access to usage reporting, please reach out to your SAE Mobilus sales representative. Thank you for your patience, and we apologize for the inconvenience.

[ARCHIVED] Important Notice: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0

[LATEST UPDATE] The legacy version of Mobilus (Mobilus 3.0) has now been officially sunset. Thank you for your valuable feedback and continued support in helping to improve Mobilus. - The Mobilus team -- [PREVIOUS MESSAGE HISTORY] IMPORTANT UPDATE: Sunset of Mobilus 3.0 (legacy version) We would like to inform you of an important update regarding SAE Mobilus - As part of our ongoing commitment to enhancing your experience, the legacy version of the platform (Mobilus 3.0) will be phased out on October 31, 2024. The current website with the newly redesigned interface introduced back in April, featuring an intuitive interface, improved search capabilities, advanced search, and in-depth browsing capabilities, will continue to remain operational going forward to support your needs. What You Need to Know: Last Day of Service (Mobilus 3.0): October 31, 2024 Content Access: You will retain access to all subscribed content through your institutional subscription. Personal Preferences Migration: While most settings tied to your Dasboard in Mobilus 3.0 (alerts, annotations, folders) will transfer over to the new platform, saved searches will not be retained and will need to be recreated in the new platform through your complimentary My Library account. Access the New Platform: Your institutional preferences around login (IP authentication, SSO, username/password) will be retained. We appreciate your understanding during this transition. Thank you for your continued support. If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us. Answers to common questions / FAQs are accessible here. Best regards, The Mobilus Team SAE International

SAE International Digitization and AI Policy (ACTIVE)

SAE International prohibits the entry of SAE Content into any form of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, OpenAI, or Microsoft Copilot. Additionally, creating derivatives of SAE Content using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from SAE International. In the case of such use, SAE International will suspend access to SAE Content, and further legal action will be considered.

Welcome to the new SAE Mobilus® (ACTIVE)

Welcome to the new era of SAE Mobilus®, redesigned with a modern, intuitive web interface featuring enhanced search capabilities to help you stay informed and easily discover content. Login today: To access content within your subscription and make the most of the platform, please log into your subscription and your personal My Library (sign up is free) located in the top right corner of the screen. Key Features Intuitive User Interface: We've listened to our customers and tied this to the best practices in the industry to offer an improved, intuitive, and desirable website experience for our users. Improved In-app Discoverability: Enhanced search and expanded menu featuring search suggestions that allow for quick discovery of content. Announcements: Stay up to date on new features through a dedicated announcements page. Most recent announcements also get featured on the homepage. Enhanced Browse capabilities: Browse through over 200,000 publications that are now classified into categories commonly used across the industry. Deep-dive further into any topic or sub-topic of interest to make the most for your corporate projects or research. Smart Automation: "Meta Tags" on each result will help you find content related to your search. My Library: My dashboard is rebranded as My Library with powerful features to help you make the most out of the platform Mobile Friendly: Upgraded navigation on mobile devices Training Available SAE’s Customer Success team is dedicated to delivering the best platform experience possible. Through monthly trainings and short, on-demand video tutorials, find answers to your questions here: SAE Mobilus Spotlight training - Available monthly, hosted live by SAE’s Customer Success team Mobilus Minute – 2-minute videos, available on-demand Need some troubleshooting help? Access our FAQs by visiting our Help section: https://saemobilus.sae.org/help/home Resources to help you navigate the new platform are available here, where you can find links to quick start guides and video tutorials on features like My Library, Announcements, Saved Search, Login and new features. Have feedback that you'd like to share with us? Please submit your feedback to the Mobilus team through the blue Knowledge bot in the bottom right hand corner of the new platform.

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Recent SAE Edge™ Research Reports

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User Experience for Digitalized and Smart Cockpits and Cabins of Next-gen Mobility

EPR202500603/31/2025

This SAE Edge Research Report explores advancements in next-generation mobility, focusing on digitalized and smart cockpits and cabins. It offers literature review, examining current customer experiences with traditional vehicles and future mobility expectations. Key topics include integrating smart cockpit and cabin technologies, addressing challenges in customer and user experience (UX) in digital environments, and discussing strategies for transitioning from traditional vehicles to electric ones while educating customers. User Experience for Digitalized and Smart Cockpits and Cabins of Next-gen Mobility covers both on- and off-vehicle experiences, analyzing complexities in developing and deploying digital products and services with effective user interfaces. Emphasis is placed on meeting UX requirements, gaining user acceptance, and avoiding trust issues due to poor UX. Additionally, the report concludes with suggestions for improving UX in digital products and services for future

The Challenges of Next-gen ADAS and ADS and Related Vehicle Safety Topics

EPR202500303/31/2025

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving systems (ADS) continue to expand into the market at a rapid pace. As improved (i.e., next generation) versions of these systems become available, they will continue to face many challenges in their implementation and benefits for safety and driving operations. The solution will involve many parties, including road safety professionals and researchers who see the potential in these systems but may have difficulties keeping up with them, and safety advocates who are calling for these systems to achieve higher levels of safety now. The Challenges of Next-gen ADAS and ADS and Related Vehicle Safety Topics explores these challenges that will fall on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and automakers as they balance costs and benefits; establish reasonable regulations and standards; and determine how to improve, test, deliver, and use these systems successfully. Perhaps the most formidable challenge will

The Future of Automotive Powertrain Development: Insights from the Chinese Market

EPR202500403/03/2025

The electrification momentum of automotive powertrains has slowed down globally in recent years. At the same time, hybrid powertrains, once treated as transitional technology so as to be ignored, have achieved outstanding market performance and are increasingly gaining attention. A diversified powertrain technology landscape is gradually forming over the previous internal combustion dominant or the expected battery electric dominant scenarios. Due to misinformation and the communication barrier, some perceptions about China's automotive industry and powertrain technology within the international community remain partial, outdated, and misleading. The Future of Automotive Powertrain Development: Insights from the Chinese Market speaks to future trends for automotive powertrains and promotes the formation of a global consensus by sharing insights from powertrain experts at leading Chinese automakers and providing firsthand insights into the actual state of the Chinese automotive industry

AI in Wonderland: Engineering in the Age of Overpromised Technology

EPR202500201/14/2025

This report explores the move from traditional industry practices to emerging technologies, specifically the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in engineering service sectors. It highlights the increasing problem of “technology washing,” when organizations overstate (sometimes deceivingly) their technology abilities and ethics, posing challenges to accountability, transparency, and trust in various fields. The rise of AI-based solutions in sectors like autonomous mobility, manufacturing, and aerospace has exposed a contrast between ambitious future aspirations and current technological barriers. With this, the role of human knowledge in guaranteeing ethical, efficient, and clear technology incorporation becomes essential. Starting with an examination of today’s technological scene, this report tackles topics such as the buzz around autonomous systems and the difficulties of standardizing fresh innovations. It also points out the problem of organizations exaggerating

Barriers to Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Metal Additive Manufacturing

EPR202500101/14/2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to significantly impact metal additive manufacturing (AM). Understanding how one might use AI in AM is challenging because AM experts are not AI experts, nor the other way around. This document introduces AI in AM and guides researchers in accessing relevant literature. It also discusses the hype surrounding AI in AM, the rush to publish peer-reviewed papers that use AI in AM, and the resulting uneven quality of the literature. Conclusions regarding the application of AI in both large and small enterprises are discussed. This document is intended to help illuminate AI in AM for Hands-on engineers who need to quickly understand what levels of problems they might encounter when dealing with AI in AM Engineering managers who need to stay current on emerging trends in their technical realm of responsibilities Policymakers who may not have the relevant technical expertise Faculty and students who want an introduction to AI in AM NOTE: SAE Edge Research

Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry

EPR202402812/12/2024

Recent advancements in electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and the broader advanced air mobility (AAM) movement have generated significant interest within and beyond the traditional aviation industry. Many new applications have been identified and are under development, with considerable potential for market growth and exciting potential. However, talent resources are the most critical parameters to make or break the AAM vision, and significantly more talent is needed than the traditional aviation industry is able to currently generate. One possible solution—leverage rapid advancements of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the gaming industry to help attract, identify, educate, and encourage current and future generations to engage in various aspects of the AAM industry. Beyond Aviation: Embedded Gaming, Artificial Intelligence, Training, and Recruitment for the Advanced Air Mobility Industry discusses how the modern gaming population of 3.3 million

Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling

EPR202403012/12/2024

In today's world, the electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing a remarkable boom with increasing global demand. With it, comes the surging and unprecedented need for EV batteries. Recycling these batteries has become of crucial importance, as it not only plays a vital role in ensuring the security of the battery supply chain but also serves as a key measure for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are still several issues that remain unresolved in this domain. Unsettled Issues Regarding Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling delves deep into these issues, thoroughly exploring the current state of the industry and potential solutions to drive sustainable EV battery recycling. By addressing these challenges, we can strive towards a more sustainable future in the EV sector. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

SAE J3016 as a Learning Device for the Driving Automation Community: Technical, Socio-technical, and Systemic Learning

EPR202402912/12/2024

It is the tenth anniversary of SAE International’s Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice effort SAE J3016 to establish a nomenclature standard for driving automation systems and levels of automation. While not exhaustive, this report covers motivation, initiation, and continued development of J3016 regarding driving automation systems, noting that J3016 evolved as a learning device that facilitated the evolution of driving automation systems. It initially worked by establishing common terminology for the technical learning in the field, but over time, J3016 expanded to recognize the human roles in driving automation systems, with later iterations considering broader transportation ecosystems, including fleet operations and remote assistance centers. SAE J3016 as a Learning Device for the Driving Automation Community: Technical, Socio-technical, and Systemic Learning emphasizes ongoing learning to integrate diverse insights about technical, social, and socio-technical challenges of

The Software-defined Vehicle: Its Current Trajectory and Execution Challenges

EPR202402711/25/2024

Original equipment manufacturers, Tier 1 suppliers, and the rest of the value chain, including the semiconductor industry, are reshaping their product portfolios, development processes, and business models to support this transformation to software-defined vehicles (SDVs). The focus on software is rippling out through the automotive sector, forcing the industry to rethink organization, leadership, processes, and future roadmaps. The Software-defined Vehicle: Its Current Trajectory and Execution Challenges assesses the state of SDVs and explores the potential hurdles to execution and examines the work being done in the industry. The goal is to evaluate whether the implementation of SDVs will encounter the same fate as electrification or autonomous technologies, which after some level of disillusionment, are expected to pick up momentum in a more mature way. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

Low-carbon Hydrogen Use Across Economic Sectors and Global Regions

EPR202402611/25/2024

There is great recognition regarding the importance of hydrogen as an energy route for the decarbonization of road vehicles. Several countries are making large investments to create products, services, and infrastructures that allow hydrogen to be used as a clean source for propulsion, but there are still many open questions. This complete hydrogen chain involves production, transformation, transport, storage, and use. Although many initiatives are seeking global production, the use of low-carbon hydrogen is not yet economically competitive. Therefore, for this industry to establish itself, and acknowledging the characteristics of each region, there needs to be more intense coordination of efforts between the different industrial and political segments. Low-carbon Hydrogen Use Across Economic Sectors and Global Regions establishes premises for the hydrogen economy and its main environmental aspects. It also includes proposals and scenarios to establish a strategy that relates to

Latest Journal Issues

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Passenger Vehicle Systems

Electrified Vehicles

Advances and Current Practices in Mobility

Sustainable Transportation, Energy, Environment, & Policy

Connected and Automated Vehicles

Transportation Cybersecurity and Privacy

Vehicle Dynamics, Stability, and NVH

Transportation Safety

Alternative Powertrains

Commercial Vehicles

Passenger Cars - Electronic and Electrical Systems

Materials and Manufacturing

Engines

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Recent Books

Browse All 684

Aerospace Standards Index - 2025

ASIN202502/05/2025

This valuable resource lists all Aerospace Standards (AS), Aerospace Recommended Practices (ARP), Aerospace Information Reports (AIR), and Aerospace Resource Documents (ARD) published by SAE. Each listing includes title, subject, document number, key words, new and revised documents, and DODISS-adopted documents. AMS Index - Now Available!

January 2025 AMS Index

AMSJAN-202501/24/2025

Energy Efficiency of Vehicles, Second Edition

R-579-M01/02/2025

This eBook has been provided as the textbook for course number MECH ENG 5543 at Missouri State University. "Energy Efficiency of Vehicles" offers a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical relationship between energy usage and environmental impact. As we face pivotal decisions about energy in the coming decades, this book equips readers with the scientific knowledge needed to make informed, rational choices. In this updated edition, readers will explore: • Detailed calculations related to energy, power, and efficiency. • The environmental consequences of energy consumption. • Models illustrating the impact of city driving on the energy efficiency and fuel economy of cars and trucks. Ideal for students, professionals, and anyone passionate about sustainable energy solutions, this book provides the tools to analyze and improve vehicle energy efficiency, fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Spacecraft System Health Management: Current Practices and Emerging Technologies

R-56612/12/2024

Ensuring the safe and reliable operation of spacecraft is a complex task that requires advanced technologies and innovative approaches. This comprehensive guide provides a deep dive into the world of spacecraft system health management. From understanding the intricacies of spacecraft systems to exploring cutting-edge technologies like AI and digital twins, this book offers a valuable resource for anyone interested in the field. Key Features: - Clear and accessible language: The book is written for both technical experts and general readers, making it easy to understand complex concepts. - Real-world examples: Case studies and examples from actual missions bring the theoretical concepts to life. - Future-focused: The book explores emerging technologies that are shaping the future of spacecraft health management, giving readers a glimpse into the future of space exploration. Whether you're a seasoned space engineer or simply curious about the wonders of space exploration, this book

SAE International’s Dictionary of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

R-56112/04/2024

Welcome to SAE International’s Dictionary of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, the ultimate reference for mastering the complex and fast-evolving world of electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. Designed for engineers, researchers, students, and enthusiasts, this comprehensive guide is your key to navigating the intricate vocabulary and concepts driving the future of sustainable transportation. As the automotive industry pivots toward greener, more efficient solutions, understanding the terminology and technology behind electric and hybrid vehicles is crucial. This dictionary offers precise, accessible definitions for a wide range of terms—from foundational principles to the latest innovations in battery technology, motor design, and smart charging systems. Each entry has been meticulously curated by experts to ensure accuracy and relevance, providing clear explanations that enhance both comprehension and application. Reflecting the most recent advancements in automotive engineering

Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction, Second Edition

R-58712/02/2024

Discover the Art and Science of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction "Provides excellent guidance on the documentation and reconstruction process and is a good field guide for anyone investigating an aircraft accident." ― Anthony T. Brickhouse, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Dive into the essential aspects of aircraft crash investigation with the new edition of Basic Science and Art of Aircraft Wreckage Reconstruction. Written by industry veteran Don Knutson, this comprehensive guide covers the intricacies of investigating crashes, the mindset needed for thorough investigations, and the step-by-step processes for on-scene reconstruction. Designed for practitioners, students, and enthusiasts alike, this book offers detailed references for further reading and research. Through generic yet real-life scenarios, Knutson provides valuable insights into aircraft crash investigations. Whether you're with a government aviation agency, a manufacturer, the military, an insurance company, law

Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles: Theory, Prevention, and Analysis

R-56711/19/2024

In the ever-evolving landscape of automotive technology, fire safety remains a critical concern. From the era of steam-powered vehicles to today’s cutting-edge electric and hybrid models, understanding the risks and preventive measures for automotive fires is essential for protecting lives and assets. In Fires in Conventional and Electrified Vehicles, Erbis Biscarri, a seasoned expert with extensive experience in both automotive equipment manufacturing and major car manufacturers, presents a definitive guide on the subject. This book provides a thorough exploration of the physical phenomena leading to vehicle fires, offering in-depth analysis methods and prevention strategies tailored to both traditional internal combustion engines and the latest hybrid and electric vehicles. Organized into three key sections—Theory, Prevention, and Analysis—the book delves into the fundamental concepts of fire initiation, sustenance, and propagation, covering a wide range of vehicle systems. It

Energy Efficiency of Vehicles, Second Edition

R-57911/14/2024

"Energy Efficiency of Vehicles" offers a comprehensive guide to understanding the critical relationship between energy usage and environmental impact. As we face pivotal decisions about energy in the coming decades, this book equips readers with the scientific knowledge needed to make informed, rational choices. In this updated edition, readers will explore: • Detailed calculations related to energy, power, and efficiency. • The environmental consequences of energy consumption. • Models illustrating the impact of city driving on the energy efficiency and fuel economy of cars and trucks. Ideal for students, professionals, and anyone passionate about sustainable energy solutions, this book provides the tools to analyze and improve vehicle energy efficiency, fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future.

Intelligent Electric Vehicles

R-58411/01/2024

Embark on a journey into the future of transportation with Intelligent Electric Vehicles. This comprehensive guide demystifies complex concepts, offering a roadmap to harness the monetization opportunities within the thriving IEV ecosystem. From management strategies to cutting-edge technology, this book provides a holistic perspective on the IEV industry. Explore real-world case studies, learn about emerging trends like cockpit intelligence and connected vehicles, and discover how to navigate the challenges and opportunities of this transformative space. Key Features: • Interdisciplinary approach: Bridges the gap between management and technology. • Real-world case studies: Grounds theoretical knowledge in practical applications. • Future-focused insights: Prepares readers for the next wave of innovations. • Monetization roadmap: Offers strategic advice for capitalizing on IEV advancements. Whether you're an automotive industry professional, technology enthusiast, or investor

By the Numbers: Principles of Automotive Parts Management, Second Edition

R-57710/28/2024

In By the Numbers, industry expert Gary J. Naples offers a comprehensive guide to navigating the complexities of modern parts department management. Designed for both new and experienced professionals, this book provides a solid foundation in essential business and personnel management techniques. Understanding that effective parts management requires more than just product knowledge, the author explores the broader aspects of the role, including: • Business acumen: Develop the financial and operational skills needed to succeed. • Inventory management: Optimize stock levels and reduce costs. • Team leadership: Build and motivate a high-performing team. • Customer service: Deliver exceptional service to enhance customer satisfaction. Featuring a new self-assessment tool, Inventory Effectiveness Quotient (IEQ), this book empowers parts managers to measure and benchmark their department's performance. With clear explanations, practical examples, and real-world case studies, By the Numbers

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SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - NEVI and America's EV Charging Future

1350904/03/2025

The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program (NEVI) is a $5 billion initiative aimed at developing EV charging infrastructure across all 50 states and Puerto Rico. However, recent executive orders have put the program and its funding on hold. To dig into what this all means, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Andrew Wishnia, Senior Vice President at Boundary Stone Partners, to discuss what NEVI is all about and what the future holds for this EV charging infrastructure initiative. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our drive of the new 2025 Ioniq 5, the first non-Telsa EV to hit the road with SAE J3400 (a.k.a., NACS). We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss

Hineman, Marcie

Electric Vehicle Charging Adapter Safety and OEM-Qualified Device Designation

J3400/1_202504 (Current)04/03/2025

This document covers the general physical, electrical, functional, and performance requirements for adapters connected to standards conforming conductive power transfer via handheld conductive coupler capable of transferring either DC or single phase power using two current-carrying contacts. The focus is on defining the process to evaluate the suitability of adapters for NACS couplers. This edition only covers adapters used between SAE J3400 and SAE J1772.

Hybrid - EV Committee

Connectors and Inlets for the North American Charging System (NACS) for Electric Vehicles

J3400/2_202504 (Current)04/03/2025

This document covers the dimensional definition of the SAE J3400 (NACS) electric vehicle coupler, which includes the connector and inlet.

Hybrid - EV Committee

Optimization of the Numerical Spray Modeling for Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers for Combustion Prediction in CONVERGE

2025-01-5026

04/03/2025

Different approaches are undertaken to mitigate the impact of the transport sector on climate change. Alongside electrifying powertrains, sustainable e-fuels such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are considered a promising bridging technology for different applications. However, this requires that the engines are optimized for the new fuels. Accordingly, this study aims to optimize the numerical spray modeling of OME in CONVERGE. Based on the KH–RT break-up model, the spray simulations of three different commercial injectors for heavy-duty applications are analyzed regarding the predictability of the liquid and gaseous penetration lengths and the total simulation time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the turbulence model, mesh size, and spray parameters prior to optimizing the spray model and validating it with experimental results. While each parameter individually influences the different phases of the injection event, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the break

Zepf, Andreas, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

Predictive Battery Thermal Management System Control Strategy and Simulation in Electric Vehicle

2025-01-5027

04/03/2025

With the global issue of fossil fuel scarcity and the greenhouse effect, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has surged recently. At that stage, because of the constraints of the energy density and battery performance degradation in low-temperature conditions, the mileage of EVs has been criticized. To guarantee battery performance, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is applied to ensure battery operates in a suitable temperature range. Currently, in the industry, a settled temperature interval is set as criteria of positive thermal management activation, which is robust but leads to energy waste. BTMS has a kilowatt-level power usage under high- and low-temperature environments. Optimizing the BTMS control strategy becomes a potential solution to reduce energy consumption and overcome mileage issues. An appropriate system simulation model provides an effective tool to evaluate different BTMS control strategies. In this study, a predictive BTMS control strategy, which adjusts

Huang, Zhipei, Chen, Jiangbo, Tang, Hai

Use of Methanol in a High-Power Density Generator

13-06-03-0021

04/02/2025

Increasing global pressure to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions has inspired a transition from conventional petroleum-fueled internal combustion engines to alternative powertrains, including battery electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids. Hybrids offer a promising solution for emissions reduction by addressing the limitations of pure EVs such as slow recharge and range anxiety. In a previous research endeavor, a prototype high-power density generator was meticulously designed, fabricated, and subjected to testing. This generator incorporated a compact permanent magnet brushless dynamo and a diminutive single-cylinder two-stroke engine with low-technology constructions. This prototype generated 8.5 kW of electrical power while maintaining a lightweight profile at 21 kg. This study investigates the performance and emissions reduction potential by adapting the prototype to operate on methanol fuel. Performance and emissions were experimentally evaluated under varying operating conditions

Gore, Matt, Nonavinakere Vinod, Kaushik, Fang, Tiegang

CRIMPING TOOL AND ACCESSORIES, REMOTE CRIMP HEAD, HYDRAULIC, WIRE SIZE 8 TO 0000 FOR INSULATED AND UN-INSULATED CRIMP BARRELS

AS5259/1B (Current)04/02/2025

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

INSTALLING AND REMOVAL TOOLS, CONNECTOR ELECTRICAL CONTACT, TYPE I, CLASS 1, COMPOSITION C

AS81969/17A (Current)04/02/2025

AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee

3D Modeling of Thermal Runaway in Pouch Cells: Effects of Surface Heating and Heating Rates

2025-01-8559

04/01/2025

Thermal runaway in battery cells presents a critical safety concern, emphasizing the need for a thorough understanding of thermal behavior to enhance battery safety and performance. This study introduces a newly developed AutoLion 3D thermal runaway model, which builds on the earlier AutoLion 1D framework and offers significantly faster computational performance compared to traditional CFD models. The model is validated through simulations of the heat-wait-search mode of the Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC), accurately predicting thermal runaway by matching experimental temperature profiles from peer-reviewed studies. Once validated, the model is employed to investigate the thermal behavior of 3D LFPO cells under controlled heating conditions, applying heat to one or more surfaces at a time while modeling heat transfer from non-heated surfaces. The primary objective is to understand how these localized heating patterns impact temperature profiles, including average core temperatures

Hariharan, Deivanayagam, Gundlapally, Santhosh

A Deep Learning Framework for Time Series Prediction of Passenger Motion Sickness Based on Vehicle Dynamics Data

2025-01-8104

04/01/2025

Technology development for enhancing passenger experience has gained attention in the field of autonomous vehicle (AV) development. A new possibility for occupants of AVs is performing productive tasks as they are relieved from the task of driving. However, passengers who execute non-driving-related tasks are more prone to experiencing motion sickness (MS). To understand the factors that cause MS, a tool that can predict the occurrence and intensity of MS can be advantageous. However, there is currently a lack of computational tools that predict passenger's MS state. Furthermore, the lack of real-time physiological data from vehicle occupants limits the types of sensory data that can be used for estimation under realistic implementations. To address this, a computational model was developed to predict the MS score for passengers in real time solely based on the vehicle's dynamic state. The model leverages self-reported MS scores and vehicle dynamics time series data from a previous

Kolachalama, Srikanth, Sousa Schulman, Daniel, Kerr, Bradley, Yin, Siyuan, Wachsman, Michael Ben, Pienkny, Jedidiah Ethan Shapiro, Jalgaonkar, Nishant M., Awtar, Shorya

A Steering Control Method Applicable to an Eight-Wheeled Planetary Laboratory

2025-01-8305

04/01/2025

In future planetary exploration missions, the Eight-Wheeled Planetary Laboratory (EWPL) will have sufficient capacity for tasks but will experience significant lateral slips during high-speed turns due to its large inertia. Modern technology allows for independent steering of all eight wheels, but controlling each wheel's steering angle is key to improving stability during turns. This paper introduces a novel rear-axle steering feed-forward controller to reduce sideslip. First, a mathematical model for the vehicle's steering is established, including kinematic equations based on Ackermann steering. Feed-forward zero side-slip control is applied to the third and fourth axles to counteract the side-slip angle of the center of mass. A multi-body dynamics model of the EWPL is then built in Chrono to evaluate the turning radius and optimize steering angle ratios for the rear axles. Finally, a steady-state cornering simulation on loose terrain compares the performance of the proposed

Liu, Jun, Zhang, Kaidi, Shi, Junwei, Yang, Wenmiao, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

Efficient Simulation of Multi-Body Dynamics with Roller Guide Joints Using Julia

2025-01-8285

04/01/2025

Nonlinearities in mechanical systems pose significant challenges for efficiently solving multi-body dynamics (MBD) problems. Although simulations of traditional mechanisms with perfect joints can be performed efficiently, joints in practical applications are often characterized by clearances, leading to reduced simulation efficiency and accuracy. Improving solver effectiveness is essential for simulating systems with nonlinearities. This paper explores the use of Julia, a high-performance open-source programming language, to solve MBD problems formulated as index-1 differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). Euler parameters (quaternions) are employed to represent the orientation of rigid bodies. To illustrate the method's adaptability in addressing non-standard joint types, both perfect and imperfect (with clearance or friction) planar roller guide joints are modeled alongside common perfect joints. A case study of a vehicle sliding door system is presented. The numerical results are

Tong, Jiachi, Meng, Dejian, Lian, Yubo, Gao, Yunkai, Yang, James

Trajectory Tracking Fault-Tolerant Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles Considering Steering Actuator Faults

2025-01-8299

04/01/2025

Trajectory tracking control is a key component of vehicle autonomous driving technology. Compared with traditional vehicles, Distributed Driven Electric Vehicle (DDEV) is an ideal vehicle for trajectory tracking control because of its high space utilization, redundant control freedom and fast system response. However, the chassis execution system of DDEV has a relatively large number of sensors, which significantly increases its probability of failure. In this paper, we propose a trajectory tracking fault-tolerant control method for DDEV considering steering actuator faults. Firstly, we establish the dynamic model of the steering actuator and the trajectory tracking model of DDEV. The model is linearized and discretized by using Taylor series expansion and forward Euler method. Next, considering multi-objective constraints such as motion comfort, actuator saturation and road adhesion boundary, the trajectory tracking control strategy of DDEV is designed by using model predictive

Wang, Deping, Li, Lun, Teng, Yuhan, Zhu, Bing, Chen, Zhicheng

Procedure for the Calculation of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Sampling and Measurement System Penetration Functions and System Loss Correction Factors

AIR6504A (Current)

04/01/2025

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for assessing size dependent particle losses in a sampling and measurement system of specified geometry utilizing the non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number concentrations measured at the end of the sampling system.1 The penetration functions of the sampling and measurement system may be determined either by measurement or by analytic computational methods. Loss mechanisms including thermophoretic (which has a very weak size dependence) and size dependent losses are considered in this method2 along with the uncertainties due to both measurement error and the assumptions of the method. The results of this system loss assessment allow development of estimated correction factors for nvPM mass and number concentrations to account for the system losses facilitating estimation of the nvPM mass and number at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. As the particle losses are size dependent, the magnitude of correction

E-31P Particulate Matter Committee

Optimal Torque Vectoring Control for Autonomous Electric Vehicles Considering Ride Comfort

2025-01-8310

04/01/2025

This study introduces an innovative torque vectoring control strategy designed to enhance ride comfort in autonomous electric vehicles. The approach seamlessly integrates steering and rear axle force control within a model predictive control (MPC) framework, enabling real-time optimization of comfort and handling performance. The proposed control method is applied to a two-rear-motor vehicle model, where the MPC algorithm adjusts steering angles and tire forces to minimize discomfort caused by yaw rate and lateral acceleration. Simulation results from a lane-change scenario demonstrate significant improvements in comfort metrics compared to conventional torque vectoring control strategies. The findings highlight the ability of the proposed method to significantly enhance ride comfort without compromising vehicle dynamics. This integrated and adaptive control strategy offers a promising solution for improving passenger satisfaction in autonomous electric vehicles, with potential

Zhao, Bolin, Lou, Baichuan, He, Xianqi, Xue, Wanying, Lv, Chen

Achieving Lagrangian-esque Fuel Mass Tracking in an Eulerian Frame of Reference CFD Diesel Engine Simulation

2025-01-8358

04/01/2025

Diesel combustion is a highly heterogeneous process in which the fuel must undergo several sub-processes after injection in order to release its heat through combustion. Prior to evaporation, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations track the injected fuel mass using a Lagrangian frame of reference to determine the pathlines of the liquid fuel in the gaseous environment. However, after evaporation, when the fuel mass becomes part of the working fluid, it is no longer tracked in a Lagrangian reference frame as it undergoes its mixing and combustion processes. To gain deeper insights into the diesel combustion process, a methodology is proposed to track the evolution of fuel mass packets while in the gaseous state attaining a Lagrangian-esque description of the fuel’s evolution. This is achieved using the commercially available capabilities in Convergent Science’s CFD package, without requiring user-defined functions. The methodology is applied to a heavy-duty diesel engine and

Gohn, James, Kumar, Mohit, Gainey, Brian, Lawler, Benjamin

Parameter Virtual Calibration Method for Vehicle Path Tracking Controller Based on the Deep Reinforcement Learning

2025-01-8311

04/01/2025

Path tracking control, which is one of the most important foundations of autonomous driving, could help the vehicle to precisely and smoothly follow the preset path by actively adjusting the front wheel steering angle. Although there are a number of advanced control methods with simple structure and reliable robustness that could assist vehicles achieving path tracking, these controllers have many parameters to be calibrated, and there is a lack of guidance documents to help non-professional test site engineers quickly master calibration methods. Therefore, this paper proposes a parameter virtual calibration method based on the deep reinforcement learning, which provides an effective solution for parameter calibration of vehicle path tracking controller. Firstly, the vehicle trajectory tracking model is established through the kinematic relationship between the vehicle and the target path, combined with the Taylor series expansion linearization method. Next, a vehicle path tracking

Zhao, Jian, Guo, Chenghao, Zhao, HuiChao, Zhao, Yongqiang, Yu, Zhen, Zhu, Bing, Chen, Zhicheng

Research on the Thermal Balance Test Method of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

2025-01-8153

04/01/2025

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are gaining increasing interest due to contributions to zero emissions and carbon neutrality. Thermal management of FCEVs is essential for fuel cell lifespan and vehicle driving performance, but there is a lack of specialized thermal balance test standards for FCEVs. Considering differences in heat generating mechanism between FCEVs and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), current thermal balance method for ICEVs should be amended to suit for FCHVs. This study discussed thermal balance performance of ICEV and FCHVs under various regulated test conditions based on thermal balance tests in wind tunnel of two FCEVs and an ICEV. FCEVs reported overheat risk during low-speed climbing test due to continuous large power output from fuel cell (FC). Frequent power source switches between FC and battery were observed under dual constrains of fuel cell temperature and battery state of charge (SOC). Significant temperature exceedance of ICEV occurred

Fang, Yanhua, Min, Yihang, Ming, Chen, Li, Hongtao, Li, Dongsheng, He, Chong, Mao, Zhifei

Development of an Advisory System for Parking a Car with Trailer

2025-01-8035

04/01/2025

Trailer parking is a challenging task due to the unstable nature of the vehicle-trailer system in reverse motion and the unintuitive steering actions required at the vehicle to accomplish the parking maneuver. This paper presents a strategy to tackle this kind of maneuver with an advisory graphic aid to help the human driver with the task of manually backing up the vehicle-trailer system. A kinematic vehicle-trailer model is derived to describe the low-speed motion of the vehicle-trailer system, and its inverse kinematics is established by generating an equivalent virtual trailer axle steering command. The advisory system graphics is generated based on the inverse kinematics and displays the expected trailer orientation given the current vehicle steer angle and configuration (hitch angle). Simulation study and animation are set up to test the efficacy of the approach, where the user can select both vehicle speed and vehicle steering angle freely, which allows the user to stop the

Cao, Xincheng, Chen, Haochong, Aksun Guvenc, Bilin, Guvenc, Levent, Link, Brian, Harber, John, Richmond, Peter, Fan, Shihong, Yim, Dokyung

Neural Network Based Kalman Filter Design for the Vehicle Lateral Maneuver

2025-01-8042

04/01/2025

Precise state estimation during a lateral maneuver is not just a theoretical concept but a practical necessity. The performance of the Kalman filter is directly impacted by the comprehensive research and innovative approaches to counter nonlinearity and uncertainty. The use of machine learning in control theory is one such development that has significantly enhanced the effectiveness of our work. This paper provides an enhanced adaptive Kalman filter architecture with a neural network for a rapid obstacle avoidance maneuver. The proposed design exemplifies not just its effectiveness in terms of better state estimation in the presence of complex nonlinear vehicle dynamics and disturbances but also its potential downsides sometimes. Simulation results verify the same by ensuring a significant improvement to the traditional design, demonstrating better accuracy and the need for such advances in vehicle dynamics and control.

Sudhakhar, Monish Dev

Modal Characteristics of Oil-Gas Interconnected Suspension Systems and their Influence on Vehicle Ride Quality

2025-01-8271

04/01/2025

This study focuses on the dynamic behavior and ride quality of three different modes of oil-gas interconnected suspension systems: fully interconnected mode, left-right interconnected mode, and independent mode. A multi-body dynamics model and a hydraulic model of the oil-gas suspension were established to evaluate the system's performance under various operating conditions. The research includes simulations of pitch and roll excitations, as well as ride comfort tests on different road surfaces, such as Class B roads and gravel roads. The analysis compares the effectiveness of the modes in suppressing pitch and roll movements and their impact on overall ride comfort. Results show that the independent mode outperforms the other two in minimizing roll, while the fully interconnected mode offers better pitch control but at the cost of reduced comfort. These findings provide valuable insights for the future design and optimization of oil-gas interconnected suspension systems, especially in

Xinrui, Wang, Chen, Zixuan, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai

A Novel Method for Evaluating on-Road Drag Changes Using Constant Power Measurements

2025-01-8764

04/01/2025

This paper introduces a new approach for measuring changes in drag force across different vehicle configurations using an on-road testing technique. The method involves fixing the vehicle’s power across configurations and then measuring the resulting speed differences. A detailed formulation is provided on how these speed variations can be used to calculate the change in drag force for each configuration. The OBD II port is used to access and record additional data necessary for the calculations. The method is applied to both a passenger car and a commercial van to evaluate drag changes for different vehicle add-ons. A roof sign was installed at various positions along the roof of the vehicles to assess drag increases, while novel rear appendages were fitted to both vehicles to evaluate the resulting drag reductions. Detailed CFD simulations were performed on the road-tested configurations to compare the simulated drag changes with those measured on the road. Excellent agreement was

Connolly, Michael Gerard, Ivankovic, Alojz, O'Rourke, Malachy J.

Research on Composite Braking Strategy of Pure Electric Commercial Vehicle on Downhill Low-Adhesion Road Considering Rainfall Intensity

2025-01-8813

04/01/2025

As a distributed wire control brake system, the electro-mechanical brake (EMB) may face challenges due to the need to integrate the actuator in the limited space beside the wheel. During extended downhill braking, especially on wet roads with reduced adhesion, the EMB must operate at high intensity. The significant heat generated by friction can lead to thermal deformation of components, such as the lead screw, compromising braking stability. This paper focuses on pure electric light trucks and proposes a tandem composite braking method. This approach uses an eddy current retarder (ECR) or motor to provide basic braking torque, while the EMB supplies the dynamic portion of the braking torque, thereby alleviating the braking pressure on the EMB. First, a driver model, tire model, motor model, and braking models are developed based on the vehicle's longitudinal dynamics. In addition, the impact of various factors, such as rainfall intensity, road slope, ramp length and vehicle speed, on

Liu, Wang, Zhang, Yu, Xiao, Hongbiao, Shen, Leiming

The Guangzhou Automotive Group Co. Aerodynamic, Acoustic, and Thermal Wind Tunnel

2025-01-8788

04/01/2025

The Guangzhou Automotive Group Co., Ltd (GAC Group) wind tunnel, located in Guangzhou, China, is a state-of-the-art facility that uniquely integrates world-class aerodynamic flow quality, acoustic capability, and thermal conditions into a single system for the development of passenger vehicles. This closed return, ¾ open jet wind tunnel features a nozzle with a cross-section of 20 m2 and a 2.5 MW fan, capable of delivering a maximum wind speed of 200 km/h. The wind tunnel is equipped with a ±90° turntable, a boundary layer control system, and a 5-belt moving ground plane system for aerodynamic tests. Comprehensive acoustic treatments in the test section and throughout the wind tunnel circuit establish a hemi-anechoic test environment with minimal background noise levels for acoustic tests. For thermal tests, the wind tunnel includes a 4-wheel chassis dynamometer system downstream of the turntable, with temperature control ranging from 20°C to 60°C and humidity control between 15% and

Bender, Trevor, Nasr Esfahani, Vahid, Liu, Zheng, Yang, Hui, Li, Shuya, Song, Xin, Liu, Man, Ma, Zhijian

Enhancing Tire Predictive Maintenance with Next-Generation TPMS Sensors

2025-01-8759

04/01/2025

This paper presents findings on the use of data from next-generation Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS), for estimating key tire states such as leak rates, load, and location, which are crucial for tire-predictive maintenance applications. Next-generation TPMS sensors provide a cost-effective and energy-efficient solution suitable for large-scale deployments. Unlike traditional TPMS, which primarily monitor tire pressure, the next-generation TPMS used in this study includes an additional capability to measure the tire's centerline footprint length (FPL). This feature offers significant added value by providing comprehensive insights into tire wear, load, and auto-location. These enhanced functionalities enable more effective tire management and predictive maintenance. This study collected vehicle and tire data from a passenger car hatchback equipped with next-generation TPMS sensors mounted on the inner liner of the tire. The data was analyzed to propose vehicle-tire physics

Sharma, Sparsh, Son, Roman

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