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The global environmental pollution issue and global warming caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have prompted automotive manufacturers to pioneer the development of emission-free or pure electric vehicles. The Indian government declared that all ICE cars will be replaced by electric vehicles by 2030. Thus, after 2030, ICE vehicle scrapping will be prevented by retrofitting. Transforming traditional cars into electric vehicles in Indian markets reduces emissions and enhances sustainability. This work aims to transform the Maruti Suzuki Zen petrol car into a fully electric vehicle while keeping its pristine transmission system with an onboard charging system. During the fieldwork, all unnecessary components of the ICE are removed to transform it into an electric vehicle. The E Zen’s maximum speed, gradeability, and driving range on both level and sloping roads were also examined. The performance was assessed using a 72 V, 144 Ah lithium-ion battery pack and an AC induction motor
Suryavanshi, Shweta S.Ghanegaonkar, Pravin M.Kawade, Ramesh K.
Wet pavement conditions during rainfall present significant challenges to traffic safety by reducing tire–road friction and increasing the risk of hydroplaning. During high-intensity rain events, the roadway pavement tends to accumulate water, forming a film that can have serious implications for vehicle control. As the longitudinal speed of the vehicle increases, a water wedge forms in front of the tire, leading to partial loss of contact with the road. At critical hydroplaning speed, a complete water layer forms between the tire and the road. Although less common, dynamic hydroplaning poses severe risks when high-intensity rainfall coincides with high vehicle traveling speed, leading to a complete loss of control over vehicle steering capabilities. This study advances hydroplaning research by integrating real-world data from the Road Weather Information System (RWIS) with an existing hydroplaning model. This approach provides more accurate hydroplaning risk assessments, emphasizing
Vilsan, AlexandruSandu, CorinaAnghelache, Gabriel
This study presents the development and integration of a vehicle mass estimator into the ZF’s Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. The aim is to improve the accuracy of the ACC system’s torque control for achieving desired speed and acceleration. Accurate mass estimation is critical for optimal control performance, particularly in commercial vehicles with variable loads. The incorporation of such mass estimation algorithm into the ACC system leads to significant reductions in the error between requested and measured acceleration during both flat and uphill driving conditions, with or without a preceding vehicle. The article details the estimator’s development, integration, and validation through comprehensive experimental testing. An electric front-wheel drive van was used. The vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics were modeled using D’Alembert’s principle to develop the mass estimation algorithm. This algorithm updates the mass estimate based on specific conditions: zero brake torque, high
Marotta, RaffaeleD’Itri, ValerioIrilli, AlessandroPeccolo, Marco
Path-tracking control occupies a critical role within autonomous driving systems, directly reflecting vehicle motion and impacting both safety and user experience. However, the ever-changing vehicle states, road conditions, and delay characteristics of control systems present new challenges to the path tracking of autonomous vehicles, thereby limiting further enhancements in performance. This article introduces a path-tracking controller, time-varying gain-scheduled path-tracking controller with delay compensation (TGDC), which utilizes a linear parameter-varying system and optimal control theory to account for time-varying vehicle states, road conditions, and steering control system delays. Subsequently, a polytopic-based path-tracking model is applied to design the control law, reducing the computational complexity of TGDC. To evaluate the effectiveness and real-time capability of TGDC, it was tested under a series of complex conditions using a hardware-in-the-loop platform. The
Hu, XuePengZhang, YuHu, YuxuanWang, ZhenfengQin, Yechen
Scenario-based testing has become a central approach of safety verification and validation (V&V) of automated driving. The standard ISO 21448: Safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) [1] proposes triggering conditions (e.g., an occluded traffic sign) as a new aspect to be considered to organize scenario-based testing. In this contribution, we discuss the requirements and the strategy of testing triggering conditions in an iterative, SOTIF-oriented V&V process. Accordingly, we illustrate a method for generating test scenarios for evaluating potential triggering conditions. We apply the proposed method in a two-fold case study: We demonstrate how to derive test scenarios and test these with a virtual automated driving system in simulation. We provide an analysis of the testing result to show how triggering condition-based testing facilitates spotting the weakness of the system. Besides, we exhibit the applicability of the method based on multiple triggering conditions and nominal
Zhu, ZhijingPhilipp, RobinHowar, Falk
This study proposed the different micro-textures of the SC (square cylinder), SWS (square wedge shape), HS (hemispherical shape), and CR (cylindrical round) to improve the working efficiency of the journal bearing. A hydrodynamic lubrication model of the journal bearing under the impact of the changing dynamic loads is established to analyze the performance of micro-textures. The maximum oil film pressure and minimum frictional force in the journal bearing are selected as two evaluation indices. Some outstanding research results show that all the SC, SWS, HS, and CR added on the bearing surface improved the working efficiency of the journal bearing better than without the micro-textures. Moreover, the HS also improved the working efficiency of the journal bearing better than other structures of SC, SWS, and CR. To optimize the working efficiency of the journal bearing using HS, the dimension ltex and depth htex of HS should be selected and designed in a range of 3.6 < ltex ≤ 3.9 mm and
Song, FengxiangNguyen, VanliemLiu, Yaxi
Graphical Abstract Abstract The world is targeting zero-emission standards by promoting flexi-fuel-based vehicles. In the automotive industry, IC engine-powered vehicle has a good market. Either IC or flexi-fuel engines are considered the safest mode of transport, one tedious problem needs to be addressed is their toxic exhaust emissions from those engines. However, there are many aftertreatment systems available to control HC, CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. To control CO2 emissions there is no aftertreatment system available. Physical adsorbents such as activated carbon and zeolite are going to be used in this work to reduce emissions from exhaust gases. Zeolite has a greater affinity toward NOx emission, and activated carbon has greater potential to capture HC and carbon dioxide emissions. Initially computational studies were carried out to evaluate back pressure developed in adsorbent chamber. Analysis was carried out by varying conical length of the adsorbent chamber (68 mm, 75 mm
Subramanian, MohanKumarMuthiya, Solomon JenorisPachamuthu, SenthilkumarNaveena, B. E.Divya, G. S.Praveen Kumar, M. V.
To reduce carbon dioxide emissions from automobiles, the introduction of electric vehicles to the market is important; however, it is challenging to replace all existing IC engine vehicles with electric ones. Consequently, there is increasing anticipation for the use of carbon-neutral fuels, such as e-fuels. This study investigates the effects of GTL (gas-to-liquid), as a substitute for e-fuel, produced from natural gas via the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis method and polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (OMEmix) produced from methanol, on engine performance. Additionally, combustion image analysis was conducted using a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM). GTL fuel combusts similarly to conventional diesel fuel but has slightly lower smoke emissions because it does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons. Further, its high cetane number results in better ignition properties. During the combustion, unburnt hydrocarbons and smoke are generated in the spray flame interference region near the
Shibata, GenYuan, HaoyuYamamoto, HiroyaTanaka, ShusukeOgawa, Hideyuki
With the continuous upgrading of emission regulations for internal combustion engines, the nitrogen oxide treatment capacity of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment needs to be continuously improved. In this study, based on a prototype of SCR aftertreatment, the impact of the arrangement of key components in the SCR system (urea injector, mixer, and catalyst unit) on ammonia uniformity was investigated. First, parameterized designs of the urea injector, mixer, and SCR unit were conducted. Then, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), numerical simulations of the established aftertreatment system models with different parameter factors were performed under a high-exhaust temperature and a low-exhaust temperature conditions to study the impact of each individual parameter on ammonia uniformity. Finally, an optimized solution was designed based on the observed patterns, and the optimized samples were tested on an engine performance and emission test bench to compare their
Jie, WangJin, JianjiaoWu, Yifan
Electric vehicles (EVs) represent a promising solution to reduce environmental issues and decrease dependency on fossil fuels. The main drawback associated with the direct torque control (DTC) scheme is that it is incapable of improving the efficiency and response time of the EVs. To overcome this problem, integrating deep learning (DL) techniques into DTC offers a valuable solution to enhance the performance of the drive system of EVs. This article introduces three control methods to improve the output for DTC-based BLDC motor drives: a traditional proportional–integral for speed controller (speed PI), a neural network fitting (NNF)-based speed controller (speed NNF), and a custom neural (CN) network-based speed controller (speed CN). The NNF and CN are DL techniques designed to overcome the limitations of conventional PI controllers, such as retaining the percentage overshoot, settling times, and improving the system’s efficiency. The CN controller reduced the torque ripple by 15
Patel, SandeshYadav, ShekharTiwari, Nitesh
The introduction of autonomous vehicles (AVs) promises significant improvements to road safety and traffic congestion. However, mixed-autonomy traffic remains a major challenge as AVs are ill-suited to cooperate with human drivers in complex scenarios like intersection navigation. Specifically, human drivers use social cooperation and cues to navigate intersections while AVs rely on conservative driving behaviors that can lead to rear-end collisions, frustration from other road users, and inefficient travel. Using a virtual driving simulator, this study investigates the use of a human factors-informed cooperation model to reduce AV reliance on conservative driving behaviors. Four intersection scenarios, each involving a left-turning AV and a human driver proceeding straight, were designed to obfuscate the right-of-way. The classification models were trained to predict the future priority-taking behavior of the human driver. Results indicate that AVs employing the human factors-informed
Ziraldo, ErikaOliver, Michele
Driver fatigue and drowsiness portray an integral role in the frequency of road accidents. Putting in place policies intended to alert drivers is imperative for averting accidents and saving lives. This work aims to improve road safety by devising a real-time driver drowsiness detection system. To accomplish this, drowsiness is detected using YOLOv8 algorithm optimized with the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). Key facial cues such as eye closure and yawning frequency are monitored to analyze driving behavior by the suggested approach. YOLOv8 model optimized with WOA processes video streams in real time and sets off an alarm on the graphical user interface (GUI) dashboard based on the output. The proposed approach was investigated using two datasets namely UTA-RLDD and D3S. A 640 × 640 pixel image with a frame rate of 50 fps was used in the investigation. The mAP at 0.5 (mean average precision at 0.5 IoU (intersection over union) threshold) of drowsiness detection system using UTA
Nandal, PriyankaPahal, SudeshSharma, TriptiOmesh, Omesh
This study addresses the control problem of the electronic throttle valve (ETV) system in the presence of unmatched perturbations. Most previous works have ignored the effect of actuating motor inductance, which results in an approximated model with a matched perturbation structure. However, if this assumption is not permitted, the ETV model turns into an exact model with unmatched perturbation and the control task becomes more challenging. In this article, a backstepping control design based on a quasi-sliding mode disturbance observer (BS-QSMDO) has been proposed to effectively reject the unmatched perturbation in the ETV system. A rigorous stability analysis has been conducted to prove the ultimate boundedness for disturbance estimation error and tracking error. The key to this proposed observer-based control design is to obtain a robust and chattering-free controller based on a quasi-sliding mode methodology. The proposed quasi-sliding mode observer works to estimate the unmatched
Hameed, Akram HashimAl-Samarraie, Shibly AhmedHumaidi, Amjad Jaleel
This specification provides dimensional standards for crimp type contact wire barrel design and is a replacement for MS3190. Some wire barrel designs may exist in AS39029 but are not considered approved for future use, therefore, will not appear in this specification. The crimp barrel sizes listed in this document have been standardized in AS39029 and AS22520 specifications, tools and contacts are available to support these listed sizes. These crimp barrel requirements shall be used for any contact, regardless of whether it is a standard or non-standard contact configuration. The specification lists details for three types of wire barrels: A, B, and C. Wire barrel type A is not recommended for new design. Table 4 lists each AS39029 detail sheet wire barrel type.
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee