Browse Topic: Vehicle dynamics

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Preliminary Design and Analysis of Dual Throat Fluidic Thrust Vectoring Nozzle for Supersonic Aerospace Application2026-28-0106To be published on 02/12/2026
The project investigates the performance characteristics of dual-throat nozzle used for fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV) in supersonic aircraft applications, offering a potential alternative to mechanical vectoring methods. Fluidic thrust vectoring provides benefits such as reduced weight, lower radar signature, and improved manoeuvrability and control. Computational methods are used to study the effects of geometric and operational parameters, including nozzle pressure ratios and secondary injection rate and injection angle, on thrust-vectoring efficiency and system dynamics. The study aims to develop optimized design configurations and validate using computational models.
Suresh, Vignesh, M, Akash, SENTHILKUMAR, NIKIL, Sundararaj, Senthilkumar, A, Garry Kiristen, Singh, Swaraj
An Integrated Model Approach for Predicting Vehicle Dynamics Performance during HiL Validation2026-28-0044To be published on 02/12/2026
In the automotive industry, increasing noise regulations are influencing product sales and passenger comfort, creating a need for more effective noise testing methods. Hardware-in-Loop (HiL) based virtual acoustic testing serves as a critical step before Driver-in-Loop testing, allowing for the assessment of noise levels inside and outside the vehicle under various conditions before real-world testing is performed. This study addresses the conversion of a physical vehicle model in the AMESim environment into FMU-RT (Linux) format, and the translation of a powertrain control system from Simulink to C++ code. Key challenges in the FMU-RT conversion include the integration of appropriate submodels for each component and enabling the interfaces necessary for SCANeR and virtual acoustic testing. In the C++ code conversion, challenges involved configuring the correct parameters, ensuring the model runs at a fixed time step and sampling time of 1 ms, and resolving issues related to the
Visuvamithiran, Rishikesan, Chougule, Sourabh, Srinivasan, Rangarajan, Laurent, Nicolas
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis control Strategies for Electric & hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-0423To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in Torque Management with several ADAS features being integral part of the EV's/xHEV's. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric-chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, Steering Assist, powertrain and validate using 0D-1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through the co-simulation. Co-Simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicle that requires detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
Decision-fatigue mitigation in Automotive HMI System2026-26-0652To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract - With advent of digital displays in driver cabins in commercial vehicles, the drivers are getting offered with many features. Due to availability of vast number of features, drivers face decision fatigue in choosing the appropriate features. Many are unaware of all available functionalities displayed in the HMI System, leading to a bare minimum usage or complete neglect of helpful features. This not only affects the driving efficiency but also increases cognitive load, especially in complex driving scenarios. Instead of manually choosing between multiple settings, the driver can simply activate a recommendation mode, allowing the system to optimize selections dynamically. Novelty of this proposal focuses on introducing Intelligence in HMI Systems in such a way that it will maximize the usage index and reduce decision fatigue in drivers. To achieve this, an AI-driven recommendation system is introduced, based on User Customization and Adaptive Learning Model along with ML
K, Sunil, Dhoot, Disha
Generative AI based methodology for Road Profile Mix Creation2026-26-0674To be published on 01/16/2026
The acquisition of road profile data is crucial for various automotive testing applications, including vehicle dynamics analysis, chassis endurance tests, and simulation of vehicle-road interactions. This is necessary for conducting virtual tests to accelerate research and development processes and can significantly reduce testing costs. However, most of the on-road measurements lack comprehensive and relevant road profile data. Conducting on-road trials to acquire this data is a laborious and time-consuming process, often impeded by logistical and environmental challenges. This research proposes a generative AI-based methodology for creating diverse and realistic road profile mixes from the existing on-road dataset of front axle displacement and road profile measured with a laser sensor. By leveraging advanced machine learning techniques, the proposed approach seeks to generate synthetic road profiles that accurately reflect real-world conditions, thereby reducing the dependency on
Rajappan, Dinesh Kumar, Venkatesh, Anirudh Anand, R, Suresh, N, Gopi Kannan
Strategic Design of Intake Systems for Crafting a Sporty Acoustic Signature in Passenger Vehicles2026-26-0328To be published on 01/16/2026
In pursuit of a distinct sporty interior sound character, the present study explores an innovative strategy for designing intake systems in passenger vehicles. While most existing literature primarily emphasizes exhaust system tuning for enhancing vehicle sound quality, the current work shifts the focus toward the intake system’s critical role in shaping the perceived acoustic signature within the vehicle cabin. In this research work, target cascading and settings were derived through a combination of benchmark and structured subjective evaluation study and aligning with literature review. Quantitative targets for intake orifice noise was defined to achieve the desired sporty character inside cabin. Intake orifice targets are engineered based on signature and sound quality parameter required at cabin. Systems are designed by using advanced CAE techniques, Specific identified acoustic orders were enhanced in the intake system to reinforce the required signature in acceleration as well
Sadekar, Umesh Audumbar, Titave, Uttam, Patil, Jitendra, Naidu, Sudhakara
Development of a GUI-Based Pitch Sequence Optimization Tool for Tyre Noise Reduction2026-26-0330To be published on 01/16/2026
Minimizing tyre noise is essential for enhancing ride comfort, especially in electric vehicles where the absence of engine noise makes tyre-generated sound more prominent. This work presents the development of a GUI-based pitch sequence optimization tool to support tyre design engineers in generating acoustically optimized tread sequences. The tool operates in two modes: without constraints, where the pitch sequence is optimized freely to reduce tonal noise levels; and with constraints, where specific design rules are applied to preserve pattern consistency and manufacturability. This tool plays a pivotal role in the tire development process, serving as one of the key evaluation criteria for tread pattern approval before mould fabrication. By enabling engineers to generate balanced, low-noise pitch sequences that align with both acoustic targets and engineering constraints, the tool facilitates faster design iterations and smooth integration with downstream processes. Its successful
Sampathraghavan, Lakshmi, Ramarathnam, Krishna Kumar, Mantripragada PhD, Krishna Teja, Ramachandran, Neeraj
Predictive SoC Management for Enhanced Recuperation Efficiency in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0154To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, the automotive industry has been looking into alternatives for conventional vehicles to promote a sustainable transportation future having a lesser carbon footprint. Electric Vehicles (EV) are a promising choice as they produce zero tail pipe emissions. However, even with the demand for EVs increasing, the charging infrastructure is still a concern, which leads to range anxiety. This necessitates the judicious use of battery charge and reduce the energy wastage occurring at any point. In EVs, regenerative braking is an additional option which helps in recuperating the battery energy during vehicle deceleration. The amount of energy recuperated mainly depends on the current State of Charge (SoC) of the battery and the battery temperature. Typically, the amount of recuperable energy reduces as the current SoC moves closer to 100%. Once this limit is reached, the excess energy available for recuperation is discharged through the brake resistor/pads. This paper proposes a
Barik, Madhusmita, S, Sethuraman, Aruljothi, Sathishkumar
Risk assessment of cold side components using quick modal analysis correlation technique.2026-26-0441To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract: Modal analysis is performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure or system. It helps engineers understand how a system vibrates and how external forces, such as mechanical loads, might excite unwanted resonances. To check the stresses due to vibration inputs, certain G levels are assumed, and stresses are scaled to those vibration levels. This gives an understanding of the stresses of component with respect to its EFR limit and design margins are calculated. But, assumed acceleration levels in pre-prototype stage level can over predict or under predict the design margins. A quick modal analysis corelation technique can be used by using test measured accelerations conducted at prototype stage of the program. In this work, a modal analysis corelation technique is used to perform risk assessment of intake manifold. The intake manifold failed due to high vibration levels which were not captured from high cycle fatigue analysis with assumed G-level
Bale, Shrikant Bhaskar, Bawache, Krushna
Optimization of Electric Drive Unit Mounting for Vibration Isolation in EV Powertrains Using Multibody Dynamics2026-26-0080To be published on 01/16/2026
With growing significance of electric vehicles (EVs), their powertrains—while naturally quieter than internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains—pose new NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) challenges. These are triggered mainly from high-frequency disturbances caused by electric motors and gear interactions. Isolation of such excitations is essential for securing cabin refinement and customer expectations for acoustic comfort. This paper offers a simulation-based approach to optimal placement of the electric drive unit (EDU), which houses the electric motor and gearbox, with the objective of reducing vibration transfer to the chassis of the vehicle. The methodology explores the effect of spatial mount repositioning under actual dynamic load conditions through multibody dynamics (MBD) modeling and integrated optimizer using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The suggested workflow helps in effective investigation of mount positioning within packaging
Shah, Swapnil, Mane, Prashant, Back, Arthur, Emran, Ashraf
Agricultural tractor brake linkage efficiency prediction and correlation using Flexible Multibody Dynamics model2026-26-0103To be published on 01/16/2026
In agricultural tractors, braking actuation is usually done through control linkages consisting of a series of connected four-bar linkages with multiple pivots from the pedal to the brake pads. The quality of force transmission is critical as it directly affects the braking performance of the tractor. Forces measured at the end of the control linkage or brake pull rod often show deviation with theoretically-based mechanical advantage calculations. This is due to various factors such as linkage transmission angle, elasticity, and friction in joints not considered, which contribute to loss in force transfer. A standardized simulation method needs to be developed and validated to predict the losses in the control linkage system. In this paper, the author proposes a simulation approach using multi-body dynamics, which includes contribution factors such as transmission angle, linkage elasticity, and friction in joints. MBS model for brake linkage system for three different tractors
Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, Redkar, Dinesh, Arun, G, K, Vinoth, R, Sengottu, Paulraj, Lemuel
Multibody Dynamic Analysis of Belt-Type CVT Systems in Two-Wheelers: A Study on Slip, Misalignment, and Transmission Efficiency2026-26-0079To be published on 01/16/2026
More efficient drivetrain technologies are in greater demand in the two-wheeler market as a result of the introduction of BS6.2 emission standards. In order to satisfy these performance and regulatory requirements, Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) systems—which are renowned for their stepless gear shifting and increased fuel efficiency—are being given more and more consideration. However, because CVT is nonlinear and multibody dynamic, accurately predicting its behavior is still a difficult task. With an emphasis on variables like belt slip, pulley misalignment, and transmission efficiency, this study provides a thorough multibody dynamic analysis of a belt-type CVT system used in two-wheelers. High-fidelity analysis of the belt-pulley interaction under various load and speed conditions is now possible thanks to the development of a novel modeling methodology using advanced multibody dynamics simulation software – Virtual Dynamics. The method makes early design validation
Shah, Swapnil, Mane, Prashant, Voncken, Antonius, Emran, Ashraf
Systematic Study To Understand And Resolve Brake Pull In Commercial Vehicles Using Simulation And Proving Ground Tests2026-26-0083To be published on 01/16/2026
In traditional commercial vehicles with leaf spring suspension and Recirculating Ball Joint (RCBT) steering systems often experience undesirable pulling due to unsymmetrical steering mechanism during braking, especially when the suspension and steering hardpoints are not properly tuned. This study investigates the causes behind such pulling behavior, specifically focusing on brake steer and bump steer, which occur due to misalignments in the suspension and steering geometries. Brake steer happens when the braking forces generate a torque, causing the vehicle to pull towards one side. On the other hand, bump steer refers to the unwanted changes in the wheel alignment when the suspension undergoes travel, leading to instability or unintended steering input. These two phenomena, if not controlled, can result in undesirable vehicle handling, especially under heavy braking conditions. The study aims to understand and quantify these mechanisms, providing insights into how they can be
Pandhare, Vinay Ramakant, M, Anantha Padmnabhan, Nizampatnam, Balaramakrishna, Londhe, Abhijit, Doundkar, Vikas
Static Rollover Stability Analysis of Heavy Tipper vehicle2026-26-0090To be published on 01/16/2026
Heavy tipper vehicles are primarily utilized for transporting ores and construction materials. These vehicles often operate in challenging locations, such as mining sites, riverbeds, and stone quarries, where the roads are unpaved and characterized by highly uneven elevations in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of vehicle travel. During the unloading process, the tipper bodies are raised to significant heights, which increases the vehicle's centre of gravity, particularly if the payload material does not discharge quickly. Such conditions can lead to tipper rollover accidents, causing severe damage to life and substantial vehicle breakdowns. To analyse this issue, a study is conducted on the vehicle design parameters affecting the rollover stability of a 35-ton GVW tipper using multi-body simulations in ADAMS software. The tilt table test was simulated to determine the table angle at which wheel lift occurs. Initially, simulations are performed with the rigid body model
Vichare, Chaitanya Ashok, Patil, Sudhir, Gupta, Amit
Machine Learning Approach to ISO Road Class Prediction Using Multiple Linear Regression2026-26-0667To be published on 01/16/2026
The inertial profiler methodology is traditionally employed in RLDA (Road Load Data Acquisition) to measure road profiles and classify test routes into ISO road classes. However, this approach demands significant time and effort during instrumentation. Also, during data acquisition, laser height sensor data is affected especially during adverse conditions such as rainy seasons or on surfaces with improper reflectivity. Additionally, substantial resources are required for data processing to convert raw measurements into road classifications. To address these challenges, an initial attempt was made to establish a relationship between axle acceleration responses and road profiles, enabling axle acceleration measurements during RLDA to predict ISO road classes. However, this approach relied on a simple linear model that considered only axle acceleration responses, rendering the predictions susceptible to inaccuracies due to varying parameters such as vehicle speed. To overcome these
P, Praveen Kumar, P, Dayalan, Sriramulu, Yoganandam
Development of a High-Fidelity Vehicle Dynamics Model with Rear-Wheel Active Roll Control for Improved Stability2026-26-0093To be published on 01/16/2026
This work introduces a unified vehicle dynamics framework that combines detailed modeling and active control to enhance ride comfort and handling stability. A full 12-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is developed to simulate dynamic responses across a range of driving conditions. Unlike conventional approaches, this model incorporates both linear and nonlinear tire behavior, enabling more accurate prediction of vehicle motion. To further improve performance, an active roll control mechanism is proposed, utilizing rear-wheel suspension actuators to counteract undesired body roll and yaw instabilities. A novel co-simulation environment is established by coupling MATLAB/Simulink-based control strategies with high-fidelity multibody dynamics from ADAMS Car. The model is calibrated and validated using experimental data from an instrumented test vehicle. Results show that the integrated control system significantly reduces critical parameters such as roll angle, yaw rate deviation, and
Duraikannu, Dinesh, Dumpala, Gangi Reddi
Optimizing Vehicle Dynamics: A Methodology for Reducing Correlation Gaps2026-26-0091To be published on 01/16/2026
In the highly competitive automotive industry, final design decisions are often made early in the product development cycle. However, physical prototypes may exhibit deviations from nominal specifications due to design tolerances, manufacturing tolerances, stiffness element fitment, and other noise factors. These deviations can lead to significant performance discrepancies (correlation gaps) between real-world performance and the digital twin representation created during the design phase. Repeatedly measuring all system parameters to account for these differences can be both costly and impractical. This research aims to bridge the gap between digital and physical models by identifying key system parameters from system characteristic data generated through controlled dynamic testing. Specifically, dynamic load cases are conducted using a 4-poster test rig, where vehicle responses are recorded at various suspension locations under controlled conditions. By analyzing these target
Verma, Rahul Ranjan, Goli, Naga Aswani Kumar, Prasad, Tej Pratap
Digital Twin-Enhanced Chassis Dynamometer for EV Drivetrain Testing2026-26-0363To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate prediction of drivetrain performance and energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs) remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional chassis dynamometer testing, which often overlooks dynamic vehicle-roller interactions, suspension responses, and regenerative braking effects. This paper presents a novel digital twin-enabled testing framework using a compact, two-roller chassis dynamometer integrated with real-time multibody dynamics and electromechanical co-simulation. The physical test bench is coupled with a virtual model of the EV, including suspension geometry, rear-to-front axle load distribution, tire–roller contact mechanics, and motor-inverter dynamics. By enabling bi-directional data exchange between the physical and virtual domains, the system emulates real-world load shifts, torque demand variations, and energy recovery under standardized drive cycles. This integrated approach enhances simulation fidelity, supports certification-compliant testing, and
Kumar, Akhilesh, V, Yashvati
Optimized Panel Design for Reducing Seal Squeak and Chucking in Door & Body Seals2026-26-0341To be published on 01/16/2026
Quieter cabins in an automobile are the new era, they provide customers with pleasurable driving experience. Squeak and Rattle are spoil sport for any OEM that aim to improvise customer driving experience. Their nonlinear nature makes it difficult to formulate design frontloading methods. The issue of seals rubbing against the body & door interface is a clear sign of seal squeak & seal chucking. Seals are applied with anti-friction coatings to avoid stick slip phenomena between EPDM and painted panel. Primary root cause for seal squeak is coating erosion. The challenge lies in determining whether the body or the closure side contributes to the seal issue. This paper presents a distinctive approach for identifying the seal squeaking noise and enriches on the new modelling methods for seal interaction with door and body interfaces using FE software. The proposed method was able to highlight the locations along the door-body interface for squeak noise. The approach for reducing the
H, Ravishankar, C M, Mithun, Michael Stephan, Navin Estac Raja, Mohammed, Riyazuddin
Design of the BIW Structure for Battery Pack Protection in Case of Side Pole Impact2026-26-0025To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more popular than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powered vehicles, but their battery and motor components elevate their Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), posing unique collision risks. Manufacturers strategically mount the high voltage (HV) battery packs under the passenger compartment to lower the Centre of Gravity and shield them from the front impacts. However, side impacts remain a concern, as the battery deformation in such instances could trigger fires or explosions, endangering occupants. To address this, crashworthiness designs adhere to New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) standards, particularly against side pole impact and side mobile barrier impact. Unlike the frontal section of BIW, which typically has larger crush space to absorb the crash energy, extensive design attention is required to the vehicle's side structure to absorb pole impacts without transmitting excessive force to the battery pack. Utilizing aluminium extrusions and sheet
Nivesh, Dharun, Namani, Prasad, Ramaraj, Rajasekar
Advance techniques to optimize Variable Gear Ratio steering for high Centre of Gravity vehicles.2026-26-0086To be published on 01/16/2026
High center of gravity (CG) and moderate Wheel track vehicles such compact SUVs has comparatively low static stability factor (SSF). Making them unstable and highly susceptible for rollover. On the top of that, to enhance the ease of maneuverability in densely populated areas, it is required to have a minimal turning circle diameter (TCD). To do so, variable gear ratio (VGR) steering stands superior to conventional constant gear ratio (CGR) steering, benefiting in both improved roll stability and agility to manoeuvre in compact spaces. To fine-tune VGR steering for specific vehicle requirements, Driver-in-the-Loop (DIL) simulation is used. This method allows for precise adjustments based on real-world driving conditions, ensuring the VGR steering C-factor curve is optimized for ideal vehicle handling performance in on-center, off-center, and transition regions of the steering wheel angle (SWA). Metrics such as SWA gradient at different lateral accelerations and C-factor transitions for
Rewale, Pratik, Kopiec, Jakub, Kumar, Deva, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Hussain, Inzamam, Nehal, S B
Optimizing Stick Slip Performance in Automotive Interiors by Material Selection, Additives, and Design Strategies2026-26-0325To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is highly competitive, especially in terms of design and perceived quality. The use of hard plastics with a high gloss finish is driven by styling trends and the push towards zero gaps, making interfaces critical. In-cabin mood lighting is another feature being offered as a theme for interiors. Dashboard or cockpit designs often incorporate a significant amount of polycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS) and polycarbonate (PC). These materials provide strength and design flexibility but have the disadvantage of material incompatibility when used together, leading to stick-slip phenomena. Traditionally, felt tapes were used as interface isolation to solve this problem, but this increased manufacturing costs and assembly complications. The study focuses on the stick-slip phenomenon and material interface modifications. Specifically, it examines selecting the right surface finish on one side of the PC & PC-ABS interface to change adhesion and friction
Mohammed, Riyazuddin, R, Prasath, Rahman, Shafeeq
Effect of the Flow Forming Process on the Mechanical properties and Microstructure of GDC & LPDC cast aluminum alloy wheels.2026-26-0298To be published on 01/16/2026
Aluminum alloy wheels have become the preferred choice over steel wheels due to their lightweight nature, enhanced aesthetics, and contribution to improved fuel efficiency. Traditionally, these wheels are manufactured using methods such as Gravity Die Casting (GDC) [1] or Low Pressure Die Casting (LPDC) [2]. As vehicle dynamics engineers continue to increase tire sizes to optimize handling performance, the corresponding increase in wheel rim size and weight poses a challenge for maintaining low unsprung mass, which is critical for ride quality. To address this, weight reduction has become a priority. Flow forming [3,4], an advanced wheel production technique, offers a solution for reducing rim weight. This process employs high-pressure rollers to shape a metal disc into a wheel, specifically deforming the rim section while leaving the spoke and hub regions unaffected. By decreasing rim thickness, flow forming not only reduces overall wheel weight but also enhances strength and
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Medaboyina, HarshaVardhan, G K, Balaji, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Sundaram, Raghupathi, Paua, Ketan
Reliability of Rubber Grommets by Stochastic Analysis of Geometric Tolerances2026-26-0501To be published on 01/16/2026
Manufacturing tolerances pose considerable challenges in the production of rubber-based components, often leading to dimensional variations that can compromise overall product reliability. These inconsistencies may result in a range of functional issues, including poor sealing, excessive wear, misfit during assembly, and premature failure. Among these components, grommets are especially sensitive due to the complex, non-linear behavior of rubber materials, making precise dimensional control critical to ensure consistent and dependable performance. Even minor deviations in grommet geometry can trigger substantial assembly difficulties. Issues such as misalignment, buckling, insertion challenges, and potential damage to neighboring parts are commonly encountered. These complications typically require multiple rounds of design revisions and physical testing, which extend development timelines and significantly increase production costs. Real-world observations from various automotive
Beesetti, Siva, Hattarke, Mallikarjun, James Aricatt, John, Pathan, Eram
Contradictions of Automotive NVH with other Vehicle Performance and TRIZ tools for Innovative problem solving2026-26-0347To be published on 01/16/2026
For safety towards Automotive engineering often faces design contradictions, particularly in Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) optimization. Traditional approaches rely on trade-offs, but TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) offers a structured methodology to resolve contradictions innovatively. This paper explores in depth the TRIZ-based solutions for 2 key NVH challenges: (1) exhaust systems requiring noise reduction while maintaining low engine back-pressure, (2) engine mounts requiring both softness for vibration isolation and hardness for durability& vehicle stability. By applying principles such as segmentation, dynamization, parameter change, cheap short living objects or mechanics substitution, the novel solutions are proposed to achieve superior performance without traditional compromises. Tuneable valves in the path of the exhaust gas flow and the power-train mounting focused on its Torque Roll Axis were shown to exemplify the TRIZ problem solving effectiveness
A, Milind Ambardekar
Reverse Engineering and Digital Twins in Powertrain Design: Enhancing Performance and Sustainability2026-26-0065To be published on 01/16/2026
This study explores the application of reverse engineering (RE) and digital twin (DT) technology in the design and optimization of advanced powertrain systems. Traditional approaches to powertrain development often rely on legacy designs with limited adaptability to modern efficiency and emission standards. In this work, we present a methodology combining 3D scanning, computational modeling, and machine learning to reconstruct, analyze, and enhance internal combustion engines (ICEs) and electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains. By digitizing physical components through RE, we generate high-fidelity DT models that enable virtual testing, performance prediction, and iterative improvement without costly physical prototyping. Key innovations include a novel mesh refinement technique for scanned geometries and a hybrid simulation framework integrating finite element analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD). Our case study demonstrates a 12% increase in thermal efficiency for a retrofitted ICE
Bernikov, Mark Alexandrovich, Kurmaev, Rinat
Driver-in-the-Loop Optimization of Tire-Vehicle Dynamics using Virtual Tire Development approach through Physical Tire Models2026-26-0099To be published on 01/16/2026
This study provides a virtual development process using VI-Grade Driving Simulator and Adams simulation integrating CD tire models to modify all-terrain tire performance for an altered and new proposed version of an existing production vehicle. The proposed alteration introduces ride height changes, weight distribution changes, and centre of gravity changes from existing vehicle design. The proposed new vehicle variant also introduces tire change from highway terrain type to all-terrain type as it was intended to deliver some off-roading capabilities, thereby vehicle dynamics and kinematics recalibration & tuning required. The conventional development cycles through physical prototypes are time-consuming and expensive. Alternatively, this solution combines high-fidelity tire simulation, driver-in-the-loop (DIL) simulation, and multi-body dynamics analysis to reduce development time and prototype cycles. The proposed method begins with baseline correlation, augmenting Adams vehicle
Shrivastava, Apoorv, Asthana, Shivam
Design Robustness of Electronic Locking Differential for enhanced off-road performance2026-26-0502To be published on 01/16/2026
The Electronic Locking Differential (ELD) is a critical component for enhancing off-road vehicle performance by ensuring optimal traction in challenging terrains. This paper addresses intermittent engagement issues observed in the ELD system during off-road trials, which impacted its reliability and functionality. It presents a comprehensive study of design robustness improvements implemented to resolve these concerns and optimize the ELD’s performance, ensuring enhanced customer satisfaction in demanding off-road environments. The analysis begins with identifying factors contributing to the intermittent engagement and disengagement of the ELD system upon actuation. These factors include residual magnetism, material properties, temperature effects, and the stack-up characteristics of transfer path components under various boundary conditions. To address these challenges, three key design modifications were introduced: (1) reduction of residual magnetism through an increased air gap
S, Mohd Imtiaz, AP, Baaheedharan, Ghumare, Dheeraj, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar
Steering On-Center Feel and Yaw Response Enhancement through Optimization of System Level Characteristics2026-26-0082To be published on 01/16/2026
To export India based SUVs to European markets, change in steering position is required to suit vehicle driving condition. Ideally, RHD and LHD variants of a same vehicle should have similar level of ride and handling performance parameters. However, due to various packaging constraints and regulations, there is a possibility of minor change in hardpoints of steering or suspension system which may lead to different behaviour in terms of body roll and steering response. While cornering or double lane change maneuvers, difference in steering phase angles or steering stiffness or suspension hardpoints results in different roll behaviour as well understeer characteristics of the vehicle. The present study shows key parameters and optimization methodology to maintain same level of ride and handling performance in both RHD and LHD variants. Objective measurements and, physical kinematics and compliance tests were carried out with various configurations of RHD and LHD variants to understand
Hussain, Inzamam Ul, Kamarthi, Ashwin, Rewale, Pratik, Nehal, S B, Rasal, Shraddhesh, Naidu, Kethireddi
Boosting the development of a BEV Rear Twist Beam suspension through a pioneering approach: ADAMS Real Time on Driving simulator2026-26-0397To be published on 01/16/2026
Twist beam suspensions are widely utilised in passenger vehicles because of their simplicity and cost-efficiency, yet they provide engineers with a complex challenge as their performance depends entirely upon the structural properties of the beam itself. Traditional methodologies rely on the generation of Modal Neutral Files (MNF) based upon vehicle dynamics requirements and packaging constraints, which is a highly time-consuming process that starts failing to fulfil the demands of a market where development times are being exponentially reduced. Besides this, part of flexible body’s real behaviour might be lost in the process of converting multibody models into parametric ones, which, in turn, presents difficulties in modifying compliant-related items. Thanks to a novel approach followed jointly by Mahindra and IDIADA, quick identification and optimisation of key tuneable items is achieved by employing a hybrid solution that combines full flexible and FE elements in ADAMS Car
Osorio, Alejandro García, Prabhakara Rao, Vageesh, Asthana, Shivam, Rasal, Shraddhesh
Modelling and Simulation of Key Vehicle Dynamics Parameters for a Conceptual Race Car2026-26-0085To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract Vehicle dynamics is a vital area of automotive engineering that focuses on analysing how a vehicle responds to driver inputs and external factors like road conditions and environmental influences. Achieving optimal performance, safety, and ride comfort requires a detailed understanding of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamic behaviour. The objective of this paper is to develop and validate the model of a concept Race car and evaluate its vehicle dynamics behaviour using IPG CarMaker, a high-fidelity virtual testing environment widely used in industry. The model incorporates a range of vehicle parameters, including suspension parameters like spring and damper characteristics, mass distribution, tire properties and powertrain parameters. The evaluation is done using standard ISO test manoeuvres, including Constant Radius turn test (ISO 4138), Sine Steer test (ISO 8725) and other standard tests like Acceleration, Braking along with Ride and Comfort classification (as per
Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq B., Vaish, Ujjwal
"Parametric Evaluation of Rolling Resistance in Bias & Radial Tyres and influence of key operational parameters under varying conditions."2026-26-0606To be published on 01/16/2026
Tyre rolling resistance is a fundamental parameter in automotive engineering, directly impacting vehicle fuel efficiency and overall performance. The Rolling Resistance Coefficient (CRR) is influenced by tyre construction, material properties, and operational conditions such as inflation pressure, vehicle speed, load, ambient temperature, and road surface roughness. This study investigates the influence of critical parameters—including test speed, inflation pressure, load, temperature, and slip angle—on the rolling resistance of tyres of various sizes. While previous research has predominantly focused on radial tyres, this paper extends the analysis to include bias-ply tyres, which remain widely used in ASEAN countries, including India. The findings aim to offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers by examining the behaviour of bias tyres under real-world conditions. Special focus is given to the influence of slip and camber angles, with experiments conducted on passenger
Joshi, Amol, Khairatkar, Vyankatesh, Belavadi Venkataramaiah, Shamsundara
Evaluation of Methods used to Determine Vehicle Center of Gravity Height2026-26-0513To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper contains a study of the measurement accuracies of two methods commonly used by vehicle industries and other stakeholders to determine vehicle center of gravity (CG) height. The two methods, which both appear in international standards, are the Axle Lift method and the Stable Pendulum method. The Stable Pendulum method requires a dedicated swinging platform mechanism, but it is generally considered to be more accurate than the Axle Lift method. Both methods rely on equations for computing CG height that are based on static balance models of a vehicle tested at various pitch angles. For each method, the accuracy of the resulting CG height computations is a function of the individual measurements needed in the model equations. The individual measurements needed depend on the method used, but they include weights, angles, and distance measurements. A theoretical error analysis study is presented that provides insight into the accuracy of both methods given the uncertainty in the
Heydinger, Gary, Zagorski, Scott, Bartholomew, Meredith, Andreatta, Dale
Evaluating Passenger Car Tyre Performance: Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics in Varied Testing Conditions2026-26-0578To be published on 01/16/2026
The lateral and longitudinal dynamics of passenger car tyres are crucial for vehicle safety, handling and stability, thus having a direct influence on the braking, acceleration, and cornering performance of a vehicle. This study investigates the influence of key input parameters, namely inflation pressure, vertical load, and inclination angle, on the tyre behaviour using a dual approach: Indoor testing using a Flatbed machine for controlled conditions and Outdoor testing using a traction trailer for real-world evaluations. Lateral dynamics is evaluated across a range of slip angles to analyse lateral force and aligning moment characteristics. The quantification of the influence of inclination angle, inflation pressure, and load on lateral characteristics is done by evaluating the cornering stiffness and aligning stiffness. The indoor tests are conducted in both sweep and steady-state modes. The outdoor tests rely solely on sweep testing due to practical limitations. The longitudinal
Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Duryodhana, Dasari, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Sustainable Tyre- A Journey to Meet Future Requirements of Tyre Industry2026-26-0291To be published on 01/16/2026
Sustainability and environmentally friendly business practices are becoming essential. Tyre industries are embracing the green initiatives to reduce its impact on the environment by exploring the eco-friendly strategies. Starting from the ethical raw material sourcing to a creative recycling technique, strategies are widely distributing in every step of tyre manufacturing to disposition. Each stage of a tyre's life cycle viz. raw material procurement, manufacturing, transportation both upstream and downstream as well as during the end-of-life phases have an emission-saving potential. It is important to reduce emissions at every stage of tyre's lifecycle. We, JK Tyre has recently developed a Sustainable Tyre with 11% less GHG emission through sustainable raw material approach. Bio sourced or bio attributed raw materials like Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Polybutadiene Rubber (PBR), Rubber process oil (RPO) and Silica along with natural rubber (NR) had been used. Beside the raw
Bhandary, Tirthankar, Singha Roy, Sumit, Paliwal, Mukesh, Dasgupta, Saikat, Chattopadhyay, Dipankar, Das, Mahuya, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
DC Link Capacitor Size Reduction Using Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques for Pole Phase Modulated Induction Machine Drive2026-26-0170To be published on 01/16/2026
Multiphase machines i.e. electrical machines with more than three phases have many advantages compared to the three-phase machines for high power density applications. The major advantages of multiphase machines include lower space harmonics thereby reduced losses and improved efficiency, reduced torque pulsations leading to lesser vibrations and acoustical noise, higher fault tolerance which retains the self-starting ability with minimum deration in the output power in case of fault in one or more phases and enhancement of torque density by adding higher order harmonic currents into the stator currents. Requirement of power electronic switches with reduced rating compared three phase motor drives for a given power rating is another important advantage which supports employing multiphase machines in high power applications. Wider speed and torque ranges are other important requirements of a drive for high power traction and propulsion application. Conventional machines need to be over
A, Rajeshwari
Influence of Bushing Stiffness Measurement Methodology on Axle Elasto-Kinematics2026-26-0094To be published on 01/16/2026
The handling of a vehicle is crucial to the perception of its dynamic characteristics, such as comfort, stability, composure, sportiness, and precision. Kinematics and elasto-kinematics, also known as Kinematics and Compliance (K&C), form the basis of an automobile's handling characteristics. Kinematics focuses on the movement of suspension components, including wheels, axles, and linkages, and how these movements relate to the vehicle's body motion. Compliance refers to the suspension's ability to deform under load, primarily due to the flexibility of springs, bushings, and other elastic components. Elastomer bushings, as flexible elements in the kinematic chain, significantly impact K&C and require a detailed study. Suspension bush stiffness is typically measured through static and dynamic tests, in various directions - radial, axial, torsional, etc. Tests involve applying a force or torque and measuring the resulting deflection and/or rotation. These measurements are used to
Avhad, Anish
Design and Application of Large-Segment Cable Hanging Baskets for Long-Span High-Speed Railway Cable-Stayed Bridges2025-99-021912/23/2025
With the advancement of cable-stayed bridge construction technology, the application of long-span concrete girder cable-stayed bridge is gradually extensive, making the study of construction technology and equipment for concrete main girders increasingly important. The cable hanging basket, a crucial piece of equipment for cable-stayed bridge construction, maximizes the cable’s bearing capacity, improves construction efficiency, and ensures safety and stability during construction. However, due to the varying structural designs and construction environments, the cable hanging basket must be specifically tailored for different cases. The Hanjiang Bridge on the Xi’an-Shijiazhuang High-speed Railway is China’s first steel-truss-reinforced PC box-girder cable-stayed bridge, with a main span of 420 meters. If conventional diamond-shaped hanging baskets are used for suspended casting of small sections, the construction period will not meet the construction requirements of this bridge. To
Li, Jian
Predictive Analysis of Slip Distance of Highway Loess Slopes Based on Intense Rainfall Infiltration2025-99-024112/23/2025
Based on field investigations of loess slopes along highways in the Lüliang region, a numerical infiltration model of highway loess slopes was established using the ABAQUS finite element software. The study examined the time to plastic zone coalescence and variations in infiltration range under two intense rainfall scenarios for slopes of different heights. Furthermore, a landslide numerical model of the loess slope was constructed using the FEM-SPH method, and a predictive formula for landslide runout distance of highway loess slopes was derived through data fitting.The results indicate that under the same slope height, increased rainfall intensity leads to a certain degree of reduction in landslide runout distance. Conversely, under the same rainfall condition, greater slope height significantly increases the runout distance. This study provides a theoretical foundation and methodological support for stability evaluation and runout distance prediction of loess slopes under intense
Liu, Manfeng, Li, Hong
Study on the Influence of Liquid Composite Swivel Arm Positioning Nodes on the Dynamic Performance of High-Speed Trains2025-99-025512/23/2025
Rubber components are an important part of the suspension system of high-speed trains, and the complex nonlinear characteristics of rubber parts have a significant impact on the vehicle dynamic performance. This paper establishes a nonlinear dynamics model of the liquid composite swivel arm positioning node, which can reflect the dynamic stiffness and dynamic damping characteristics of the rubber components that change nonlinearly with the frequency and amplitude, and also has a fast calculation speed. The vehicle dynamics simulation model considering the longitudinal stiffness nonlinear characteristics of the arm node is established, and the influence of the stiffness nonlinearity of the liquid composite arm positioning node on the dynamic performance of the vehicle, such as straight-line stability and curve passing ability, is studied in depth through numerical simulation.
Cheng, Junqiang, Yang, Chen, Li, Longtao, Cong, Rilong, Hu, Tingzhou
A Control Method of Time-Domain Noise from Shells Based on a CGVF Algorithm2025-99-020112/23/2025
The presence of time-varying loads on shell structures can result in the generation of undesirable noise in the time domain. This paper presents a time-domain noise control method based on piezoelectric smart shell structures. Firstly, a coupled time-domain finite element/boundary element method (TDFEM/BEM) is used to calculate the sound pressure radiated from shell structures subjected to arbitrary time-varying loads. Then a classical time-domain CGVF algorithm is used to control the vibration and to suppress the sound radiation from structures. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate a 44.2% reduction in the displacement response, a 35.8% decrease in acceleration response, a 36.2% decline in sound pressure of the central node, and a 28.5% decrease in average surface sound pressure. The results show that after CGVF control, the vibration and radiation noise of the plate/shell structure under time domain load are effectively reduced, which is of great significance in engineering
Zheng, Hao, Wang, Hongfu, Li, Jingjing, Zhou, Qiang, Sun, Yong, Zhou, Ling, Zhang, Hongliang, Wang, Baichuan, Huang, Junsong, Liu, Xiaorang, Yin, Guochuan
Dynamics Analysis of a Tracked Military Vehicle2025-36-020312/18/2025
Tracked Military Vehicles are well known in armed forces, due to their use and importance in conventional combat, playing a crucial role since World War I until current combats. Also, as it happens in different generations, the environment involved in these wars changes and those vehicles are being used not only in open field situations, but inside residential neighborhoods also. However, despite their relevance, analyses and studies aimed at understanding these vehicles are scarce at the undergraduate level, which creates a gap among the recent graduate engineers that want to learn and understand how tracked vehicles perform in different scenarios. This is important because understanding initial concepts helps to bring more ideas and start more detailed studies in the area. Therefore, to bridge this gap, a detailed dynamic analysis of a tracked military vehicle is conducted using MATLAB with a dynamic model to evaluate performance, level transitions, and acceleration. Additionally
Dalcin, Pedro Henrique Kleim, Ribeiro, Levy Pereira, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão
Parameter Estimation and Analysis of the Vertical Dynamics of an 8WD Military Vehicle2025-36-002812/18/2025
Vehicle dynamics encompasses a vehicle’s motion along three principal axes: longitudinal, lateral, and vertical. The vertical component is particularly susceptible to vibrational forces that can impair passenger comfort and overall performance, and the suspension system filters these vibrations. Engineers and designers conduct various studies to enhance quality and develop innovative designs in this context. However, when it comes to military vehicles, this system is often treated as classified. Consequently, the proposed work aims to determine the parameters of this system for a wheeled military vehicle with four axles. To achieve this, a mathematical model is proposed utilizing the concepts of power flow and kinematic transformers through a modular system, intended to serve as the foundation for solving an inverse problem to identify these parameters. This approach employs two stochastic methods, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE), and field tests to
de Oliveira, André Noronha, Bueno Caldeira, Aldélio, da Costa Neto, Ricardo Teixeira
Limited Slip Predictive Traction Control System for Light Vehicles2025-36-000312/18/2025
Traction control is a critical technique to prevent wheel slip in vehicles, ensuring optimal traction force between the tire and the ground. This study proposes a system that leverages Model-based Predictive Control (MPC) to effectively manage and control longitudinal slip. The proposed system introduces constraints specifically designed to limit longitudinal slip, offering a significant improvement over traditional approaches. The system is evaluated with simulations of a single-corner model, using the Pacejka’s Magic Formula to define the tire force. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control in maintaining maximum traction and highlight its advancements compared to previous work.
Rosa, Tobias José Degli Esposte, Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão, Lopes, Elias Dias Rossi
Monte Carlo Methods for Evaluating Flight Performance of Sounding Rockets in the International Rocket Engineering Competition2025-36-010612/18/2025
In the launch of sounding rockets, several factors can affect their performance, including uncertainties in aerodynamic design, environmental conditions at the launch site (e.g., wind and temperature), and propulsion-related aspects like the thrust curve and possible deviations. Given these variables, conducting extensive simulations becomes essential to map their influence on the flight. Monte Carlo simulation is a numerical analysis technique that uses random numbers to solve complex problems involving uncertainties and stochastic variables. In rocketry, this method helps analyze the rocket’s flight behavior while accounting for uncertainties in key inputs. In this context, this study presents the Monte Carlo method for simulating university-level sounding rockets, enabling an assessment of the sensitivity of key parameters. To conduct this analysis, five variables were taken into account, including wind, propulsion uncertainties, aerodynamic coefficient uncertainties, and mass
Oliveira Junior, Wilson Luiz de, Fazzolari, Heloise Assis, Paiva Carvalho, Carlos Alberto de
Vehicle Gear Shifting Optimization for Fuel Consumption and Emissions Minimization2025-36-011112/18/2025
Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines play a crucial role in urban mobility and still represent the vast majority of vehicles produced. However, these vehicles significantly contribute to pollutant emissions and fossil fuel consumption. In response to this challenge, various technologies and strategies have been developed to reduce emissions and enhance vehicle efficiency. This paper presents the development of a solution based on optimized gear-shifting strategies aimed at minimizing fuel consumption and emissions in vehicles powered exclusively by internal combustion engines. To achieve this, a longitudinal vehicle dynamics model was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. This model incorporates an engine combustion simulation based on the Advisor (Advanced Vehicle Simulator) tool, which estimates fuel consumption and emissions while considering catalyst efficiency under transient engine conditions. Based on these models, an optimization method was employed to
Da Silva, Vitor Henrique Gomes, Carvalho, Áquila Chagas, Lopez, Gustavo Adolfo Gonzales, Casarin, Felipe Eduardo Mayer, Dedini, Franco Giuseppe, Eckert, Jony Javorski
A Structured Approach to Tire Selection in Formula SAE: Balancing Performance and Requirements2025-36-017112/18/2025
Tires are fundamental components of Formula SAE race cars, serving as the only point of contact between the vehicle and the track. Their performance directly influences critical aspects such as handling, stability, cornering behavior and lap times, making tire selection a vital factor in vehicle dynamics. However, choosing the optimal tire is a complex challenge due to the wide range of available options and the need to balance multiple performance parameters. While many studies analyze tire behavior, few focus specifically on the demands of Formula SAE vehicles. Those that do often rely on overly complex methodologies or subjective assumptions, resulting in a lack of practical and systematic approaches to decision-making. This study addresses this gap by developing a structured approach for tire selection, designed to meet the specific needs of Formula SAE teams. The proposed approach analyzes a typical Formula SAE endurance track, acceleration, skid pad, and autocross circuit to
Rocha Checheliski, Carolina Dias da, Martins, Mario Eduardo Santos, Hausen, Roberto Begnis
Enhancing Energy Absorption in Rear Impact Events through Rail Extension Design and Material Variations2025-36-009612/18/2025
Safety improvements in vehicle crashworthiness remain a primary concern for automotive manufacturers due to the increasing complexity of traffic and the rising number of vehicles on roads globally. Enhancing structural integrity and energy absorption capabilities during collisions is paramount for passenger protection. In this context, longitudinal rails play a critical role in vehicle crashworthiness, particularly in mitigating the effects of rear collisions. This study evaluates the structural performance of a rear longitudinal rail extender, characterized by a U-shaped, asymmetric cross-section, subjected to rear-impact scenarios. Seventy-two finite-element models were systematically developed from a baseline configuration, exploring variations in material yield conditions, sheet thickness, and targeted geometric modifications, including deformation initiators at three distinct positions or maintaining the original geometry. Each model was simulated according to ECE R32 regulation
Souza Coelho Freitas, Victor de, Pereira, Romulo Franco, Souza, Daniel Souto de
The Racing & High-Performance TireR-59412/17/2025
The Racing & High-Performance Tire originally published in 2003 and continues to be a best-seller. Following up on his first two books, Inside Racing Technology and Inside Racing: A Season with the PacWest CART Team, Paul Haney presents a new book revealing the complexities of tires, how they influence vehicle dynamics, and how to use tires in the engineering of racing and high-performance cars. More than 150 photos and drawings help the reader learn the colorful history and unique characteristics that make the pneumatic tire one of the world's most complex and useful products.
Haney, Paul W.
Research on SHM Acceleration Data Recovery Method Based on CNN-BILSTM2025-99-034112/17/2025
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Zhang, Xiangyi
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