Browse Topic: Motorsports

Items (775)

Optimization Design of Formula E Racing Car Transmission and Wheel System

2025-01-8505

04/01/2025

The paper provides a detailed analysis of the transmission system design under the single motor drive scheme, with a focus on the 2024 Formula SAE (FSAE). The selection of the motor type is determined based on race rules and battery box output power limits. In terms of transmission ratio design, this study takes into account the car's power, balancing acceleration ability and maximum speed to determine an optimal transmission ratio through theoretical calculations and empirical values. Furthermore, it explores how to optimize overall drive system performance by considering technical parameters, power requirements, economic considerations of each system assembly, and validates these findings through software simulations. Notably, significant improvements in reliability are achieved with the newly designed transmission system and wheel rim system while also proposing lightweighting methods for key components. We have carried out extensive verification in both simulation and real vehicle

Wang, Liuxin, Li, Chengfeng, Zhu, Xiran, Liu, Minmin

Optimal Investigation About Cab of BSC Racing Car Based on Ergonomics

2025-01-8669

04/01/2025

In the Baja race, off-road vehicles need to run under a variety of real and complex off-road conditions such as pebble road, shell pit, stone bad road, hump, water puddle, etc. In the process of this high-intensity and high-concentration race, the unoptimized design of the cab in ergonomics will easily cause the driver's visual and handling fatigue, so that the driver's attention is not concentrated. Cause the occurrence of security accidents. Moreover, lower back pain, sciatic nerve discomfort, lumbar spine diseases and other occupational diseases are basically caused by uncomfortable driving posture and unreasonable control matching, and these have a lot to do with unreasonable ergonomic design. In order to solve these problems, firstly establish the human body model of the driver, and then build the BSC racing car model by using 3D modeling software Catia. Then use the ergonomics simulation software Jack to analyze the visibility, accessibility and comfort. Based on the simulation

Liu, Yuzhou, Liu, Silang

Study on Ergonomic Design Optimization and NVH Characteristics of Baja Racing Car

2025-01-8612

04/01/2025

As a kind of off-road racing car, the driving condition of Baja is extremely bad. In order to allow the driver to control the vehicle well in complex working conditions, it is particularly important to provide a comfortable and convenient driving space and handling space for the driver. In this paper, firstly, RAMSIS is used to carry out the ergonomics verification of the racing car from the comfort analysis, reachable area analysis and visual field analysis, and optimize the design of the cockpit layout of the Baja racing car. Then the NVH characteristics of the Baja racing car frame are studied, and the 12-order modal results are obtained by finite element analysis and simulation. Then the natural frequency of the frame is measured by experiments, and the experimental results are verified to match the theoretical values. The research shows that the above steps can design a comfortable driving posture and operating space for the racer and provide experience for the future layout of

Liu, Silang

Design and Evaluation of an Adjustable Ackermann Rate Steering System for Formula Student Racing Cars

2025-01-8000

04/01/2025

FSAE is a competition designed to maximize car performance, in which the steering system is a key subsystem, and the steering system performance directly affects the cornering performance of the car. The driver relies on the steering system for effective handling, which is also crucial for cornering and achieving faster lap times. Therefore, while improving the performance of the steering system, it is crucial to match the vehicle design to the driver's habits. Traditionally, steering systems typically use an Ackermann rate between 0% and 100% to offset the slip angle caused by tire deformation, thus achieving the purpose of reducing tire wear. Calculations have shown that a 40-60% Ackermann rate provides a similar compensation effect with little difference in tire wear. The traditional steering design method also does not consider the driver's driving habits and feedback, which is not conducive to the improvement of the overall performance of the car. In FSAE's figure-of-eight loops

Wu, Hailin, Li, Mingyuan

Cost-Effective Sideslip Measurement: Beta for the People!

2025-01-8796

04/01/2025

Vehicle sideslip is a valuable measurement for ground vehicles in both passenger vehicle and racing contexts. At relevant speeds, the total vehicle sideslip, beta, can help drivers and engineers know how close to the limits of yaw stability a vehicle is during the driving maneuver. For production vehicles or racing contexts, this measurement can trigger Electronic Stability Control (ESC). For racing contexts, the method can be used for driver training to compare driver techniques and vehicle cornering performance. In a fleet context with Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVS) any vehicle telemetry reporting large vehicle sideslip can indicate an emergency scenario. Traditionally, sideslip estimation methods involve expensive and complex sensors, often including precise inertial measurement units (IMUs) and dead reckoning, plus complicated sensor fusion techniques. Standard GPS measurements can provide Course Over Ground (COG) with quite high accuracy and, surprisingly, the most

Hannah, Andrew, Compere, Marc

Development and Validation of a Rear Head Surround Foam Performance Specification for Stock Car Racing

2025-01-8353

04/01/2025

Over the last two decades many improvements have been made in stock car racing driver safety. One of these is the head surround, which is rigidly secured to and an integral part of the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC) seating environment and serves as an effective restraint for head protection during lateral and rear impacts. However, previous head impact material specifications were optimized for moderate to severe impacts and did not address low severity impacts that occur frequently during typical driving, such as race restart vehicle nose-to-tail contact. This study focused on developing a test methodology for comprehensive evaluation of rear head surround materials for low, moderate and severe impacts. Specifically, this study aimed to formulate a specification that maintains previous material performance during high speed impacts, while decreasing head accelerations at low speed impacts. Quasi-static and dynamic drop tower testing of sample materials

Gray, Alexandra N., Harper, Matthew G., Mukherjee, Sayak, Patalak, John P., Gaewsky, James

A Design of Electric Drive System for All-Wheel Drive Formula Student Racing Car to Improve Racing Performance

2025-01-8005

04/01/2025

This paper introduces an innovative in-wheel electric drive system designed for all-wheel drive Formula Student Electric racing cars. The system utilized AMK's DD5-14-10-POW-18600-B5 model as the driving motor, with a gearbox transmission ratio of 13.2 determined through Optimum Lap simulation. A two-stage gear reducer was integrated into a unified hub-spoke assembly, which connected directly to the ten-inch carbon fiber rim. In this paper, three conventional FSEC planetary gear reducer shafting designs are introduced, and a new shafting structure is proposed. Then the four structures are compared in multiple dimensions. Subsequently, we designed the shafting of the gear group, determined the size parameters of the shafting structure and the bearing type, and completed the verification. The planetary carriers were integrated with the wheel-edge suspension columns. Meanwhile, a special floating brake disc mounting method was employed, which increased the brake disc's heat capacity by

Guo, Ruijie, Zeng, Junhao, Yang, Yuancai, Hou, Yijie, Zhu, Zhonghui, Xiong, Jiaming

Establishment of Failure Simulation Models for Bonding of Carbon Fiber Laminated Skins and Cores in Monocoque Structures Based on Formula Student Racing Cars

2025-01-8006

04/01/2025

In Formula SAE , the primary function of the frame is to provide structural support for the different components and withstand the applied load. In recent years, most Formula Student teams worldwide to adopt monocoque made of carbon fiber composites, which are lighter and stronger. Enhancing the mechanical performance of carbon fiber laminates has been a key focus of research for these teams. In three-point bending tests, significant stress at the adhesive layer between the skin and the core material at both ends of the laminate, often lead to potential adhesive failure. Consequently, experimental boards often exhibit delamination between the outer skin and the core material, and premature core crushing, which compromises the mechanical performance of the laminate and fails to pass the Structural Equivalency Spreadsheet. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of the bonding factor of toughened epoxy prepreg film on the mechanical properties of the laminated plate. This

Ning, Zicheng

Development and Performance Optimization of Formula SAE Racing Active Ground Effect System Based on Fan Drive

2025-01-8001

04/01/2025

For Formula SAE cars, a significant increase in downforce can enable the car to score more points in the race and enhance the competitiveness of the vehicle. This paper focuses on the development of an active ground effect system driven by fans for the FSAE racing car. The system is designed to considerably increase the downforce of the racing car through the forced airflow generated by the fan, enable the dynamic adjustment of the aerodynamic balance of the racing car during the driving process, and achieve the vertical force control on the racing wheels, thereby improving the performance of the racing car. The Star-CCM+ software was employed to conduct CFD simulation to investigate the influence of different flow fans on downforce and optimize the layout and position of the fan. Due to the limited power that the car can carry, the paper will also simulate and calculate the range of pneumatic balance adjustment and vertical force control capability provided by the different openings

Yang, Chengyue

Numerical Investigation on Motorsport Overtake Manoeuvre in Crosswind Conditions

2025-01-8773

04/01/2025

Existing technical literature has primarily focused on the upstream wake effects of single-seater race cars during overtaking, often neglecting the critical factor: crosswinds. This study presents a quantitative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of how crosswinds impact the aerodynamic loads of interacting race car models during an overtake manoeuvre. For numerical validation purposes, a wind tunnel experimental campaign was carried out on a 35%-scale hill climb race car model to evaluate aerodynamic forces and wake pressure mappings at different ride heights. RANS-based simulations were performed to assess the impact of crosswinds (β = 2°, 6°, 10°) on an isolated race car. Subsequently, a quasi-static approach was used to quantify the effect of crosswind (β = 10°) on an overtaking car under different path strategies. The findings indicated that the overtaking car's performance remained largely stable when a driver opts for overtake paths against the crosswind direction (i.e

Makhija, Jai, Soares, Renan F.

Research and Structural Optimization of Lattice Core based on Monocoque of Formula Student Racing Car

2025-01-8003

04/01/2025

Monocoque is a kind of integrated shell structure technology, which has gradually become the primary choice for various racing teams to make car bodies because of its advantages of small specific gravity and high specific strength. The unit of the monocoque is a carbon fiber composite sandwich structure, which is composed of two layers of carbon fiber skin inside and outside and core material between them. The inner and outer layers of the carbon fiber skin are stacked with carbon fiber composite materials of different directions and types.In this project, we plan to optimize the shape of the monocoque shell using the surface design software Alias, select core materials of different materials and structures, more advanced layups, and obtain feasible layup sequences and core material types through Ansys simulation and Matlab collaborative optimization, which will be verified by three-point bending experiments. Different from the previous lightweight work based a lot on experience, this

Cheng, Zhu H., Liu, JJ

Optimized Design and Analysis of a High-Performance, Track-Focused Quad Bike for the Indian Market

2025-28-0061

02/07/2025

This paper presents a complete approach to the optimized design and analysis of a trach-focused quad bike suitable for the Indian market. The process of design integrates several analytical factors, including driver ergonomics, aesthetics, and strategic component placement, to establish optimum vehicle dimensions. The primary objective is to address the unique demands of the Indian terrain and user preferences through ensure comfort, functionality, and visual appeal. The selection process for tires and suspension geometry is precisely conducted with the advanced OptimumKinematics software. This optimization provides greater performance and stability that the vehicle can accurately manage a variety of road conditions. The space frame chassis of a vehicle’s core structure features, engineered to minimalize tubing and facilitate ease of fabrication, contributing to both structural integrity and weight reduction. A robust 600cc four-cylinder engine is selected that emphasizing an optimal

Thanikonda, Praveen Kumar, Shaik, Amjad, Tappa, Raju, Ratlavath, Ramu, Navar, Adarsh, Challa, Ajith Kumar

Numerical Study of Aerodynamic Flow and the Effects of Spoiler Wings on a Formula Student Race Car

2024-01-5247

01/28/2025

Current work details the preliminary CFD analysis performed on custom-built race car by Team Sakthi Racing team as part of Formula SAE competition using OpenFOAM. The body of the race car is designed in compliance with FSAE regulations, OpenFOAM utilities and solvers are used to generate volumetric mesh and perform CFD analysis. Formula student tracks are typically designed with numerous sharp turns and a few long straights to maintain low speeds for safety. In order to enhance the cars’ performance in sharp turns, the race car should be equipped with aerodynamic devices like nose cone and wings on both the rear and front ends within the confines of the formula student racing rules. Thus, efficient aerodynamic design is highly critical to maximizing tire grip by ensuring consistent contact with the track, reducing the risk of skidding, and maintaining control, especially during high-speed maneuvers. In this work, the performance and behavior of the race car, both with and without the

Rangarajan, Kishore, Pushpananthan, Blesscin, Anumolu, Lakshman, Selvakumar, Kumaresh, Jayakumar, Shyam Sundar

Enhancing Engine Lubrication: Design and Evaluation of Oil Sump Surge Control in Racing Vehicles

2024-36-0074

12/20/2024

During accelerations and decelerations of a race car whose engine has a wet sump, the forces generated by the vehicle’s motion cause the engine oil to vigorously shift towards the walls of the oil pan and crankcase, contributing to the phenomenon known as ‘sloshing.’ This phenomenon often leads to fluctuations in oil pressure, resulting in oil pressure surge, when the oil is pushed away from the pump pickup point. Via the logged data, the Formula UFSM FSAE Team had witnessed a recurrent lack of oil pressure in the race track during the 2023 Brazilian FSAE competition. In the AutoCross Event, the recurrence of this problem was 80% of the right corners on lateral accelerations between 0.80G and 1.30G. The average oil pressure in this condition was 0.80 bar, even reaching 0.10 bar above 5000 RPM. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new set of baffles for the oil pan, capable of minimizing the effects of sloshing and, consequently, the oil surge. As a method of research, a test bench

Zimmermann, Natalia Diovana, Junior, Luiz Alfredo Coelho, Martins, Mario, Hausen, Roberto

Optimization of a 2-D Multi-Element Rear Wing on a Formula 1 Car

2024-36-0103

12/20/2024

The aerodynamic force produced by external flows over two-dimensional bodies is typically decomposed into two components: lift and drag. In race cars, the lift is known as downforce and it is responsible for increasing tire grip, thereby enhancing traction and cornering ability. Drag acts in the direction opposite to the car’s motion, reducing its acceleration and top speed. The primary challenge for aerodynamicists is to design a vehicle capable of producing high downforce with low drag. This study aims to optimize the shape of a multi-element rear wing profile of a Formula 1 car, achieving an optimal configuration under specific prescribed conditions. The scope of this work was limited to a 2-D model of a rear wing composed of two 4-digit NACA airfoils. Ten control parameters were used in the optimization process: three to describe each isolated profile, two to describe their relative position, and two to describe the angles of attack of each profile. An optimization cycle by finite

Souza Dourado, Guilherme, Hayashi, Marcelo Tanaka

Modeling and Simulation of an Electromagnetic Brake-by-Wire System for Formula SAE Vehicles

2024-36-0169

12/20/2024

Electric vehicles represent a shift towards sustainability in the automotive industry, with the Brake-by-Wire (BBW) system as an innovation to enhance safety, and performance. This study proposes an electromagnetic BBW system for Formula SAE vehicles, optimizing an electromagnet with a genetic algorithm as the actuator. Through a selection process from a million individuals, the system was modeled. Integrated with electric motors using CarMaker® software, the optimized electromagnet surpassed the minimum required force of 228.08 N without reaching its nominal current of 12.5 A, achieving a force of 231.1 N for 150 W power, indicating an energy efficiency of 0.706 N/Watt. The system also exhibited a response time of 17.92ms for an 80 bar increase, 1.52 times better than compared systems. Simulation under varying braking intensities demonstrated dynamic behavior, with settling times for slow, moderate, and sharp braking at 193 ms, 62 ms, and 21 ms, respectively. Efficiency during

Salgado, Vinícius Batista Alves, Gomes, Deilton Gonçalves, Andrade Lima, Cláudio

Verification of Continuously Variable Transmission Performance Tuning Based on Bacha Racing Vehicle’s Power Matching and Transmission Performance

2024-01-5097

10/15/2024

Due to the compact structure of the Bacha Racing vehicle, the continuously variable transmission (CVT) serves as a crucial transmission component. It is essential to tune and verify its performance to ensure the power matching and transmission efficiency of the entire vehicle. This paper conducts a kinematic analysis of CVT based on transmission theory, designs real vehicle traction experiments, and CVT bench tests. Additionally, it proposes a method to utilize Hall sensors for real-time monitoring of CVT motion to assist in its tuning. The results demonstrate that the optimal performance tuning of the CVT for the Bacha Racing vehicle has been achieved through various experiments.

Li, He

Automotive Engineering: September 2024

24AUTP0909/05/2024

BMW, Classiq find better architectures through quantum computing Everything from electric motors to robot arms can be looked at through the lens of a powerful algorithm. Blazer EV is a steel-intensive showcase GM elevates the ferrous state-of-art with new body and battery structures. Steel targets EV structures, battery boxes The industry fires back at aluminum's growing 'gigacasting' threat. Editorial No, really, what's an SDV? Supplier Eye A new reckoning Altair honors innovations in automotive lightweighting and sustainability GM EVs will soon provide V2H backup power during blackouts Supplier technologies could deep-freeze the steering wheel Mazda Motorsports keeps the MX-5 cool with a new differential plate 2025 Lucid Air review: unnecessarily fast, astonishingly efficient Refreshed 2025 Cadillac Escalade features 55-inch dash display Product Briefs Spotlight: Testing Tools and Sensors Q&A VW engineering chief on wireless charging at DC speeds

Gaussian Processes for Vehicle Dynamics Learning in Autonomous Racing

10-08-03-0019

06/12/2024

In high-speed autonomous racing, it is necessary to have an accurate racecar vehicle dynamics model in order to push the vehicle closer to its limits. The choice of the dynamics model has to be made by balancing the computational demands in contrast to model complexity. Learning-based methods, such as Gaussian processes (GP)-based regression, have shown promise toward approximating the vehicle dynamics model. In particular, such methods use a simplified model structure that is easy to tune and then use GP to model the mismatch between the output of the simple model and observed system dynamics. However, current GP approaches often oversimplify the modeling process or apply strong assumptions, leading to unrealistic results that cannot translate to real-world settings. This article presents a comprehensive GP-based design for modeling the dynamics of an autonomous racing car. We do so with high-fidelity simulation data, a 1/10-scale autonomous racing car platform, and a full-scale

Ning , Jingyun, Behl, Madhur

A CONSUMER'S VIEW: Perry Parts 3D-printed bump stops

24AUTP06_01

06/01/2024

Making a Miata feel at home off-road takes ingenuity and some help from modern 3D-printing tech. I have always loved off-road racing. I love the innovation, grit and determination it takes to get across the finish line after 250, 500 or even 1,000 miles (402, 805 or 1,609 km) of racing. I have also always loved Miatas. I bought my first NA in 1994 and never looked back. I currently own a 2004 Mazdaspeed Miata and a 2001 lifted Miata.

Hall, Emme

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Driven by Speed, Fueled by Engineering

1345605/28/2024

Who's better to design a sports car than the person who races it? Meet Kevin Boehm of Boehm Motorsports, a championship-winning professional racer and accomplished OEM principal engineer. Driven by speed and fueled by innovation, Kevin's ability to uncover automotive potential and translate it into on-track victories has made him a true standout both on and off the racetrack. As a principal engineer and test driver at Honda Research and Development, Inc., Kevin supports research design and product development for a wide array of Honda production vehicles. For insight on his professional journey, we sat down with Kevin to discuss his approach to racing, engineering, and coaching--and how Formula SAE played an instrumental role in his ascent into the world of motorsports. To learn more about how Formula SAE challenges students to conceive, design, fabricate, and compete with formula-style racing cars, visit fsaeonline.com.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Florida: A Vibrant Hub of Mobility

1345305/14/2024

Whether it's aerospace, theme parks, maritime or motorsports, there is no doubt Florida is helping to build the future of mobility. Home to the Everglades, the state boasts one of the most unique ecosystems in the world. And, with one of the largest EV markets in the country, there is a growing interest in building out sustainable infrastructure. To learn more about Florida's approach to mobility, we sat down with Rebecca Vollmann, Chair, SAE Florida, to discuss the latest advances in automotive, air, rail, and maritime transportation, as well as the revival of the Space Coast. Listen in as she shares her passion for sustainable manufacturing efforts though automation and electrification ? and the importance of encouraging future generations to pursue engineering careers that support the state's vibrant mobility ecosystem.

Hineman, Marcie

Optimizing High-Lift Airfoils for Formula Student Vehicles

2024-01-5059

05/13/2024

This document presents a study on the design and simulation of a high-lift airfoil intended for usage in multielement setups such as the wings present on open-wheel race cars. With the advancement of open-wheel race car aerodynamics, the design of existing high-lift airfoils has been altered to create a more useful and practical general profile. Adjoint optimization tools in CFD (ANSYS Fluent) were employed to increase the airfoil’s performance beyond existing high-lift profiles (Selig S1223). Improvements of up to 20% with a CL of 2.4 were recorded. To further evaluate performance, the airfoil was made the basis of a full three-dimensional aerodynamics package design for an open-wheel Formula Student car. CFD simulations were carried out on the same and revealed performance characteristics of the airfoil in a more practical application. These CFD simulations were calibrated with experimental values from coast-down testing data with an accuracy of 8%.

Karthikeyan, Prthik Nandhan, Radhakrishnan, Jayakrishnan

Lightweight Design of Integrated Hub and Spoke for Formula Student Racing Car

2024-01-2080

04/09/2024

In the racing world, speed is everything, and the Formula Student cars are no different. As one of the key means to improve the speed of the car, lightweight plays an important role in the racing world. The weight reduction of unsprung metal parts can not only improve the driving speed, but also effectively optimize the dynamic of the car, so the lightweight design of unsprung parts has attracted much attention. In the traditional Formula Student racing car, the hub and spoke are two independent parts, they are fixed by four hub bolts or a central locking nut, the material of these fasteners is usually steel, so it brings a lot of weight burden. In order to achieve unsprung lightweight, a new type of wheel part design of Formula Student racing car is proposed in this paper. The hub and spoke are designed as integrated aluminum alloy parts, effectively eliminating the mass of hub bolts or central locking nuts. After proper iterative optimization, the part achieves a weight reduction of

Cui, Jiarui, Chen, Yichao

Regenerative Energy Control Technology of Charging Vehicles in Electric Road System

2024-01-2171

04/09/2024

This Electric Road System was devised that would provide electric power to EVs directly from the infrastructure so that EVs could undergo intermittent charging while driving. This system is a conductive dynamic charging system that operates from the side of the vehicle (roadside), and research has been underway on the application of this approach to passenger cars and race cars. This paper focused on resolving issues with freight vehicles, which account for most of the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. This Electric Road System that operates by contact from the roadside was applied to heavy-duty trucks, which have been considered a challenge to convert to EVs, and at the same time the infrastructure technology was also expanded and evolved. And verification tests using actual vehicles were conducted for regenerative energy absorption control of a charging vehicle while driving. The results confirmed that this control system appropriately controls the distribution of power

Tajima, Takamitsu, Abe, Hiroyuki

CAATS – Automotive Wind Tunnel Statistical Process Control

2024-01-2542

04/09/2024

This paper presents the application of statistical process control (SPC) methods to Windshear, a 180-mph motorsports and automotive wind tunnel equipped with a wide-belt rolling road system. The SPC approach captures the complete variability of the facility and offers useful process performance metrics that are based on a sound statistical framework. Traditional control charts are explored, emphasizing the uniqueness of variability experienced in wind tunnels which includes significant, unexplained short-term and long-term variation compared to typical manufacturing processes. This unique variation is elegantly captured by the three-way control chart, which is applied to estimate the complete process reproducibility with different levels of repeatability of vehicle drag coefficient. The sensitivity of three-way control charts is explored including the evaluation of an alternate group assignment within the same dataset. A practical example is provided evaluating secondary boundary layer

Bringhurst, Katlynn, Walter, Joel, Best, Scott

Analysis and Design of Suspension State Observer for Wheel Load Estimation

2024-01-2285

04/09/2024

Tire forces and moments play an important role in vehicle dynamics and safety. X-by-wire chassis components including active suspension, electronic powered steering, by-wire braking, etc can take the tire forces as inputs to improve vehicle’s dynamic performance. In order to measure the accurate dynamic wheel load, most of the researches focused on the kinematic parameters such as body longitudinal and lateral acceleration, load transfer and etc. In this paper, the authors focus on the suspension system, avoiding the dependence on accurate mass and aerodynamics model of the whole vehicle. The geometry of the suspension is equated by the spatial parallel mechanism model (RSSR model), which improves the calculation speed while ensuring the accuracy. A suspension force observer is created, which contains parameters including spring damper compression length, push rod force, knuckle accelerations, etc., combing the kinematic and dynamic characteristic of the vehicle. Subsequently, the

Zeng, Tianyi, Liu, Zeyu, He, Chenyu, Zeng, Zimo, Chen, Haotian, Zhang, Feiyang, Fu, Kai, Chen, Xinbo

Design, Modeling, and Analysis of Heave and Roll Decoupled Suspension Geometry for a Formula Student Prototype

2024-01-2077

04/09/2024

This work aims to present the application of mode coupling to a Formula Student racing vehicle and propose a solution. The major modes of a vehicle are heave, pitch, roll, and warp. All these modes are highly coupled – which means changing suspension rates or geometry will affect all of them – while alleviating some and making others worse characteristics. Decoupling these modes, or at least some of them, would provide more control over suspension setup and more refined race car dynamics for a given layout of the racetrack. This could improve mechanical grip and yield significant performance improvements in closed-circuit racing. If exploited well, this approach could also assist in the operation of the vehicle at an optimal kinematic state of the suspension systems, to gain the best wheel orientations and maximize grip from the tires under the high lateral accelerations and varied excitations seen on a typical road course. Previous strategies used by other researchers to achieve

Panchal, Tanmay, Bastiaan, Jennifer

Improve the Durability and Maintenance Feasibility of the Universal Joint Based on the Original Half-Shaft Foundation

2024-01-2441

04/09/2024

Based on the particularity of the racing field of the Baja SAE China, the Baja Racing Team of our university has adopted rzeppa universal joint for vehicle design and field competition in the semi-axle parts of the race car in previous years. In view of the complex conditions of the Baja Competition, such as gravity test, climb test, handling test, endurance test, etc., it is necessary to optimize and develop a more convenient maintenance model. Installation and use of better performance, more suitable for off-road conditions of the shaft. In this paper, based on the development dynamics of automobile axles and the transverse comparison of various axles, a kind of telescopic cross-shaft universal joint axles is designed by using CATIA software to model and simulate kinematics and dynamics by using ANSYS software. At the same time, the stress and strain of the model are continuously optimized according to the change of axle wheel Angle and the torque matching of Baja Racing. The object

Zhang, Hengyu, He, Li, Xiao, Miaoqi

Formula 1 Race Car Aerodynamics: Understanding Floor Flow Structures and Why It Is a Key Component in Modern Racing

2024-01-2078

04/09/2024

This paper delves into the intricate realm of Formula 1 race car aerodynamics, focusing on the pivotal role played by floor flow structures in contemporary racing. The aerodynamic design of the floor of a Formula 1 car is a fundamental component that connects the flow structures from the front wing to the rear end of the car through the diffuser, thus significantly influencing the generation of lift and drag. In this work, CFD was used to predict the structure of the vortices and flow pattern underneath a Formula 1 car using a CAD model that mimicked the modern Red Bull Racing Team’s car in recent years. Through comprehensive analysis and simulation, a detailed understanding of the complex flow patterns and aerodynamic phenomena occurring beneath the floor of the car and its vicinity is presented. This entails a close examination of how air interacts with the floor of the car and how the flow around the car can be manipulated to alter the flow rate and the quality of air going into the

Shaalan, Amr, Assanis, Dimitris, Raman, Aditya, Wijeyakulasuriya, Sameera, Senecal, Kelly

CAATS - Automotive Wind Tunnel Test Techniques

2024-01-2543

04/09/2024

This paper contributes to the Committee on Commonized Aerodynamics Automotive Testing Standards (CAATS) initiative, established by the late Gary Elfstrom. It is collaboratively compiled by automotive wind tunnel users and operators within the Subsonic Aerodynamic Testing Association (SATA). Its specific focus lies in automotive wind tunnel test techniques, encompassing both those relevant to passenger car and race car development. It is part of the comprehensive CAATS series, which addresses not only test techniques but also wind tunnel calibration, uncertainty analysis, and wind tunnel correction methods. The core objective of this paper is to furnish comprehensive guidelines for wind tunnel testing and associated techniques. It begins by elucidating the initial wind tunnel setup and vehicle arrangement within it. Subsequently, it delves into a diverse array of test techniques, encompassing aerodynamic force measurements, ventilation drag assessments, flow field analyses, and surface

Wittmeier, Felix, Bianco, Antonello, Bratby, James, Howard, Kevin, Roper, Thomas, Senft, Victor

Electrification and Control of a 1:5 Scale Vehicle for Automotive Testing Methodologies

2024-01-2271

04/09/2024

The design and testing of innovative components and control logics for future vehicular platform represents a challenging task in the automotive field. The use of scale model vehicles constitutes an interesting alternative for testing assessment by decreasing time and cost efforts with a potential benefit in terms of safety. The target of this research work is the development of a customized scale vehicle platform for verifying and validating innovative control strategies in safe conditions and with cost reduction. Consequently, the electrification of a radio-controlled 1:5 scale vehicle is carried out and a customized remote real-time controller is installed onboard. One of the main features of this commercial product is its modular characteristics that allows the modification of some component properties, such as the viscous coefficient of the shock absorbers, the stiffness of the springs and the suspension geometry. The original vehicle is equipped with a 2-stroke internal

Vella, Angelo Domenico, Biondo, Luca, Tota, Antonio, Vigliani, Alessandro

Automatic Optimization Method for FSAE Racing Car Aerodynamic Kit Based on the Integration of CAD and CAE

2024-01-2079

04/09/2024

In the process of designing the aerodynamic kit for Formula SAE racing cars, there is a lot of repetitive work and low efficiency in optimizing parameters such as wing angle of attack and chord length. Moreover, the optimization of these parameters in past designs heavily relied on design experience and it's difficult to achieve the optimal solution through theoretical calculations. By establishing a parametric model in CAD software and integrating it with CFD software, we can automatically modify model parameters, run a large number of simulations, and analyze the simulation results using statistical methods. After multiple iterations, we achieve fully automatic parameter optimization and obtain higher negative lift. At the same time, the simulation process is optimized, and simulations are run based on GPUs, resulting in a significant increase in simulation speed compared to the original. The results show that automated optimization saves a lot of manpower costs, and compared to

Chen, Yanjun

Full speed ahead for second-generation Indy autonomous racers

24AUTP04_04

04/01/2024

Major hardware and software upgrades underpin the Indy Autonomous Challenge racecar for 2024, proving self-driving vehicle capabilities at triple-digit speeds. After three years and more than 7,000 miles (11,265 km) of racing, the Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC) enters year four with an updated platform and embedded software upgrades. Among the highlights for the second-generation open-wheel racecars are pending patents and first-time applications. “We've achieved several impressive milestones since our start in 2020,” IAC President Paul Mitchell said. The achievement list includes setting a speed record for passing in autonomous racing (170 mph [273 km/h]), netting the autonomous vehicle land speed record (192.2 mph [309.3 km/h]) and establishing the fastest lap speed for an autonomous vehicle (180 mph [289.68 km/h]). “More than anything, we consider the IAC an applied-research platform for industry and academia to work together on advancing high-speed autonomy,” Mitchell said.

Buchholz, Kami

Design and Optimization of the Steering System in Go-Kart

2023-01-5147

02/23/2024

The steering system is one of the most critical and important systems in the vehicle. The steering system of the vehicle must be highly accurate and sensitive to the inputs given by the driver through the steering wheel, such that the vehicle must be able to take high-speed corners and tight corners with high stability without any mechanical failure. In this study, the development and optimization of the steering system in the go-kart are studied elaborately. Go-karts are small racing vehicles with a low center of gravity, low ground clearance, and high speed. The steering system in the go-karts must be highly precise to initiate the tight corners. This study involves the design and optimization of the steering system for the go-karts, which uses the Pitman steering mechanism as the primary steering mechanism and relies on Ackermann steering geometry. In this study of the steering system in a go-kart vehicle, the modeling of the steering system is carried out in SolidWorks and Catia

YUVARAAJ KUMAR, S., Srivarshani, P., Nitin Sanjeeth, S.V., Sudhakar, M.

Enhancing Aerodynamic Performance of a Formula Car through Modification and Evaluation

2023-01-5167

02/23/2024

Aerodynamic resistance stands as a pivotal factor impacting the performance of race cars, creating significant impedance to their movement. Diverse strategies exist to alleviate this resistance, including the integration of aerodynamic elements and refinement of the vehicle's body contours. By emphasizing drag reduction without altering the powertrain, race car designs can effectively curtail drag. This study centers on the exhaustive examination, analysis, and experimentation with a model representing a Formula Student (FS) car, with the primary objective of augmenting its aerodynamic efficiency for motorsport applications. In compliance with the SAEINDIA Supra regulations, a meticulously crafted CAD model of the formula car is developed. After this, the model undergoes simulation utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, facilitating the identification of turbulent zones and areas of enhanced drag. A scaled-down 3D printed model is then employed for comparative analysis

Rangarajan, Kishore, Velayudhan, Gautham

Integrated Numerical and Experimental Workflow for High-Performance Vehicle Aerodynamics

2024-01-5016

02/06/2024

The high-performance and motorsport vehicle sectors are pushing the performance frontiers of aerodynamically efficient vehicles. Well-balanced use of accurate and consistent numerical simulation tools in combination with wind tunnel experiments is crucial for cost-effective aerodynamic research and development processes. Therefore, this study assesses the simulation performance of four Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models in relation to experimental and high-fidelity delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) data for the aerodynamic assessment of a high-performance variant of the DrivAer model (DrivAer hp-F). The influences of predominant wind tunnel conditions on the vehicle’s aerodynamic force coefficients and flow field are also investigated. Additionally, a novel CFD-based blockage correction method is introduced and applied to evaluate the accuracy of conventional blockage correction methods. Among the RANS models, the k-ω SST model exhibited notable relative

Rijns, Steven, Teschner, Tom-Robin, Blackburn, Kim, Brighton, James

Numerical Analysis and Optimization of Heat Transfer for FSAE Radiator for Various Sidepod Designs

2023-28-0055

11/10/2023

Heat transfer optimization is a crucial aspect of the design process for Formula Student race cars, particularly for the radiator, usually housed in a side pod. For the car to operate at peak performance, a well-designed radiator-sidepod system is essential such that it can dissipate heat generated by the engine faster, for the car to run in optimal performance. Testing the car physically for various radiator-sidepod design iterations is a very difficult task, also considering the costs to manufacture the radiator-sidepod setup. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive methodology for analysing heat transfer through radiator setup using Computational Fluid Dynamics and to validate it through experimental investigations, to enhance performance and efficiency of the radiator setup. It further explains how to find out its heat transfer efficiency, and to choose the right radiator-sidepod setup, giving optimal performance. The flow of coolant inside the radiator, as well

Suresh, Sankar, Sundar, Mahima, Bhaskara Rao, Lokavarapu

Numerical Iterative Analysis of Drag Reduction System for a Racing Car Rear Wing

2023-01-5079

11/08/2023

In Formula Student competitions, the active adaptation of the aerodynamic components to the current race track conditions can significantly enhance the overall dynamic performance of the car. Due to the abundant low-speed corners, angles of attack of fixed aerodynamic components are usually exaggerated, preventing the car from achieving higher acceleration capabilities due to induced drag. This issue can be tackled by introducing an active drag reduction system (DRS). In this work, a strategy for performing iterative numerical simulations is proposed, with the goal of obtaining a range of different configurations suitable for certain track conditions. Specifically, the case of lowest drag is exploited. Different macros were developed to couple the utilization of computational fluid dynamics tools for aerodynamic analysis with an extensive iterative process with minimal user interference. An initial mesh refinement study was conducted. Afterward, angles of attack and centers of rotation

Monteiro, Carlos, Brito, Moisés, Vieira, Diana Filipa da Conceição

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Building a Winning Career in Motorsports

1342010/30/2023

Long regarded as one of the most influential women in NASCAR, decorated auto racing engineer Alba Colon came to Hendrick Motorsports as Director of Technical Partnerships after a storied career with General Motors that spanned more than two decades. Under Colon's leadership, Chevrolet was the most dominant manufacturer in the NASCAR Cup Series, amassing 286 race wins, 12 driver championships and 14 manufacturer titles. Since joining Hendrick Motorsports in 2018, the team has won 48 races and 2 driver championships. If history is any guide, many more are in store. From her early years in Puerto Rico to taking part in her first Formula SAE competition, we sat down with Alba to discuss her passion for motorsports and her dedication to advancing women in engineering which won her the prestigious Rodica Baranescu Award for Technical & Leadership Excellence from SAE International in 2022. SAE Awards honor the very best in mobility, recognizing the extraordinary achievements of executives

Hineman, Marcie

Aerodynamic Analysis of the Ride Height Dependency of a High-Performance Vehicle Equipped with a Multichannel Diffuser in Ground Effect

2023-01-5064

09/22/2023

Racing and high-performance vehicles utilize their underbody floor and diffuser as efficient mechanisms to generate the majority of their downforce. Previous work has primarily been focused on simplified bluff bodies with plane diffusers. The little published work on more complex multichannel diffusers has shown improved downforce generation over plane diffuser, but with limited understanding of the flow features and their response to ride height. This study analyses the performance and complex flow features of a high-performance vehicle equipped with a multichannel diffuser at various ride heights. A comparative assessment between RANS and DDES simulations is performed, which shows that both models adequately predict downforce and underbody flow features at high to medium ride heights, but only the DDES model is able to capture the unsteady flow behavior, which dominates the diffuser at low ride heights. Subsequently, an in-depth aerodynamic analysis of the vehicle’s ride height

Rijns, Steven, Teschner, Tom-Robin, Blackburn, Kim, Brighton, James

A FORMULA FOR REAL-WORLD EXPERIENCE

23AUTP08_03

08/01/2023

Student engineers soak up the lessons from an army of auto-industry and racing volunteers at Formula SAE Michigan. On a hazy, cool day in late May, a massive throng of thousands of collegiate engineers and hundreds of volunteers descended on Michigan International Speedway to put the teams' engineering, wrenching and problem-solving skills to the test at Formula SAE Michigan 2023. For newcomers like the team of students from Liberty University, the scope can be overwhelming. The competition calls for teams of college students to design and build a formula-style racecar. Then they're judged on design, cost, presentation and a series of dynamic events that include acceleration and brake tests, an autocross, and an endurance session.

Clonts, Chris

We Were The Ramchargers: Inside Drag Racing's Legendary Team, Second Edition

R-53707/24/2023

With over 200 new images, the new edition of We Were the Ramchargers is perfect for drag racing enthusiasts. This book takes readers behind the scenes with the group of Chrysler engineers who, from the 1950s through the 1970s, became one of the most successful and influential drag racing teams of all time. The only team of engineers from an automobile manufacturer to drag race successfully, the Ramchargers broke the most time barriers in drag racing history and earned the most National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) Super Stock titles during the sport’s golden era of factory competition. Author Dave Rockwell, a Ramcharger himself, interviewed more than 40 team members, competitors, and track operators for We Were the Ramchargers, making it the first and only book to provide inside details on all elements of the Ramchargers story. In addition to chronicling the races they won and legendary cars they developed (including the High and Mighty, 426 Hemi, and first Funny Car), Rockwell opens

Rockwell, David

Design and Simulation of a Novel Fin Geometry for Lateral Airflow Control and Improved High-Speed Cornering

SAE-PP-0034006/24/2023

The act of high-speed cornering has always been a crucial factor in lap times in High-speed automobiles, such as Formula One (F1) racing. This paper presents a novel fin geometry design that enhances the cornering performance by contributing towards cornering forces. The design is assembled on the Front wing of the automobile and consists of seven symmetrically designed fins that can rotate about the vertical axis to direct air laterally. The uneven distribution of airflow generates greater downforce on outer wheels during cornering and also generates lateral lift across the body of the car, resulting in increased cornering forces. The design was modeled in SolidWorks and simulated in ANSYS Fluent, and the numerical solutions were validated by a grid Independence study and validation study on NACA 0012 airfoil. The results showed that the proposed design increased the cornering force by 18.05% compared to the baseline case. The pressure contours, vector graphs, and streamlines were

A, Preetham, kundu, Nishant

Design of a Reactive-Style Muffler for a Formula SAE Race Car

2025-01-002405/05/2023

The noise generated by internal combustion engines, particularly in high-performance vehicles like Formula SAE race cars, presents a significant challenge in adhering to strict competition noise regulations. To address this issue, mufflers are essential for reducing acoustic emissions. This study focuses on the design, manufacturability, optimization, and validation of a reactive-style muffler specifically for a Formula SAE combustion competition car. The proposed muffler utilizes two chambers to generate destructive interference, targeting the two dominant exhaust frequencies of the Honda CBR600RR engine to maximize transmission loss and reduce noise levels below the SAE-mandated range of 103–110 dB(C). A 3D model of the muffler was developed using SolidWorks, capturing the precise geometries required for acoustic optimization. The exhaust noise and muffler performance were simulated using GT-Suite, allowing for an evaluation of noise attenuation across engine speeds. Experimental

Labao, Kai, Middleton, Nicholas, Nuszkowski, John

Design and Optimization of Steering Assembly for Baja ATV Vehicle

2023-01-0161

04/11/2023

The steering assembly is a part of an automotive suspension system that provides control and stability. It provides control of direction, stability, and control over placement of the car. Optimization of the vehicle in weight results in enhanced performance and low fuel consumption, more so for an all-terrain race car. Optimization in this paper loosely refers to weight reduction and achieving the optimum stiffness to weight ratio of each component. This research encompasses various aspects linked to conceptualizing, designing, analysing, optimizing, and finally manufacturing the steering sub-system. Analytical calculations for mechanical design were performed using data from various experiments and jigs. CAD was developed using SolidWorks, and various analyses were performed using Altair HyperWorks. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was primarily used to build stress plots and locate weak spots aiding optimization. This paper also focuses on using composites and compound designs to

Bhardwaj, Vasu, Chauhan, Ojasvi, Arora, Rishabh

Simulation Analysis and Experimental Study of Baja Racing Car Frame Based on Special Working Conditions

2023-01-0812

04/11/2023

As an off-road racing car, driving conditions for a Baja racing car are particularly complex. Extreme working conditions such as deep pits and rocky roads have put higher demand on structural strength and frame safety. To solve this problem, extreme working conditions are first studied to check the safety of the steel tube frame of Baja racing cars. Secondly, based on Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) to explore the frame's characteristics, analyze the frame's six-order mode, make the corresponding optimization, and solve the resonance problem caused by engine excitation and other factors. Finally, the natural frequency of the frame is measured to verify the effectiveness of the NVH characteristic optimization results, and it is found that the experimental results match the theoretical values. The theoretical analysis results are mainly based on ANSYS software's static and modal analysis. Through the above steps, a set of finite element analyses and structural optimization schemes

Wang, Bin, Yuan, Zilong, Hu, Jiale, Yao, Wentao

Hierarchical Motion Planning and Control Algorithm of Autonomous Racing Vehicles for Overtaking Maneuvers

2023-01-0698

04/11/2023

This paper describes a hierarchical motion planning and control framework for overtaking maneuvers under racing circumstances. Unlike urban or highway autonomous driving conditions, race track driving requires longer prediction and planning horizons in order to respond to upcoming corners at high speed. In addition, the subject vehicle should determine the optimal action among possible driving modes when opponent vehicles are present. In order to meet these requirements and secure real time performance, a hierarchical architecture for decision making, motion planning, and control for an autonomous racing vehicle is proposed. The supervisor determines whether the subject vehicle should stay behind the preceding vehicle or overtake, and its direction when overtaking. Next, a high level trajectory planner generates the desired path and velocity profile in a receding horizon fashion. In order to reduce the computational burden despite maintaining a sufficiently long planning horizon, a low

Kim, Changhee, Yi, Kyongsu, Park, Jaeyong

Dynamic Charge System Verified in Application under Various Road Conditions

2023-01-0705

04/11/2023

The electric vehicle (EV) is one means of realizing carbon neutrality for automobiles, but at present, EVs still faces a number of issues. The main issues include, for example, (1) cruising range, (2) installed battery capacity, (3) charging time, (4) infrastructure facilities, and (5) support for Heavy-duty commercial vehicles. Full electrification of heavy-duty trucks, in particular, requires high power output. This means that enormous installed battery capacity is necessary, and as a result, cruising range on a par with engine-driven vehicles cannot be readily achieved. Therefore a dynamic charge system was devised here that would provide electric power to EVs directly from the infrastructure so that EVs could undergo intermittent charging while driving. This is a conductive charging system that operates from the side of the vehicle (roadside), and research has been underway on the application of this approach to passenger cars and race cars. Attention was further directed to

Tajima, Takamitsu, Noguchi, Wataru, Aruga, Tomohisa, Abe, Hiroyuki, Sato, Kouichi, Togami, Hiroyuki, Shigi, Hiroka

Scale-Resolved and Time-Averaged Simulations of the Flow over a NASCAR Cup Series Racecar

2023-01-0735

04/11/2023

In spite of growing popularity of scale resolved transient simulations, like the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), among the mainstream automotive OEMs for the aerodynamic optimization of the production vehicles, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations is still the most widely used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach in motorsports. This is partially due to the usage-limitations imposed by the sanctioning bodies like, the FIA and NASCAR, restricting not only the hours of wind tunnel operation but also limiting the amount of CFD compute resource. This, coupled with speed requirements for aerodynamic development prevent the widespread use of scale-resolved modeling, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) or Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) methodologies that require an order of magnitude more computational resources. However, a number of investigations on the efficacy of turbulence modeling approaches using the Ahmed body and DrivAer showed that the hybrid turbulence modeling

Misar, Adit Sunil, Uddin, Mesbah, Pandaleon, Ted, Wilson, Josh

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